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Northern Star (1837-1852), 9th December 1843, Edition 5 of 5, Page 7, CftAVtttft ibxulUQence* j

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      Untitled Article

      " THE CONDITION 0 ? ENGLAND QUESTION . " f Continued from onr sixth page *) Btlli ^ ghat . —On Sunday afternoon Jut , daring divine » erviee , * fire , evidently the vrork « f an incendiary , broke out in the itackyard of Mr . B . Holland , fanner , of BOlinghay . An alarm vru given at the choreh and at the Methodist chapel , when those build ? t ^ b were qoickly deserted , every one being anxious , io lender RWRtanfift in such sn emergency . Tbe fire n&cl ioen kindled in the centre of four -wheat-stacks , but owing to the direction in "which they * tood the wind did not obtain free acorn , and crauequenUy the spreaditig of the flame * yrn not bo rapid es it » lght have Ixb . It being Sunday , plenty of help vr&s at hand , * na -with the aid of a gooa fire-engine thonging to the prash , the desfcrne&T 8 element -was anortiy get under , not mow Han j jge ^ irortb tjf damage being done . — Luscolx Meratry .

      Thorite . —On Tuesday erening 1 m * , about seven o ' clock , a stubble stack in the SlueBoar yard , at Thome , and belonging to Mr . J . Hoboyd , \ rrj 5 disoovered to be on -fire . -Assistance waa instantly procared iy Rgott , jan ., police officer , -who happened to fc 3 passing at tbe time ; but the stack was half eonsnmed before the fire could be quenched . An old barn and some outbuildings immediately adjoined the ztack , ¦ which -would undoubtedly hare caught fire but for finely assistance . There ia too much rea » on to fr or that this ia the act of an incendiary . —J > oncaster Gazette

      A fire brete out onMonday evening last , about halfpastie-ren o'deck , on the premises of Mr . French , of WMtfieM , sear Brackley , which conBumed a bean Tick , a hovel containing two dang carts , fee ., and next caught a large hay rick containing about twenty tons , a good p ^ t of which -was spoiled . The people formed a double tow to the brook , a distance of . about a tju * rter ol a mile , which wag the only place -whenc 3 a supply of water could be cb ** jined . Two men who stood in the brook te fill the buckets were taken bo in aa to require aedical aid , and -were laid on a bed on the floor of the kitchen till they -were sufficiently recovered to be removed . There is little donbt of its being the act of an . "wendiary , as the hovel where it first broke out wn discovered to be on fire at both ends , » distance trom each other of about fifteen yards . Mr . French waa insured in the Norwich Union firejoffice . —3 orihampton Meratry .

      BiDDBSHjJi . —On Tuesday afternoon , about two o ' clock , a fire was discovered in the fans-yard of Mr . W . Golding , of Biddenbam . The flames proceeded from a rtaci of straw , and would doubtless have destroyed the whole of the property if it had not been detected ao early . It is supposed to be the work of an jT csndiary . A reward of Fifty Pounds has been offered for the apprehension of the offender . —Herts Reformer . We deeply regret to find that incendiarism is again spreading its diabolical ravages in our rural districts . About half-past sine o ' clock on Saturday night last , ft fi % broke Out in thfl rick-yard of Mr . Abraham Mann , at lebworth , in the parish of Chalgrave , at the enrrjmce of the village , about a aiie from Hociliffa . The Sames raged -with dreadful lory , and in the spaceof as

      { soar and ft half consumed two large barns and another large building , filled -with wheat and barley , several sets , a stable , sad otter oBtbcildtngit The cattle being Seven oat at the commencgment [ of tfae fire , were , -with fee exception of a pig , preserved . The dwellinghouse caught two or three times , bnt feeing a strong trick and tiled hnflding , was saved by the strenuous exertions of those who "were assisting . The 'flames communicated to a cottage oa the opposite side of the road , the property of Mr . Wm . Wfcinnett , in Sis oecnpataon of John Sandal , an industrious l&boorer , and clerk of the parish , -who has a wife Sear

      her confinement , and six young children , the latter of whom were in bed at the time j-the neighbours conveyed the children to other hocses , and reaoved the whole of the furniture , which , was greatly damaged by theisaste in whuhlt was carried away . The cottage w&s destroyed , as ttss also a barn . No csoae can be jTignsd fox the perpefcratkro of the -rile act , aa Mr . Mann ia a gentleman of a remarkably quiet sad inoffenam disposition , an excellent master , who employs a } -rgex Dumber of laboareni than any other person in the parish , and the farm ia the property of bis daughter , m amiable young lady , who is , -we believe , at present « nr ' nor . —Aylesottry Kews .

      On Wednesday evening , about sevenlo ' clock , the inhvhifamta of Earleaton -were alarmed by the dreadful aj of fire . The Tiefim singled oat for diabolical re-> enge , by a wicked incendiary , is Mr . John Aldous , of * ' « Ant-hill fenn , in the above parish , Os the arrival of the parish engine a barley stack , the prodara of tb rteen acres , and a pea stack of five acres , -were both in flames ; fortunately the wind was blowing atifly from * he north , which , with the wers judieions management of t&e engine , ecafeled ttiem to preserve from detime Vxm two ' wbat stacks , a bam , cattle abeds ^ &c Mr . Aldooa ia amply inmred in the Norwich Insurance-office . —Xoraich Mercury .

      On Friday Be * ninj { ht a barley stack , the property of Mr . Stephen Gooch , of Honingham , wasdissovered to 1 -, on fire . The engines -were soon on the spot , and they , ¦ with the assistance of tie 3 "T > vK $ f- « ifr «_ succeeded ~ -i aSBgrttting the flames . A reward of £ 280 has been effered for the appreheniion of the offender * , as 2 isre is not the « Hgt > y «* denbt of its being the work of some incendiary . —Norwich Meratry .

      CASBIDA 1 SS POB TBiBSPOSIATJOS . On Monday , before the Common Sergeant , at the Sew Court , Thomas Hart and Thomas Waits were indicted Iclt stealing > several traistcoats sod oihei r-ticles , the property of Ed ward SummsrfiBld . Both prisoners -were also charged with hiving previously been summarily convicted ef felony . Both prisoners pleaded Guilty . The Common Sergeant said thai the best Oiisg be could do for Hem teas to transport them . Watts—0 TES , XT LOED , PB 4 T DO SO . Hart expressed a « fa"i « ' bope . The Court sentenced them to be tranaporied tat crren years . The prisoners expressed their gratituda Several other prisoners pleaded " GaiUy , " and IT aprEA 3 . ISG THAT DXSTBESS HAD CAUSED THEM TOCOManTTHB opfescis of vshidi they were charged , they were sentenced to short periods of imprisonment .

