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Northern Star (1837-1852), 28th December 1844, Edition 4 of 4, Page 7, MARKET INTELLIGENCE.

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  • Departments (4)
    • KATIONAi EDUCATION
    • i. QWt?$mQertt
    • ?3<inferii3?t0, &r*
    • MARKET INTELLIGENCE.
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      Is our last two papers Tre attempted , in a sonie--n-iat brief and enreorr manner , to trace the progress of opinion poSticaBy and economically . We propose to deroie tie present to an equally brief -retrospect of the eancationai movement . ij ^ hott celebrated axiom , "Property has its rfuriw as Tvell as its rights , " is capable of nider application than is generally supposed . The acquisition of power and political influence by the masses , reformer of this seriesinrorres

      ferred to in a paper , , a ^ niittina the principle enunciated in that axiom , the duty ' cf the people to acquire the knowledge of jgujg that power rightly : and the -wisdom and foreripht of the founders of the American Republic is i > erhap 5 in nothing more strikingly shewn than in the national provision they made for educating the people . Tbev , at least , were convinced that Democracy could on ] r be securer based xipoii and perpetnated by nni-Tersal iatellisence .

      But even if there was not this positive reason , have ¦ jre not the melancholy fact , that the ignorance of jie masses lias in aU ages made them the slaves of the eulishtened and the cunning ? The tot dread exhibited by ' those who fatten on popular abuses of ercry arirmpt to instruct the masses , to cultivate jjjejr reasoning faculties and elevate th em in the scale of humanity , should demonstrate the inestiaiable yalne of such instruction to those who for want of it are doomed to be the helot class of society . Beddes , let us ask irhy any one human bein ^

      Should receive more fostering care or higher developejnenifrtta the State than another ? Are not all alike entitled to every one of its advantages , on the broad ground , that all in their several spheres contribute to its ni 2 intsinanc £ and well-being ? By what natural law or soiid argument can the practice be justified of jaaimg " spoiled children" of a small section of the oonnaunity . and treating the vast majority in siepmot her-ia ^ iJon i

      Fortunately ior us , nowever , it is unnecessary at this time of day to offer aay apologia for treating ontMs snbjwi . Irs importance and its probable iuflaeBces are too widely and geurally appreciated for that ; and it is precisely in conseqnence of this eer . r jal and earaesi appreciation , accompanied as it has heenby iniiividuaJ efforts to acquire the power arising from ^ knowledge , that the popular will has already attaineJ the acsendancy we formerly pointed out .

      Jf is , eompaiative ] v speaking , onir yesterday , that ihe ^ uejtion of . Njaioxu . Enrciiios was mooted . The mc-a who first broached it were ridiculed as visionaries , Utopian dreamers ; and the other usual commonplaces were applied , _ -which brainless and unexperienced people have always at hand to greet innovators inth . But there were others , clearer-sighted , like the priest who saw in the first printed volume that which would destroy the Church , unless the the Church destroyed it . These parties perceived that the communicanon of knowledge to the masses wonld lay the axe to the root of our stupendous system oi jTjiB 5 tii * e and oppression : and they eried aloud in defence « f the '' cr-xrt hj which thev had their lrrins . "

      The idea of educating the " common people" was denounced as fr aught with the most dangerous and revolutionary consequences . It -would Hunt them for the discharge of the duties of " that station in life which it had pleased Providence to place them in ; " give them ideas incompatible with their true interests and happines ; and render them unreasonably discontented and disaffected . " The few were made to think—the daisy to « -: » " £ ; and any measures which threatened to interfere with this arrangement -were not only impious art ! seditious , but , if carried out , eaJealatt-d to inflict the most serious injury on the body politic , and subvert the whole established order of things .

      l » I how bitterly have "we felt , in eariy years , tise Spring eontempi of the " privileged classes" at the idea of educating the " swinish multitude "—the " greatnnwashe-J "—and the other delectable nifknamas Ii was tr-m the iksliion to bestow on the " workies . "" II . jw painfully do we remember tin time , when the only idea entertained among aristocratic f-ircli-s of " the noblest work of God , "—of a man ¦ wLo li-aEesily csneu ViH Bread by the sweat of his hrow , was that of a dirty iawrrani l- ? . tp who could only talk uEgrammatk-allj In a baxbarons provincial dialect . But Lancaster , Bell , Oaea , Broupha-ui ShtOff-M , » JW , and a host of co-adjators , have at Isast removed t-v ? , * stigma on our national character : 2 nd if we have a » yet daae little practically , our cr . r > are cow never outraired bv such insults I

      The history of the progress of tliis question ii fall cf instruction snd enconrairement . It gradually overcame the umvas ^ ning and interested opposition we have- described ; and hai-inn . exhibit ?! undtrd-j ' - Tampl' jSif o ] ntt ' - 'imTt-y j-opuldritv , vtas tuttx rr j , t XSS VE 27 ? AHTIE 5 TTEO EJLD FOHSIEELT SCOUTED TUT SOTSis or rDrciTzo > " ros tee peopix - ' Failing in arresting its onward mareh , their next step wa ^ u > attempt to dirti-t its course in channels innocuous to tliemsaves . E-iuratioa was . all of a sudden ,

      discovered to be a marvellously good thing : but then , of course , it xna ^ t be conductc-d by proper persons , aiid On a Egbt : js . ~ Is . Tie Cimreb establidjed a '" National School Society : " the I > isser » ter 5 a " British and Foreign School Society : " and each party having laid down the i ^ mlate that " all edncation ninst }¦* b 25 ed on relidon , " forthwith went to work In Infan SdiMfe , Day . ^ eLools , and formal School ' , to mnnnfeenire tlieir j . npils into sectarians , instead of good citizens and intelEsent human beinss .

      The result * of their labours were ludicrous in one sa ^ -e , and 2 ao < t lameiitable in another . The wide sjiread «»" - « -e'lcration , or positive ignorance , resulting froE eemurk * of past neglect , or systematic fraud , was searrcly j * eieepiil > 3 y diminished by their feeble and sagmesiary enorts ; and where they did exert an ffiSassite , in too many instances they replaced the evil of Trasi < , f knowledge by the devD of < - « -tanstisrn <> r hZ ' sotr ^ . After veais of exertion aD < l expeiirare , the nation has yet to begin a rtal and genuine reiorm In e ; iuc-atjonal matters . The evils intended to W remedied are aboiost untouched .

      a w sre asked for i > mnfs of the truth of this staiemf-uz , we ref-r to tiie numerous reports issued by P : irliaiat- ; ii ; n 3 ate ycai . s . These oficia ] "Blue ^¦ ' ^ " t-ii ;< i : u : tr a bill of indictment a ^ ain-i tbe governing j > 0 ' . Ti-r- of tLis country—and that too "indeed ^' . themselves—more eriminatorr and disgraeerin thau con > l bavc possibly been drawn up hj the ne ? in . i * d , ^ unerLrz , ai . il iudi ^ nani pc * oplc . l ^ Ejtutcs of eTidt-Ece appended io llie Report oj tit Strlert rfjumntec oi > Education of the Poorer Ck >_ ses iD England , and "Wales , which sat in 1 S 38 , Q ^' -Oii- at anioeni of Tiientfl ] r ? e > titntlrm wliieh is

      thoroagliiT ulM : re < lita ? je to s nation boasting of its ^• erior emlghieniaesi , and its proud posiiion in the " ^ a 6 ? myderE t-zvilkation- The eS " ort =. made s-iuc-e i- ^ t paiod , though tl . ey have somewhat altered the PpsiUoa of the subject tLeoreticaLy , have not materia 2 y alterrd It actually . Keeping out of sight for the £ it > 2 neEt tit hundreds at thousanus who were shewn *«* r to ester a si-Lcci door of any kind ; the de-* tTiptiun of the stlitxi ]> ami schoolmasters to wioia ** rt enu-uct ^ i , ^ Charles Lamb says , the task Grasgiuc up " the children of the poor , is most omfyhjr- _ The ^ j . ^^ uanie schools—the onlv one >

