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Northern Star (1837-1852), 4th February 1843, Edition 7 of 7, Page unpag

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    • 10 TBS : rrUBEBS OP THE NATIONAL CHASTER V* 3 ^ AS SOCIATION.
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      Untitled Article

      j ' jmcos , —At aU times it has been mj to stand before jou in my real character ; ^ f ou ^ jndge of its Y&hie and of my consis-^ f in &ct flisre i 3 no person for whom I hare * Seftorong b . contempt than for the man who *^ s double character . ^ T je ^ peniiig of the question of ihe ExecntiTe in JlVeefc ' s Star , without say apparent ground , Ss I h&a hoped sad the people had thought thai * TLt -differences werenealed , has placed me in a

      ~^ Lj sination . On Monday 1 am found in eomf' ^ yjg ! James Leach , acting with him and j ^ L jag him , as I think his services deserre ; and ^ SiSiraay he is represented in the Northern Star * tnJh whom ne honest man wonld be associated f ^ ofieial capacity . I imagine that the * JL ( ag of chairman presiding OTer a meedng of Hj ^ g ^ is an official capacity , and I eongraihe meetin upohis ap pointment there

      ^ ed g n ; - f ^ jjsra Jisociited -with . Jame 3 Leach ; and as I fc la , at all timeSjto be consisienl it now becomes my jrrtT to lay before yon the part that I have taken ths disputes relative to the Balance Sheet of the SjgcaHTe , aud the mode resorted to by Mr . Hvll , in .. . jjpaiatT of Editor of the Northern Star , in i jj ^ pag jheir ^ ondnct before the Chartist body . the of

      I -has always aw&re of difficulty my jjaaSon . To interfere capriciously with the Editor bald hsTe been an act of despotism ; and to allow jk conflict to-proceed , when , as the Proprietor of fla Tape * * I 'H'as no * ssfefied with the posiiion ^ jjjjb ^ by the Editor , wonld hare been weakness j ntj , posfinnion-• ffigR public notice was first directed to the jaljaee Sheet , I thought that it was done in a beggrn ss . manna 3 bat whea the intemperance of the cyjga ^ forced the Editor from his impregnable and him to

      w ^ oncf senfinal induced assume the iart <) fMEserJ &en I was of opinion , and remain gDjthit he abandoned Ms strong hold . I paw the jjggegj ^ j of a close adherence to all the rales of our Qjgjjjjjgoaj I saw the fatal consequences of any jjgjjn ; Tjj&cco of those xale 3 j 3 xead the whole f j ge jgiaist the Executive , and also the circumjasia ! etidenee from many part 3 of the country , ij wHth a charge of neglect was sustained ; and fe&igh scrnpalonSj I trust , as any man , I never lure 505 B in ihar condaci that amonnt of guilt

      jiifi Hiith it has been characterised . Is hare passed over ihe nsglect wonld have been aiEJa 5 iice ,. nDt only to the ChartiBt body bni to { & Exseadve themselves ; -while to hare magniSed gjsr errors would be 10 deal unjustly with them . Itos anxious for ths eorreciion of the wrong ; and iiercfore desirous t )" at the deviation from the presjribcd rale should have been laid before the country so jhu ihe opinion of the Chartist body might be Jurlj tasted upon thequesiaon : and it was because 1 foresxw , in the manner and language in which She -charge was made , the probable frustration of & 3 Xdesirable object , that I the more regretted it .

      limy persons have supposed that I was not only eogniiant of , but favourable to , the course pursued by Us Editor of the Star ; and , had the contention eased , 1 should have preferred labouring under this inplied censure , to re-opening the breach . The time las now come , however , when I must justify Ejself ; and wiih that intention I beg leave to state . a ! tie outset , that so far from being a consenting psnjioths controversy I was most unequivocally opposed io it ; in proof whereof 1 feel myself konad to lay before you the following correspondenca whkh passed between Mr . Kill and me .

      TheSrsi notice of the matter which appeared repugnant to my feelings , I read in the Star preceding Mr . DaEKsmbe's visit to Manchester ; and immediately upon perusing it I sat down and communicated my dissatisfaction of the conrse pursued "by Hi . HOI ; aad that is the first letter referred to by himia 1 breply . The second letter had reference to ihs-srriciein waith hard names were used towards ihs Execnirre , zui also to an article upon the

      * £ xiraordxnarjl > ocument , " or the Address , supposed telave teen issued during the recentstrike , I never Isep copies of my letters , as I never anticipate the iseessrr of using them foz the purpose of justifying Bjself ^ however , in the subjoined letter you ¦ t Siee ample quotations from these letters to Isjjki ta the conclnsioii that , from the first , I waa loosed to the coarse pnrsn&d by Mr . Hill , or rather to&tmode ef making his Charges .

      Ib following 13 Mr . Hill ' s reply to my two i&zs upon this subject ; and as the date is important , Ib ^ yonr attention to it : — Leeds , Saturday evening , Dec , lOEn , 1842 . Mi 2 > xxb Era , —I nt-rer do aayShing hastily if I as lety it , because 1 generally find things liastfly = to to be 21 done . I hasc therefore taken lame to * Tkr » Jhs feelings of Eurprise and astonishment with * £ 5 fii 1-read yonr last letter t » subside , before I sat « " » J » to anssrer it . I thill now trj to answer so much of it as I can ffiiaaitaEdfnily ; or at least as fully as may be necesszj for out duly -01061113120132 p-vh other .

      ahU 2 nay omit nolhiBg in replying to it , I shall Bie « ehpa 3 agraph as J go on-XoubaJB thus : —'' I old think that five yeara inSB * 7 , ioi to spesk of Mend ^ iip , sbxrald bave insured * ° = $ better reception lor my observations . I never can in * a & 8 iiEguage o j dictation nor often of rex&c&a&K . I should not now -write if I were able » . 5 ° to J « ds . Bat I did all in my power to start tea mnrnaa , but iras obliged , -while dressing , to send w niy Doctor again instead of a carriage . For now * a day * Iiare hsea Tery SI—dangeronsly so , otherw » e I ibKild baTe socnfcr inteifered . "