      GJLSEE iSB ^ BXKB . The following paragraphs , ertractPd from the Atfestars Kevs , seems so naturally to fall together , thaf we have ranked them Hnder one head : — "A Hist to the Fabmxbs op Bucks . —The present system of picking seed wheat has nearly exterminated partridges in Ireland . —Limerick Chronicle . " " Atpbat -with POACHEiS . —On the night of the Sth instant , a . body « I poachers , -who were on the Dnke of Bnckinghain ^ s preserves at "Wotton Underwood , fc ^ 3 t and grossly ni-used a loeker ^ nit of the name of Brockleycarst . " " Kobbebies—We regret to say that petty rofeberiea bis almost nightly taking place at BrilL The lawless depredators have hitherto escaped . "

      " A DiSP ^ BJLDa—On Saturday test , Mo « s Shnmpton , of Long Grendon , was charged with poaching on the Bake of Buckingham ' s preserves , before the Rev G . Cheiwode , at Chilton . He wr * on that charge committed to Aylesbnry gaol for six monthi' imprisonment There were also some charges of r-sanlt against him . it appeared that he had been at the poultry hooBe of Mr . White , fanner , of PoUicott , on the evening before , Fid on that occasion very narrowly escaped from Mr . White ' s hands . On the morning of Saturday he was found on the Asbendon estate , snaring . He had a powerful bludgeon -with him , -with which he knocked one of them down , and escaped from the other . He vn then followed by * shepherd , who snccc 3 ded in rapturing him , notwithstanding his desperate efforts to knock him down -with his bludgeon . "

      Is these paragraphs what a dark chapter in the history of our landed aristocracy is touched upon . Good farming is oestiuctcl by the -adherence to an obsolete system on the part of the landowners , for the sake of lerdly sport ssd political influence . We know an instance in -which a fanner in the West of Eng . Irad sowed a particular field with grain three sueeesive years , and each year the plant was so completely destroyed by game that no attempt -was made to reap it in either of the years ; yet the farmer had all the expence-of a crop , and sot a shilling of allowance -was made by the landlord . So much for the direct effect of game preserving . And what a state of things in connection Trith tbie Eoigect do the above paragraphs disclose ? First , ire have 1 & 6 editor of a newspaper Bugtesting to tbe farmers a plan f jt poisoning the game , which is by law their landlord ' s property I

      W 3 d aTiimwiH , which by right are do man ' s property , 3 ~ b bred and kept in enormous abundance in the midst of a population on the-very brink of destitution , whose opportonitieg of wvmtng a living are , in fact , greatly diminished by the "very Tnainrgpa ^ pp of the game . They command , when cap tared , a ready sale , at high prices ; tTiey are eraly caught , and the eatching them affords to the poor man some of the excitement of sport , as well as the hope of profit—passions of no slight efficacy in the minds of all Englishmen—yehHe no vigilance , en the p ? - * t of the preservers of these ^ restores , can effectually protect them .

      Then poaching is looked upon by all but the sperting gentry as a very Teaial offence . We all remember that Sir Walter Scott first became acquainted with hia iaitfe fc servant , TomPurdy , from having had to sit in judgment upon him as a poacher ; and -we baliflve few think Vmrh -worse of aconntrylabonrer becwue lie is a bit of a jXftAa . - Yel poaihing is the aoHier of an rural Crimea It leads to late hours and nocturnal adventures ; and , aoener or later , to violent contests , and perhaps murder ous conflicts , with gamekeepers . As a pendent to these remarks , we repiint the foltow . Irs from a local paper : —

      a Sir IP . Goodflcke , at Oermout Ziodge , Iforfolki last "Week enterWnftd the Eiri of Cardigan , lord Macdonald , Lord Maidstone , the Hon . Captain Spencer , Mr . Payne , and Mr . Hungerford . The party , consUting of seven ysas , killed , Nov . 8—252 pheasants , 438 hares , 107 rabbits , 13 partridges , 2 woodcocks ; total , 812 . Nov . S—331 phe ?— -nH , 305 hares , 162 rabbits , 3 partridges , 3 wosdeocks ; total , 804 . 2 ? ov . 10—235 pheasants , 441 hares , 110 rabbits , 4 partridges , 2 ¦ Woodcocks ; total , 7 S 2 . Total—818 pfeeasntJ , 1 , 154 hares , 379 labbir tj 20 pariridges , 7 woodcocks . < 2 rand total—2 , 4

      Untitled Article

      What an anouat of temptation , crime , waste , and illblood do these 2 , 408 head of game , preserved for the momentary gratification of seven gentlemen , represent j —Hvil Advertiser . . WAK . EFIELD HOUSE OF CORRECTION . —About forty or fifty years ago , Wakefield House of Correction contained only about half a score prisoners . What a contrast to the present time ! When the sew works are finished at this prison , it will be one of the largest prisons in the world 1 We ? Justice spasbs the Oppbessok . —Tke figure of Justice at Wakefield Court House is without a sword , it having been blown down some yean ago ; the balances , however , are in their propar position .

      Untitled Article

      THE TAILOR SWEATING MACHINES AND " DEVIL'S DUST . - ( Continuation of the case reported in our last . } Guildhaix—On Friday Sir P . Laurie , after disposing of some trifling eases , called upon a jorrneyman tailor , named Richard Morgan , to substantiate a complaint he had make by letter on a former day , and in respect to which Sir P . Laurie had informed him he would not her-him , unless he was prepared with witnesses who could prove what he alleged , and unless he gave any muter notice whese name he intended to mention . The complaint made by Mr . Morgan wt- » , that the city tailors -were in the habit of giving out their Work to a elrss of journeymen known in the trade by the

      name of " swrvters , knowing them to be such , and gaining no advantage by employing them , beyond rapidity in executing a customer *! order . A " sweater " wn deflnrd to be a journeyman who would engage to do any job that would occupy a good hand twe days is the Bboil space of eight or ten hours , votktog by sight aa -well aa day , and on Sundays aa well as week days , without extra charge . A " sweater" tarns out as much work as six jonmeymen employed in the house , "which he accomplishes by employing improver * and women at low wages , aided by one or two good bands , bnt of notoriously bad character or depiaved habits , whom no master would employ .

      Mr . Charles , of Fleet-street , and Mr . Bracber , ef the Old Jewry , were the only toaster * present ; but there \ ra < a great number of journeymen . Sir P . Laurie asked Morgan to call first some one who had worked for a sweater . Henry Leader was presented . He stated that be worked a few days since for a sweater employed by Mr . Comfort , of Coleman-street He was employed to make the third part of a single-breuted beaTfiT Mat The sweater was to have 12 s . It was to be made during the night . The sweater kept the lightest third part for himself . Complainant , with the help ef a short pipe , kept himself awake ; but the other two , who had been work * ing in the day , dropped off to sleep . The garment was got in , however , in good time , but Mr . Comfort cat the price down to 10 * ., and complainant received 3 s . 4 d . for bis share . A good fire was kept up , and they bunt 7 d . worth of candles , and a deduction of Is . was made for coals and candles .

      Sir P , Laubib said he had reoerred little " comfort " for that hard sight's work . Thomas Eimes said he was -employed by a sweater named Qnigley , of No . 7 , West Bow , who worked for Mr . Dsriee , of Hanover Sqnaje . He was * coat-maker Seven men worked in one room , two of whom sleep in it at night . Mr . IHvies pays 17 a , for a coat The sweater dedacts 2 s . for his time in going backwards and forwards to his « hop , and , marking the job off into thirds , keeping the lightest for himself . The two sen who sleep there pay each 3 s . 3 d . per week for lodring ,

      53 . for breakfast , sd . for dinner , ana 5 a . for tea . Had worked for other sweaters at the West End besides Qnigley . They employ men whom no master tailor would suffer to enter his boose ; men without ; shoes or stockings ; who wore their-shirts three weeks without changing—who were labouring under filthy diseases and about whom the vermin would be centiaaaUy creeping . Into the hands of such men he had seen put a share of a coat for a Minister of the Crowa , * ad for Peers of the realm . The witness began te mention names , bat

      Sir P . Laurie checked Km , observing that lawyer sometimes decorated their -offices with « aaes of papers bearing the names of great -men who never employed the lawyer in the course of tbeir lives ; and so adghttailors boaqt to their men of pretended customers . The -witness continued—Some masters keep - * b fonrt-xa men to meet contingencies , employing one balf the first part of the week and the other half the last part of the * eek , se that none earned more titan sufficient to pay for their seven day ' s board and lodging . In such cases 15 s . cash would tv&ce on Saturday night to divide amongst the men , as the surplus beyond their debt . It was a system of truck , for the payment was made , in fact , in food and lodgtsg . Only single "w mu em * ployed . Sir P . Laurie a&ked hew much a day a good band could earn , working under a sweater upon the heaviest thirds-of the work ?

