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Northern Star (1837-1852), 2nd September 1843, Edition 4 of 5, Page 4, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      ORGANIZATION . TO IHB ZDJTOa OF . T&E SO &THBBS STAB . SrB ,-3 haveread your " Planc ^ Orfaniritton" carefully through , and as a member of . the Chartist hedy , I xetum yon my thanks for . the pr s&t labour . » sd pains "which you xnnst necessarily hs , tb bestowed npon it ; and although I have been oppo- jed to the incorporation of the land scheme "with our r jovement , yet , npon dne eonsidersfion of the argument M } pro . and ton ., I am perlecUy reeonciledto It , particr ilarly as this is no time foi fcsir-BplS&jg . My only fes ? j » were , that it might lead to the establishment ot a sort of aristocracy in om ania , or take the attetf Son or our most active men tromUw great question p f . the Charter .

      I remember well , that -when Socialist societies -were 5 n toelr Infancy , the poorest working-men , and the "better paid ones , ehee * illy fratemisad with each other ? * , 1 b process <* time ^ . as they gained greater strength ^ nd stability , aed had erected "Halls of Science ; " the ^ relJ-paM TDeaobers had their Halls tastefully decorated ; -Xanoed danons aud amusement classes , and became so . ^ xchisiTe in 1 teir manners and notions , that the poorer -nesiben , -who thought more-about dinners than dances , . gradually-wlthdrew ; and the societies thus lost their original energy . In like manner the Chartists commen-* OBd establishing eo-operatiTe stores , in 1 S 39 . That at 2 fewcasfie » npon-Tyne was established on a Tery exten-= * 1 vb scale , and "was Tery prosperous fox a time ; but the

      attention of thai ? most active members being almost solely engrossed in -weighing tea and sugar , and measuring potatoes , they neglected the public meetings . ~ 5 he -splendid spirit of Chartism , widen previously yp « tj >^ .-was allo-wed to die sway ; and throngh this segteet , both the store and Association came to nothing . Set these reasons , and "with such facts before our eyes , 3 should therefore "wish tost the benefits to be derived from the Land Pond , might be placed under such seetrietions as to make it imperative on all connected « i& it , to be good and efficient members of ¦ the Rational Charter Association , properly discharging the duties of any office assigned them ; and that some con-Electing link should bind them to their suffering brethren , even when loaded cm ihe land .

      It is quite dear that something practicable ought to % e commenced . People "win not be content Vo -waste their lives listening to speeches , although they are -absolutely necessary in the first instance . Let us there--fore set to -work in good earnest , andtxert ourselves ¦ with increased energy , to make up for the time which lias been lost is foolish and unmeaning bickerings , - » hich , I hope , are now completely done away -with , * o give place t * » more teotherly and Irisndly feeling ; and I trust the Conference will , adopt some plan to TemovB any vain or sp ' enetic booby from amongst us , -who wishes to create division for his own gratification , to the injury of the cause . I look forward with hope and confidence to the forthcoming Conference . It will ¦ comprise our best and well-tried friends , ifree from

      " pedlars * ' and trafficers ) who , with their own knowledge « nd experience , will have the benefit ; of all that has " been written on the subject , and your copious and 'wellananged plan for their guide . I trust that they will make the performance of political duty a " qualification for the . enjoyment of the benefits to be deriyed from the 7 j » p j Pnmi . and adopt jsneb-measures as will hinder the members of that Fund from giving causa of complaint to such of " ourpoor fellows as can scarcely pro--earfi a penny loaf . I think it would be a good plan to introduce a clause enabling the members of a branch to elect a person who had proved himself a good and sseCul Chartist , but could not tffardto pay totts * ¥ nsS Tbia would induce a& . gt « j& * ahe £ c Wtssean interest

      in it , and hofcT'bat'hopes and encouragement to all , besides letting the werld see what Chartism really is . It "would / create a brotherly feeling throughout the whole society , yrijl enable those whose trades are sot yet crushed by the abust of capital and machinery , to bold out a helping hand to their more uitfartunate brethren ; besides enabling them to protect those who Wers persecuted , or drives from their employment , through the advocacy of Chartism . This , in itself , would be an inducement for men to be good membeis of ihe National Charter Association ; as , in my opinion , the Charter should be kepi in view , above , and before , &n other things .