      -if Q »* &sipl £ = e , 1 do feel assured that jon -will be-^ s _ na * hsa I cay that the ne-sra of your illness fills = « - * itliregret-, end 1 have tbe sincerest hope that by tta Bos it ma , ^ = 1 ^ 7 ^^ The first part of the jragrg , a 1 am atterlj unable to understand , as I « aw > t 2 nd oat to vhzt " observations" you refer . If JMffisaa tbe observations contained in jonr pre-& * ¥ ' £ *** ' J mmt " ^ md yon that I did not receive aT ^ vr ' - " fact ^ 5 " "write ifc » Mtil "fter Si ^ ?^ ae SIticleB Kf e * red to , and comv f- ^ ln ? r&of of tbis ' I Be « i ^ t refer jw » tteioBofrisg i-rtiacts from it : — » As to the £ *} - apra as eipiiifiinirfc of tie Executive . I think

      ^ fmnsfsh . &x . " ' The article upon the Exe-« *« « onmeat I do not tsacHj comprehend . " It tet ei v- ^ tsen ^ y ohservaSons in this - r<n ! Jon ^ P ** ** that I should defer , in ^^ Uis Mtcies upo n irlikb your present letter ^^ » s-. Ttrfelj . 1 ba-re n r had from yon any ^ * a = mtHn ; j bssring at all upon Hie matters at k «* J- ™ * tb ^ - , cosj > dled to tfiink that yon i 8 j BT ? 'f ? t- BnScr ^ o ^ e misconcfeption arisiEg aatfes ^^ rec&neeti « a of facts ; as I do trust ^ naew ? TeSIH ¦ aa ^ tE 05 r ° = ie has given yon ** a » ZL ? c ° " tb 3 t my oiservafions Iroa yoa ^ t ,, « ofsul be disrssnerefcil-j ? k »; tu 1 V-o-mo i be

      H ^ - ^ assurance nusM not necessary ; fijag j /;" 8 cec f ^ 37 , I xscat beg -to assure you that fcrn&" ° = 32 Imcg from -srhoia I Ts-ould receive ot-^ C ^ Sm *" ? iy £ cl ^ - connected Trith t na interests « sfcl t ^ T more ^ spsstfal deferenca and more ^^ SZ ^^ ^ ^ d I regret much ^ Ar S ? ^ "k-as juu eeai to do-that I ^ Soa : ' if '" " to Jcnr observations when " ^ Isle l > V - T than ^ LfcE - delivered personally . * te , rtia ^ iliKi 3 ' - be € Ej JsI-donbt E ° t I always ^ ^ iai adT ; ^*"** JOILr observations , suggesd « » 1 S * ^^ mcst Tes P ectful ^ d attentive en * 3 tha S ^ ^^ J 3 endeavunredin whatever conftsda « raT ^^ tb -e movemsnt , so to act as to BaB »* itiSn'S ^ ' * " ^ acalitd fot As to dicta-*** £ && eT ^ 2011 esongh to talk ct that when it is 1 vmtiF ?*** Ton ^ 7 that yon Mve Jsa ^ ia fflV ^ JCB EeTer "ffm- J inow of ^ ttsatotw , ^ - ^ or chaiactertaatBhouldinduce -14 iaw , " ^ 'to ay : — ^ « a «^? ycm " Jniie last ^^ tJ dM h ° Pe ^ e fttosij ^^ MEce never TFonld be nsed , as I was not !?* ¦* * a-. * , ^^^^ in -B-tich it was going on . ^• te JaT ,, ol 3 ett to in it ; but I am not to 3 ^^« afalse frie nd . " ! S £ ?* 'M £ ? 5 * ^^ ^ 7 laEt - ** & ' mjr ^ lo - ^? tad recommended to the Hull eoun-S ^ y a ) e : S ^ riTateJ y to Campbell , instead » f h ? 7 * t' hn ) hS t P ^^ c , yen expressed yourself in ^^ cijZ ^ ? Probation . I perfectly reman-2 L ^ -to I * 1 " * " ^ »» month of " 2 S ?* o « dS ^ * ' that ***> I *«» st «« birfi ja ^ * * sad t like com 3 e J 7 ou again expreBsea la ?* ** & 1 hi > ^ that th ^ ' d act on ray WL ^^ Katlt Tfcco ^ Son of your ever , till ^ fc"tl ^ lia ^? lfeToura : ble opinion of tbex"uan-^ ^ S ^^ > U&Snea *" soiB 8 on - todesd ' ^* the &Z ! T ? ? «> ta me ; becanse the t vo te ? * ^*?^* ^ keen -botb « nt by the 1 J ^ cel ^ f " ^^ P ^ enca was not" going Ra 8 « fe Bat &ne ; mi Vt <„ & £% &

      Untitled Article

      appearance of another balance sheet to note its effect However , I am to conclude that you are right ; and that my recollections are as "wrong as they are strong and clear . It may bs matter of regret to tbe Hull councillors that they shonld not have yonr approbation of their proceedings ; but I have yet to learn that that fact should render their proceedings nugatory , and deprive-them of toeir rigbt to act on their own jadgment If Una paragraph mean that the HuD councillors ought not to use their correspondence , beeause you-are not favourable to it , I fear your enemies -wonld deem this & -very dose approximation to that «• language of dictation" -which you affirm that you never used ; if it do not mean this , I confess that I am unable to discover any meaning in it .

      You say that you are -not to me or any one " a false friend . * ' God forbid that yon should ; 1 , at least , have safFsrfcd enough from falsa friends without finding one in you . You go on in your letter to « ay : — " The moment seized for denouncing M * 3 > ou » ll , -was he even a robber , was most unfortunate ; - while the terms nsed in branding the acts of the Executive blamable , though not - ? enal , -wera highly offensive , and pre-eminently calculated to lessen the feeling of proper regret ¦ which a cala exposure -would have ensured . "

      Zvever were words sjore adroitly and rightly nsed than yours in speaking of those acts . They were , indeed , * ' blamsdble though yoi vexal . " They were " mortal " sins against the -very life and principle of demscracy . Not the result of a hasty and thoughtless indiscretion , but committed- HsliberaUig after repeated caution ; cloaked over at first wiib . as much low cunning as oould have been exhibited by an Old Bailey pick-pocket , a-d afterwards , -when stripped of the disguise , brazened out -with an , impudence but seldom met with , even in that fraternity . It is not very easy in " branding acts" like these to find terms in -which to do it -winch shall fee other than offensive to the perpetrators ; and I trust that no person , save , perhaps , yourself ,-honestly cisposed to - view the subject on its merits -will think the terms I have used in this matter to be at all stronger than the case required .