      The witness replied € ve shillings , if be worked as ssBal * from four o ' clock in the morning US ten at night . Mr . Charles , in answer to a qaestion from the alder man , said he formerly employed a number of men in his own bouse , but the annoyance was so great , from the continual demand for refreshments from t&e publichouse and coffee-shop , that be could not bear it , and be now gave out his work to Hilors who were housekeepers doing a little business for themselves , and to what extent they employed others , or what sort of men they employed , he had so means of knowing ; but though he w » compelled by the competition in his : oeigbbourBood to ticket some articles , be did not do this at the expense of tbe comforts of the men who worked for him . Hii price for making a coat ranged from 13 s . to 15 s ., for a waistcoat from Ss . 6 d . to Ss . SfcL and for trousers from 4 s . 3 d . to 5 s . 6 a ,

      Sir P . Laurie asked if , paying these wages , be kept a moving van ? Mr . Charles—Certainly sot . Morgan raid be did not belong to any society . He bad been amongst the people who worked for Moses , Hyams , Myers , and Kay , and the wretchedness he saw was beyond what be anticipated . He called a witness named Shea . Shea stated , that at the slopmakers the overlooker was frequently more particular as to the quality of the work than in the bespoke department , though only 33 . 6 d- was given for TTnLMng a Chesterfield in the first style- Some were required to make a coat for 2 e . 6 d . that would require two days' labour .

      Mr . Parker , the secretary to the Tailors * Protection Society , produced a specimen of trousering , Tnamyfnotured at Hudderefield , by grinding together old woollen rags collected from all parts of Europe . It had been made up into cheap clothing in America , and returned as too bad for any nse . It was called in Yorkshire shoddy , or devil ' s dust The specimen produced was a sort of olive green twilled trousering , and had slit- ) two or three inches long , opened in all directions where there was a strain in the wear . He said a better sort of this article was extensively nted by the cheap tailor , whose business It wss to have the worst materials made up in the best style , at a scandalous rate of wages .

      Sir F . Laurie said these bargain * of course ultimately proved dear ; and he was surprised so many people had resorted to the overcheap shops , expecting to get articles really much below the prices charged by respectable shopkeepers . The cheap men could not bay materials cheaper , and were not content with less profit The buyer , therefore , got either an inferior article at tbe cheap shop , or one made at a rate of wages which he sbodd blush to countenance . Parker stated that Mr . Kay , the slop-seller , in Aldersgate , required as good work to be put in a waistcoat at 1 & . 6 d . as Stultz did at 7 s . 6 d . John Holland deposed to the prices be bad received , viz . for TaglisniB and pilots , best make 3 a . ; snd a sboolinz jacket , foil of pockets , and with nineteen buttonholes , requiring three days'work , Ss . 3 d . Sir P . Laurie asked how many hands Stnla employed on his premises ? Parker saia about 300 .

      The evidence was then directed to show that tailors who professed to keep men on the premises for bespoke work sent it ont into Ihe most filthy neighbourhoods . Morgan said he saw this week a lady ' s habit being made up for Moses by a man named Paddy Kelly ia a very filthy place . It was a bespoke garment ; would take a whole week to make ; and Paddy , a beautifnl workman , was to have 15 s . for it If the lady saw where it wss made it would be impossible for her to wear it . There were only a dozen tailors in the city who dona fide employed the men on their premises . There were 100 sweaters , who had 400 good hands under them . The livery breeches of one of the present sheriffs' footmen were given out to a sweater as 5 s . He could not do them , but turned them over to another sweater at 4 s . 6 dL , and the poor fellow who actually tiwIb them received 43 .

      Sir P . Laurie said it was a pity that by some understanding among the masters themselves this extreme cruelty could not be avoided . He was afraid that while the masters could let their floors to advantage , and avoid the trouble of aianaging work in ihe house , they would not turn their floors into work-rooms , but If they -would try they might devise something . A tailor suggested that they might hire work-rooms separate from their dwelling-bouses and shops . Mr . Parrott , the chairman of the Tailor ' s Protection Society , said nothing could put down the sweating system but the stinting of the work to men working in rooms rented by the employer on bis own premises sy doing this they might place all the men in a state of happiness . He thanked Sir Peter Laurie , in the name of the thousands of men out of employ , for affording them a hearing ; and be was sure if those in authority would thus only hear the complaints of the aggrieved , a happier state of thingB would in time subsist __ - ' -

      _ Sir P . Laurie said they were a large body of Industrious men , and he hoped the exposure o % tte evils of which they complained would lead to the adoption of some remedy .

      Untitled Article

      ASHTON-UKDBR-I « TKS . —Mr . C . Doyle delivered a lecture in the Association Room in the aboTe place , on Sunday evening last , to ^ a large and respectable andience . At the dose of the lecture , a Tote of thanks was given to the lecturer , for tne pleasing and instrnctrre discourse he had deliTerea , and the meeting separated .

      Untitled Article

      Galvanic Expertmebt—The resuscitating powers of galvanism have been confirmed in the most satisfactory manner , in some well-conducted experiments of Mr . Halse , of Brent , near Ashbnrton . This gentleman drowned three young whelps in cold water , end tbree others , of the same litter , in warm watee . The flnt three were immersed fifteen minotes , and the latter threa forty-five minutes . The experiments were commenced immediately after the animals were removed from the water , and when all of them were quite motionless snd apparently dead . Those which were drowned in cold water we ! -ep > a-ed in a blnfceS in front of a good fire , and shortly after one of them wpreparcd for the gr ' . vanic process . Two eirr" ja-s , containing a solution ef common salt , bete ? provided ,

      tbe fore feet of the animal were placed in one of them , and the hind feet in the another , and a conncst \ r 2 Vtie from tbe battery brought to each jar was immersed ia the saline common . . The first momtrdary di' -sbarge developed signs of vitality ; and a terin of slight shocks , continued for about five minutes , restored the functions of life . The poor creature was then again placed on the blanket before the fire , aud in a short time it began to walkabout , and appeared quite as lively as ever . On examining its two fellow-sufferers , they were poifc recovery ; indeed quite dead . By operating in a similrr manner on the othsr three , which were drowrcd in Warm water , Mr . Halse succeeded in resuscitating two of them , and restoring them to perfect health ; but the third dos not b ; ing g&lvinized till an hour after the resuccitatien of the second , his efforts to restore it were sot anpsessfn * .