      I should not trouble you , Mr . Editor , with these remarks , had I been at liberty . I should then probably have bad my say amongst our other friends . But as I am in a prison where I can write , I have taken the liberty of claiming a -corner in your forthcoming Star . I intend to forward - my thoughts , on the political portion of the . Organization , to the chairman of the Confer , ecee ; and uncerely hoping that the deliberations of Ste delegates may tend , to ibe'beneSt of the millions , I sm , yonra truly , George White . Cneen ' i Prison , August 29 th , IS 13 .

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      PABADISE WITHIN THE BE-ACH OF ALL MEN ,

      WITHOUT LABOUR , BY POWERS OF NATURE AND MAGHINEBY . Leteeb IV . TO THE EDITOR Or TBS , SOiTHEi ? STAB . Deab . Sib . —There are many prejudices in the minds of men , is regard to the benefits conferred on B . ciety by thff progress of science- and the infrodiuiios of mzciriiierj ; I think it therefore necessary to say a few ¦ words on this sibject before I proceed to a mere special development of the means and -ways to realize the protuiMU ^ uAri ^ aj fa ™ T frwrnfr

      IfftcTHTbe lowest , most sample , although most Important labours , the cultivation , rf the lasd aad prcdnctioa of -food , in-re been performed , and in a great measure are sow performed by slave * , aerf ? , and agricultural labourers , who have always been regarded and treated as machines . It is therefore not te be wondered that machinery has not been employed in this branch of human affairs , as it would only have been like substituting one set of mn' * h '" f ^ for another , in the minds of our sapient polltidaasiand economists . It is vastly differest with the trades in general , whicli have been invented and practised , according to Mythology , by "Uie gods themselves , and

      woo necessarily developed the minds of the artizms . Goldsmiths associated with Kings , and Queens have been taught the art of spinning . The artisuis were enabled to travel through different countries and to improve their capacities , mot being bound to any particular place for their labour pi * fl TraintffT'aDcy- We find in all former trades , which aye sow carried on by macbinuy , men of the brightest minds , "who continued to improve their tools , until they finally brought them to such a perfection , that children or thoughtless men could ' work frith them as well or better , than the most experienced and expert workman in the old style .

      The minds who constructed machines , worked not for the labourers who afterwards bandied them , BJertJy requiring their bodies . These poor men having no induce , dent for mental culture in their trades , or labours , gradually sunk to a mere animal existence . The- proprietors , foremen ox directors of TPyrTvTipa formed s new d * zs in aodety , TiTsHing in wealth and intelligence the proprietors and barons of the land , but reducing thsir labourers to the same scale as the labourers of the fields . The multiplication of machines and the conse quent production of manufacturers became enormous .

      "England with its artificial powers and machines cow produces more than six hundred millions ] of men could produce with their -nmTmai labours aad unimproTed -tools . As long s > other -nations were absorbed in war , England was the factory for the whole world , and drew all the money from foreign countries almost as fast as ihat money was paid to them in the shape of subsidies , sod ad-ranced to them in the shape of State debts ; and lor paper securities , which now constitutes the great wealth of money aristocrats . Arkwrightrand Peel have become richer than princes ; but thtir labourers hare become as miserable as slsres and serfs .

      It is evident that there must . be something fundamentally wrong , or such a circumstance could not have happened : a circumstance which shows , that in the same proportion were the producers impoverished and brutalised . I take this fundamental error to fee the ma-sided improvement or application of machinery . Machinery has merely been applied to manufactures ; U > the production of the seamdarp wonts' of men ; to the production of so-called articles of luxury , wfaerea * fbe production of tha primary wants , food , houses , &c ~ have been carried on without the aid of science and

      machinery . The necessary result of this one-sided improvement was a surplus of less necessary things and a ¦ csxeity of tke mat necessary ones . The surplus of manufactures caused a redaction of the wages of zuanufactoring labourers , at the time when provisions and lodgings were raised in price . All the earnings of ihe labourer in the factories were necessary to ^ attsfy the iungerof Mmself snd his eh .-1-iren , so that he conld set even partake of his own manufactures , no matter bow low they caaie in price . If the production of * ood and houses could save been increased like mannfeeteres , would the ease not hsre stood quite < Jiff = reEt ? ^ Aniwho wul ay that this would be impossible ? Is the 3 £ S * f 2 £ ?* " * ^ aot * " *• a ^ y