      Yi-u proceed : — " Tbe mention of the document and the mode of mixing M'Douali ' s name as part in it was unfriendly . ' This , as applied to my remarks on the balance sheet , I cannot understand ; for the plain reason , that in none of thosa have I said a single -word about " the document . " I am not in tbe habit of thus jnmbling things : nobody ever does -who has not some sinister end to

      serve . You go on : — " And good God ! jnst now , while all are under prosecution , to have lighted such a torch ameag us . ' " You forget , Sir , that it was soi I , but Tors own pets , the Executive , who lighted the tohch . I did all I could to prevent its being lighted . Bat to sit calmly and see the people robbed and laughed at "without speaking did not comport with my disposition I envy no man ' who could . You say " plunderers , robbers , transportation , and so forth , are scarcely " the fit terms to apply to men upon the first announcement of their fault "

      If the fault be " plnnder and robbery , " as in this case it is , I know not -why these should not be tbe fittest terms of all But -without arguing that po : nt -with you , I beg to remind yon that S was not in " the first announcement of their fault that those terms were used . Their " fault" had been announced to them by at least three different and separate parties , before the &ar said a sir-gle word . The Hull Councillors , the Leicestershire delegates , and the Metropolitan , delegates had severaliy announced the fault ; and it was not in " announcing the fault" at all . but in exposing the impudent ** brszsning out" of Campbell , that they

      " expected the country to be delighted" vnth the robbery , that I adduced the parallel case to show how very " delightful" it might have been under other circumstances . I should not have been surprised to find Campbell or -M'Donall placing this in the light in ¦ which you have placed it . It is "very natuial for them to seek to wriggle out of the " mess" by all sorts of misrepresentations and quirking falsehoods ; but I have no right to expect $ ou to misrepresent -what I say for the purpose of censuring it . From you , at all events , I have right to expect justice ; I ask no more from any man .

      And th ^ n again you say : —" And then the a-lusion to Leach ' d and Campbtll ' s shops -was in bad taste , " Now , this is a gross perversion ; and one that from yoa I had no right to look for . It assumes that I sp-ke of their shops perse . I did n » such thing . If you had taken the trouble to read the article , instead of taking Mr . Campbell's version of it , you -would have known that Campbell -was complaining that he had no funds to pay the wages of bimsfclf , and Leach , and Baimtow . I showed that the Organ ' zation giTes them no title to wages -when not sitting . They are not sitting now ; and 1 did ask why we should pay them wages now when Leach and Campbell are minding their shops , and Bairstow is getting -vrages as a lecturer ? I ask it yet . I sever Mnt&d that Leach had no right to keep a shop ; theugb I do maintain that the Secretary has no right to do anything , but give his whole time to the duues of his office .

      You " fear that much private pique will be set down to the account where remonstrance alone should have stood . " There can be no doubt that the fellows -will labour hard enough to make it seem as if my honest -B-atcbfnlness for the people ' s canse and purse was the resn t of some petty personal feeling . That is their gama Bnt though they seem to have played it successfully upon yon ,. I don't think they will succeed with tbe people . And whether they do or not is all the same thing to me . I seek to serve the people , not to please them . .

      Your next paragraph is a strange ona It runs thus : — " I have no donbt that the country would have taken a c % lm remonstrance kindly , while they Trill , and I think just ] y , look with disgust and suspicion npon many of the charges and terms ; especially any reference to the ' Executive Docnment , " which was lugged in , head- and heels , without any ostensible cause . " Kow , from you , tl-is is most incomprehensibleindeed ie is " too bad . " I once more repeat what , if yon have read them , yon mnst iiiow—that in no article which I have written upon the Balance Sheet

      business or upon the Executive at all , have I said one ¦ w ord about that document . There was a distinct article upon the "document" separate from any consideration of " Executive" matters at all , headed " The last Shift / ' and yon seem . somehow to have jumbled them To that article yon refer in your previous letter , and yon say : — " The article npon the Executive Docnment I do not exactly comprehend either the meaning or tbe utility of , " Now let me try if I can help you to comprehend both its meaning and its utility . In the Statesson of November 5 th , Mr . J . B . O'Brien published the statement , which I send you here inclosed .

      " Talk of spies indeed « of informers too . Why , spies and informers are gentlemen , in comparison with those black-hearted , peiidions demagogues , - who can lock on cold-bloodedly whBe conspiracies are being formed to involve innocent people in ruin , and who , far the sake of the after-consequences to themselves , can coolly see those conspiracies explode , and scatter ruin and disgrace all around , while , with & single breati , they might have blown tie conspiracies to atoms , and thus saved all , without as much as naming or touching a hair , of the head of any of the conspirators themselves . Look at the case of Gnffin , too !

      What occupation wonld there bare been for that fellsw , had there not been a perfidious demagogue base enough to draw cp a boastful , lying , document with his own hand , in which he deliberately tells the countiy that ever / thing was ready , and that , in eight days , the turnouts might calculate on the movement being universal ? Ifow , this Tricked demagogue knew well be was uttering falithotids ; for he not only took good care not to father bis own c-f&pring , for be actually disowned and Epit upon it ; and -while in the document of bis own dra-aicg ( bat the responsibility of which he took care to throw npon otbers ) he undisguiaedly invited a general r ising of hiB " Imperial '' dupes , he had afterwards the unparalleled baseness to damn bis own work in bis own newspaper , and to treat as madmen and fools those who might act upon his advice : thus not only making a laughing-stock of the people , bnt , after bringing them into danger , basely deaerling them , and denouncing his own acts and adviee , in order tosecurehis own cowardly carcase from the consequences . Talk of Griffin , indeed ! God forbid we should be Griffin ' s apologist The fellow ' s conduct has been bad as bad could be of the kind : but , nevertheless , it is innocence itself , ia comparison with that of the cold-Wooded monster -who , -while be was teTl ^ E us in his newspaper , that tbe strike could not succeed , and that it would only do damage to the cause , nevertheless , did secretly draw up a public anonymous address , in which he gave the Chartist public every assurance of success , telling them that the whole machinery -was perfect , and that in eight days the turnouts -would have it all their own way . His dirty tools and fanatic followers may try to gloss over this conduct as they best can , but to men of plain sense and-virtuom feeling it admite of but one construction . They will see in it only the conduct of a heartless villain , who cared nothing for the dangers in vrhich he involved others thronghhiB lying address , while he took precions good care ofjiimself , by disavowing his own acts and Ms own policy , in Mb own newspaper . To that which brought danger on others he took care not to append his name . ¦ To what was intended to provide for hie own safety * betook good care to append ' Fcargag O'Connor in fulL "

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      There is , at all events , no mistaking that ! Its object and purpose are quite sufficiently plain . It was copied the week after into the W . eeh ' y Chronide , and would , if not stopped , have " gone tbe round . " I wrote that article , The last Sirift , " Tor no other purpose than to stop it . It did stop it It has not been copied into any paper since . And even your -way of thanking me for the service does not make me regret having written it . Yon remind me that *• just now , every Bpare line should be devoted to the Birmingham Conference . '' I think you must see ( if you read the Star , which upon my word I bejrin to doubt if you ever do ) that the Birmingham Conference has not lacked its shaft of attention .