      It has been the opinion of many physiologists , that there is a strict analogy between galvanism and tbe vital principle , and that the phenomena of life have an electric origin . Others there are who think they can Identify the nervous with the electric fluid . Be jthat ss it may , the experiments of Dr . Wilson Philiphave shown , that there exist * a striking analogy in the nervous and galvanic inflvmces ; and that the latter is capable of supplying the place of the former , in performing the functions of life . Having fed several rabbits with parsley , Dr . Philip divided the eight pair of nerves of some of them , by incisions in the neck , for the purpose of ascertaining their influence on the digestive functions of the stomach . On examining the

      contents of their stomachs , the parsley appeared to have undergone no change whatever . Others of these rabbits Were subjected to ihe galvanic Influence , by applying . one of the conducting wires to the lower portion of the nerves ; just below tbe incision in tbe neck , and the other conductor to tbe skin opposite to the stomach , so that the electric current would now along the nerve . By this process , the difficulty of breathing was prevented , during the whole of the twenty-six hours that the operation was continued . These rabbits were killed immediately after tbe galvanism was discontinued , and the parsley ' WMfooad to be perfectly digested , and in the same state as that In the stomachs of other ij > felta fed at thesatne time , and left unmolested in their natural healthy condition .

      These capital electro-physiological results , which were subsequently confirmed by Similar experiments , conducted by Dr . Clarke Able , leave no doabt respecting the influence of galvanism , as a substitute in performing the nervous functions ; and afford strong evidence of the practicability of applying this agency wife advantage , as an auxiliary : to tfae nervous agency , when the latter is too debilitated to act efficiently alone . The correctness of this view has been realised by the beneficial results that have been obtained by galvanic treatment , in several cases : arising from nervous debility , and the consequent atony -of the organs which they influence . And as * the muscles also become excited and invigorated by the galvanic sthnalos , the medical practitioner has , in it , a powerful auxiliary to his other modes of treating many of the diseases which affliot humanity .

      AEUOKA . VTHHL EXHIBITION , WILLIS'S ROOMS . — Mr . Monck Mason , who , &b onr readers are most probably aware , has devoted considerable attention to the subject of aeronautics and aerial navigation , has established an aeronautical exhibition at these rooms , which opened on Wednesday , and certainly-a most interesting exhibition it is . One of Mr . Mason ' s objects is to direct public attention to his model of a balloon , which can be both propelled and stewed . This balloon is of oiled silk , its shape is ellipsoidal , a shape which combines the highest ascending power witb tbe least resistance to horizontal progression ; below the balloon , between it and tbe car , but in dose connection with tbe latter , is a frame-work » f -wood , ia shape like the frame-work of the deck of a sharp-built ship , its long diameter

      corresponding with the long diameter of tbe balloon ; below tills frame-work is tbe ear . The propeller is an Arehimedian screw of oiled silk , stretched over a light frane-work . This screw Msembtes ia shape the screw now used as a propeller on board the Archimedean steam vessels ; it is suspended from Hie wooden framework , and is moved by a powerful spring ia tbe or . At tbe opposite « nd ef the car is the rodder , in shape somewhat tike a paper kite , and by means of which Mr . Monck Mason imagines be can to some extent regulate the ascending power of the feaUoon . There cannot be any doabt bnt that Mr . Mason can oommmicste the power < rf progression to bis balloon by means of his Archimedean sctew , which ought rather to be denominated a sucker or drawer than a propeller , inasmuch as the balloon progresses screwend foremost . The experiments lately exhibited place this fact beyond a doubt The balloon having

      been inflated . and balanced to proper elevation , was moored to a column , forming the centre of a circle , round which it was to travel . The rudder and the screw were rigged in tbeir proper places—tbe Spring power applied—round went the screw , and on went the balloon at . a rapid rate , screw-end foremost , and so continued until the spring ceased to act , when the screw ceased to turn , and the balloon became stationary . This experiment was repeated , and nothing could be more satisfactory . Every expectation that the moat sanguine person : ; could have entertained was realised . We did not witness any experiments with the rudder , but we hope again to visit Mr . Monck Mason ' s very interesting exhibition , when we may have an opportunity of testing tbe powers of the rudder . Mr . Monck Mason who conducted the experiments , was assisted by Mr . Green , tbe seronaut , who , we understand , expressed his approbation of the experiment

      The Nsv ? coilet . —At one o ' clock in tbe morning of the 22 nd instant a comet , only visible through a telescope , was discovered near the Btar Gamma , of Orion , by M . Faye , an astronomer attached to the Royal Observatory at Paris . Notwiths ^ -mding the clouds and vapours which impeded the view , and rendered the observation uncertain , the position of the star was ascertained as follows : —On tbe 22 nd of Nov ., 1813 , at 14 hours , 44 minutes , 11 seconds , medium time of Paris , reckoned from mid-day , the right ascension of the comet was 81 deg . 5 min ., and tbe boreal declension was 6 deg . 56 min . The sky was so cloudy on the following night , that it was only on the 24 th that the comet wm again seen , when its position wp * ascertained with complete precision . On the 2 * th of

      November , 1843 ; at 17 h > 4 min , 43 sec . medium tune of Paris , counted from mid-day , the right ascension of the comet was 30 deg . 50 rain . 42 sec . ; boreal declension of tbe comet , 6 deg . SO min . 35 sec . Thus the apparent right ascension of tbe comet diminished by seven minutes of a degree within about 24 hours ; snd in the same interval of time the declension libewke diminished by 12 minutes . This comet presents a head se distinct , that tbe observations are singularly facilitated . From the bead slight trains of light diverge nearly opposite to the sun . This tail is at present in length about four minutes of a degree . The following letter has taen addressed to the papers : —

      " To the Editor : —Sir , »—This comet was observed here with the five-feet equatorial , whose object glass is 4 ^ inches aperture , about eight o ' clock last evening ; with the large achromatic , of 11 Inches 9-lOths diameter , its nucleus , with powers of 150 and 3 * 0 , seemed not round , but elongated in the direction of the tail , which latter , after moonset , extended about 11 minutes . It does not bear much illumination of the field , although it was easily found with an achromatic telescope of 2 inches aperture . At 48 min . S 7 sec , after midnight , its ? % cension was about 5 h . 21 min , 37 sea and its northen declination was about 5 deg . 34 min . 32 sec . and it is very the star of A Orionis . —Observatory , KanBington , Thursday morning , Nov . 30 , 1843 , half-past two . "

      Dk . "Whitfiexd , the natpkalist , has lately returned from the coast of Africa with a large collection cf animals and plants . This is about tfae twentieth voyage successful ) ? made by this enterprising traveller , who has visited New Holland and other distant settlements several times within tbe last thirty years . The late Puke of Bedford was his great patron ; and since tbe death of his Grace tbe present Earl of Derby has been bis patron . The Doctor , after many perilous escapes , has succeeded in bringing over four ostriches , thirteen antelopes , fee lioness , eight crown erases , and four gigantic cranes , a pair ef Egyptian ibis , many olive and white aigrettes , five wild cats , and a vast variety of Email birds ; also , a splendid collection of rare plant ) . They have all been consigned to Knowsley-parfc , and arrived in perfect health .

      Society of Auts . —A numerous meeting of the members was held on Wednesday evening , in the theatre of the Institution , John-street , Adelphi ; Benjamin Rotcb , Esq ., V . P ., F . R . S ., in the chair , when a paper was read by the secretary on tbe now patent metallic cement , s composition of sand and of tbe refuse of copper commingled , and of a peculiarly bard and durable description . Specimens of its applicability to building purposes were exhibited , showing that it was susceptible of a fine marble polish , and of being made to imitate granite . It was stated by the chairman that this invention would find an abundant market in the mountains of Wales , where the refuse of copper was so great that the proprietors did not know what use to make of it Fresco paintings worked upen the surface of this cement ware likewise exhibited , the resale of the method being that they may be preserved much longer by this process than by the usual method .