      2 he = p «> ductum of manufactures does not rtoulre 11 T'aJgW ***""* *^ . Aateanor wSer ^ owS rf fif ^ 4 » rses can drive many thousand somdlea i the .. XMtTKilen of a macMne , j . acting as w M the i . ^*^» « pts - at requires the « fa « utUe or m akill to > " w * &&i » well-constructed machine . Ever ? movement . " * J ** **** , ot ^ ta body can ba , and are . imitated bymat . ^ M' „ ' W . Cotton , . ^ f 3- / Governor of the Back of England kas invented , a i >» months ago , a weighing automaton ' -which weighs and . wa . te witti the greatest exactness ' ten thousand » overei t . 'aa ± « hours , wherear the most experienced teller can v" «^> ' *««* five thoasand in the same time , and this wu - * - * & « * k to his ^ yes and serves . If macbineB can C > e . in * de for snch fine , complicated , and delicate Iabours , r ^ or&fiifiiours of gentlemen , should eommfin humanity * *? ° * induce us to make some machines for the coarse iTw ? simple labours an * 4111

      drudgeries of slaves , serfs , . and afe' *^ 11 ^ labourers ? Certainly ; but machines wtfBi work 5 > J themselres ; arid although a spring not stronger than th ' 'pring-of a ccmmon dock , can , Txg being weund up , » >» ortan 4 weigh 3 . 0 , 000 soveteigna before it Is unwoitid , it takes something more powerful to dig And pulverise" ^ s ground . And this power is aons other than tht pown " * nature , that have hitherto been ao little thought or ^ adeuse of , when they ahonldj have at first drawn thea ^ Btion of men ; being first to assist them in their la bours aad in the production of their comforts . These &ro the powers which shall and must be mids use of , t

      Untitled Article

      men will ever be free and iadependent : vti -well may we hail the appearance ¦ of « isan of genios sod penetration like ET 2 LSB , Trbo graves so admirably that the Vl powers ot nalure are -sebservient to nan if he has faith in Providence , andsev « r dreams « f ' common sense , ' impossibilities . ** He says in his "Paradise , " page « ;— " Tbs basis of my proposals is , Ifeat there are powers in nature at the disposal of man , million times greater than « U the men on-earth could effect , with their united exertions , by tbek nerves and smews . If I can show that such a superabundance of power is at

      osr disposal , what should he the objection % gainst applying them to oar benefit in the best manner we can think of ? If we iave the requisite power for mechanical purposes , it is then bu ^ a matter of human contrtvsace to invent adapted tools or machines for application . Powers most pre-exist 4 they cannot bs invented ? they may be discovered ; " no mechanism can produce power : it would be aa absurd to invent tools , to work without any applied power to put them in operation . Machineries , of whatever contrivance they be , are nothing but tools more or less combined . "

      I am , sir , your obedient servant , C . F . Stollmeteb No . S , Northampton Terrace , City Road , London . Aug . 15 , 1843 . ( To be continued . )

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      PORTRAIT OF W . P . ROBERTS , ESQ . Mr . O'Coxkob has received communications from nany districts in all of which a very great desire is expressed to have a pobtbait of Mr . Roberts , the people ' s Attorney-QeneraL We cannot wonder that a strong wish should be entertained to possess a Likeness of so truly Amiable , talented , and true a man ; and although we know that Mr . O'Connor had determined to give no more Portraits , yet we have the pleasure to announce that all Subscribers for Three Months , from Saturday , the 16 th of Sept , will receive A POBTBAIT OP W . P . ROBERTS , THE PEOPLES

      ATTORNEYGENERAL . We request the several Agents to open lists for the enrolling of names , as none but Subscribers from th » above dates will receiva a plate . The price © f Paper and Plate when presented will be Sixpence ; and none will be sold withoot tbe paper .

      Untitled Article

      THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER 2 , 1843 . OUR POSITION . FAILURE OF OUR MANUFACTURES . " OT 7 B LAST 4 . ND ONLY RESOURCE , THE LAND . " It behoves us , as a people ^ to 4 eok well to oar present position : not only to our position at home , as regards the pbysfcal and moral condition of our populates , but also to our position abroad ; and the proBabiliiy , ox oihervrifle , of ear being able to maintain the standing we have hitherto obtained in the markets of ihe world .

