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Northern Star (1837-1852), 25th November 1843, Edition 6 of 7, Page 4, Untitled Article

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    • THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1843.
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      Untitled Article

      " ^ CG-OPER&TION—TJNIOIs IS STRENGTH . , TO JOCSKITMES TAILOBS AKD OTHiES . FBiiOW-WOBKMES , —Ha-nny for some time pa * t ' taken an active part-in the Metropolitan Tailors' Pro-, teetion Society , I venture to offer an opinion as to what 2 toncerre to be the best mode of protecting ourselves - Irom unjustcompetition . Xarge public meetings have ' * beeanBidfrom time to time , of the trade ; all ha-re ^ agreed in denouncing the aggression of the money ' tjrantE ; but we are at sea aa to the means of securing

      fall protection lor onr labour . Many iave been the plan * proposed . Some are for enrolled benefit societies ; otheni for teeming a latge fund to support those -who ' may beeoae the victims of their employe ™ j others for ! S !* ^ -A - 'S ^ eeta ^ "W ^ " and _ € mp ! oyed-S ^^ S ^ fSSl ™ * fOT 1 rMle « P" » 1 - ^ fa the ] 3 £ Sff ^ £ ^ ^ *»¦*»*«> .. «> jwa can ever btr « AO * bonles wetnra attention to ai three following F ^^^ -rtat , a general x ^ of ^ ^ j ^ - trade , withent exception , l » a in town and conntry tansies aa well as mala * T *»* fc . ~ . i" r __ J _^ r ' lemMW u ireu as male .: I 3 ay females because they

      , , > form a larf * ingredient in Ore labW S ^ » » Jj »« mfortanately , through the present state of thin » T i become op greatert competitors ; *» , , *« ,, „ ^; of onr rttompttng to brinr onr wage * np to the original ' Mudud , -while there * re tbonsaad * of females who ; jm eoapellfid to make valsteosts from lourpenoe sach , I aad teosaen from 6 ( 3 . per pair . Indeed , j uitiee de- ' aiandi that tbey shall be protected aa ¦ well aitiur- i ¦ elves . To eairy into effect this object , a national ' delegate meeting of the trade should be called , to zi \ atBirmingham , u the centre of JEEgland " , -as early as possible , to agree upon a plan of onion , such as the Miners' Association , for instance , who bare set a splendid example to their brethren . We also shonld take np onr position in the ranks of labour , in opposition to all tyranny . We , too . should hare oar legal

      adviser j onr JSoferfa . ¦ We « sn bare the northern Siat U ess s&& > nal organ ; asd , if the Miners candotbese things , who are as much oppressed as ire are , surely ire can do the ike . Therefore , I than take it as a f&vcur if any individuals in the kingdom will communicate

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      their opinions on the subject to me ; and I will lay them before tbe Central Committee of the above body , for tbe purpose of consideration . Secondly , the plan as advertised in last week ' s Star , is another effectual mode of assisting ourselves . I mean the Operativa Tailors' Association , and Joint Stock Clothes' Company , established for tbe purpose of giving employment to its members , by uniting their small means , to enable them to open establishments in various parts of London for the supply of clothes , to the working classes and others . The design of this Association is to create a home market for oar own labour ; to bring into active co-operation all trades , such as shoemakers , batters , bakers , builders , sempstresses , ice . ; to effect an exchange of produce through the present circulating

      medium . Let all of the above trades and oihexs assist tbe tutors , by becoming Bnueoolden in the above concern ; and the tailors Id return will assist the aboemakers , && ; eacn and all having an interest in each Joint Stock Trading Company . By these means we shall become customers te each other . There will be an identity of interests ; it will be the means ef keeping a portion of that capital within onr grasp that is now tiBed by the moneyocracy to perpetuate that baneful and awful system of competition which is fast sinking the working classes of this conntry . The anti-Corn Law League say their opposition to the Corn Laws , arises from a desire to break the right arm of the landed aristocracy : onr object should bg to break the right arm of the moneyocracy , the greatest tyrant of all . Here is a wide field for all . Our female friends should unite together upon the same principle , and establish a company of their own , making the

      price ef the shares come within their means ; the males also taking np shares for the purpose of assisting them . Where is there a man amongst us who would not be glr . d to purchase his shirt , or any other article that they may have to dispose of , instead of their being compelled , as at present , to make shirts for capitalists at three halfpence and five farthings each ? Why not the gloversof Leicester , who are now on strike , commence for themselves , and send their produce to the companies of London ; also the stocking makers , * a In fact , let us adopt the general principle of trading for , and with each other . I rejoice that the tailors have set tbe first example . They bold their meetings every Tuesday evening , at the Hope Coffee Heuse , Parringdon-atreet , City . D : > you follow it , both political and social Reformers . By wnw arrangements this can be carried into effect . It will be the means of crippling the resonrces of the tyrants , as well as securing to ourselves the reward of eur industry .

      The third and last proposition , but not least , Is that we iboold never lose sight ot the necessity of obtaining political power ; for , without it we should never be able to proect oar labour—without it we shall continue to be what we are—slaves of the worst description ; without it our liberties will never be respected . In short we require political power as a means . Tbig National Charter Association have already agreed to go upon the land as soon as practicable . Where should thoae wbo go upon the land seek for a market for iheir produce bat among those who have a direct interest in keeping them there ? The trading companies will re-4 aire their prodace ; they from the trading companies in return .

      In submitting these propositions for yon * considera tion , 1 am actuated but by one motive—that of assisting and protecting ourselves , by placing qb in a better position to demand political freedom ; for , rest assured , if the day of our redemption takes place , it must be by eur own means . The working classes most workout their own ralvatien , by , as R . Peel bas said , " taking their own affairs into their own hands . " _ I am , fellow-workmen , youTs respectfully , J . W . Paslxbr , Suffolk Coffee House , Old Bailey .

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      THE LAXOaSTEK . TS . 1 AL 8 . TJARTIES desirous to perfect their sets of this X valuable Work , will do well to apply immediateltft as there ia bat a limited quantity of some of the numbers sow on hand . JSTery Chartist ought to be in possession of this Record of the great Chabt / st T&idhph over the Tory Government . It was the best and most sueee&slul legal fight the Movement party ever had . The example then afforded may be followed , nith advantage , by the Defendants in Ireland . A few Copies of that excellent Work ,

      THE STATE OF IRELAND , » T ABTHTTB O * COJfH 0 B , remain on hand , and may be had in two Numbers , at Fourpence each . No Man can nnderstand the position of Ireland , or the bearing of Irish Questions , who is not conversant with this perfect picture of Ireland ' s Condition ; the causes of her degredation , and the Remedies for her manifold evils . London , Cleave ; Manchester , Heywood ; Leeds , Hobson , Northern Star Office ; and all Booksellers .