      Inch i .- . t Hiajor portioa have access—are described 1 : * 1-:: ; - rity of 4-a > es ^ 15 being dark and eonfineJ "way are ^ inux . tmd dirty , and a large number are used *» '¦ 'Omuiorr . dwelling , and school room . " Of the com-^ 02 SCiiOuls iu the poort-r districts , " says the report , * Pj lifficnli to tifljvx-T an adeqnate idea : so close , , ^• - * n-ivv is tie .-tniospbere of many of them as . ' 1 IllOieraliie- to a ] person entering from the open *"* more tsi ^ tiilly r ^ tie Lonr of « uirtins school = fi' » adies . TL » dhr . cusions rarely . exceed those of ^ Ziiiv » t-i .. . ol ^ . vLUe fre < juentry the number of *™ ° f *> awre thai , double ! Bad as this is , it is

      • ^ -j-TEvatea by SltL and offensive odour , arisii : ^ d -wT ^ u ^ r The teachers themselves arc a «/ ^ asbeills ' ~ Iieniil 7 i S orantofthedepressing jZat , J * ' ° ^ atmte P here ^ Mch sur ' . them ; and do not consider it desirable that ^ schools should be better Tentflatei" One ** is thns d ^ icted . — "In a garret up three

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      pair of dark broken stairs was a common day-school with forty children in the compass of ten feet by nine _ On a perch , forming a triangle with the corner of the room , sat a cock and two hens ; under a stump bed , immediately beneath ,-was a dog-kennel , in the occupation of three black terriers , whose barking , added to the noise of the children and the cackling of the fowls , on the approach of a stranger , were almost deafening . There was only one small window , at which sat the master , obstructing three-fourths of the light it was capable of admitting . It beggared all description , and was filthy in theestreme ; so that , in obtaining information , 1 was obliged to withdraw three or four times . I always carry scent with me to seent my pocket-handkerchief . "

      In such dens as these , worse than the black-hole of Calcutta , are the seeds of disease generated rapidly , and the foundation laid for those early and numerous deaths of the offspring of the poor , which stand out in the reports of registrars , in strong relief to the com parative healthiness of the children of the comfortable classes . Bad , however , as the physical conditions are described to be , they are exceeded by the intellectual and moral . In many instances , the teachers only become so after having failed at every thing else , or are originally led to adopt the profession either because they are dunces , incapable ofotherwise earning a subsistence , or cr ipples , unfit for active work at a

      trade . The worst consequences ensue to the children subjected to the sway of such incompetent persons . Numerous instances of their incapacity are adduced in the report . One master having stated that he used the globes , was asked if he had both or one only r Re repplied " both ! Bow couW I teach geo arapliy u-tth one ? " And on farther questioning him , it appeared that both were , in his opinion , necessary , because -one was supposed to represent one half , and the other the remaining half of the world . He turned out of the school the visitor who attempted to explain to him his error . We might adduce numerous similar and worse instances from the ample store in the report ; but this niav suffice .

      The gross defects and evils of the "let alone ' system of education are , however , even more frightfully shown in the moral than either of the two departments previously alluded to . The violent passions exhibited by many of the teachers before their pupils ; their total want of comprehension of the term moral at all , and the gross superstition inculcated in many instances , all contribute to make up a whole , which can only be regarded with profound sorrow by everv trne philanthropist .

      The last , as well as the present Government , deserve the credit of having attempted to provide , in some small degree , a remedy for this shameful state of things . But the fierce struggle between the Church on tie - one hand , and the Dissenters on the other , for the jHru-fT of forming the national ;; ua'i , and thus achieving and perpetuating mental and spiritual tyranny , frustrated the efforts oi both . Lord John Russell was defeated in 1 S 3-S ; Sir Robert Peel , with a stronger Cabinet and larger majority , was beaten in 1 ? 43 The first grant ever made by Parliament for educational purposes was in 1 S 34 , to the amount of . £ 20 , 000 per annum . For such a purpose the sum was paltrybeneath contempt ; hut the fact of its being voted at

      all , was a proof of the advance of the question ; a reensmition by the Legislature of the duty of providing -Sjltioxai . instruction . This sum was , up to the year 1 SSS , disbursed through the two societies we have named , the Church having by far the largest share . In 1 ^ 39 Lord John Russell proposed to make the sum j £ 30 , iXH > , and to intru ? t its distribution to a Committee of the Privy Council : thus introducing a new principle into action , namely , that National Education should be untrammelled by sectarianism in any shape , lie was , as we have said , defeated ; and his more powerful successor had to encounter a similar "defeat on the same ground four years afterwards .

      Bnt what Sir Robert Pet-1 could not do by legislative nicaci , he has done by prerogative . If the sects were too strong for him in the Legislature , he has shown himself more than their match in the Council C ' hamber . Lord Wb . arneliffe has announced that henceforth " Prcuc LfSTKCcnos i .- a departr / iettl ui th ' . Ministry ; " and * " that /<• ¦ is charged by the liuecn with its superintendence . " lie has also announced the intention of the Cabinet to propose a furtber

      addition ol £ lo , oi . H > to the annual grant ; and intimates that this is merely preparatory to still ereater liberality . The speech in whieh these statements were made , was remarkable at the same time , for the quiet ini ]> ertnrbable and determined tone in which the right was denied of any t-: ct , established or otherwise , U > superintend the education of the nation , or disburse national funds for such sectional purposes as the inculcation of their peculiar oooiuas .

      _\ U tiiese arc gratifyint , ' symptoms oi prosress . Looking back iv the days of Joseph Lancaster ; remembering the virulent-prejudices of the classes who throve on popular ignorance or misedueation ; the apathy which had Iv be overcome among the parties most deeply injured and most deeply interested ; the insidious and selfish manner in which , when the . demand hail grown too sti-on ^ ' to Ix .- openly resisted , it was attempted to make it a fre ^ h means for spreading and maintaining mental tL-raldom ; and lastly , looking to the opposition it has had to eucouutcr in Parliament , we may fairly congratulate all who feel interc = ted in this vital question on the position it now occupies .

      "We know there are many estimable men among the ranks of political reformers , who look with what we conceive a feeling of morbid apprehension on any measure for the education of the people by the G&vt-rninent . They point , and not unnaturally , to Austria and Prussia , a * examplcs of the t-viLs of State instruction , as proofs i . f its capability of being perverted into a machine for manufacturing political > lave =-. " We are not insensible of tiie danger—and would struggle against it to the uttermost . But iu > think that it is much overrated ; and that there can lye iiO fair parallel drawn between those two countries an < l < jreat Britain . In them , E-luc&Uuu > ' -a * irofted

      wi - i . i * tilutivn * tjvijitivlly ¦ hfj -Ctir : ttjth l \ s , IT WILL IIAVE TO ADAPT ITSELF TO THAT liEMOCKATIC TEXMNCT TTU 3 C H WE DAVE ALR 1-AJDT SHOWS TO BE THE HI LlNli rxFL . rES < E . In Au .-tria , the Government makes the people : with us , the people make the Government . The difference both in principle and fact is immense ; and so long as we ltave a press untrammelled , the ri ^ fit of public meetini . ' ? , and the other machinery for bri- 'itruy ; the popular voice to bear on cny subject of importance , we have little to fear .