      On several , nay , on many occasions , we hare , in the Northern Star , examined our home position . We hare often shewn that the physical condition of the labouring portion of the community is deplorable in the-extreme . We have shewn this to be the ease , by the evidence of the factory masters themselves , and by the evidence of other employers of l&bonr . We have shewn that when these have instituted personal examinations into the condition of the workers , the ; have found them , in their miserable dwellings , without food , bedding , or furniture :

      wishing "that Almighty God would pat an end to their sufferings before morning . " We have shewn that every " Extension of Commerce" from tbe year 1798 , down ward to the present time , ( the period embraced in the returns which have been kepi of oar yearly foreign . commerce ) , has brought in its train a diminution of prices , pbofjis , and "WAGES . "We have shewn that in 1841 we had a Foreign Trade almost equal to six tikes the amount in 1798 ; and that for ihe Jive times increase , we only received tbe difference between £ 33 , 000 , 000 and £ 51 , 000 , 000 , to

      speak in round numbers . We have shewn that the weaver who , in 1798 , received 153 . for weaving twelve yards of the 60-reed 6-4 ths cambrics , in 1832 only received is . 7 £ d . for the same amount of work : and in 1842 he onlj received 9 d . for the work which in 1758 brought him in las . !!! We have shewn that while our Foreign Trade has been thus ** Extending , " and causing this depreciating effect upon priced , profits , and wages , Ceihe has increased from 4 , 605 committals in 18 * 5 , to 27 , 760 committals in 1841 . We have also shown

      that while in 1793 , with as much money , or nearly so , for our OKB-EiXTH ( jCASiir ? of Foreign Trade ; and with I 03 .-wages for weaving twelve yards of 60 reed-6-4 ths cambric , we had only £ 30 , 492 , 995 of taxes to pay ; while in 1842 , when we had depreciated our prices so as to cause ua to give five times the quantity for the same amount of money ; when wages were bo beaten down as to cause the cambric weaver to perform fifteen shillings worth of labour for ninepence ; we have shewn that when these results had

      followed the enormous ** Extensions of our Foreign Commerce , " our taxes in 1842 amounted to £ 50 , 357 , 738 » . ' being £ 19 , 804 , 743 more , to pay with diminished means . We have shewn that the effect of all this has been to cause us to give to the tax-eater six-times more than was his due ; and we have shewn that these facts alone sufficiently accounted for our Awne-position , where we have the teorJeers without work ; the labourers -without food ; and many " wishing Almighty God to put an end to their Euffsrings before morning . "

      All these thingB we have beforetime proved , from the Returns published by the House of Commons itself ; from " the facts in figures" which those Returns so truthfully exhibit . It therefore stands us not in need to dwell longer on them at tho present . We need not stay to prove the horrible destitntion everywhere abounding . That is now admitted on every hand . Ever since the Whigs saw the bleak side of the Treasury benches , that fact has found trumpeters plenty I It is now undisputed . The Minister has over and over again

      admitted it . He has caased the Quesn to admit it from the throne , deploring the fact , while she admired and complimented the patience and fortitude with which it was borne . Our AojRff-position is therefore now well understood . In that particular we stand much better thau ever wa did formerly . When the Whigs were in , not one wo ~ d respecting general distress would they hear . In 1833 , when a Committee of Inquiry into the condition of " Manufactures , Shi pp ing , and Commerce" had been appointed , the W ~ igs set themselves to prove that we were then in a state of " ukexampled

      prosperity . To prove this , they raked the very kennel 3 for evidence . " It was before that Committee that Mr . Jobx Masshall , of Leeds , evidenced that the wage he paid to a weaver was tea shillings a-week , whereon to support himself , his wife , and his family I It was before that Committee that Mr . John Mabshall showed that the average wage 3 he paid the "hands" in his mill was 6 s . Hid . ! ! 1 And this was all « evidence"

      " tisexahpled prosperity . " Now , however , the song i 3 changed . No one now sings of " prosperity . '> The ousted Whigs loudly proclaim national edik at home ; and the Minister admits that # reat destitution prevails ; and has counselled the Queen to beg throughout the whole empire for eleemosynary aid to help to keep the starving thousands alive i Such , then , is cur position at bomb . What is out position abroad *

      We have been led to believe that England oy / fifl all her greatness to u our Foreign Commerce . " We have been taught that to " Foreign Commerce " we owe almost our very existence : at all events , to it , we are told , we owe our •' civilization' * and our " empire of theiseas . " We have also been taught that if we cannot devise means to maintain and sxieto" that « Foreign Commerce" we must bid farewell to our " glory , " aad prepare to be ail-but blotted out of the list of powerful nations . Such is s ^ - « nation could cfuai « fc entorprise 4 ^ ^