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      IRELAND AND THE IRISH . The latest intelligence of which we can avail onrselTes from Ireland leaves tbe dispute between Mr . T . B . C . Skith and the Irish , nation in statu f uo ; and having littla to add on the subject of thesqnabble to what we Ijave already said , we now

      travel out of the mazes of the law and leave the political labrynth for the purpose of considering the people . In truth , it is high time that some thonght be given to the nation , even though the legal tools and political irons be allowed to cool the while . We have ever &Tgoed the justice , the propriety , the necessity , the expediency , and the indispensabiiity of repealing the set of Union .

      Apart from 001 well-known opinions upon the grand principle of democracy however , we are bound to enter the field of general discussion with those who , apart from politics , Bee the wants of Ireland , and are prepared to sdminifite * ¦ wh&t they call practical remedies . We regret that this class though numerons , i 8 unrepresented in feeling : because the whole value of the squabble to tbe two powerful parties in the state consists in the political uses to

      which they can respectively turn them . Hence we find the Whig portion of the press palliating , if not commending in 1843 , acts , to suppress which they passed a Coercion Bill in 1833 . Indeed , nnless we can make a strong legal distinction between a rich man and a poor man , we are at a loss to know with what colour or pretext the Whigs , in 1843 , can censare M inisterial stringency in the Law Conrts , while in 1833 they substituted Courts' Martial in

      their stead . We did not reserve our strictures for the purpose of trampling upon the conquered . We used them in their palmy days as warnings of what would come . We had reminded them , time after time , that their acts while in office would render their opposition to Tory domination valueless , unavailing , factious , and pointless . It is even so . Not an act , however cruel or anti-democratio that may be proposed by the Tory Government , to which Whig . opposition may not be thus met and silenced : " the measure is a

      modification of pour own . Wo now leave the field of faction , and turn to a consideration of those means by which , even after a Repeal of the Union , the condition of the Irish people can be alone improved . Ireland has not more reason to complain of the anti-national than she has of the anti-social evils consequent upon the Legislative Union . The great and crying evil arising out of the act of Union is , that the weak nation was neglected , and kept weak ; vrbile the strong nation was strengthened and madd stronger at its expence . Being bound by a

      legislative bond , the representative body , —cousisting foi the most part of Englishmen wholly ignorant of the history of Ireland , tUe character of her people , her resources , and the meaDS of developing them ; and taking their notions of the conntry from the privileged Irish members of the Protestaut party , who were alone eligible to sit in Parliament , and who were interested in magnifying the vicea of the Irish character as a justification for their own tyranny j tbe legislature bo constituted , and without reference to a difference of position , has legislated

      for Ireland as if that country was part and parcel of England . Thus they have committed the error of governing two people , —diametrically opposite in their pursuits , their characters , Iheir manners and their customs—by the same laws . England being for the most part a manufacturing country , and a large portion of hex people having been hastily transformed from an agricultural to a manufacturing life , is now demanding a great organic change in

      consequence of the inapplicability of ancient statates and customs to its present position . Ireland is doing nothing more . Ireland has been legis l ated lor , precisely as thongh 6 be had gone on " p * n pauu » in the maicn of improvement wftli England whereas the laws b , which , manufacturing England should be governed have been enacted wholesale for tie government of the two countries . But vre turn from byegoaes : and now seeing the Repeal of the

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      Union to be inevitable , we come to a consideration of those means , apart from any accompanying political measure , by which alone t he change can be made beneficial to the people . We pass over the most irritating questions , be * lieving that they are but emanatious from the great source of political inequality ; and we come at once to the question of questions , the means by which alone the foundation ot future happiness oan belaid . We shall not here deal with the question of the Protestant Church or ot the inequality of the law . Those we leave as questions to be hereafter

      disposed of by a people rendered politically stroDg by Bocial improvement . Lord Dunfbrmlinjs , late Speaker of the House of Commons , when auditor to the Irish EstateB of the Duke of Devonshire , asked a Mr . Swanton , one of the Duke ' s under agentB , if he could devise any mears for the tranquilization of Ireland , and as a mode of suppressing the frequent outbreaks in that country . " Yes , " leplied Mr . Swankw , " a very easy one . Whenever an outbreak takes place , hang the nearest landlord ,

      the nearest parson , the nearest magistrate , the nearest solicitor , and the nearest police Serjeant vpon the nearest tree ' , and J pledge myself that you will not hear of another outbreak in that district . " This opinion was , no doubt , founded upon the belief that those five parties were the instigators to outbreak : and therefore it shall be our present business to deal with the mode of destroying , firstly , their interest in creating , aad , secondly , their capability to create , those periodical disturbances .

      Ireland , being a wholly agricultural country , and no laws being in existence for the developement of her agricultural resources , we shall firstly , grapple with the Landlord and Tenant question . The poverty , the rebellions , the heart-breakings , the murders , the dissensions , and the expenses arising out of the present system of managing laud in Ireland , must be dealt with by the Government with a firm and resolute hand . It is folly to talk of the inability of a Government to interfere with the Landlord's title to the raw material , while year after year it deals so capriciously and injuriously

      with the title of him whose capital is expended upon pie land , and the labour of him by whom it is made valuable . Government must interfere ; and that right speedily ; whether under a Legislative Union or a domestic Legislature . The interest of the tenant , and the interest of the labourer cannot bo served without equally serving the interest of the landlord , and therefore it becomes the duty of the Government' and Legislature to look into the causes which tend to create dissatisfaction in the minds of those two parties . The uncertainty of tenure , and the legal expence of establishing title , even under lease , or aocepted proposal , as well

      as want of capital , aie tbe three great evils that mast be boldly met , and instantly destroyed , as regards the tenant . To effect the first object—namely , certainty of tenure , tbe Government have a power to give immuuitiei to tcnants-at-will , or with short leases , which would render the practice disadvantageous to the landlord . and thereby compel him to grant such lease as would ensure the full expenditure of the tenant ' s labour and capital . With regard to the second evil