      Yon speak of this as " an unpropitious moment for the revival of old or planting the seeds of new controversy . " Once more I must remind you that these charges do not apply to me ; and I protest against your thus applying them to me , for the purpose of shielding those to whom alone they do appiy . What may be your reason or motive for thus pertinaciously misrepresenting my acts , and then censuring your own misrepresentation , you best know ; I cannet divine it In my avowed enemies , I can perceive a reason , and a motive for it ; in you t cannot : so that I have the mortification of smarting under effects which I cannot trace to any cause ,

      Yon next say : —** I really am more than at a loas to furnish a sufficient reason for tbe mode of attack , and mean to propose the appointment' of a committee while at Birmingham , to investigate the whole affair . " I really am more than tired of reiterating protestations against this cruel and systematic perversion . I have made no attack upon any one * When the Balancesheet was published , aU I din was to ask the people to read it . 1 did not give an opinion of my own ; I did not even bin ; an opinion ef my own . The Metropolitan Delegates examined and c&n&ured it Campbell published a letter of explanation . That letter of explanation was a public document , and it was my duty to comment upon it- I did comment upon it in such terms

      as my judgment dictated to be thb most appropriate . It may suit the Executive to call this an " attack . " It is their game to divert the people ' s minds from the question by making them suppose it to be a quarre ; between them and me ; I txpect them to take that position ; bnt 1 have no right to expect it from you . I ha- ? e a right to txptct that you . at all events , will withheld your censure until you have made yourself distinctly acquainted with the facts . I don ' t ask from yon any more favourable construction of what I say and do than 1 ha-ve a right to ask from any impartial person ; bnt I demand that you shall not do mean inj ustice ; that you shall not misrepresent facts aud pervert reasoniDgs , and then censure jour own misrepresentations and perversions .

      You will , of course , do as you please about moving for the Committee at Birmingham . I can toll you , that I will never recognizs nor anBwer to any such committee . That is the very thing they want ! To div « rt attention entirely from their own malpractices , and fix it on " the brutal attack of Mr . Hill on the Executive . " I shall not permit yon thus to play their game for them ; at all events , 1 won't help yon to do it-. And , independent of that consideration , the press shall never , in my person , be degraded to such a position as you wonld thus place it in . The public at large is the true censor of the press . What I _ nave written is before the people . They will judge of it ; and I have no fear that the major part of them will jud ? e correctly . I have

      never given forth an opinion fer which I have not given the reison on which it was founded . They have it all before them . I have given ample room for explanation and defence . They have both sides before them . I take the verdict of the whole people ; not of any individual clique of persons . [ Upon reconsideration , since my letter was written , I retract this paragraphreserving to myself the right of using my own judgment whether 1 answer tbe Committee ( if one be appointed ) personally , or refer them to what I nave written . In any case , 1 shall den ; the right of any such Committee to treat the matter aa a personal matter of crimination and recrimination between me and tbe members of the Ex ^ utive . —Monday morning—W . H . J

      And now , my dear Sir . permit me to retort upon you yoar own words , " I did think : that five years' intimacy —not to speak of friendsnip—should have secured some better reception for my observations . " You ought by this time to know something of my temper , something of my jodgment , and something of my honesty ; how is it that , whenever a time of difficulty like tbe present comes—when & storm iB to be encountered for the interest and safety of the cause—when duties of the -most unpleasant and painful character are to be performed—not only iB the guidance and battling of the storm entirely left to me , but the work is made

      harder by throwing into the mess yonr own misconceptions , and your heavy private censnres , levelled always at those misconceptions 1 It was thus in th 6 case of O'Brien ; it is tnos now again . How is it that your confiiieDce , and jour affection , and your kindly regards seem to be entirely reserved for your enemJta ; while you * suspicions and your groundless censures are equally reserved for these whom yon know to be entirely devoted to principle , and to be as thoroughly devoted to you as such men ean be . I have thought much about it I am puzzled with it It is a very curious and painful phenomenon .

      I must now bring this long letter to a close . To no other man that lives -wonld 1 have condescended Ihe explanations and remonstrances contained in it ; seeing that they would be all precluded by a mere reading of the facts and arguments to which they refer . I do not think that in like circumstances , I shall ever again permit my personal regard for you so far to overcome my natural pride of character . I am , dear Sir , Your's , most sincerely and faithfully , WiuiiM Hill .

      Now , although I am not very ceremoniously dealt by in that letter , I shall not make more comment upon it than ia necessary for my immediate purpose . When Mr . Hill says that he did not receive my fir ^ t letter until after the article complained of had appeared in the Star , he is quite right ; nor could I have writteu it upon anticipation that such an article would appear . 1 wrote it on the day on which Mr . Dnncombe was at Manchester ; and by reference to the date it will be found that that was on the Monday after it bad appeared ; and , therefore , that I did not lose much time , nor did I wait for any expression of public opinion to form my own notion .

      The next point on which I would briefly dwell is the correspondenca between the Hull Councillors and the Executive . My impression respecting that correspondence was , that it was wise and judicious ; and as a controversy upon the same subject was going on in Leicestershire , I recommended that instead of publishing resolutions upon exparte evidence , a similar course should be resorted to by the Chartists of Leicestershire ; convinced that such a remonstrance would hare the effect of correcting any error that had been committed . I do not say that it was intended for publication ; but had it been so , the Executive should have been warned of it .