      " If we would form a correct idea of the educational power , the events now transpiring in France may help-us . The conflict between the University and the Clergy , and the desperate efforts of the hitter to regain tLst ascendancy over the mind of France of which the Revolution deprived them , and of which they must continue deprived so long as the University liiaJutains its present ground ; these teU powerfully of the immense value , the paramount importance , of sound educational institutions for a nation .

      The subject is however important , and requires consideration in so many aspects , that we feel it is impossible to do justice to it in the limits of one short paper ; but the same reason which prevents our eshausthi £ , will justly returning to it . In the meantime this sb'dit sketch of its progress as a question , and the eojitra . -t its present position furnishes to ihe earlier portion of the century , may fairly be regarded with emotions of a pleasurable and hopeful nature , It is one more of those phenomena which tell to the anxious watcher of societarian

      progress that Vie tid < ir ruUii ^ j onu-ard . ' 2 sew elements of mental and moral being are evolving and cominc into action , whieh will , in due time , mould society into accordance with themselves . Hitherto , in our review of the natnre and effects of these elements , we have discovered no cause for complaint or despair . On the contrary , when the natural impatience of the individual to realise results is separated from the progress of general principles , there is every cause for rejoicing . In the history of a nation , years count hut- as davs : and if within the last twenty or thirty

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      years such immense progress has been mado by sound principles of political , economical , and educational reform , as that we have faintly endeavoured to delineate , joyful may be the prospects of Yocxg England .

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      r > 'T £ KSAL FREE TRADE . TO TH £ ED 1 TOK OF THE NOBTHEBJJ STAB . Sib—It appears to me , after meditation on the subject , that tlie endeavours of the Trades Unions have hitherto been directed towards imperfect ends . I mean that they have not shown the people sufficiently what vast advantages might be acquired by union . They have limited their attempts to gain a little more wages , or pecuniary means , but they have not expounded any grand theory of union . Now , it is a pieture of this kind , a harvest for thenfuture hopes , which ought more expresssly to be placed before the general population . This would constitute an inducement for them to exert themselves . A slight advance of salary or weekly remuneration is but a trifling encouragement , compared to the inspiring belief that they will become the founders of a new and more enjoying state of existence for aU .

      "Whether the projects which might be put forward might bear successfully the test of experiment or not , they would be peculiarly useful as rallying standards . For this purpose , the more extensively comprehensive they might bu the more effectively would they attract the curious enquiry of the public . One singularity of a union of trades is , that the greater extension , the greater perfection it would have . Consequently , the obtainable advantages of Trades Unions can only be displayed in theory at present , as the operatives and their advocates are totally destitute of the means of exemplifying them fully in practice , without the cordial co-operation of the whole nation .

      There is a theory of what . might be done , expounded in a small pamphlet which was published a year or two ago , which deserves the uotice of the members of trades combinations . As to rtie validity of the scheme , that is of secondary importance ; the object being , in my view , to give the people some idea of ivhat might be achieved , were the working people and the middle classes aroused to their true interests . Just now , whilst the Colliers are performing their duty so bravely , such a prospect as the author of the work I allude to sets before us as attainable , might operate rather checringly upon them . Even if it l > e only a phantasm , it ivill do a great service , by opening new trains of thought .

      The work I allude to is entitled Infernal Free Trade ; and purports to explain a system of Joint-Stock Commercial and Industrial Associations . Its author signs himaelf ' ArUtarchot . " I do not intend to give any Opinion as to its literar \ merits , farther than that 1 think thu brief declaration of its plan deserves to be made generally known , if for no other reason , yet for those above specified . Afu-r a good den ] of discursive reasoning , touching upon most of the general topics of the day , the writer gives Ids ' propositions en masse , " as follow : — ' The country or district available for the project should be dividi-d into portions of land capable of maintaining b \ their produce from 2 'JO to 4000 individuals each . ; '" There may , however , arise contingencies in which more or less land might be required ; and in those cases , of course , the extents should be altered .

      ' Each of these lauded estates should have an Associative Establishment erected 011 it , and one peculiar manufacture should be carried on ia it , according to the custom and suitableness of the locality . " A factory should be raised in each of these establishments . ¦ ' This factory should be the main stay of the association : its productions should , by exchange , provide them with all their luxuries and necessaries except food and lodging . " The food would be raised from the estate by the agricultural , horticultural , and pastoral labourers belonging to the association . " ¦ Dv , elling-houses should be erected at a short distance from the factory , for the convenience of the members of the association ; and contiguous to the dwelling-houses should be large edifices for the purposes of amusement , instruction , and dumestic labour .

      "The arrangements in buildings , machines , and cultivation , for each association , should be formed from a selectiun from a competition of plaus by several architects , surveyors , and agriculturists , acquainted with the necessities of the association , and the peculiarities of its staple trade and locality . It is impossible for any man to give a general plan suitable for every place and every trade . ' All should be conducted in the very best manner , and no expense should be spared in procuring the most ingtniiou . - superintendents . Success will maiulv depend uu the skiil of those superintendents , for ii must be remembered thai they furnish the principles of action , whilst thu operatives only work out the details of the principles . " The agricultural produce should be warehoused in large buildings for the purpose ; from whence . supplies should be taken as wanted by the associative population ; aud the surplusage , if any , sold to those Associative Establishments which might require it .

      *• A constant trade should be kept uj > with the other As « jciative Establishments for the- disposal of the manufactured produce , which should be always paid for in ready monct , either in coin , or the bank notes of the various associations . ' ¦ With this money all the other articles required by the members might be easih procured from the Associative Establishment .- ; which niijrht make the production of these articles their especial care ; ami thus barter would be no moje prevalent than it i > under the present system . " Am association , . is before intimated , would probably consist of from 2 uO to 40 (» 0 individuals , wore ' ur less , and slmulil be governed by a board of directors elected by the universal suffrage of the adult members from among theniselre « . " The number of tln-S" directors should vary according to the ; ize of the association ; ami the most proper numbt-r ami kind ulmeu for the office would be discovered by experience .

      " There Mould b-. the most improved engines for f \ er sjn-cial applicable purpose , and a division of labour as minute as possible , both in the manufacturing and agricultural operations ; cr ^ rx department should be originated under the superintendence of the most experienced person in that kind of lal > our that could be obtained ; and after * wards all should be carried on with tli ^ - greatest order and regularity . ' Every separate manufacture which is now managed on the morselling ? j stem bv single shopkeepers , would be , under the united ? vstem , scientifically , liberally , yet economically carried on in the most first-rate wholesale style : and as the dealings would usually take place with associations , and not with individual men or families , thev would partake more of the nature of wholesale than rptiiil business .

      " Tlii' whole j > n > pertv of earh association should be vested in the holders of shares of £ 1 each , or more , which shares should bear interest at the rate of £ 5 per cent ., ov more , f > r less , as iniglit be found to work well . " The profits arising each year from the excess of production over consumption should be divided equally among all the members of the association ; and by this means the most indigent member would be gradually raised to a very superior condition . '" Remuneration should be apportioned to the skill of each operative in hii particular function ; and the precise value of his servico would be determined by the amount they would fttch in the general c < _ > rupetition of the nation . " A retail storehouse for miscellaneous articles must be conducted in each establishim-M , whence the members mav be supplied .