      that of establishing title , even under a lease , against a landlord wbo h& 5 all the law upon his side , and all the means of barrassing at his dispossl , there is but one remedy ; that of giving an equitable jurisdiction , in all such cases , to the Assistant , Barrister at Quarter Sessions ; and who shall bo bound to decide upon ths equity , and not upon tho law , of the case ; the evide / ice for his governance to bo furnished by the clerk of a County Court , where all leases should be registered at the landlord ' s expense , and who should be bound to attend with notice of

      the case ? to come on at every Quarter Sessions : the Barrister ' s judgment , if iu favour of the title , to be conclusive ; and if against tbe title , the tenant shall nave a right to appeal to a Jury , to be then summoned , for the purpose of adjudicating upon an issue submitted by the Barrister . In cases of portions of rent being paid upon account , a mere acknowledgment upon unstamped paper should be admitted as proof 1 and in all cases , the right of distreB 3 Bbould be taken away , and tbe landlord , like all other creditors , should be thrown upon his action for the recovery of his rent ; and , fair dealing being the object , he should have as prompt and inexpensive a mode of redress as is accorded to tho tenant .

      The practice of distraiuing cattle , of impounding , selling them by auction , and buying them id , by the middleman , for very frequently not a twentieth of their value , while no account of the ealo is ever rendered , leads to more extensive disturbance , and subsequent evil results , than almost any other grievance . It is not at all unusual for a middleman , accompanied by a host of under-tenants , to drive off the whole stock of some unfortunate tenant to a distant pound in the dead hour of night ; while the tenant , to protect himself against the aggression of the middleman , has paid Ms rent to , and holds the

      receipt of the head landlord . Thus situated , the poor tenant has no alternative but to replevy the stock at a great expense ; while he is compelled to give security for double the value , until the case shall be disposed of in the Sheriff ' s Court . If , upon tbe other band , he cannot procure the required security , his cattle are allowed to stand in a cold pound until the oay of auction , when the poundkeeper presents him with an enormous bill for fodder never nstd . Will any man say that a tenant so treated , and thrown for protection upon expensive and dilatory law , which he ' eannot procure , is not justified in taking the summary law into

      bis own hands ? la many oases , he does do so : and many is tbe man who has been hung ia olden times , and many is the honest man now ¦ workingm chains , for having STOLEN his own property from tho thief who stole it from him in the dead hour of night . Is this , we would ask , a •¦ practical grievance" ? and are the family of the expatriated victim likely to be admirers or voluntary obeyers of those Jaws by which ruin and desolation has been brought upon them !

      As it would be impossible to discuss these allimportant subjects in one or two articles , wo shall continue to auimadvert upon those great social changes which are indispensable to the very salvation of the Irish people . Meantime we would direct the attention of Mr . O'Consell to that course which is now being pursued by the English Chartists ; namely j the familiarizing the public mind with those salutary changed to be produced by the achievement of their political principles . The Chartists dealt in

      declamation until they had created a public opinion against those wrongs endured by tho working people . That opinion being created , they are now engaged iu directing attention to the advantages calculated to flow from a change to their projected system . Mr , O'Conneix has the advantage of more enthusiastic and confiding disciples ; he has a whole natiou at his back ; and in order to strengthen him in hi 3 demand for political equality , as the source of justice , we would counsel him also to turn from declamation

      to practice , and to developo to the Irish people , not so much the injustice they have suffered as the prosperity , the comfort , and tho abundance they are capable of achieving . To this end let him call to his councils men not learned in the law ; but informed of the capabilities of the country and the people j and let kirn draw up such a digest ( which he can do ) as will coavinoe not only Irishmen but Englishmen , that there i 3 yet the ' . meanB of enriching the poor without trenching on a single privilege of the rich . We will be bound to say that with one fortnight ' s labour , and assisted by such men , Mr . O'Conneix would exhibit a balance sheet in favour of the new against the old system , which would turn Iri 6 h Agitation iuto a universal demand , before which the strongest government should quail and bend .

      The political question is sufficient to excite the democratic mind of England ; fcut the financial features must be developed , in order to ensure the co-operation of the middle and monied classes . Let Mr . O'Conkell then try his hand for one short month in the Cabinet ; and without requiring any

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      declamation for that period , the weekly reports of his social compilation , delivered in the Conciliation Hall , will , without committing himself , or even mentioning Repeal , feed the flame , and nurture the desire for such a rule as will produce such a boon ; while the very publication of a compendium of his labours would bring him in more money than the national tribute . Seeing his power to effect good , it shall be our study to strengthen rather than to weaken him ; while , by way of caution , we would now remind him , that O'Oonneu / s self oan only destroy O'Conneml . We shall continue the subject until all shall learn who do not wish to remain ignorant .

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      out of bia wage * . Mr . Richard Tatterahall wished Mr Baron to be examined ; but the Mafistrates replied , that he being one of the party , although not connected with the shop , he could not bo admitted as a witness . Mr . Wbitehead called a number of the workpeople who are now engaged at the defendant ' s mUl , and they all declared that their wages were paid in money . Some of them bad seen complainant draw money ; but none of them would speak at to the 4 th of August Mr . Royds said it was a gross case of the Truck System , and the Bench had decided on convicting Defendants in the penalty of £ 10 and costs . Mr . Hunt said his clients would not press tbe other charges

      on condition that the expences were paid and the shop given up . Mr . j Richard Tatteraall - replied , that his father formerly kept the shop , and had been in the habit of turning over £ 5 , 000 per annum , by wholesale and retail . His [ father was now dead , and they could not draw the concern to a close in a hurry , bat they were intending to do so . Mr . Whitehead consulted with the defendants a tew minutes , and then agreed to the conditions . jMr . Royds said , as the complainants appeared to be sickly persons , it was ultimately agreed that they should ] have one-half of tbe penalty ; and the Association established for putting down the Truck Syiem-fcha othe » rlj ? J *»

      After giving the case , our correspondents exclaims " There ! Mr . Editor : what think you of the religion of this Methodistical Sabbatarian Saint Dickt Tattersall ! He is a beautiful specimen of the genus of land sharks , who , under tbe specious mask of cant , and the garb of Methodistical sanctity , ( with an appetite ten times more voracious than the Pharisees of the olden times ) , devour the houses of the pooh ! j a sample' of the snivelling crew ,

      who are constantly crying for * cheap bread , while THEY ROB THEIR POOR WHITE SERFS OF 84 PER CENT . OF THE SCANTY WAGES OF THEIR TOIL f Such monsters ought to be branded in the forehead with the words 'Factory Cheap Btead Thief : and had I the office of branding committed to my trust , I would take care ] the characters should be as- deeply seared as hot iron could makd them : * for the land stinks , so numerous is the fry . '"