      It is foliy to talk of the virtue of man . We mnst treat him as a fallible being ; and , at the time , it s truck me as if some of the correspondence and ra wlutions passed had not the genuine stamp of virt ue upon them . 1 by no means refer to the letters of the t nll Councillors , which were most judicious ; but I do r efer to the long withholding of them from the public , if i& tended for publication . I learned from all t bat was passing at the time , that there was a disposit / 'on to fall foul of the Executive ; I did not gather < his from any particular source , bnt from general obsi ^ nation , and I warned the Executive of it .

      As to Mr . HiTFs " honest watchfulness" I never , for one moment , doubted it ; but I did doubt , not only the prudence b at the justice of the conrse pursued by him in presenting the conduct of the Executive to the public , a . id , the more especially , for this reaion ; because , J was anx . ou 3 that public opinion , fairly expressed , should operate as a warning , if error bad been coi . ' ^ uDitted , and at the same time , present a recurrence o * f the evil ; and I was conscious that calm judgment vfoaldbe led from a consideration of the offence ch . irged , to reflection upon the language used in preferring the charge .

      As to the charge in the Statesman relative to the *• ExtraordinaryDocument , ' I thought t had aaBwered that fully myself in my letter to Mr . \ Vm . Brooke . With respect to Mr . O'Brien , I was af all timeB averse to any controversy being keptupw"itb him ; bnt , of conrse , I did not attempt to sway Mr .- Hill's conduct beyond mere suggestion ; and I do not think that I shrank from my portion of it , when I 5 ? as forced to it . I have now commented upon some of the passages in Mr . Hill ' s reply , and from which I imagine the

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      readers of the Star will ' conclude , that , at least , Mr . Hill is no tool of mine . There is also a letter from , Mr . Watkins in last week ' s Star , against the whole import of which I most unequivocally enter my protest ^ 83 well as to its publication . The whole is written upon an assumption ; and from that assumption a conclusion is come to . The assumption is that the Executive are guilty ; whereas , I deny that any verdict of guilt has been pronounced against them . It is true , that the Secretary , by withholding the means of judging , has furnished " prima faeie" evidence of guilt against himself ; bnt I must protest against the " seqnitur , " rkafc , therefore , the whole boc ? y is guilty .

      Mr . Watkins writes in a very fasoinating and impressivestylejbuthehas not succeeded in convincing me . He draws a parallel between the acts of our oppressors and those of the Executive : and cites the payment of ten shillings a week to M'Douall as proof of his guilt ; nay , calls him a " swindler . " Here again I protest against any such term baing used to M'Douall . Nay , I will not allow that man to be called by any debasing name . Here my blood gets warm , and the more so , because it has been long pent up . What , however , is the difference %

      JosS « -thss . The acts committed by our oppressors we would not assent to , had our assent being asked ; while some of M'Douall's accusers say , " had he made known his wants , the ooutitry would have cheerfully acqme 3 cod in the augmentation of his salary . " Would we acquiesce if consulted in the acts of our oppressors \ No ; certainly not . What then is the difference 1 Just this , that M'Douall , without asking , has committed aa error , which , had he asked liberty to commit ^ would have been cheerfully granted ; while our oppressors commit sins to ! which we oould not be reconciled .

      Why appoint a committee of five to examine the books of the Executive , if they have been already condemned ? and is it not a maxim of English law , that " all men shall be held innocent until they are convicted ? " Good God , how cm I marvel at the slight evidence upon which a middle class jury would find me * guilty if I am to be no more charitable to men , some of whose characters , are , in my opinion , beyond reproach , however some of their acts may be highly censurable .

      Mr . Watkins says that the Executive have injured our cause , instead of advancing it . I deny it . I assert that James Leach , Dr . M'Douall , and Bairstow , have materially served the cause . I assert that we had no Organization before the appointment of an Executive ; I contend for it that we have now an Organization . However , I will rather rely upon innocence than presume guilt , when the whole of life speaks in favour of tho accused , What , then , has been tha character of James Leach \ Hnrti

      working , sober , industrious , and poou . He has , to my knowledge , returned money gratuitously given to him , in more than forty instanoes . What ! then , arc we to suppose that this man prefers gain acquired by plunder to that volunanLy given ? Is he such an adept in trick aud chicane that ho would wish to grow rich by fraud , while he rejects the proferred bounty \ It is nonsense , rank nonsense . Then Dr . M'Douall ; is he to be branded with cowardice by Mr . Watkins , because be had the manliness to brave

      torture and separation from his family , rather than entail misery upon working men , who went bail for him 1 On my soul , I do not understand this refined loj < ic ; nor do I 6 eo how those behind were to be bettered by M'Douall ' s swelling the number of victims . I have always said that the difference between Whigs , Tories , and CJhartists is this ; that the two former magnify the virtues and throw a veil over the vices of their party ; while the latter , in general , magnify the vices and throir a veil over the virtues of their friends .

      I was of opinion , from the first to the last , that a calm judgment eould not be expected upon the question , until the sober mind was again brought back to the question at issue . The question then is this . —The Executive were elected to see the Orgamza . tion of the Chartist body carried out under certain rules . They are charged-with having violated those rules ; and are charged in such a way as furnishes them witn an excuse for not replying to the charge in that form . Tho evidence is in the hands of the

      Secretary ; he refuses to give ap that evidence until he is paid certain monies , which , he says , are due to him . A verdict we must have ; and therefore it is the duty of the Executive to force the Secretary to give up tho books : and in order to facilitate this desirable object , I propose that the Secretary should hand the books over to Mr . ' Cleave , with an undertaking from him ( Mr . Cleave ) that in the event of a verdict being given ia favour of the Executive , the Secretary shall receive the monies claimed Should the Secretary refuse such a proposal then

      there will be fair grounds for presuming guilt ; and then the county will not be slow in giving a fair and impartial verdict . Mr . Wheeler , in his very judicious letter , declining to act as a juror , merely states himself to ba an accuser , not an executioner . I also am an accuser . I accuse the Secretary of mal-practices . I wish to see how far the other members are concerned in those malpractices ; but I am not going to give my verdict without a fair and impartial trial : neither have I , from the evidence already adduced , seen any , the slightest , reason to decline the acquaintance of M'Douall , Leach , or Bairstow , or to make me ashamed to meet them as friends and associates , or to deter me from acting with them in an official

      capacity . I have had a friendly explanation with Mr . Hill upon this subject . 1 told him that his comment of last week would compel me to take this course , and , at the same time , we came , to a mutual understanding that not 0110 word , more pro or pon , should appear in the columns of the Star apou the subject , until the decision of some accredited body shall be reported upon the case .