      The Abts ahong the Romans . —The RomanB are insatiate and always a semi-barbarous people , amongst whom the arts of civilization never had much extension ; they did not look at the fine arts at any time with admiraKon or respect , tf we except architecture , which the wealthy among them appear to have considered merely as a vehicle for displaying their vain and ostentatious love of exhibiting wealth . Even this art they picked up from the Greeks , and soon corrupted

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      its fjmrt . ' and simple principle ? . Still it war in the T * £ ? j £ ^ i ^ S * ' Who being supplied with large means derived from the plunder of other nations , erected numerous , and sometimes grana , edlfices ^ oth public and private , bnt never with the purity of taste which always distingniahri genuine Greek t-sshitecture . PalnlUlg and sculpture , however , were never looked upOTby them asinteiieo faa ] poranita . which feet prowa » i ° J ! *** confined calibre of Rome's national mind- brute force wr 3 their only implement Even Virgil { not a R ? mBn ) encooT-es tiiem to despise the sculptures and other libewi arts of Greece , and tells them to be satisfied with I ; ing the conquerors of nations and masters of the world . " Where r * e now their conquests or masterships of tbe world ? Tbe glories of Greek arts have amwed them all . —Taylor on Fresco .

      SriTERiNG Cast mou ^ -By Major Jewreinoff , as practised at St . Petersborgh . -The liquid for silvering is prepared in the following manner : —Cyanide of potassium , prepared according to Liebig's method , fi introduced into a stoppered vessel , and freshly-prepared pare chloride of silver , still In a moist stafa , added ; the whole being covered with wa * jr snd shaken violently for some time at the ordinal / temperature . An excess of chloride of silver is taken , and should a small quantity of it remain nnd ' isolved , a few pi « es more of the cyanide are added after some time , ts >« rfng care , however , to avoid having an exce ~> of the latte " salt , but always a Small quantity of nadinolved chloride at the bottom of the ve-ieL This ! est ci'WTtttr-i-1 is . Important , because when the liquor contains too much free cyanide of po > ' lium it ! - r " y decompord , d

      anmoreover does not silver so well ; before employing it it is filtered , and is tho « i rendered perfectly elf -, iron and a little chloride of s' ' ver remaining on tne filter , x effect the plating by means of a galvanic pair of plafss , consisting of zino and a coke cylinder , wbich are separated from erch other by means of an earthen diaphragm . The pair are p' -wd in a glan vesrrt containing dilute sulphuric r jld , and dilute nitrlo add Is conveyed into the earthen diaphtr ^ m . The cleansed cast iron object is immersed in the silver solution , arid connected with the zinc pole by means of a conducting wire , and a platinum plate immersed in the liquid ftt some distant from the object to be silvered , and connected with the coke cylinder . A plate of cast iron , of four square inches surface , is generally completely plated in thirty miantes . —Bulletin di St . Petersburgh . ¦

      SODA and Soap . —Soda has been used from time immemorial in the manufacture of soap and glass—two chemical productions which employ and keep in circulation » n immense amount of capital . The quantity of soap consumed by a nation would be no inaccurate measure whereby te estimate its wealth and civilisation . Of two countries , with an equal amount of population , the wealthiest and most highly civilised will consume the greatest weight of . soap . This consumption does not subserve sensual g .-atiflcatlOn , nor depend upon fashion , hut upon tbe feeling of the beauty , comfort , and welfare attendant upon cleanliness ; and a regard to this feeling is coincident with wealth and civilisation . The rich , in the middle ages , concealed a wpnt of cleanliness in their clothes and persons under a profusion

      of « ostly scents and essences , whilst they were more luxurious in eating and drinking , in apparel and horees . With oa want of cleanliness is equivalent to insupportable misery and misfortune . Soap belongs to those manufactured products , the money value of which continually disappears beam circulation , and requires te be continually renewed . It is one of the few substances which are entirely consumed by me , leaving bo product of any worth * Brofeen glna and bottles are by no means absolutely worthless ; for rags we may purchase new elotft ; bat soap-water hei no value whatever . It would be interesting to know accurately the amonnt of capital involved in the manufacture of soap : It Is certainly as large aa that employed in ' tbe coffee trade , with this important difference as

      respects Germany , that it is entirely derived from our OWn sell . Prance formerly Imported soda from Spaia , Spanish soda being of the tart quality , at an annual expenditure of twenty to thirty millions of fre-ir - During the war with England , the price of soda , and consequently of soap and glass , rose continually ; and all manufactures suffered in oonsequenca . The present method of making soda from common salt was discovered by Lo Bl » no , at the end of tbe last century . It was a rich boon for Stance , and became of the highest importance during tbe wars of Napoleon . In a very short time , it wn manufactured to an extraordinaay extent , especially at the seat of tile soap

      manufactories . Marseilles possessed , for a time , a monpoly of soda and soap . The policy of Napoleon deprived tbatcity of tbe advantages derived from this great source of commerce , and thus excited the hostility of the population to his dynasty , which became favourable to tbe restoration of tfae Bourbons- a carious result of an Improvement ir . a chemical manufacture . It wr i not long , however , in reaching England , in order to prepare tbe soda of commerce ( which is the carbonate ) from common e ? lt , it is first converted into Olaujbr ' s salt ( sulphate of soda ) . For this purpose , eighty pounds weight of concentrated sulphuric aeid ( oil of vitriol ) are required to one handled pounds of common salt . —Liebig ' Letters «« Chcmtlrv ,

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      Kxtb . aordinary CRvsEiiTc . —Wehaw much hesitated before making public the following statement , really doubting whether our readers , from the almost incredible and revolting facts it discloses , would not conclude we were romancing and saying the thing that is not However , we can only preface such statement by observing , that in giving it we pnt forth tbe truth as related to us , and from the quarter from which we have derived it , as , we have reason to believe , " the whole truth , and nothing bat the trutb . " For reasons unnecessary to enter upon , we do not at present disclose the name of tbe party implicated in onr recital , but we shall wait to see whether , when be shall thus discover that his cruel and insensate conduct Is known , it ban the effect of rousing in him a sense of its infamy

      and shame , and thereby induce him at once to alter it ; and , if this skould prove to be otherwise , we warn Dim ; hat his name shall be made public , and in away , too , that without the possibility of mistake shall briag bring down upon him that fall measure of' reprobation and scorn he so justly merits ; And now to our narrative , without further remark . It is some five years and a quarter since that the individual to whom we allude was riding a spirited young mare . He wee thrown . He escaped unhurt by the fall ; bnt , incensed by the circumstance , he immediately exclaimed to the poor anima ' , "D—n you , madam , I'll make you suffer for this ; I'll put you in solitary confinement for seven years . " These were tbe words actually used by him , as reported by a party

      who was in his company at the time ; and this tbuat be bos literally carried into execution to the extent of five years and a quarter , fnd for the great portion of that period in a manner , too , distinguished by the most refined brutality . A three-stalled stable was selected for the solitary cell of the hapless creature . The two other stalls were occupied by horses , bnt the back of that allotted to her we * enclosed by boarding bo placed that she could n » t turn round at all , nor lie down but by the most painful effort , and the excoriation of her Bides in the most horrid manner . This treatment she suffered for more than three years , until at length she effected some mitigation of her misery by kicking down the boarding at the back of her stall . It would seem that after this the abuser of tbe poor creature did so far relent in hta feelings of vengeance towards her , as not to recommit her to her Procrustean bed , but no

      further } finding she bad liberated herself from this , he perseveres in his sentence ef " solitary confinement , ' * and removes the other two horses from the stable , thus giving her the entire range of the building in which to complete the remaining portion of her doom . But we have not ! yet related the full ir ' quUy of tbis most wicked proceeding ; the sole ivod of the wretched animal , through winter and Bummer , from the commencsment of her incarceration to the present time , hei been a scanty portion , of grass cut by her persecutor himself [ from a neighboring pasture , added to about half a bolting of straw for her bed ; the latter , bowever , we are told the poor animal first eagerly devours in preferenei to the cold and raw gra ? 3 , so that not a shred of H ' s vhibte in the morning ; and we are told further , also , that about a twelvemonth since a lad in the employ of this inhuman man , commiserating tbe situation of tbe mare , contrived one evening to make