      " There should be a ledger kept i : i the counting-house of each association , in which every member ' s account should be enteji-d , debtor and creditor . ' On all the articles furnished to the members , a profit of . 0 , io , nr 30 per cent , should be realized : that scale of profit . ' hould be adopted which should be fouud to answer best . Those who might expend most would thus contribute ir . ost to the general profit fund . " As So the goods sold in the external market , the profii would , of course , be fixed by the competition of the general business in t 5 ie articles . ' DweUing apartments of varing neatness or decoration should be charged at varying rents , but the charges should be high , for two reasons—first , because the rents would be nearly all profit , and second , because high prices would preserve the handsomest apartments from bein ^ contaminated by improper residents .

      " The services of the members should be bargained for at so ntveh per fa . m 3 . ii ; and the employment of the women and children should be regulated by an equal regard for the interests of the association , and the health , and happiness of its members . " Dissatisfied members could , of course , quit the society at their pleasure , and go and dwell in other associations which might offer better remuneration or other advantages ; and their shares might either be disposed of or retained . ** As manv affluent persons might be expected to avail themselves of the splendid accommodations offered by these societies , we may reasonably take the outlay , consumption , or expenditure of every family as averaging £ 100 per annum , at the present rate of staples ; and by assuming this as an hypothesis to calculate from , we shall be able to arrive at something like the amount of the annual increase in each member ' s propertv .

      " Considering that each family expend the same as they receive for joint wages , as a ddhn . i , the annu ; d increase in the value of the property of the society will average £ 25 as the share of each family , or individual adult male member , at a profit of 25 per cent , from the internal expenditure as a whole . " But we must add , likewise , the income from the rents , which will be about two-thirds profit , deducting the usual 2-5 per cent , "We may fairly average the extra profit , from the rents nt £ 10 per annum fi > r each family . " Then £ 15 a-year each would probably be realized from the profits in dealings - with the other societies ; which , with £ 10 and £ 25 , make £ 50 a-year as the increase of each member ' s property ;; supposing , even , that he saves nothing from his salary , but expends every farthing . " Thus there would soon be an extinction of porertj in these associations .

      " The rooms and furniture of the dwelling-houses , and tie workshops , engines , and tools of thVfectory should be of the most tasteful description , that the associates might always "be surrounded by the most pleasing and elevating circumstances .

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      u As to the construction of the rooms and apartments , whether there should be internal or external communications , whether there should be separate houses , whether corridors , stair-cases , or balconies—these details must be left to the opinions of the architects . " Every Associative palace should differ from all the others in its architectural design . " As before stated , the apartments should b « of various sizes and decorations , so that each family might suit themselves according to the length of their respective purses ; but the lowest priced apartments ought to be beautiful , and always clean to an extreme . " The- furniture Rhould differ , and become more and more ornamental according to the grade and quality of the rooms .

      "Great care should be taken to have a first-rate kitchen , with the best possible apparatus for the use of the cook and his assistants ; and much skill would be required to bring this branch of art into full play for the use of these Associations . "Several classes of refreshment rooms should be instituted , as it would be unwise to have persons mixing together whose habits are repulsive . " The appurtenances of the rooms , the quality of the food , and the scale of prices would , of course , differ in these saloons ; but in the lowest priced rooms it would be indispensable that the food should be perfectly pure and nice . "With respect to , the method of charging , —in the cheapest rooms it should be done in the way usual at the eating houses of present society , by the dish ; and in the principal rooms the Uible d'liote system should be adopted , and individuals charged at so much per head .

      " In general there will be no fcmall money transactions whatever between the Association and its individual members : but all the articles of food , clothing , lodging , or other requirements , should be entered to the debit of the member in the books of the society , as he or his family may receive them : to his credit will be placed his salary , [ profits , an , d the capital and interest of his shares ; but no member should be suffered to expend more than his property would admit . " Thus the transactions of the society would be exceedingly simple and correct , providing care was taken to procure honest directions . " Though each Association might be devoted to its own particular trade , as Tailors , Onrpcnters , Colliers , Ironworkers , Fishermen , &e . ; yet , as it would require a number of jobbing operatives always on the premis . , individual jobbing hands at the needful trades should be admitted as members , and kept employed .

      '" A bank of issue , not of discount , should be an adjunct of each Association , for convenience : no bank to be suffered by the provincial inspector to issue more notes than the net value of its connected establishment . " There are innumerable other details , vrhich may be easily invented by committees of a proposed Scientific Convention , toearry out the grand principle— -Interchanging Joint Stock Association of One Trade each . " The eoucoctor of this scheme evidently has gone to work on the principles of Mons . Guiaot , as laid down in his philosophic History of European Civilization ; those principles being , that when . institutions of society have endured through many long ages , and during the mutations of time have in general been productive of good , it is an inductive series of proofs that those institutions were providential , and natural to man , and that in some shape or other they ought to lie preserved iii any state of

      society for human beings . These are also the principles of the British Constitution ; and such , 1 fancy , are the foundations of " Young Englund ' s" political and social faith . As might be supposed , the brochtire elucidates and defends the opinions of its author , regarding the practicability of the plan ; but the plan itself is all that appears to me requisite to place before your readers . It is far , very far a-head of Owenisni and Fourierism , to my judgment ; and as it is more congenial to the ideas and habits of the Trades Unionists , it is very likely they will coincide in that belief . But what 1 have taken the liberty to write on the foregoing subject is mere speculation . The Colliers ' , the Colliers!—they must occupy our more immediate solicitude . Oil them rest our present hopes . God help them , and may they succeed ' . is the prayer of , Sir , vout- well-wisher .

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      murderous doings , we shall look upon their piles of wealth aa undeniable monuments of their villany . When that day comes they will find , that however ive may now re ;> . . tnl / le them , they will not then have mumniies to deal with ! hut men who have homes to protect , and ! iamilies dear to us a » our own life-blood . The day of niockjphilanthropv is (• one by ; we have outgrown the period when a rich man ' s coM charity would gloss over our wrongs-, and neither Young England ' s " stake in the hedge , " Coliden ' s " big loaf , " nor the philanthropist's" wash-tub , " willJsatisfy our demands . Bradford , Yorkshire . I A Democeat . I \ S . The working-men of this part feel grateful to Mr . O'Connor for his admirable and exceedingly clever answer to Chambers' trashy pamphlet ; and think he would render essential service to the cause of Labour by publishingit as

      a tract : Condemned Criminals . —An order for the execution of Mary Sheming , the unfortunate female who is under sentence of deatli in the county gaol , in this town , for poisoning her grandchild at Martlcsham , arrived here , yesterday morning . It is to take place on Tuesday next , the 31 st inst . A scaffold has been prepared , which is to stand in thejroad opposite the entrance to the new courts . We understand that an earnest petition was last Monday forwarded from the

      competent authorities to Sir James Graham , Bart ., the Secretary of State , praying th ^ t the execution of Mary Sheming may be stayed until the 25 th of January , so that the town may be spared the pain of two executions ; and there is , wo believe , every reason to hope that the prayer of the petition will be vouchsafed by her Most Gracious Majesty . The judge , by the same post , sent a respite for William Howell , Walter llowell , and Israel Shipley , who are in the same place under sentence , of death for the murder of M'Fadden , until the 25 th of January . — Ipswich Ex }> r € 8 « of Tuesdav , !