      While I was supposed to be an idle speotator of passing events , no one was more alive to the question than I was ; and , in justice to Mr . Hill , I must say , that while much dissatisfaction was expressed at the nonappearance of resolutions , said to have been sent for insertion to the Star , in this case he is not blamfcable . One instanoe , particularly , I deem it right to mention . Ihe toast of the Executive , proposed and " supported by me at the Duncombe Demonstration at Manchester , never appeared in

      the Star ; and for the best of all possible reasons , because rr NEVER was SENT . The whole report , without deduction or alteration , was printed as it was sent . Now , this I assert , after having made the fullest inquiry ; and , in fact , Mr . Hill never saw the report , until it was in print ; as that is no part of his duty . There are two other persons under Mr . Hill to arrange all mattera for publication ; and correspondence from our own reporters goes , generally , at once to the compositor , without his inspection .

      I have now said all that I have to say upon this painful subject ; and shall conclude my letter , by expressing an anxious desire that the public will suspend its judgment till after a fair and impartial inquiry ; and then , if the Executive , or any of them , have been in error , let them be told " it ia such language as will convey a proper caution for the future . But , for Heaven's sake , let as not condemn them first and try

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      them afterwards . For myself , I say I would trust M'Doaall , Leaoh , and Bairstow , with untold gold ; and would rink my life upon their devotion to the peoples' cause ; and thank God , 1 jsoe Leaoh overcoming accusation by increased ! exertion , instead of making it a pretext , as many have done , to abandon the cause altogether . I have now " made a clean breast ; " and I trust I have convinced the world that I am not hypocrHe enough to meet James Leach on the public platform on Monday , and wink at , or countenance , censure upon him on Saturday . God knows pooi ^ M'Douall has suffered enough , without those who should be his defenders increasing his sorrows ; and I am sorry to learn that throughout the country , too many such are to be met with , but I never will be one OF THEM . I ana , my friends , Your faithful friend ,, Fearous O'Connor .

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      of a paid Executive would not amount , in the year , to one-hundrtdth part of what has been snatched up by Political Pedlars , most of which , could have been spared . Besides , nothing can possibly damage our cause more than frequent announcements that Mr . So-and-so will be here and

      there upon such and such a day , without further notice , and whose expences must be paid , while his services are rendered unprofitable from a want of any knowledge of his honesty or capacity . The lukewarnmess is put down to defection , and thus wo suffer materially by this itinerating system of Chartist mendicancy . Let us have our paid Executive , our paid lecturers , aud our unpaid volunteers confined to their several localities ; but let us have no more of this system of unconnected and disorganized agitation . .

      I shall be more at liberty now than I have been for the last six months , and shall , aa usual , devote ray whole time to the reconstruction of our machinery . Ab far as J am concerned , my policy , as it ever has Ron , shall be to keep our party together , to heal all differences , to nnitetb . e con ? of labour into one firm bond of union , and to ~ care little who I shall offend in tha undertaking , never needlessly giving eaute of offence , but not allowing delicacy to stand in the way when necessary . I Bhall never exercise uiore contvoul than I have done over the Editor of the Northern Star ; while I have solemnly sworn to oiyHotf that it shail never be made a means of achieving a triumph of one section of Chartists over another .

      Before I conclude , I must Jstate that I received a letter from Dr . M'Douall , sent by Mr . Cleave to me as Editor of the Evening Star , on this morning , afi twelve o'clock , a&d when J had ceased to have auy con ^ roul over that paper , otherwise the letter should have appeared ; however , in justice to Dr . M'DouaJ > I must make a few" extracts from it : — He says , in speaking of the 10 * . a week , " what was my duty if the 10 s . was objected to ! To resign it . Well , an objection came from Hull . A corespondenco beiween Campbell and the Hull councillors ; tbe end of which w as , as far as I was concermd , the transmission , by Grahby , the secretary , of a written resolution , purporting to be tha deliberate vote of the HiiFl councillors in which they declare

      their perfect satisfaction with the payment of 10 a . additi nal any week to me . That document I have in my possession ; and I hereby inform Mr . Hill that I a « cept of his challenge to produce that an ' d the letters I Bhcwed Mr . O'Connor at Nottingham . ' * Htre I must observe that she letters shown to me at Nottingham did not , as far as my memory seves me . ri-flo . t in any way ou Mr . Hill , but there they are- I referred , to them in a letter written at the tune from Nottiughaai . and from them 1 was ion * firmed in my opinion that a cabal was being got up atfaiust the Execurive , bus not by Mr . Hill .. The Doctor goes on— " Now Sir , when I receded

      tho Hail note of approval , I informed the General Secretary , that 1 would notacepfc ot the 10 s . because an objection had been raised , an

      In ju-tice to Dr . ii'Douall , I ^ ive those extracts , and tho move readily , as it unfonuaateiy happened that some of the Hull correppocence was not forthcoming , in consequence of the pros .-cutiou of tbe former Secretary . Mr . Grasby . Trio Doctor tells me , and the public , that of which I never had a doubt , namely , that his heart is , as it ever was , centred in the people's cause ; and _ I do hope it' he , for a moment , supposed that I had joined in hi- ; denunciation—that the developemeHt I have made this week will show that my conduct with re-Bpect . to the Executive has been consistent , and that I have uniformly , supported them .

      I must bow say a word about the approac ' iing trials . Upon a rough calculation , I , as treasurer , have r-pcjived , as acknowledged in the Evening Star , abou' , £ -250— £ 132 from Mr . Cleave , and I know not how mu >» h , just now , has bean acknowledged through tho Northern Star , about £ 125 . These sums make £ 507 ; cut of which I have paid £ 20 Chester ConaroisHion , £ o 0 ditto Lancaster , £ 60 ditto Stafford , £ 71 ditto Q-ieeu ' s Bench ofBce-fees , small sums about £ 30 , outstanding about £ 100 , —making £ 331 ; and leaving a balance in my hands of about ; £ 176 . to meet about £ 2 000 , to be paid between this and April . I paid £ 7 yesterday for a SPECIAL JURY I was able to meet all these expences myself before I made so much profit of tho Northern Star ; but now

      I am not . I have paid in law expences , on my own account , in four years , more than £ 2 , 000 ; on your account , more than £ 500 . You must begin to pay a little on your own account now . You will , henceforth , send to me , directed to Hammersmith , all monies for the Defence Fund , by post office order , made payable 10 John Cleave , so that I may know hotv we srand . lam Treasurer for the Defence Fund , Cleave of the Victim Fund . D m ' t mix them up . I shall hand all orders over to Cleave , but let me know how we stand , by transmitting all monks to me in the first instance . Ycur's , ever faithfully , Feaiigus O'Connor . Wednesday , 1 st Feb .