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      a trifling addition to her miserable modicum of foud , and for wbich hewasjviaited with instant dismissal I We have this relation from those who have by stealth recently seen the doomed creature in her captivity , and they describe her appearance as mosj ; deplorable , and akin to that of the caged beasts' in a menagerie , keeping constantly pacing round her narrow prison-house like a demented creature , and bearing a dumb expression of suffering capable of melting every heart but that of her cruel tormentor . We are further informed that a pony has been punished by this person , for some unknown reason , fey the same speciei of infernal cruelty for the last two years . 7-Worcester Herald . [ Why doe * not out contemporary give the name of this " respectable" ruffian ? Why have not the necessary informations , before this , been laid before a magistrate ? If ever there waa a case worthy of " Lynch law , " this is one . At once , we say , drag the miscreant to justice . — Ed . N . SI i

      The O'Connell Tribute . —I must confess that -i ttr e money box-j were the greatest eyesore to me in the whole matter . I cannot fergive O'Connell for it , ; nd I think nobody else can . And will pos ^ rity be j able to forgive him for making a gain and a money j matter of his patriotic toils , and carrying on this buai- \ ness openly and publicly without shame or fear ? I I ) lieve it never occurs to him , himself , that there ia i anything bad in the affa ' T ; for he baa entrenched him- ' self , and made himself secure , behind ? some such reasoning as this : — "I was an advocate witb excellent | practice , which promised to be batter than it already , wr \ I bscame a patriot , and dedicated all my powers j to my country and to , your cause , ye men of Ireland ! 1 Thisbusness is an expensive one to me ; for I must not only provide for myself and my family , but ako j maintain several of my friends who help me and mine , and a * "uid by me hi Parliament , and put me in a condition to do effectually whatever I do for your cause .

      There ocn be nothing ! more just than that aU Ireland should pay for the cost of this business , and also reimburse me for the profits of my profession , wbich I have surrender ; I for the love of her . I can , therefore , with the greatest right , demand of you the O'Connell tribate , and rec-jlve it jwith a good conscience . " The following facts are certain— that . In consequenc * of his patriotic | and stirring endeavours and agitation , O'Conuell enjoys a yearly rent of no inconsiderable magnitude ( to the amount , it is said , of mere than £ 19 , 000 ) and tl" » t he snd his friends live well on this , with far I "tter food and far better clothes than thousands of those from whom they draw the rent . Further , it h certain , that O'Connell and bis friends do not say , "We will walk in rrhs—we will eat potatoes and salt , like millions of our compatriots tor whom we toil—we will set aside all worldly advantages , and all the money wbich is contributed shall be devotrd solely and singly to the cause , and not ; employed for any personal parposes . " The tendency of bis argument is rather this : —

      " if we bad continued as advoca ^ , we could now be living gloriously , and | in the enjoyment of ail kinds of pler-jure ; if , therefore , we are to forget th ' s , yon must fully protect us from want . ' * We cannot therefore place the O'Connelfa in the same rank with the great and glorious spirits whom the world has exalted so high , because they kept their sotrt and their thoughts free trom the stmosphere of money , and kept their bands undefined t > y the touch of Satan ' s worst invention , gold—such men ss the unselfish Fabricius , Cincinnatu-j , the worker at the plough , the barefooted Caliphs , the world-denying apostles fid prophets , and other highly-exalted prophets and patriots . It is quite possible—it is , indeed , probable—* hat , had O'Connell followed the-example of Jean Jao « ues Rousseau ; had he

      refused the-support of hiu friends ; had he , iKCeXftncianatus , determined to live by the plough ; -at had he , like mil'ioBa of his poor compatriots , been content "to dress in rags and live en potatoes , he never would hare attained te bis power . Perhaps the r jople would hove despised fcim . and passed him by . Perhaps this age must and will . Bee 1 H heroes well clothed and well fed . As the English national debt , is « yoke and fctuden which bol 3 s til England together , bo parbaps is the O'Gonnell tribute a burden which holds all the Repealers together . They have once pledged themselves to pay a certain amount of tribute , -and tbis binds them to

      advance with O'Connell . They , perhaps , wonder at the extraordinary character of this tribute , which a man without external power , only by his eloquence and'earnestness , bpi impeeed upon them , and , on this very account , value him the more highly . Tne sum of the whole ia—O'Connell is a wonderful man of the 19 th century { the century -of money ) , who has arrived at influence , power , and prosperity , by means-such n the world has rarely beard of previously ; who , without physical power and without giving op any thing , hn for forty years bid defiant to the most powerful aristocracy of Europe , having on hia side nothing but a fair millions ot twggah . —Kohl's Travels in Ivelmi .

      The Sublime v . the Ridiculous —It is astonishing how the saying ? and doingB of the greatest men , that are meant to be sublime and even tremendous , can be defeated by the slightest and shortest ridicule , when It is well-timed . Every body must remember tbe admirable wit by which that ever-witty man , Wilkes , turned Lotd Thurlow and one of his most important speesbes into complete ridilcttie . The crafty reprobate and vulgar swearer , notorious for bis Atheism , ended his speech by exclaiming , "If I forget my King , may my God forget me . " ; On this , Wilkes , who was standing behind the throne , Bald , loud enough for everybody to hear , " God forget you , indeed I He'U see you at the devil first" The { House was convoked with laughter , and Lord Thurlow sat down amidst general ridicule .

      Pitt , who wss haranguing the Commons on another oir-. sion , in order to stimulate them to war against the French revolutionists , carried his excitement so far , that , stooping bis long gaunt body , he tapped the floor with the back of bis [ hand exclaiming that if they did not go to war , " even tber 3 very boards will rise up in judgment against you . " On this Wilkes , who stood below the bar , observed , "Then send for a carp 3 nfc » and nail them down . " Every body around him burst out a-laughing , and the astonished proud , the haughty and aristocratic Minister , could not conceive why he was laughed at . But a better joke than this w . 1 played off upon that vilest of all apostates and impostors , Mr . Bo-ke . This dull speaker , when he betrayed his party and was seeking his two pensions , made an harangue against tbe French revolutionist , describing tbeir cruelties ; he worked himself up to a fever , and in order to itlustutd their sanguinary deeds , he drew a knife from j bis bosom and threw it on the

      table of the Houfe . i Amidst the awful silence that ensued , and whilst Brrke wrs standing in a theatrical attitude , Sheridan wrs overheard to say , " Yea , yes , I see the knife , but where is the fork ? " The whole house burst into laughter , and Mr . Burke sat down with merited contempt . The late Mr . Whitbread was a man of business , and ; of very great talents , bnt certainly he bad nothing of the poet in him . No man ever had less of the poetic temperament . On building Drury-lane he wrote ajpoem as the competitor for tfae prize of writing the best opening address—a task afterwards performed gratis by our most illustrious bard , Lord Byron . Whitbread ' a chief simile wn the Ptoeaix rising from hi ? rshes in the flames . This was told to Sheridan , who most satirically replied : " Zjunde , Whitbread write about a Phoeaix ; depend upon it he will descritj it like a poulterer . " This reached Whitbread ' s eats , and he V thought bettor of it " ' -and Hi poem never e % w the light