      Of all the sickening hypocrisy that can even be conceived , that of an Anti-Monopoly-bawling , "" freetrading , " " cheap-bread" demanding Employer pursuing the thieving practise of Truck , is surely the mo 3 t hateful ! Is it possible to imagine of deeper disinflation , or more wicked insincerity , than for & man to affect great interest on behalf of the working people ; and evince an uncommon anxiety to procure for them M cheap bread , '" at the very time that he is forcing them to take his bread some thirty per cent , above the market price { How sickening to hear a man bawl for " FREE-Trade , " when he will not leave even his workmen fhee to trade with the legitimate shopkeepers of his vicinity How sincere must be the loud professions of Anti-Monopoly from the mouth of such a wretch '

      And yet , we grieve to say there are many such . , We must proclaim it as our firm conviction ; a conviction forced from the { actual cases that have come under our own observation ; that the majority of Truckstebs in Yorkshire and Lancashire will be found to be arrant Free-Traders ; mouthing advocates of " . Cheap BreadjjHiGH Wa « es , and plenty-to-do . " Take the following as a specimen : — In the parish of Saddleworth the practice of Truck is in extensive vogue . Many masters pursue it : but by far the greater part of , them are "Free Traders . " One ease ia deserving of special notice .

      There is a " master" in that parish , known as " Lord Lotherdale . " He is crammed up to the throat with " sympathy for the poor ; " would " go almost through j fire and water" to procure for the toiling millions the inestimable blessing of a " ¦ cheap loaf : " and yet ; this contender for " Free Trade /' who ties his own workmen to his own counter ; this denouncer of " Monopoly , " has had men in h \ s employ who havQ not touched a single shilling ( in money ) from him , for wages , during a whole twelve month ! 0 , the blessings of freedom ! Q , the sweets of " anti-monopoly" !

      Not long ago , a workmen in the employ of this same " Lord Lotherdale" applied to his landlord , and begged of him to take a piece of cloth in payment for rent ; for he could not procure money to pay { with . He showed the piece that he had been obliged to take from " Lord Lothehdale" ; and stated that it bad been valued to him at 14 s . a-yard ; and he desired tbe landlord to take it from him at that price . The landlord

      happened to be a maker of cloth , and knew something of its worth . lie told the applicant that he would furnish him with a far better piece at 10 i . a-yard ; and the man had to carry the piece into the neighbourhood of Oldham , and part with it at 8 i . a-yard , to get money to enable him to live and " pay hw way . " There ' s " Free Trade !" This workman was ' * free" to sacrifice nearly one half of his earnings before he could command the necessaries of life !

      That there many " Lord Lotherdales" in the manufacturing districts , is proved by the following article , which we extract from the Sun ; a " vree" trading" journal . We give giie it entire ; for . it will be found deserving of attentive consideration . It is valuable , not only for the facts it contains , but alSO for the general reasoning on the general question . It is altogether rnost admirable ; especially when we reflect that it is from a League Organ . Here

      it is : — " Under the heading of ' Truck System Extraordinary , " in a late number of the Halifax Guardian , we find a moat instructive exemplification of the eVilsand oppression connected with a system which we thought had Io : > k since been exploded . The voice of Parliament has bton aiways so strong against it—the appeals of tbe present Lord Hatherton ( when Mr . Lyttletoni , and other members of tbe House of Commons , elicited so prompt and decided a response from the Legislature , discountenancing and discontinuing the system altogether , that , notwithstanding rumours which have from time to time reached us of its still

      lingering in particular manufacturing localities , where the wealth of the great masters or employers was all powerful , and the remonstrances of the operatives futile as to tbeir effect , unless , indeed , in the mult of entailing their dismissal—? wecould not induce ourselves to give credit to such allegations . But at Oldham , a summons taken out by one of the coal-miners of Mr , William Whitehead , a large colliery proprietor in that neighbourhood , against this gentleman , has ascertained the fact of the existence of the ' Truck System' beyond all doubt or question , throughout a large fange of manufacturing district . The nine shillings claimed by the miner bad been deducted by the employer Irom the wages of the complainant , on account of rent for ' a house which complainant had never occupied , nor ever Been , nor been offered the key of . ' It had been taken

      from this complainant , Brierley , at the rate o ! one shilling per week , ' although he had to pay rent for another house , under another landlord , at which it was more convenient | for him to live . * Now , the houses Which Mr . Whitebead was tbns indirectly forcing tbe complainant and others , bis fellow miners , to occupy , wer « upwards ofja mile and a half from the colliery where they worked . ' The Hali / a * Guardian assures us ttiat' there are hundreds of cases at Oldham , Asbtonumler-Lyne , Rochdale , and other vicinities , where the opprativea are forced to pay rent for houses , whether they occupy theri or not . ' The magistrates severely remountmed with the colliery-owner , Whitehead , in the case immediately before us , ' on his unreasonable conduct , and ordered tbe wages claimed to be paid to Brierley immediately . '

      " The conduct of master-manufacturers , colliery and mine owners , and other capitalists , who resort to this nefarious system j . of defrauding their labourers , and enriching themselves by the same operation , is one the social mischief of iphich is fully commensurate with its moral dishonesty ^ Su rely it is galling enough for l&e industrious operative , whose destiny is cast , as it were , in ttw class of incessant manual labour , te contemplate their hsppier fatflj wbo succeed to . Or have acquired , tbe means of etnpjojing it on a great scale . It is galling enough for tbe weary artisan to contemplate the comparison which each passing hoar ' s experience forces upon him , between the luxury of their condition , who have only the task of \ looking on , * in order to watch the well-arranged processes by which their capital is made to re-produce and ] multiply itself , with their own doom