      Attempted Robbery at St . IvXtherine s Docks . —Another daring attempt at robbery was made in these docks on Sunday afternoon , ; which was fortunately prevented from being carried into effect with much success , in consequence of having been discovered in time , although a large quantity of spirits has been lost in the attempt . It appears that several casks of brandy had been removed on the previous afternoon from the London Docks by craft , and shipped on board the Napoleon , a . vessel at present loading in the St . Kathenne ' s Docks . The customs officer on board having occasion to go to the forecastle on Sunday afternoon soon after dark , stumbled over something which , on further examination , proved to lie two large bladders filled with brandy . On further search , he found that one of the casks in the hold , which had been shipped the { previous day , bad been bored and a quantity of branjtly abstracted ; the cask having been but imperfectly ! 'stopped up again

      and leaking at the time , a ( inauti . tv of coals near it were quite saturated with the spirit . lie immediately called for assistance , and gave information of the " discovery to tho dock authorities . The c . islc has since been gauged and found to be deficient no less than twenty-one gallons , though very little more than two was contained in th « bladders . So that presuming none to have been actually got away , nineteen gallons must have been wasted in the . attempt bv the thieves . Not the slightest ] clue has yet bei-n obtained with respect to the parties implicated , though the company are using the utmost exertions in the matter , as they have done in the two previous instances without success . It appears that the captain and crew- were absent at the time and during the whole of . Saturday night , not a soul being on board but the officer in charge ; which is a very unusual circumstance in the case ' of a vessel loading for foreign parts . '

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      BANKRUPTS . ! ( t ' tOm Tuesday ' s Gazette . J John Peart Bit-ley , r $ rom ]» ti > n-row , ^ Kensington , plumber and glazier—Joint Christie and Jain 6 s R-odgers , Nottinifliill , Middlesex , stone-masons—Elijah Tirontiiall , Colilh : irb <» ur-i'oud , North Jtrixton , builder—John 'Walker Wood , Churton-street , Vauxhall Bridge-mad , wine-inerehnut—William Preston , Muninuiith-roarf , Bayswater , builder —Henry Higgins , Leeds , merchant— John lVaeli llurdelt , t ' tto . xctei ' , Staffordshire , ' grocer—Henry Afar Waller , r ' uulsham , Xorf » Hc . merchant — Miehael Graham , Dnrlington , -Durham , attorney—Nicholas Tn-venen Tluwke , I ' en / anee , te ;» -tleak * r—Joseph . Marley , Wolverhamptoii , plumber . : DIVIDENDS- '

      Jan . 1 , J . Quy , White Uuthiu , Essex , cattle-dealer—Jan . 14 , E . AI . Good , JVtkham , farmer—Jim . IX , J . J'kd ^ e . Vaiulinll-street , Lambeth , 'bricklayer—Jim . IS , W . CmIliur , •' ambridjje , grocer—Jan . 13 , J . ;¦ I'i ^ gutt , jun ., Kichnicmil , Surrey , I'abiuot-v . uikfV — Jan . 1-J , H . Puttigrew , jun ., Vi ' nolwirh , tailor —7 au . IT , (' . Jain ' , Grand Junctionfc ' rvace , KtlKvwave-voad , oilman— Jail . 15 , J . Hates , Worship-street , eoarlitnaker—Jan . 14 , S . f . Buyce , Walbrook , nil . men hunt— Jan . ? 2 , J . Bowser . Milton-street , Dorsetsquare , tiniber-inerchaut— Jan . ' 1 \ , S \ . l ' eaten , l ' adinjjtonatieet , M : ir , tk-ui > iie , irominnn ^ er—Jan . 21 , J . Lock , NiTtliam ]) toii , tea-dealer—Jaii . lii , H . . Mitchell , Liine-suvet , merchant-Jan . 15 , J . Julley . St . JA lban ' s-j-lace , Haymiirket . Imililer—Ian . !¦'< , H . Kdmeails , T . Atkins , ; ux ! ft . Tyrrell , Mnnl . stuiie . bankers—Jan . l ~ > , < ' . OWeill , It . Salli . lil , ami ( . ; . s . Dijrby , Margani , Glamorganshire , shiji-DMiiers—Jan . I ") , 1 » . Hart , (" ainbrid ^ e , ptrfumer —Jan . lo , T . Robinson , Leadenliall-street , tallow-merchant — Jan . 10 , M . W . VanJy , Nevvb ry , Berkshire , bookseller — Jan . 17 , K . GoodunoiiKh , Newton ! Abbot , Devonshire , uoolJen-drapw—Jan . 17 . W . J . J . CoaJJ , Exeter , £ Vei-: < v—Jan . 17 , C . B . Buchanau and W . Ouuninffhnm , Liverpool , merchants—Jan . 2 ' A . J . Migniiiliottom , AsIiton-ui « K-r I . vne , money scrivener . I

      DEt'LAiUTfil . V . S OF DlVtl > £ . V » S . T . Balls , Thames-street , City , iron-merchant—first iliudi .-iid of Is lid in the pound , any . Saturday , at the ottice ol Mr . Green , Aldermanbury . I (' ,. Tcesdnle , Westminster-bri < Ure-rq : wl . furnisliiiif ; warehouseman -first dividend < if l "' s < id in the jmund , : iny Saturday , at tJie offivr of Mr . ( ireeij , AJflerm . mlniry . B . r ' ostvy , Hover , tailor , hrst dividend of Is lid hi the pound , any Sati : nl , i \ . at llie office , vi' Sir . Green , Al'ier mnnhury . 1 { . lloulanri , Tlnwe , Oxfurdsliirej auctioneer . fii > t hiret inal merchant , first < li \ iileial of Is ijjtl in die pound , any Tuesday , ut the oftW nt' >! r . Ki'ascr , jMam-hi-. ster . (> . 1 ) . Ward , Manchester , merchant , third dividend of Id ami seven twenty-fourth parts of ajpenny in the pound , iiuv Tuesdav , nt the oftice of \ li \ Fruiter , Manchester .

      , 1 . S . Dailitry , J . Itvle . and W . K . lijivenscruft , Manchester , bankers , first divMend uf 4 s in t !\ e pound mi account of dinMeml of "is 4 < I , on Wednesday , jJan . i > . and every following Wednesday , at the othYe of Mr . Pott , Marc-hestcr . J . S . Dailitry , Manchester , banker . jsecoiid and final diwileiid of !>< 1 , mid one-sixteenth part of a penny , in the pound , on Wednesday , Jan . ! l , and everv following Wediu-.-tlay , at the office ot Mr . Pott , Manchester , J . S . Dailitry and J . Uyle , . Manchester , bankers , second dividend of H ^ d in the pound , on Wednesday , Jan . !) , and every tbllaiviii £ Wednesday , at the office of Mr . 1 ' ott , Mail , Chester . G . Robertson , J . 0 arrow , and 3 : Alexander , Liverpool , rope-inanufacturers , first dividend ofjiid in the pound , anv Thursday , at the otlice of Mr . CiizenoTe , Liverpool . J . Huiiilock , Warring-ton , Lancashire , bookseller , first divideiiilof . S . s ( id in the pound , any Thursday , as the office of Mr . Cazeinive , Liverpool . " - ! M . Atkinson . Temple Sowerby , Westmoreland , si > cn < l dividend , uf lljd in the pound , any Saturday , at Ihe office of Mr . Bal . cr , Newca . stlc-upon-Tvne . !