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      SALPORD—The Salford Chartists met in their Rooms , Great Gaorge-street , to hear a lecture from Mr . M'Farlane , who delivered a very interesting address to an attentive and respectable audience . After Mr . M'Farlane sat down the chairman introduced Mr . Little to the meeting , who gave a short bnt interesting addrfss on the rise and progress of the principles of Chartism . There will ! be a lecture in the Booms every Sunday evening at half-pait six o ' clock . STOCKPORT . —On Sunday afternoon last , the youths met in the ante-room , Gamett-atreet , Lower

      Hillgate . Tbe chair was taken at two o'clock , when » very animated discussion took place . Subject— "Is colonization consistent with Christianity ? " Ht . Brown ! opened tbe debate , maintaining that colonization , as at I present carried out , was not in accordance with Christ ianity . Several others took part in the debate , which was carried on for two ' hours . The youths here are now engaged in establishing a library , Every one seems to take great interest in the matter , and all are determined that it shall not fail for want of exertion . They have already got fa number of works ; and are ¦ about to issue an address to the public soliciting aid . [

      LONDON . —The United Boot and Shoemakers held their weekly meeting at the Cannon Coffee Houso , Old-street , St . Luke ' 8 , when the question— " Would a Repeal of the Com Laws , under existing circumstances , benefit tfae Working Classes ?" we * opened by Mr . Langwith , who contended it would not He was supported by Messrs . Clark and M'Cartby ; but met witb opposition from a M * . Brown , who attended as champion for the anti-Cora Law League ; and attempted to show thai this country would be a paradise were tbe principles of Free Trade fully carried out . Several others being desirous to address the meeting , it was resolved tbe question should be adjourned to Sunday evening , December 10 th , when it will be opened by Mr . Brown maintaining the affirmative .

      District Covnch ., Sunday , December 3 rd , W . H . Bain ia tbe chair . This rules were agreed to . The Golden Lion and other : localities sent in their quotes . There was a full attendance of delegates . Mr . Paternoster , fiom the Hare-street facility , took his seat Ma . Cooper lectured to a crowded audience , on Sunday evening lost , at the € ity of London Political and Scientific Institution ( in continuation ) on " tbe Poetry of Burns" , and gave great satisfaction . Political an © Scientific Institution , Tukn .

      again Xanb—On Sunday , Dec . 3 rd , the adjourned discussion on the question , " Would a Repeal of the Corn Laws benefit the working classes , " took place . Mr . Bird hi the chair . Mr . Rathbone opened the question on the negative aside , ] followed by Messrs . Sparkball and Main on the same side , and Mr . Dai * rymple and another on the affirmative side of the question . It was adjourned ; to Sunday next . Mr . Cooper lectured in the evening on "the poetry of Burns , " to a good audience , and gave universal satisfaction .

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      HIanghsstsk . — Carpenter ' s IlAi . i .-=-On J ? Jl " day last a lecture was delivered in the above Ha ! « by the Rev . W . V . Jackson . Subject , "The irSuencJ of classes upon society . " South Lancashire Delegate Meeting—Tfea above delegate meeting was holdea on Sunday lasi , in tbe commiitee room , under the Carpenter ' s Hallj Manchester , when delegates were present from the following places : —viz . —Manchester , Carpenters Hall ; Chartist Painters , Manchester : Chartitt Youths , Manchester ; Rochdale ; Ashton-under-Lyne ; Staly-Bridge ; HoIIfnwood ; Bolton , and Mossley . Mr . C Taylor was called upon to preudp by the unanimous vote of the delegates . The niinuto of the previous meeting were read and confirmee ! .

      The delegates then settled their financial business , after which the following resolutions were passed : — u That a committee be chosen to examine the accounts of the defence fund committee , and report at the next meeting . " ' * That Messrs . Dixor , Taylor , D * vies , Nurtall , and Murray , form the committca . " " That a Conference of delegates from the various localities in South Lancashire , be holdea on Sunday , the 3 'sfc of December , in tbe Charter Association Room , Newport-8 trc 3 t , Bolton , to take into consideration the reorganiziation of the South Lanccshire district ; chair to be taken at ten o ' clock in the forenoon . " "TbataBhort addresB emanatirj

      from this meeting , upon the necessity of this Confer ence , be puWishedtfn the Northern Star , of Saturday , the I 6 th inst-, and also that the Secretary send a copy of the same to each locality . " That Messrs . Taylor , Nuttall , andDixon , do form a committee tJ prepare the address . " "That we the delegates of South Lancashire in delegate meeting assemblr do hereby request the various localities in this dirtrict , to transmit forthwith to the Executive the arrears due by them to that body . " " That the lecturers * plan be discontinued until the Conference . The thauks of the meeting was then given to t& * Chairman and the meeting separated . *

      GarlisIiB . —Pratic Meeting at Dalstoh * neab Carlisle . —On Saturday evening , Deo . 2 , a public meeting was held at this public-spirited village ; Mr . William Johnston , an old veteran reformer of thirty years' standing , was unanimously called to the chaw ; who , after briefly stating ths object of the meeting , introduced Mr . Joseph Broome Hanson , of Carlisle , who- addressed the meeting at great length oa the all-important subject of a reper ' . of the Corn Corn i . aws . He ably exposed the spccious fallacies of the Leaguers , and proved beyond dispute , that no benefit would arise to the working classes frotu a repeal of those laws , except the repeal be accompanied by an equitable adjustment of the

      national and other debts . He next alluded to the Government prosecutions now pending against Mr . CTCoaucll gnd his associates ia Ireland , ' and contended that ample justice can only he obtained &i that unhappy and misgoverned country , through the aid of the English people . Mr . Hanson theatoofe a review of the progress of Chartist principles , and conoluded by calling on the meeting to stand by the Charter as the only sure and safe remedy for the many 6 ocial and political evils under wflictt tfris once happy country now laboured . A Council wrs then ohosen according to the New Plan of Origamcation , and cards of { membership will be delivered oa Saturday , the 9 ih instant .

      WoRRrNG Men's Mental Improvement Society . —On Sunday evening last , a meeting of the members and others took place at No . 6 , John-street , Caldewgate , at which Mr . John Lowry presided . The following question was spoken to by Mr . Hem / Bowman and others : " Will the Government prosecutions of Mr . O'Connell and his associates forward or retard the progress of the Repeal of the Legislative Union between great Britain and Ireland V * Mr . Bowman made a series of observations to tuQ effect , that prosecutions for opinions' sake never failed to create a spirit of inquiry in the human mind , which , if steadily pursued , would ultimately lead to the discovery of truth , and the adoption of the opinions for which individuals had suffered imprisonment , transportation , and even death . He illustrated his views of the subject by reading

      several interesting * biographical notices of the prosecutions against Bonnivard , of Geneva , the subject of Lord Byron ' s beautiful poem the •* Prisoner of Chilion , " and who was shut up in the Castle of Chillon by the Duke of Savoy , for the long period of fifteen years , after which he was liberated by the Bernoise , who had invaded the Pays de Vaud . Bonsivard on regaining his liberty , had the pleasure of findiag that Geneva was free , and had adopted the principles of the Reformation . The republic has * tened to testi / y its gratitude for the wroagB he had euffored in her behalf . He immediately received bis citizenship , and was presented with the house formerly occupied by the Vicar-General , and a pension of 200 gold crowns was assigned to him . In the following year he was admitted into the Council of Two Hundred .