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      skill : that we" had the iron and the coal ; the labour and the machinery the water' and the climate : and that these advantages rendered our manufacturing position impregnable . True , at the time this self-glorifying "song of praise" was being sungi we were also warned of tha danger to be apprehended from " . Foreign Competition . " True , that while the bull-frog boast of iMFHEGNABrtiTr was raised , we were- also told that it was of the utmost moment to us , to be careful how we interfered with our manufactures , or we should give u Foreign Competition" the advantage over us . True , ' too , that thia danger from ** Foreign Competition " was adduced only when we asked fora meaBureof

      Regulation , to prevent infants , of eight years old from being worked sixteen , and eighteen hours a day , with only thirty minutes' respite from labour , for rest , meals , recreation , and " education" ! or when our operatives shewed symptoms of resistance to a reduction in wages . True , that it was only on such occasions as these that the danger to be apprehended from Foreign Competition" was laid before us . On all other occasions a far different " song of triumph" was sung ; and we have been taught that for all we-possess we are indebted to our " Commerce * and our " Manufactures "; and that therefore it was of the most vital consequence , to us to maintain our acknowledged supremacy in the markets of the world .

      How , then , does the question of Foreign Commerce" stand ! How is our " supremacy" t Do we maintain it t Has it been secured to us , by our constant depreciation in prices ; our sacrifice of profits ; and our annihilation of wages ! Can we beat , the "foreign manufacturer , " now that we give him five times as much for hb shilling as we did only fifty years ago , and reduced the cambric weaver fourteen

      SHILLINGS AND THKEE-PENCB OUT OF EVKET FIFTEEN shillixgs that he then earned \ Are we masters of the ** foreign market , " now that we have" reduced our workmen to destitution , and increased the number of committals for crime in thirty-six years from 4 , 605 to 27 , 760 ?! Are wa able to " compete" with the " foreign manufacturer , " now that we havo made such efforts to defeat him , and such sacrifices to maintain our supremacy ? LeJ .. these questions bo answered by th £ ^ M 9 ffiih " Chronicle % the organ of the manufacturing party , who are eternally bawling for another and greater '' Extension" of our manufactures , as the only means of getting us out of the hobbles former " Extension" have driven us into .

      In that journal of Wednesday last there appears the following picture of our own " Commerce" and the " Commerce" of other nations , whose ** markets' ' we have hitherto had almost all to ourselves . It is of the ulmost importance that this picture be attentively examined , both in its leading features , and in its minute details . // is « confession on the , part of our Manufacturers themselves that m our commebce" has failed ' . ! It is of mighty consequence in guiding us to a correct estimation of our position abroad . Here is the confession : failure is proelaimed in every line : —

      1 . England is tbe child of commerce . To it she owes , to a great extent , her power and her civilization . If she possesses the empire of the seas , it was commerce that gave it to her ; if she wishes to keep it , it is by -commerce alone that it can be preserved . To Its active and enterprising spirit she owes alike her maritime superiority and her colonial grandeur . The plough and the harrow might have been driven for ages , seed sown , and harvests gathered , an * yet England would still have been but an inferior power . But the loom and the forge are called into requisition ; our commercial marine ia freighted with their pxodoctions ^ articles of comfort and necessity are scattered over overy qnarter of- the globe , and straightway this little island of ours acquires a degree of importance and poorer , seemingly inconsistent alike with hei natural capabilities and her geographical position . .

      2 . At the present juncture , the aspect of oar commercial relations with foreign powers i « worthy of tbe most serious attention . // we look at Europe , tee find all ihe great stales of the continent erecting for themselves , respectively , a manufatiwring interest , w hich threatens to render them , ere long , completely independent of our skill and industry . Across tbe Atlantic , tbe prospect , if not equally chet-rleis , is at least forbidding . OCR HOLD DPON AMERICA SEEMS DAILY RELAXING . The states « f the northern continent aro lessen ing their dependence upon us , by extending their

      manufactures , and hampering our trade by increasing prohibitions : whilst our fast waning treaty with Brazil la giving ominous warning of the precarious position in which stands our traffic with the south . On all hands have hostile tarifs arisen ; an d as th e y arc ¦ rmraballed Kgsinat ua abroad , first idleness and then famine as surely overtake half our population at home . The dangers which menace us ou every side are increasing in a compound ratio , and yet no effort is made to avert them . Inactivity rules the Cabinet , while distress and ruin tlireaten even our national ex

      ixlence . 3 . Every cycle of the protective system has witnessed England in a worse position than its predecessor . Previous to 1814 the great staple articles of her manufacture had lo contend with but a trifling competition . England then enjoyed an almost complete monopoly in the manufacture of cotton goods . Her woollen trade was nearly equally unchecked . That was tbe time when English industry was lndispensible to contin en tial comfort , and when political alienations were not sufficiently powerful to sever tbe chain of commercial dependence , which made Europe contributory to our greatness . Hostility might proclaim the ports of tbe Continent shut against our traffic ; but the Qontinent was not in a condition to dispense with it . What Imperial arrogance conceived it could accomplish with a breath , was rendered impossible by tha wants and necessities of Europe .