      P . S . —I must state that my first letter to the Star wa ^ wr ufon and nosted on Tuesday ( yesterday ) , ami Dr . M'Donall ' s wa 3 not received till twelve o'clock this day ; therefore , he will at once see that I , at all events , did noc require hig letter to convince me of his purity in the Chartist cause . 1 cannot sufficiently express my disgust at the letter of Mr . Watkin 3 , which appeared in the Star of last week , and which I trust will not be received as proof agamst the Executive pending any investigation that is to , take place . I only hope and trust that [ shall not be further forced into any controversy upon this unpleasant subject . F . O'C .

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      CANTERBURY , —On Monday , a lecture was delivered in the Guildhall of this City , by Mr . J . Campbell . REDD 1 TCH . —Mr . Mead ' s Iectnres on Sunday and Monday evenings are uprooting the idle fears of the mitldlfc-clasa men , and removing the prejudices of the a > i : n * 'j . H : s congregations increase in number . Oa Tuti&iiny-nKUt , a crowded tea party and ball were held , in the Cbani .-t Hall , for his benefit . Mr . Mead , and Mr . Weeks , from Leicester , both briefly addressed tha niteiing . Dancing was carried on with , great spirit till ten , when a second tea was served in the parlour of the O'C-mnnr Aims , tbe worthy host goo . i-naturedly pre .-eutuis ; a fiae American ham for the oc 3 ?' , ion , and eaiivf aihg the company with bis racy jokea and truly original ehqje . ice . Mr . Mead will lecture every Sunday and Monday evenings during his stay at Reddir . ch

      LONDON —National Association . —On Sundny evening Mr . Parry will lecture in the Hall ; and on WedDL-eday he will deliver the second of a course of lectures , on Brit'sh Oratory , the Pulpit , the Bar , and the Senate . National Association . —On Tuesday evening the muiubtis heid tbtir weakly meetirjg , when the S-emary reported that the committee had agreed that the coffee an ^ rtading room should be opened permanently 011 Mcn < iny wetk , vrith a convivial meeting amongst the members : and that they intended to cdl a public mooting on that day three weeks , to take the opinion of the inhabitants of London , on tho national remons'rance . l , China Walk . Lambetu . —At a meeting of members in thin loeality , a very smart discussion took pliiort on the C > rn Laws . It was agreed to adjourn the discussion till next Sunday evening , at half-pcst seven o ' clock .

      Hammersmith - ^ Progress movement . —Vn v ( O :, uay evening , January 30 tu . a public meeting w . ts held at the Black Ball Inn , Haminer&inith-road . Mr Cooper ' s Plan of Organization was again brought forward , tmd tbe following resolution x- as unanimously adopted— " That this meeting are of opinion that the preuunt Plan nf OrprsnvzitKin is tax preferable , but it will neverttit-Jttss . v . 'ruit of amendments by a future Chartist Conference <> r Convention . " HlUMIKGfJAM . —The usuil mrsting wna held at the Association rooui , As : on-street , on Sunday evening last , wiwn Mr . Andrew Weeks , of Leicester , delivered S ; n txc- h . * nt lrcturo on the principles of Chartism . Nuneatox . —Tbe Chartists of this pl&es have sent ten shilungs for defraying the exponees of the Birmingham Oonterbnco .

      The CofXciL elected by the Chartists of Birmingham , held their second meeting at tha Chartist room , Astonstreet , at thme o ' clock ,, on Sunday last A motion that the directing committee should consist . fit nine instead of six was agreed to . Messrs . R . " ; ight / E . "Murless , and Blake wera elected to the rffi . ee . Mr . George White read over a code of bye-laws which had been prepared in accordance with the vote of the previous council meeting , an ( i they were ordered to be posted in the room and discussed at fieir next meeting , —The meeting adjourned to the following Sunday , at three o ' clock .

      - . —At the usual weeKiy meeting it was resolved to take the offer of the Chartist Circular , and that the profits ba given to the General Defenca Fund . Also , that the Chartists , meeting in this locality , take immediate steps f-or getting up a dinner in honour of Feargus O'Con-. ior , &nd that a public meeting be held to carry out his challenge to the anti-Corn Law League . Broomsq&ove—A dinner has been given hereto Mr . John Mason . It took place at the Queen Inn . Mr . Matthew Hall presided , aud the usual patriotic toasts were given and responded to . We received a lengthy report of the proceedings on Thursday morning , for which we are sorry we . have no room . SKOTiiEY BRIDGE . —Mr . Con Murray lectured in this village oc the evening of S&torciay last . Several names were enrolled .

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      TO THE WORKING CLASSES . TO THE WORKING CLASSES . My Friends , —By the subjoined announcement which appeared in t&e Evening Star of Monday , you will learn that I have ceased to have ariy connection with that paper . Much and deeply as I regret the loss of the only daily paper that has ever , within my memory , advocated the cause of the people , tho fact of that paper abandoning the principles upou which its fame was founded , oannot fail o ' f pointing your attention to the useful moral—that faction works its way through the press , while you appear to attack but slight importance to it . Further , it may furnish my friends wnh a rea-jy reply to my tienouncera , as they can now say . htre then ar « we once more thrown back upon our old and only friend ,

      the mnch calumniated Northern Star , sfill , notwithstanding tho heavy fines and persecutions to which its proprietor has be * m subjected , stan-iiqg alone in its f » lory to uphold the cause of right against might . Your favour has been courted , and youjhave been deceived , not by one or two , but by ; scores of journals . The Statesman , " a real Chaktist" paper , passed into Tory hands , and sections ; of roauworshipoers would huvo still upheld it . The Evening Siar ha . » been cut r ff ; but , likeother newspaper btock , I have not gone with the type . I trust that if wo failed in our poor endeavour to push that paper , that wo shall not iail in our allegiance to our principles ; and that instead of seeing ihe long lit > t of Ct / fi ' -o Houses where it mii < ht , while Chartist , have been

      mad , that now no Chartist will read it . While I writo thus , my friends , I teel no pique personally . I never have had one word of dispute with any of the parties connected with the paper ; and ! after bix months due attention to it , the proprietor must confess that my gratuitous obligations were most cheerfully discharged ; and that , in the outset , 1 pledged myself to him that so Ion % as the Evening Star advocated Chartism , I would continue my unpaid services , and that in the event 01 the concern becoming profitable , I would not even then accept of a farthing for my services , as I never would receive money for tho d . scharge of a pleasing duty .