      " Chillon 1 tby prison ia a holy place , Asdtuy sad floor an altar , for 'twos trod , Until bis very atepB have left a tract—Worn as if tby cold pavement was a sod—. By Bonnivard f—may none those marks efiace ! For they appeal bom tyranny to God . "—Byron . One of the most memorable victims of religious intolerance ( said Mr . Bowman ) , was that of the famous and learned Spaniard , Michael Servetus . He was born in 1509 , in Arragon . He was the son of a notary , who sent him to Toulouse for the study of civil law . Excited by the discussions of Rsformers in that city , he printed a tract in disparagement of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity , ia

      1531 . His circumstances being depressed , he engaged for some time with the Frelons , booksellers of Lyons , as corrector of the press . He then went to Paris , where be studied physio . He graduated at Paris , but quarrelled with the f ? wlty , and repaired to Charlieu , near Lyons , where he practised three years ; whence , at the instance of the Archbishop of Vienne , he removed to the latter city . During the time he was in constant correspondence with Calvin , with whom he discussed points of controversy , consulting him in respsct to his writings and Arias notions , OF this confidence Calvin subsequently made a base use , by ^ roduci ng his letters and manuscripts as matters or accusation against him . In

      1553 Servetus published his matured theological system , without his name ; but Calvin took care that the magistrates of Vienne should be duly informed of it , and Servetus was committed to prison , whence he contrived to escape , and thereby avoided that fate from Catholic hands which he was afterwards to suffer from those of the Keformers . Proposing to proceed to Naples , he imprudently took his way through Geneva , where Calvin induced the magistrates to arrest him op a charge of blasphemy and heresy , advanced againBt him by a person who had been a servant in Calvia ' s family . In order to secure his condemnation , his ¦ various v * j . itines weie

      sifted for accusations ; and , as a proof of the malignity and injustice which he encountered , it may be mentioned that one of the charges was extracted from his edition of Ptolemy ' s Geography , in which he asserted that Judea had been falsely extolled for Us beauty and fertility , modern travellers having found it both sterile and unsightly . The magistrates of Geneva were , however , aware that many eyes were upon them , in respect to this extraordinary treatment ot a person , who was neither a subjeot nor a resident ; but , properly speaking , a traveller kidnapped in his passage . They ihought proper , therefore , to consult the magistrates of all the Protestant Swiss Cantons , who , referring the matter to their divines ,

      THE LATTER UNANIMOUSLT DECLARED FOR HIS FUNISHmbnt . As he retuBed to retract his opinions , therefore he was condemned £ 0 the flames , which sentence was carried into execution the 27 th of October , 1553 , in the forty-fourth year of his age . Servetus is numbered among the a&atomista who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulation of the blood . Mr . Bowman next alluded to the late author , 'James Beaumont , and pointed out his patriotic conduct before the Chamber of Peers in France , when be denied their competency to try him . He glanced at the prosecution of Palmer , and Muir , and the rest of the glorious men who faoldlv

      maintaining their principles in the face Of absolute power , suffered martyrdom from aa illegal condemnation , and transportation to a foreign land at the extremity of the world . He also spoke of the prosecutions of the late Thomas Paine , William Cobbett , and others ; and concluded by alluding to the prosecutions of the Chartists , and of Southwell , Hardy , Home Tooke , Paterson , and others . Mr . John Armstrong and Mr . James Muir also spoke oa the same side , after which , on the motion of Mr . Robert Grahame , the discussion was adjourned until December the 10 th , at six o ' clock in the evening .

      Kstso . —The Chartists of Kelso held ihelr weekly meeting ia Mr ; Reed ' s room en Saturday evening last , James Scot in the chair ; after some discussion , it was moved by James Purves , and seconded by ThomasReed , " that our subscription-be one penny per week , and as soon as we have ' funds Euffioientto procure cards of membership that we join the General Association . " Carried . Mr . Douglas , baker , Horse Market , is appointed treasurer , pro tern ., and Mr . Se » t , moulder , Wood Market , secretary , pro tetn . It was likewise agreed to , that ihe Northern Star be read every meeting night .

      CARRXNGTON , nbab Nottingham—A general meeting of the Chartists of this locality warhplden on Sunday evening last , when seven persons were named as members of the General CounoiL After tbe transaction of other business , and a Vote of confidence in , and thanks to -Mr . O'Connor and the Executive , the meeting separated highly delighted with the proceedings . BRISTOL , —Mr . Clarke , of the Executive , lectured on Sunday , Dec . 4 th , to the Democratic Chapel , Te « - ple-sfcreet , on tne Repeal of the Union . M ^ ny Irishmen were present , who loudly cheered him . Mr . G ? a lecture has done much to remove the prejudice of the Repealers . Cards of membership were token out by many preaenfc

      G&Mnte Anlr &Tt.

      g&mnte anlr &tt .

      Untitled Article

      TOTAL WRECK OF THE NELSON WOOD , AND , LAMENTABLE LOSS OF LIFE . The intelligence of the loss of this vessel , and the lamentable sacrifice of life , was received ai Lloyd's late on Saturday afternoon : — " Stamp Office , Clifden , County Gal way . " SiB .,- —I beg leave to give you the following melancholy account of the fate of the brig Nelson Wood ( her crew and cargo ) , of Maryport , bound from Demerara to Liverpool , 309 tons register . " She sailed from Demerara en the 18 th nit , laden with 260 tons Qreenbeart timber , 180 casks of sugar , 80 casks rum , and 00 casks or thereabouts ot Molasses . She stranded on Moaon Island , on tbis coast , on the morning of tbe 27 th instant , at balf-paat twelve , a . m ., and in about two hours went t » piecei , and ten of the crew , including the captain , were drowned . The remainder of the erew , consisting of four men , were saved by drifting on shore on a piece of the wreck .

      " I have been this day on the spot where the piece of wreck and cargo came on shore , and have received these particulars from tbe unfortunate survivors . I fear littie or none of the cargo will be saved , there being no agent for Lloyd's nearer than forty miles from this . Tfae owner of the vessel was Captain William Robertson , of Maryport . Tbe shippers of the cargo ( sugar , rice , and melaqses ) , Messrs . Marry and Brothers , Demerara ; of the Greenheart timber , Messrs . Clark , Sparks , and Co ., of Tiger Creek , on the river Essequibo . " Tbe names of the crew saved are William Maxwell , cbief mate , William Bonnel , second mate , Archibald M'Foron , cook , of Scotland ; Thomas Reed , seaman . North of England .

      " Tbe , names of those drow Jed are William Ervio , captain ; John Wilkinson , carpenter ; Thomas Ellis , steward ; James Kam , Jehu Fletcher , Hector M'Alllater , George Midlicote , and Win . CuUacfc , seamen ; and Wm . Indesine ( or some similar name ) and Edward , boys . , ( Signed ) " Martin R . East . " To W . Dobson , Esq ., Lloyd's . "

      Cftavtttft Ibxuluqence* J

      CftAVtttft ibxulUQence * j

      Untitled Article

      THE NORTHERN STAR- f

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 9, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct958/page/7/