      II . Hall , Smalesniouth , NorthumWrlnnd , farmer , dividend of - Ja 8 jd and one-tenth of aipenny in the pound , any Saturday , at the ori ' ice of Mr . Waltley , Newcastle-upon-T . Mie . \ K .. S . Hoult niul T . Addison , Liverpool , stock-brokers , si'miitl dividend of onc-t / iird of a penny ill the pound , uli U c-diiesday , Jan . , s , and any . subsequent Wednesday , at the fjtlice of Mr . Movjr . m , Liverpool . \ H . Warren . Lherpool , druggist , dividend <> f Ss \\\ in the pound , ain Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Morgan , Liverpool , i CfcllTJFICATES TO UK dRANTED , r . VLESS CAUSE BE S / KMVX TO Tim CONTHA 11 Y ON THE DAY ' oF MtETlNG . Jan . 14 , G . (' . Smith , Kensington , ' builder— Jan . 1 (> , T .

      (;<> msw < ivthy , t'liftoii-.-ti-eet , Maida-vale , Middlesex , ineicli int —Jan . 1 ( 1 . J . June ? , Benii'rf-street , < Ixford-street , : ;) . otlii-cai-v— . Ian . !"\ T . l'eaiie , liiTnionilsty-street , liipe-¦ nan—Jan . 21 , < _' . ltedmnn , 1 ' crne-bay , buiider—Jan . 15 , ll . G . 'Uibjiim . Kortliaw , licrtfurdshii-e . wine merchant—. hm .-l , T . C'iililicott , Xevipurt , . Moiimouth . sliire , grocer—. ( . m . I . "> , J . W . Carter , ¦ Long-acre , coach plater—Jan . 14 , B . Osborne , Sheffield , table knife manufacturer—Jan . 21 , S . limes , Cheltenham , ironmonger— Jan . 14 , W . Collinson , East liuttcrwick , Lincolnshire , ' shipwright — Jan . 1 "> , E . Kinsey , Newt own , Montgomeryshire , jinnkeeper—Jan . 17 , T . Tabberner , Biniungham , corn factor—Jan . 1 'i , J . L . Tabbenier , Birniinghiini , auctioneer—Jan . , W . May , Liverpool , commission agent . j

      I'ASVTSERSHIPS DISSOLVED . ¦ J . ar . d J . Laing , Miu-ton , Northuniberland . farmers—E . I .. Brown niul G . Yfmng , I ' ppt-v Thantvs-stveet , City , blocking manufacturers—J . Barugh ! and M . Wingrave , High llolborn , oilmen—J . llobb ' ms and J . P . Nixon , Old Change ; 'City , lace manufacturers—Tt and J . Cullen , Xottinghain : lace manufacturers—W . Marshall and J . Kelcey , Hythe , Kent , iiiillej-s —S . Lovoll . Mid J . Cooper , i > t . . Veot ' s , Jluiitingdoiishire , boot makers- S . l ) arU , J . Bryant , and G : Cnins , Crewslioie , GloticestersJii ' re , ( marrymen — J . Sheanl , J . Hirst , » nd J . Gniliani , Osset-street-wde , Yorkshire , cloth dressers ; af far as regardjs J . Sheard—W . Element and K . T . Knight , Uigh llolborn , upholsterers—T . E . Wallace and G . F . Browne , Diss , jSor t ' , attorneys—II . Wood , J . E . Partingto / i , and W . . Sicholsou , llenriettastreet , Covent-garden , wood carvcis 4-C . Appelmans and G . J . A . ]{ . Grief ' yene , Little Litdifielcl-street , Solio , merchants—J . Oarrott and E . Hunt , Bristol , hosiers—A . Bark - limore and W . Simpson , IIigh-stree ' t , Bloomsbury , surgeons—w , Sutelitfe , W . Ellins , and ) V . Leach , Bradford , Yorkshire , worsted manufacturers ; as far as regards W . Ellins—E . II . Fell and J . Hellen , n ^ erstone , Lancasliire , roiie-makers . ¦;

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      London Corn Exchaxoe , Monday , Dec . 23 . —We had moderate arrivals of wheat and barley from our own coast and Scotland during the past week , with a very short supply of oats , but of : beans , peas , and flour , the receipts were to a fair extent . From abroad the arrivals consisted of 1000 qrs . of wheat , and a small quantity of flour from Launceston , with a few cargoes of barley and oats from the Baltic . At this morning's market there was a small show of wheat by land carriage from Essex , Kent and Suffolk , and little or none fivsh up coastwise { tho . { quantity of barley offering was moderate , and the display of oat samples scanty in the extreme , Of beans tnere was a plentiful supply , but peas were rather scarce . Owing to the sharp frosts experienced since Friday , all sorts of corn come forward in good condition . English wheat sold \ yithout difficulty at fully the rates current on this dav se ' nnight , and duty-paid foreign , though only in

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      limitLHl demand , was likewise quite as dear . JTour was sttlenWe to a moderate extent * J « W ?» S All descriptions of barley were held With increased fi-irtncss , but the inquiry was not particularly active , . no advance on former terms could be established . ... was Halt-able in retail , at last Monday ' s quotatwins . The bare state of the oat market caused line corn to be held at rather higher prices , and dealers fK-iii" vorv unwilling to pay advanced rates , business was " dull . " Beans moved off at quite as much money , ( hey and maple peas brought the terms of this day neck , and boilers were the turn dearer . In bonded com nothing of interest transpired . High prices continue to be demanded for white clover-seed , but ( he actual transactions have been unimportant ; red has met buyers to a moderate extent at previous rates . Canarv seed was in slow request to-day , and most other articles moved off tardily at former quotations .

      CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . s s s a Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 42 43 White 50 54 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 42 46 Ditto 48 53 Xorthnm . and Scotch white 41 45 Fine 46 50 Irish red old 0 0 Red 40 44 White 45 49 Rve Old 33 35 New 33 34 Brank 3 G 38 Birlev Grinding ... 27 39 Distil . 30 32 Malt . 34 38 Malt / Brown ... 54 56 Pale 58 63 Ware S 4 S 5 Beans Ticks old & new ol 34 Harrow 33 38 Pigeon 36 42 Peas Grey -W 33 Maple 33 35 White 36 40 Oats . ' Lineolns i Yorkshire Feed 22 84 Poland 23 98 Scotch Angus 23 25 Potato 25 28 Irish White 21 23 Hlack 20 22 Per - ' 801 b . net . s a Per 280 lb . net . s s Town-made Flour . ' . . 43 45 Norfolk & Stockton 3 o 3 o Essex and Kent . . . . 34 3 ( J j Irish 34 36 Free . Bond .

      Foreign . 8 , * ? a Wheat , T » : mtsic , Koniprsbui ^ , A'c 50 58 3 t > 38 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 54 At db Danish , Holsteiw , and Friesland red 45 47 31 32 Russian , Hard 45 4 « Soft ... 45 47 31 32 It .-i-lian Bed . . 46 50 White ... 50 52 34 36 Stianislu Hard . 4 < i 50 Soft .... 48 52 34 36 me Baltic ; Dried , . . . 32 33 Undried . . 32 33 24 26 Barley , Grinding . ' - ' 7 29 Malting . . 33 35 24 30 Beau , Ticks . . 32 34 Egyptian . 32 34 26 32 le 34 35 28 32

      IVas , ' White . . 3 G 3 rt Map . . O ; its , Dutch , } ijvw and Thick 24 25 19 20 Hu-sian feed , 20 21 14 16 Danish . ' Kriesland feed 20 22 14 16 Flour , per ban-el - ' 5 28 23 24 CORN AVER AGES . —General average prices of British corn for the week ended Dec . 21 , 1844 , made up from the Returns of the Inspectors in the different cities and towns in England and Wales , per imperial quarter . Wheat .. 40 s . 3 d . Oats .... 21 s . lOd . I Beans .. 35 s . lid . Barlev 34 s 2 d . Kre .... 82 s . 0 J . | Pease .. 35 s 4 d .