      This ( consequent though it be on the eternal and inevitable inequalities of tbe social condition } is , shortly , to toil from morn till night , under many sordid aggravations of want , distress , and despondency , in the wrap , ing together thei ? lesser pittance of the same talismanio commodity , money , which , being necessary for theexi . genciea of their ibare subsistence , disappears—by a disastrous inversion of the principles that govern tbe larger masses of capital—with a rapidity that affords no opportunities for increase or expansion . Bat he feels this disparity with tenfold bitterness and force when he sees that those very exigencies , those very hardships bis despondency , his distress , his want , are converted into engines , in the hand of his employer , tot decreaa ing even that modicum of wages , already so fraotionsl as to have subjected him to these painful and humiliating influence )? . J " Lut us consider whaf the operation of the ' « Truck ' system is , ou the case of the mill , colliery , or mine

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      owner , respectively , and on that of thg operatives whom th ^ former employs . The former finds , that of the capital to rested ia his works , such or such * proportion is devoted entirely to wages . Hi * first care ia to reduce tho rate of these as low as he can , so as to diminish tbe aggregate per centage which they repre sent , or the cost ( tobim ) of production . He" finds that the difference between this cost , all incidents included ( with interest on tbe plant , buildings , and maehinery of the concern , * c ) , and the returns he realises , exhibita an average profit—bebj ! a certain per centage on tbe capital se invested . It ocean to him , that by pay . ing a given proportion of the wages of his worka « a

      ( whicb form so large an item to the cost 01 production in stores and supplies , instead of money , he may make a twofold profit ; that is , that be may purchase the stores and supplies wholesale , and at first hand , with a considerable profit from the discounts the dealers will allow him tor bis ready money or his short bills ; and that be will sell them to his workmen at some advance even on the retail prices which they would have to pay to tbeir tradesmen . But by this mode of proceedin * he puts it out of the power * of the operative to go to tbe best market for any commodity he mar waut He puts it out of the man ' s power to dispense ( as he may desire to do , with the view of hoarding up a little

      pittance for some contemplated purchase or deposit , say at the year ' s end ) with any such commodity altogether . For if tie have consumed it one week , ag the truck book at the store will show in every man's case to the manager or overseer , he dares not to discontinue it in another . There would be an inference created against him , immediately , that he had supplied himself with it io aome other quarter . And here we may leave what would be tbe result of such a simple , every day exercise of his own freewill in a private matter of this kind , to the labourer or artfzin connected with a concern thus managed . ' There is / says the writer la the Halifax Guardian , ' a colliery

      in the neighbourhood of Hey wood , near Bury , where the manager kefcps a shop , and all the hands who work at the colliery are forced to purchase provisions at the shop kept by the manager \ or they must have no work . Some of the operatives reside two miles from the shop , and yet nearly the whole of the wages arepaidingo » ds % at about fifteen or twenty per cenL higher than at any shops in tbe same neighbourhood . The above system is carried on to an alarming extent , both among colliery masters and manufacturers . ' Yet , in the face of facts like these , there have been found advocates of thia atrocious and grinding device even within the walla of Parliament , wbo would have persuaded the public ,

      if they could , that no manufacturers , or mine owners , ever enconraged the truck system , except out of a desire to accommodate their workman with the beat supplies at the cheapest prices . Amiable solicitude of amiable men . ' Thus act the despots of the East , from the most enlightended of them , tbe Pacha of Egypt , who first sets bis own prices on all the growing crop * of corn , or millet , or cotton in his dominions—then declares by Jf / mdun that he is < the only dealer in such commodities , and will pay all men for them , and at such prices ; and , lastly , sets an army on foot to ' superintend'the bringing into his Hichsess ' s granaries and warehouses of the Stores of all

      reluctant or refractory contributors—down to the petty Sultaans and Rijas of Pidor , or the Soloo Archipelago , or Sumatra—who being bent on trading with European captains , issue their mandates , with their own autocratic prices annexed , requiring their people to dispose tojthem , tbe Sultauns and Rajas in question , without the least delay , of their bales of pepper , their . betel nut , chank , gold dost , edible birds' nests , or any other commodity , the trade of trafficking in which they are willing and prepared to take entirely off tbe bands ef their independent subjects ! Thank God ! the day for such transparent humbugging ( we know of no other term in all the languages that would express our idea ; is past in England . Truck-system capitalists may talk of being actuated , ia this sort of scheme for making the

      workman disgorge a portion of his wretched wages before be has left the pay table , by kindliness and charity on their part and a desire to consult his private , interests , alone—to their steam boilers or their furnaces . Such professions are not more substantial than the vapour of the one or the Bmoke of the other . But the same provincial journal from which we have been quoting , supplies us with one other illustration of theresuits which the comprehensive truck * system' includes , that we shall leave to apeak for itself , as an instructive suggestion of the moral and domestic benefits it must infuse into the social circles of tbe most hard-working , and the worst paid , classes of onr labouring poer ;— ' A co' / t'ei-j / master , sear Rochdale , has now a number of / kmales working at the bottom of the coal-pit . The police have been made acquainted with it . '

      " Anil we , for our parts , shall not lose sight of this remarkable and unqualified statement . It will doubtless call for future comment . " To this it is scarcely necessary to add another word . The " points" respecting Truck are strongly put by the Sun . We truBt his readers will duly weigh and profit by them ! If so , some ot the " humbugging" he so forcibly describes , and BO earnestly denounces , will be pat an end to . Last week we intimated , in a Note to Correspondents , that this thieving practice of Truck had manifested itself in a most unusual and unlooked-for

      place ; on the Railway belonging to the North Mid land Railway Company . Such is the fact . It has been introduced there ; thongh not by the Directors of the Company . Still it is theee ; and if the Directors , after this public " direction" of their attention to the fact , do not interfere to put it down , they will , they must , be regarded as sanctioning , aiding , and abetting it . The facts of the case are these : —The repairing of the North Midland Line , from Leeds to Masbro ' , is contracted for by one Joseph Pickering , who

      resides at Oakenshaw , near Wakefield . His contract is for seven years ; two and . a half years of which are now expired . He employs at the present time about 200 men , as plate layers and labourers . As a matter of oourse , they are on all parts of the linei from Leeds to Masbro ' , tke extent of hi 3 " take . " These men , whea in employ , earn 2 s . 6 d . a day . That is the rate at which they are paid , * but as they are not allowed to ork in rainy or frosty weather their earnings will not reach more than 10 s . a week on the average .