      The proprietor informs me that a loss of £ 3 , 500 has been sustained by the Evening Star in its ; advocacy of Chartist principles . J can only say that the Northern Star sustained a loss of £ 3 . 640 oefore I knew where I was ; and that then , and suos-. equentLy , enticing off-ro wor 8 made to me to sell it , but niy answer was then , as it is now , whenever the Northern Star ceases to advocate the cause of pure cdcacwiacy , it shall cease to exist . If to-morrow it was ' out of my power longer to carry on the Northern S'ar , which , thank God , it is not , it should perish ; but all the money in the kingdom would not purchase it from me for any purpose .

      I mention r . his jut now as lam a ware that our disappointment must considerably shsike public confidence in the press . ! I had arranged with the proprietor , before I left town , that in addition to my daily services , I would attend the House of Commons nightly , aud write tho Parliamentary analysis , to save money . Thus I was to have been the principal reporter by rtight , and tho Editor by day , without pay , aud paying my own expences . Mi . Cleave has told me , Mr . Hobson has told me , and nearly all my agents have told me , that 1 was injuring the Bale of the Northern Star btyond concoption by writing , and recommending the Evening Siar . My answer to one and all hasinvariably been" Will , L know it ; but what do I care it I am serving tho cause . " I have sent mauy article ' s ot ^ rea ^ importance and matters of news to -lie Evening Star which I have withheld from the Northern S ' , \\> the hope of giving it a good standing .

      Such , my frieudo , has been my connexion , which has now ceased , with the Evening Star . Henceforth , I unaorstand , that it is to be conducted upon high Tory principles , and you will mark the increase of advertisements . These facts will awaken you to a knowledge of what I have had to struggle against , and convince you ot the fact that my crime , from first to lastj my only crime , has been that I would neither -prostitute nor sell the Northern Star . At this particular crisis the loss to us ha * been great ; and I flattered myself that I couid have made the Evening S ; ar a really powerful organ , and hexce its purchase , from my management . Therefore , whil'j I regret iv , it proves that faction trembles at the very thought of an honost press .

      Now , my friends , tho usual Sessional struggle is about to begif , and never was there fiic ' ii a struggle beforer ' all parries will bid lor the people to use ihem for their own purpose . And now , as there are many , very many , waiters ¦ upon Providence connected with our pirty , ami who look to a mixed agitation as the only means of sub sistence ; and , as we are too poor to pay them , I shall be extensively and systematically denounced for standing between thrm and the gold d ^ ist . Hut I will do it , and bear all tbe consequences . My policy is to keep our party together , a ? air army ot ' observation ; tt » let all other parties fitht it out without any assistance from us ; and then , [ when the Whigs ano R-jpealers nee their own w ^ akripss , they

      will assuredly fan back upon ns > . But ii we were mad enough to give them the least couiitenance , they would use us for another Reform d-. lusion , ana then , when we wero broken up , ' -n ey would assemble to carry out the d' -taiUs of the new Reform , or Free Trate , which would be in character and value prociselv as valueless as all forr er changes made by the class legislators . I shall take a bold stand as I ever havu c ' nnej trusting to the triumph of Toryism over Wbipg' -ry and Freetrade . As a Chartist ( recruiting-sergeant , I will not oppose Toryism with the view of restoring Whiggery . No policy could bo worse . You iiavo now no more to do with policy than you have to 'lownb the moon . Machinery , will beat both Whigs and Tories . I de'y them to conquer that all-d > vouring foe , by any act short of the Cnarter , whidh would

      develoreall our resources , cultivate our resources , and equitably distribute the produce , thereby regulating domaud and s-upply , by opening a . natural market for man ' s labour stud establishing therein a standard rate 01 wages , b <; low which the labourers will uot work in the artificial market . In the end , you will believe me , that , ui > t ; l that is dona exchequers , tilis , puckeis , treasuries , aud bellies will be empty ; aud stnte aud civil war , and confusion and dibirust , will only be suppressed by force or fraud—by the force of Government , or by the fraud of those who have au interest ia upholdiug injustice . But such means of preservi . ag order in a country are unrighteous as they are uirjusr , and wiil fail when the sufferers con > tituto a majority , which is now beiug brought about * by the operation of machinery . ?

      Toryism is no longer your main en&my , Whiggery is no longer your main enemy . Machinery has rendered ali their acts comparatively powerless ; and all that Machinery now requires to complete hs temporary triumph , and to insure a revolution , is an " extension" of ics already unbounded power by the establishment of what is called Free-trade , which means neither more nor less than free plunder . While I am upon subjects connected with jtmr own movement , I may here make a pas-ing comment upon the state of our Organization aud tho proposed remedies for its reconstruction . I shall only apeak in general terms . 1 am , then , decidedly in favour of an Executive ; I think we cannot do without it . I am obstinately opposed to an unpaid Executive , and for this reason . If

      you hav « an unpaid Executive , you must have a purely middle class Exoutive ; because you cannot get working men to live without wages , -and the very moment you elect working men as your , officers , that moment every door is closed against them , and at once they are marked , and if in work are dismissed . Moreover , { the very notion implies the office is to be a sinecure , or that we are to be unpaid If a sinecure , we do not require them ; if not , the labourer is worthy of his hire , and should have it . My opinion is , that the lice upon the back of Chartism have become 100 numerous and devouring ; and hence much jealousy among them towards a permanently paid body , while ¦! twenty times the sum requisite to pay all the expenses

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      ^/ ,. 4- 43 . > : 'YUrv

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      AND LEEDS GENEEAL ADYERTISEE .

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      YOL- YI- NO . 373 . SATURDAY , FEBRUARY 4 , 1843 . PRI 0 > lv ' ^^ ^;^ r "

      10 Tbs : Rrubebs Op The National Chaster V* 3 ^ As Sociation.

      10 TBS : rrUBEBS OP THE NATIONAL CHASTER V * ^ AS SOCIATION .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 4, 1843, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct977/page/1/