      London S-mitufield Cattle Market , Moxdav , Dae . 23 . —For the time of year , considering that the great market was held last week , we had a full average number of beasts on sale here to-day , in the general quality of winch there was nothing calling for particular observation . As might be expected , the attendance oi' both town and country buyers was very limited , owing to which , and most of them having previously purchased their Christmas supplies , the beef trade was very dull , at a decline , on last week ' s quotations , of 2 d per H < lb . ; the very highest figure not exceeding 4 s . 4 d \ , and at which a clearance was not effected . The fresh arrivals were extremely small from all

      quarters , the bullock supply being chiefly composed ot' those portions turned out unsold on Monday and Friday last . The imports of live stock under the new tariff since our last have been Very limited , only eight beasts and 20 . sheep being on sale this morning from Rotterdam . . Comparatively speaking , we had a good supply of sheep offering , and which , being more than adequate to meet the wants of the butchers , met an unusuall y dull sale at barely , in some instances , a trifle beneath last week's quotations . Scarcely any calves were at market , yet the veal trade was dull , and prices were with difficulty supported . In pigs exeeedinglrliltle business was doing , yet the rates were about stationary .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the oftal . s . d . s . d Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 10 3 0 Second quality ' ' ' ' ^ " 'f n Prime large oxen . . t . 3 8 * 0 Pr ime Scots , &e 4 2 4 T Coarse inferior sheep . . 2 10 3 4 Second , quality .... 3 6 3 8 Prime coaree wbolled . . 3 10 4 0 Prime Southdown . . . . 4244 Large coarse calves . . . . 3 4 3 10 i'rime small 4 2 4 4 Ruckling calves each ... 18 0 30 0 Large hogs 3 0 3 6 Neat small porkers . . . 3 8 4 0 Quarter-old store pigs each . 16 Q 20 0

      HEAP OF CATTLE OJr SALE . ( Frum the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 1319-Sheep , 18 , 420—Calves , 17—Pigs , 250 . Liverpool Corn' Market , Mondat , Dec . 23 . —We have received small parcels of Flour and Oatmeal , by steam , froni Ireland ; but of these articles the aggregate quantity for the week is moderate , and the arrivals of . Grain are of very small amount . The duty on Rye has advanced to 103 . 6 d . per quarter , bring the only change that has occurred in the rates of impost on foreign produce . Holders of Wheat

      have remained very firm ., but the dealers have been equally steady in confining their purchases to what they might want for immediate use , snd-we have thus to report a limited business in that grain at full prices . No change in the value of Flour . The market has continued tote sobare of new Oats , that the quotations for them may be considered almost nominal : a parcel of tine mealing has sold at tfs . 3 d . per 45 lbs . Oatmeal has met a good demand , and must t > e quoted 3 d . to 6 d . a load dearer : 24 s . Od . to 25 s . Cd . per load the current rates for old Grain . No alteration as regards Barley , Hoans , or Peas .

      . \ L \ ncuesteii Corn Market , Saturday , Dec . 21 . —With a change in the weather and rather languid . •¦( . ¦ counts from the London market of Monday last , the activity in the demand for Flour noted in our preceding report received a check , and , the dealers and bakers being pretty well supplied for the present , the trade has subsequently remained in an inactive state , without change in prices . In theabsence of adequate supplies of both Hat * and Oatmeal , these articles have continued to find buyers at verv full rates , but

      only in retail quantities . _ At our market this morning there was very little passing in AVhcat , but we cannot van- our . previous quotations . For Flour there was by no means so active a demand as on this day se ' nnight ; still , the article found sale to a moderate extent ; and the recent clearance of accumulated stocks enabled factors to establish an improvement in the value of well known marks . With a limited offer of neither Oats or Oatmeal , the business passing was trilling , but prices were the turn higher . In the value of Beans no alteration can be noted .

      Liverpool Cattle Market , Monday , Dec . 23 . — We have had a good supply of Beasts at market to-day , which met with dull sale , at high prices . There was a small supply of Sheep . Anything of good quality was eagerly sought after , and readily sold . Beef old . to lid ., Mutton 5 id . to C ^ d . per lb . Cattle imported into Liverpool , from the 16 th to the 23 d Nov .: 1772 Cows , 41 Calves , 2072 Sheep , 0 Lambs , 4572 Pigs , I'J Horses .-State of Trade . —Our present number being issued before the great weekly market , we have nothing new to state , except that , during the last two or three days there has been nu improved demand for most descriptions of manufactured goods ; and prices , which had become a little unsteady , have resumed their former firmness . —Manchester Quart Han of Wednesday .

      ISewcaktj . e Cor . v Market , Dec . 21 . —At our market this morning we had a very large supply of wheat from the -country , and the condition * being indifferent , it sold slowly at last week ' s prices . Of south country qualities our market is bare , and with such we can with confidence reconimend shipments ; several cargoes are expected on the first change of wind , but we have reason to believe they will notlje generally offered for ' sale without prices * improve in the meantime .. Foreign continues to be held vritu increased firmness , more especially Dantzic , Rostock , and choice Stettin , the stocks of which are'now within a moderate" compass . Some * further sales have been made for shipment coastways , but the unremunerating state of the flour trade causes our millers to purchase as sparingly as possible of these wheats , owing to the high relative rates

      demanded . In bonded we did not bear of any transactions taking placo . For flour there was only a slow inquiry , but this arose more from a want of a choice of quality than from any other cause ; the trade may therefore be quoted precisely as last week . In rye rather more doin < r . Malting barley may be noted rather dearer , and the same may be said of distilling and grinding qualities . Malt unvaried . Beans stationary . Boiling peas are held for more money , which tends to check business ; as , however , the stocks- are extremely light , we are of opinion prices are more Hkely to advance than recede value , and that our dealers will be compelled in to give the terms generally required , although at present they resist any advance . With oats we are again hugely supplied , and the demand provirg corresponding , the whole met a quick sale , at the full l'atcs of this day week . The duty on rye is Is . per qr . higher ; on other articles there is no change .

      Mai / tox Corx Market , Dec . 21 . —We have a good supply of all kinds of grain , except oats . Wheat , barley , and oats without alteration . Red wheat , 43 s . to 4 fls . ; old ditto , 50 s . to 52 s . ; ditto white , new , - "> ls . to 5 U . ; old ditto , 53 s . to 5 Gs pevqr . of 40 stones . Barley , 28 s . to 33 s . per . qr . of 32 st . Oats , 9 * d . to lOjd . per stone . York Corn Market , Dec . 21 . —The supply of Grain is good ; Wheat fully supports the rates o £ 'last week ; fine Barley tJie turn dearer ; Oats and . Beans as before . * ' ^ be tone of tile market is decidedly healthy , and , with a continuance of frosty weather , the trade is more likely tt ) increase than otherwise .

      London- Utx Markets . —Smitiipieid ^ Thcbsdat . — Coarse Meadow Hay , £ 3 10 s . to £ 4 16 s . ; useful do ., £ 4 17 s . to £ 5 4 s . ; fine Upland do ., £ 5 5 s . to £ 6 10 s . ; Clover Hay , £ 4 10 s , to £ 6 ; Oat Straw , £ 1 14 s . to £ 1 16 s . ; Wheat Straw , £ 116 s . to £ 1 18 a . per load . An average supply , and a sluggish demand . Wiuteciupel . — £ 4 15 s . ; useful do ., ^ l ^ per load .