      Well , this Pickering , not content with the profits accruing from his contract , has determined to procure that the wages the mea earn under him shall be spent at his TOMMY SHOP , that he may get the profit which of right belongs to the numerous shopkeepers at all the places where the men live . He hia accordingly issued a list of articles he deals in , having opened a store at Oakenshaw ; which list he has had distributed amongst "his men" on all parts of the line , as far as his " take" extends . One of theao lists is in our possession ; and it seta forth the prices per stone , per pound , and per ounce , of teas , of coffees , of sugars , of soap , of tobacco , of fruit , and of spices ; as weil as of " sundries ; " the latter comprehensive head including all sorts of things , from flour and bacon down to black lead and epsom salts .

      When the lists had been distributed , the" clerk of the works" went round to the men , to "seek for orders . " Cunning , Isaac ! No breach of the law there ! Pickering thinks he is driving a coachand-six through it in fiae style ; or rather a " heavy luggage train . " " Seek for orders" indeed ! The poor ien-shilling-a-week men knew tbe meaning of that dodge . No " prog , " no work ; no work , no living : so " orders" were given . Now for the result : — SirJ—We see by your valuable journal that you have got scent of the truck shop on the North Midlaud Railway . Knowing that you are an enemy to tyranny , we send you the particulars of the barefaced robberj practised on us .

      On the 9 th of this month we were requested to order from the clerk of the works what we wanted from the Truck . ahop . Against our will we ordered a little ; knowing if we did not we should have no more work . The goods were ' ordered' on the 9 th inst . and received on the lith . When the goods came , we found to our surprise and disinay a larger quantity than toe had givta orders ftr . As much came as was due for our wages . Sir , you should have seen us poor men trudging along tbe line to £ oor homes with bags OD our bac& »« numbered , and with Pickbeing ' s name ia foil «»

      them . We have to work hard ; bat it ia doubly hud to have no choice where we shall spend our money . We have sampled the goods we received , with what we have bought at other markets ; and according to tho opinion of other dealers , we are paying front twenty five to Uiirty per cent , above the market price . When We bought our own goods previous to this Truck Shop . it was an advantage to as from one to two abiHinfi pwweek . Please , Sir , give thU publicity , and yon will oblige , THOSa WHO ARK SUFFERING FROM THE MKD

      of Oppr ession . Come that ia pretty good ! One or two shilling a-week , bobbed out of ten I and that from men employed on the Nortb . Midland Railway . We belieW the representation to be perfectly correct . The " list Of prices sets flour forth at 2 g . 5 d . per stone : the best is selling in Leeds at 2 s . 2 d . Bacon is set forth at U . per lb .: in Leeds it can be had at 4 £ d . J go ° * at 5 d . ; and " shoulder-pieces " at 6 d . So that weoan readily believe that the things are from 23 to 30 per cent , above the market price . But how are the Dibectobs of th e Railway to *' terfere ! What faaverteyto d » with Ito ' " »***

      The Northern Star. Saturday, November 25, 1843.

      THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , NOVEMBER 25 , 1843 .

      Untitled Article

      Se " " REBECCA" MOVEMENT j JJXEIIJfG OF TSPSTEES OF THK CAR ^ Ai THKH j JL& 1 K TbCsT . — A meeting of t& above Trustees was : held on Friday last in ths Talb&i Inn , Ht . Morris in j the chair . The subject -of the removal of the gates at j XlanSovery andJPentrebach , to be replaced by another j in a central situation , was brought again before the meeting ; when Sir . Stephen J » ses stated that be had an . ' objection to ^ v toll-house beinu erected on Bis property , j » s , if the ^ a tes were discontinued , parties of loose cha- racter might become tenants cf the house , and damage might be done to his woods iu the neighbourhood , j He tfatrefore declined the proposal which had been ; made to feim . The Clerk stated that he had no doubt ; that ilii ^ Sodfirieh ^ wonld bstte no objection to the toll- house being ereeted on r ** i&nd , and it -waa ordered j Accordlnsly ; the land to be paid for on valuation . \ Mi- Bulicn , toll-contractor , presented bis kill for the

      lose ho had sustained in this trust , in consequence of the " Bebeeca" outrages ; " be had added the whole amount of tbe receipts together , and compared them ¦ with those of the previous year . He found that the deflcitney in the present year amounted ta £ 31412 s 4 d , ' and he claimed that thia sum , therefore , be aUowed him . The Chairman was of opinion that this was not a fair method of making the calculation , and tkat tbe more common coarse would be for Mr . B . to have stated Che length of time that the gates were down , > and jjo Ulla taken ; then to have ascertained tbe amount taken during the same periods in tbe former year , and te have claimed this sum as compensation for bis loss . So few trustees being present , the matter was left over to the next n-eeting . Sundry small bills ; were presented and oidered to be pmd . The meeting ; was sdjtrarned to Friday , the 20 th of December .

      ISCEXDJAKT P 1 B . K . —On Tuesday morning last , about half-past four o ' clock , the out-houses of a farm « alled LiwyngynEcngra , in the parish of Llaneg ^ ad , about two milts irom Brecbia , were set on fire , when the -wbelewere entirely destroyed ; luckily , the dwelling-b . 6 use escaped the coufitgration , id consequence of &e wind blowing from the north . 11 appears the farmlisnse wai unoccupied , but a new tenant was expected to take possession on the following day . It is Bnpposed that Beeca and ber daughters thensht proper to have recourse to this mode of revenge npon tbe in-coming tgnttn tj because be became tbe xncce&Ecr of another who

      had given bis landlord notice ol qiaiti » g ; and accord- ingly did leave the place on ths 29 ih of September last . ; The out-bouses were set fire to in four different places ; sndBome-person in the neigbbonrhocd passing at that j time , bxw a man with a light in his band on the premues , but passed on naturally thinking he was the new i tenant . There can fee donbt that this disgraceful ont- j rage is tie work of that midnight marauder , Beccs and i her offspring , as win be seen by the following threatening letter , Bent to tbe in-oomisg tenant , which is evidently the production of that Lady or one of her ; dsnehtrrs : — i

      Srx—¦ Inasmuch as we have tak < = n in hend to take view of those burdens which eo hP-avOy Gppress ua , as a country and neighbourhood , we have thought fit to ' adopt some measures in order to remove the cause of such oppressions . We dsss among the number cf hardships wvth which we have to contend , the enor- j moxis rents ire hsrs t * pay , an oppression ivbictl seta- ' iDy reduces ns to rnin ; and when any farmer applies ; to his landlord that he declines holding his tenement at the customary rent , with a view of obtaining a reduc- i tion in bis rent , in order to save himself from ruin , another shameless devil comes forward and proposes to . give more for the said tenement than the apparent out- j going tenant . We " have been informed teat you are 1

      guilty of the self-same transgression , which is virtually j prohibited in the Bible , and reason also loudly proclaims j against such conduct In consequence of your coveting ' * farm , called LlaimfFynonynedd , in the parish of ! I 2 ane ? wsd , now oecnpjed by Richel Jsnes , we deem it j advisable to inform yon that we do not allow yon or ' any other individual to be so daringly audacious and impudent , as to make any proposal or offer to the land- lord of the said tenant , and thereby precipitately cart ; oat the said person iti ., the present tenant ) . Be so \ kind as to give Rachel thorongh fairplay ; and we desire also to put you in possession of this , that we do ' sot believe that you wOl escape the chastisement of Becci . , " i

      I am one who uphold fairplay . The CossTABtLABT Force « I Carmarthenshire , ( exclusive of the boroush town of Carmarthen , which ! does not pay towards the county polices rate ) consists of , « ne chief eonstable j six Knperistendeots , and- fifty ; aetjeaoia and constables : t £ e BUDCH f XP&DSS charged in : tbe comity rats fcr tbeir support is about . £ 4 . 800 . Otthvs amount , no less a sum than £ 1 , 37 * is swallowed , up in the salaries of the chief constable and super-.

      intendtnts . and in the following proportions : —chief eenstaVie , jE-150 ; superintendents , ^ g 15 * each , exclusive . of clothing , travelling allowances , 4 c Thus we have . a superintendent to every ei-jM constables . j The Cosonssios op l > Qnsi is prosecuting its ' labours . What maybe the result of the ii quiriee mode ' is scarcely jet even matter of speculation ; but one good ¦ will be at aU events effected—the removal of a " plunder j station , " erected witbuut even the semblance of law . The head Commissioner , Mr . Pxai / kland Lewis , has addressed the following letter

      TO THE TBTTSZEZS O ? THE K . IDWELLT TBCST . Gbxtlesek , —I have been Informed by 2 tlr . Stacej , j < 3 rrk to the KSdwelly Trust , that the renter of the Gate at PoTih-Bhyd , which 23 in thB Three Commotts 3 rnst , taa pat & eirain scrota a road not in that Trust , but in tbe Eid-ireUy Trust , at the point wfcera the two roads intersect each other . Mr . Siac ? y informs me , that , m Trustees of the Kidwelly Trust , you have made no order , and given no authority , to establish a Gate , or Bjt , i \ that place ; > and that tbe rentes of the . tolls is in no way justified in obstructing passengers , or in demanding tolls therea . The Commissioners entertain no doubt that tbe

      Trusteei ef the iidweDy Trust , wBl , Tritboot delay ,: ascertain whether Mr . Stacey has , or has not Seen cor-: rectly informed . And if the fads turn , tin investiga- ; ton , to fee as staled , that they will take steps to pre- j vent the existence of an illegal obstruction to tbe free passage of a public highway , which ought not any time ] to be endured , fax lsas so in the present excited state of the public mind in their district ? . Mx . Stacey informs the Commissioners that the toll taker , gives a ticket of the Three Commotts Tract to those who pay at the Chain -which he sets up in the KidireTly Trust ; and tilis t ct « , wben presented tA \

      ths EHireUy Sate , ia properly beW to be of SO &MJL j The Comniissiotsera are fully persuaded that thi ^ Kos- tees will gladly exert themselves to pn « niTia into an , alleged wrong , wbieh is stated to be exercised under \ colour of their authority . j I have the honour to be , Gentlemen , Tonr faithful servant , j THeMxS Fba > klasd Lewis . ^ Carmarthen , 2 fov . 20 , IS 43 .

      ComtITTAL OF TW-E 5 Tr-SlX KEBECCilTES —The ; following is the result of the apprehension of Use R&-beccaites for palling do-sra tbe cates and destroying tbe toB-booaes at ParVamarfa and Tlshguard on the 11 th of September last They were examined bfcfore Mr . H . O- Owen , Tice-LlentenaEt of the county , and 3 full bench of magistrates , at Fisbgusrch William Owen ( the Lady Bebecea ) , James Gwynne , and Thomas Gwynne , were \ committed to the next ese'Zss , but were held to bail , ' themselves in £ 100 each , and two sureties in £ 50 each , ' David John , William Thomas , Thomas Griffiths , i JEmlyn Griffiths , Owen Jenkins , 3 a . Tn . ea Morgan , Win . GriffihJ , Wm Barzsy , Thomas Williams , Edward \ p % rA * n John Phillips , William John , Tbos . -Nicholas ,

      William Boberts , Xbniel Havies , William Jen- ] kina , James Owen , James Phillips , David Phil- ' lips , George Morse , Thomas Edwards , Thomas i Morse , and David Griffiths , were fcOly committed , and ' held to bail , themselves in £ 50 each , and two sureties j in £ 25 each . Tbe excitement in the town was very j great , particularly as regarded the informants , Thomas WfllianiB and his wife , who were obliged to be guarded , day and night from the barracks to the Commercial Inn , where the magistrates sat . The prisoners were confined in the Market-house , Eurronaded . by a treble j guard of marines . The Commercial Inn was also \ strongly guarded during the time the magistrates were ' itting .

      Untitled Article

      THE ROBBING TRUCK SYSTEM . On many occasions we have brought to tbe notice of tbe public the foot that several statute laws , passed ostensibly and avowedly for the protection of the working population , have been openly set at nought ; their provisions disregarded by the employers of labour , without , ae it would appear , either fear or care as to the consequences ; and indeed , judging from the impunity which has been accorded to the tramplers-upon the positive requirements of law , it would seem that there was not much reason why they should either fear or care ; for the " consequences" hitherto have almost invariably been , not only exemption from punishment , but a pooketting of the " plunder" that ; could by these means be wrung from tbe lap of ill-requited industry .