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      TjicEraiB SB , 184 ' THE NORTHERN STAR . I . 7 " *^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ mm ^ mm ^^* mm ^ i ^*^**^^^—*^^—*—~^^*—~— m ^* mmm ^*^^^ 0 mma ^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^—^—^^ - ^^—^^—^^^—^^^^^—^^^^—^^ ' -OL ¦ - ¦ _ JJ—_^ MM— , ^ ^^^^^ - ^ M- ^ -M * 'M *''^* BMaWWMBWM * MMi ^ l ll > l Mllllllrj *^^^^^^^^^^^^^

      Kationai Education

      KATIONAi EDUCATION

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      FIRESIDE SCRAPS . —TIIE FACTORY SYSTEM . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAIt . Mr . Editor—As you are now a sort of -Political X . i bob in your new ht'inisphuri ' , perhaps it may liot be displeasing to your highness to recei \« a few lines from one of those \ vho /« je {' wlu-r « " the shoe prm-hes . The Factory Pi / stou . ' —Don ' t tell me about your Royal Commissions , or butterfly travellers , in ( jue . st of information on this subject . They don ' t see anything of the system but the mere outside . Poor folks are not fund of revealing their real circumstances to their nearest relatives ; lioiv then is it liken for you mere "book-makers , " whether " blue" or " bouiifl in calf , " to know anything of the state of the -factory workers ? It ' s out of the question—nitre inoon >!> i » e .

      This is considered tlu > best town in England for factory operatives . They are better paid , better fid and clothed , anduudvr less restrictions , than those of a similar elnss iu Lancashire . " Then they ought to be content , " replies some hungry speculator in human blooil . Ought they ? Let us see . AVeliavoJiad " good trude , " » " roaring trade , " " plenty to du" for the last two years : niglit and i \ a \ : heifer skelter—new rattle-b'o \ es erecting , steam hissing , powerlooms -clacking , spinning frames buzziug , aud men , women , and children combing >\ ool to keep them all in motion . " Plenty of work" fur the , combers , sixteen or eighteen hours a day-. Well , what is the result of all this ? It is noiv Christmas wivk . The manufacturers are " taking stock" to ascertain the amount of their \ ear ' s profits : here goes , to " t : ike stock" for the slaves .

      I'owirloom Weaver ? . —Abuie ' 200 young women work at this branch of our trade , in one factory . Now this is boasted of as the very best paid branch for females They are now making . superfine " inerino "; or " Orleans " cloth ; doubtless , tho capabilities" and wages of such a number will vary : hut here ' s a fair medium . X—worked a fortnight for t \ ulvi ! shillings ; she is a good haii'l , and engaged on the niiesi work . A few years , very few years ago , the emploter v \ a » a Scotch hywker . lie is now building a new fat'tony for himself , at present renting the place in cmestion . lie has , nuvilv ; i ftn'tmu '; w ) iih > t-lilt utmost fra . ned by the poor girl is u Sunday frock , bought fr . rn oneot'his hawking brethren , aiul paid for In instahueu's . J'heers . •{¦<; . —The . children wlm are employed in the various departments of spinning , receive from three shil . lings to five shillings ; vwekh , und in some lew instances more , for which they ha \ e lo devote tlic whole of their time . Education or recreation is out of the question .

      H ' oolcoiiibers . — 'I licse form the most numerous body in this town and neighbourhood . 1 here ureabnut lU . ODO ot them , and they are tho heads of the families , whose members are employed in Uk- Ktrious factory occupations : a description of their circumstances will at once show the plundering , all-grasping disposition of the " lords of the long cliinmies . " During the strike in 184 :. ' , and for a year previous , this class of men sutfewd the extremity of privation ; hundreds who had been used to li \ e in comfort , had to

      endure all the horrors of actual stanation . Their clothes and furniture were sold » r pawiK'd , and every available means used to keep their families from perishing . During this time , numbers were partially employed by large capitalists , who took advantage of their necessities , and plundered Uiem unmercifully . Those were " piping " times for hordes of h&irtlcss speculators ; and several infamous hjpocritcs actually pn ^ cmled to employ men fora miserable pittance , On the score of Religion ! . ' They have since made 201 ) per c nt , by their JJolv and Clllllstian " sacrifices . " uih it

      n ell , at last came 1 . > U . S , hnngm ^ " good trade * nnd " jdenty to do . " The prices of niiinufactuivtl goods rose rapidly , and some of the factories worked night and day to supply the' demand ; but notwithstanding the immense advance on tire manufacturers' profits , they Rill persisted in doling out the pittance of IS-fJ to the uoolcoinbers , who at lengtli formed a union cailcii the " Protective . Society , ' and icompelled tlu-m to adutnee their wages , in some cases as much as -It per cent . This advance , large ai it may seem , did not bring the prices up to what they had been previous to the " Panic : " and the manufacturers' " insatiable desire of accumulation" ltd them to practise innumerable cheats , to hinder their

      workpeople from bwiefittiug by this gutl-scitu called Oood Trade , by mis-naming their sorts , and keeping up the appearance whilst they witliheld tlie substance . The Protective Society has endeavoinrd to battle with them by strikes , and by appeals to their humanity aud reason but no—it was unavailing . From these causes the best workmen have been compelled to labour sixteen or eighteen hours daily to procure a livelihood ; aud instead ot being enabled to educate their children , they are compelled to drive them from thuir beds . it halt-past five in the morning ( not a very agreeable job for even an adult , these winter mornings ) to labour at those monotonous wheels in order to sfvitlf the fortunes of their inhuman

      oppressors . > ay move , tl . ey are forced to send their wives also ; thus depriving themselves of all means of cleanliness and comfort . Now , mark . Trade is getting bad again . Wages » re being reduced . The masters are " taking stock . " What is the situation of the slaves after nearly two years of * ' good trade , " and " plenty to do I" Thousands or" them rtfad your valuable journal—let them answer . Have they , during this good trade , secured good furniture for their houses , good clothing for their families , and a ft w pounds in their purse to provide for future contingencies ? Kot it bit of it . They are worn out by toil , exhausted in body and mind , without resources , and looking forward to a gloomy future . Here ' s a picture of one of <> ur lest paid manufacturing towns—a trve picture , which will defy contradiction . This is the working man ' s share of the boundless wealth be creates—mere food and shelter iu " good trade / ' with a continual foreboding of misery before his eyes , and absplutj unrelenting ar . d , inexorable destitution when trade is bad ' .

      There ' . I have " taken stock ! ' Print it or not , there it is ! Let Chamdebs , aiid Baines , and Stuege , and Smiles , and the innumerable horde of grasping speculators and proiitmakers , look at it ! This is the condition of sensible , intelligent , deep-thinking working men , burning with a keen sense of their wrongs , and eager for an opportunity to redress them . They may publish their trashy tracts till doomsday to reconcile us to this state of things , and maydress up their ghosts and mummies to answer for us , when breathed upon by Ch ambebs and Co . ; t > ut c . reckoning day tciU come . ' and when we " take stock '' of their

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      ? 3 < inferii 3 ? t 0 , &r *

      Market Intelligence.

      MARKET INTELLIGENCE .

      Untitled Article

      Coarse MeaaWJiav . £ 3 IBs . to £ 4 J 6 s . Ptr ^ W ^ ski-Upla nd ^ f ^^^»| r larse Meadbjs ^ Hav , £ 3 15 s . to £ 4 16 s . J « £ ^ f ff RF * t" Upland sii ^ iS'li ^^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 28, 1844, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct839/page/7/