      The law against Truck affords a remarkable instance of tbe disregard to which We have alluded . The requirements of that law are positive , plain , palpable ; the penalties many , and easily enforced : and yet it is notorious that this said law is set at nought , trodden under foot , every day we live . In several extensive districts of the country the practice of Truck is almost universal . There is no secret , no disguise , about the matter . It is hotoripus ; known to all ; and the parties practising it not only dare to look their fellow-men in the face , but also regularly appear at church or chapel ; snivelling there as loud and as long as the rest of the canting tribe ; and sit and hear , composedly and undismayed , the denunciations of God himsel f fulminated against the men that " defraud the labourer of his hire . "

      In the performance of our duty , as advocates for the toiling and the toil-worn , we have often had to expose and drag to the blaze of day the infamous practices of infamous thieving men , in the matter of Truck . We have bad to give remarkable instances of peculiar oppression and fraud , ; and have more than once showed the means that exist to put the practice down . On the present occasion we have to put the ' reader in possession of a case , where the law has been made to reach the guilty parties .- That case is vastly important . It teaches the working people how to go to work , to get "justice . " The uw is there : and wherever there is a case of truck , the workman who is made to suffer , ought to take advantage of it .

      It ia also manifestly the interest of the general phopkeepers to unite , as at Rochdale , to aid and protect-the working man in his appeal to the Bench . Tbe Truck system must be injurious to them . It supersedes their business altogether . If the men were not tied to the master's tommyshof , and ! forced to take from him shop-goods at twentyfive per cent , above the market value , the men would have their wageg , small though they may be ,: to spend among the legitimate shopkeepers . As it is , they are not able to go near them . Thus deprived of custom , they are cheated out of their profits ; robbed of the legitimate means of living . How slavish then muat they be ; how devoid of public spirit ; how cowed ; how broken down to the very earth , are they , when they quietly permit

      themselves to be thus treated , why do not they " spirit 011 " the mou to lay informations I Why do not : they look out for cases , and get all the particulars in legal train ? Why do not they unite amongst themselves , » nd form a fund to defray expences in case of defeat ; and to render support in particular instances of master ' s vengeance , evinced in tho " turning-off" of tbe Justice-seeking workman ! If the shopkeepers bad an atom of public spirit ; nay did they know and care for their own duty to themselves , they could sooa rid as of the Truck system » root and branch . The following case , which shows both shopkeepers and workmen their duty , was transmitted to us by a correspondent . Ho accompanied it by a fewjremarks , from which we give the following : —

      " Blethering Dickey Cobden , and Bright John ^ with their whole clan of mock-humanity mongers , may shed rivers ef crocodilian tears over the miseries of . ihe " bread tax'd' * white slave victims ; they may pluck a quill from the sooty wing ^ of the archfiend himself , and dip it into the bile of his satanio liver to write their abueeB , and maledictions of the landlords ; they may denounce them with the malignity of fiends , and call to their assistance the whole of the press-gang ; they may expend five times ' a hundred thousand poumV in lying

      corncraik tracts , and travelling pedlars * expenoes' to preach up tho ' virtues' of the cotton-lords , and the excellencies of the factory system ; but who can believe them sincere is their wish to ameliorate the condition of the toiling millions , when such startling facts as the following nieet the eye of the British public ! And this is , alas ! but one solitary case ; one isolated proof of the hypocrisy , cant , and blarney , of the grasping , icy-hearted / avarice ; of the barefaced , wholesale robbery of that horde of thieves —The Lords of the long Chimneys . "

      Ro « hdale . —On Monday the Court was crowded to excess . The Magistrates upon the Bench were Clement Kuyds , We Chadwick , Geo . Ashworth , and James Taylor , Enquires . Samuel Kershaw and Mark Heywood , powerlooin fustian weaver * , summoned Messrs . John Baron , Richard Tattersall , and James Tattersall , fustian manufacturers , of Bamford , near Beywoixi , fur having paid their wages in goods of various kinds instead of paying them in money . Mr . Richard Hum , solicitor , appeared on the behalf of the complainants , and Mr . Whitehead , solicitor , on behalf of the defendants . It appeared that defendants have a cotton mill at Brauiford , besidbfl which they are partners in an

      extens've colliery in their immediate neighbourhood . Messrs . T<ersall fttso keep an extensive saop near the works . Thia case caused considerable excitement ; more so , perhaps on account of an association established at Rochdale for the purpose of putting down the Truck System , -which is well known to be carried on to a Jfreat extent , amongst some ot the manufacturers and Coal Kings , in the vicinity . Mr . Hunt read tbe Act of Parliament against the Truck System . He stated that Kersbaw had two distinct casts against the defendants ; one for the 4 tb , and the other for the 18 th of August . On ~ the former date he had been paid a fortnight's wages in goods instead of money , and had been

      charged thirty-five per cent , higher than any other shops in tbe same neighbourhood . Kershaw having been sworn , stated that he commenced working in the cotton mill belonging to the defendants about Christmas last , He wove fuati&n on the power loetns , and was paid at the rate of 2 a . lid . per tin . His wages w&titd average about 9 s . a week . His wife worked in the card room , and she had very poor health , and could not earn much . The names of Richard and James TatterBRil were over the ! door of the shop ; they sold everything that was used by a family ; be seldom got any . money for wages ; he had occasionally borrowed a&hilliuc or two from the book-keeper : they had a

      reckoning every other Friday ; but he always was in debt on a pay day . On the 4 th of August , his fortnight ' s wages were sixteen shillings ; the whole of which were stopped for goods . He did not finger ope single farthing . He had a wife and three small children ; he was charged 4 s . for 201 bs . of flour , while Jack Bell , another shopkeeper in tbe neighbourhood , sold it for 3 s . ci , tho fiaroe quality and quantity . Candles were 6 . ^ 4 per lb . ; soap the same ; m eal Is . 6 d . totlSlba ; old batter lid . per lb . ; brown sugar 9 d . Mr . Hunt said he could purchase the same quality for 6 d . Mr . Whitehead cross-examined Kershaw at considerable length , but elicited nothing favourable to

      his : clients . The complainant said he was never present when other persons were paid , and he always took a book : with him to the shop , which was furnished to him by defendants , and Mr Tattefsalt or his daughter always wrote in the book ; he seldom drew or paid , money ; however , on the 27 th of July , he received a fortnight ' s wages , amounting to 17 s 4 d ; aud on the 4 th of August , his wages amounted to 1 . , and it was stopped by Mr . Rich& ; dTattersan for goods . He ( Mr . Ktchard Tattersall ) always took care to have him by feimself when he settled with him . The book-keeper signed for Messrs . Baron and Tattersall , for gooia to him , the payment for which had beea stopped

      Untitled Article

      THE NORTHERN STAR ,

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 25, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct972/page/4/