      4 Tbe last twenty-five years have been no less pregnant with commercial changes than they have been rife in political revolutions . Every change has placed the Continent in a position more adverse to tha interests of England . In proportion as Europe has progressed , has England receded . We are now debarred those markets from which , formerly , no p ower . WAS SUFFICIENT TO EXCLUBE US . From the Guadalquiver to the Neva we are met by an unbroken line ef hostile tariff regulations . On the Baltic , espeically , is opposition rendered formidable by extensive and increasing combination . What the Milan and Berlin DECREES WERE UNABLE TO EFFECT IS NuW accomplished bx the spinning jennies of German t .

      5 . The progress of competition 1 b alike discernible in the activity which everywhere marks the industry of the foreigner , and the distress which broo ; a like a nightmare over England . Our cotton trade , though crippled and diminished , is not yet a complete wreck . That great branch of human industry is now nearly fequa \ iy divided between us and our rivals . A merica , France , and Germany now annually convert nearly q million of ba ' es of Ihe raw material into cotton fabrics : NOT ONLY

      SUPPLYING , TO A GREAT EXTENT , THEIR OW . V WANTS , BUT COMPETING WITH US IN OTHER MARKETS , of which formerly we bad an undisputed monopoly of the supply . The consumption by England of raw cotton does Dot now much exceed the amount converted into manufactured wares by the foreign loom . Had the general demand increased in proportion as foreign manufactures have flourished , the demand upon England for her fabrics , although Jt might have remained stationary , would uot have diminished . But

      foreign manufactures have for outstripped the increase of general demand ; and just in proportion as they have done so , have they encroached upon tho trade and the industry of England . The cotton of America was at one time raised almost exclusively for our market ; it is now extensively distributed through . Europe and New England . Such have been the fruits of our restrictive system . That system first planted the germ of universal competition—our continuance in it is fast bringing competition to a maturity , which will eventually overwhelm the great interests of the country .

      6 . If our cotton trade were the only sufferer , ve might bear up against the calamity . An increase in tbe other great branches of our industry might compensate us for the contraction of this the most important of all . Had the demand for her hardware and her woollens increased , as that for her cotton fabrics diminished , England would not have bo sensibly felt the diminution . In five years only , from 1833 to 1838 , her exportation of cottons to Germany alone exhibited an alarming decrease . But tbia is not alL The Custom-House confederacy of the Baltic has extended its hostility to every important branch of our trade . Prussia , Westphalia , end Saxony have each erected their forges , and the PROTECT ! YE CARE OF THBIB RESPECTIVE

      GOVERNMEXTS IS PATERNALLY EXTENDED TO THESE new-born interests The languishing state of our hardware manufactures is the resole In woollens , such wuat one time our undisputed superiority , that in the j . wehase of the raw material vre controlled the continental market We are not only now overbidden there , bat ** e * r'v as 1828 the United Kingdom exported raw wool to the manufactnrera of tbe Continent to the amount of nearly half a million sterling . - 7 . HiVi oar commercial relations with Russia been

      establish . «* # from the &tat , npon a judicious footing , it ia impiWible to calculate the extent to which an Interchange of commodities would have eventually been carried between that power and England . But Russia , fatally tot us , and injuriously to herself , has imitated the io * trlctive system , which she regards as the source ef toe prosperity of England ; whereas it ia now clearly proved to have retarded her progress . The great power of the north—colossal both im her physical magnitude and in the political iDfluante -which , ace atieatfy wjeid > , and ia yet destined

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      to assume , has deeply interwoven the ERRONEOUS princiPLES of pbotectwn with her whole commercial code . The commerce of Russia ia built upon a system of gigantic monopolies , each , « H springs up , mote 01 less crippling ova trad © witb the Baltic . With no other country in Europe have our commercial relations been more steadily diminished . England , at one time , furnished Russia with her cottons ; Russia now raanu , factures for her own necessities . First , our manufactnred cottons were prohibited , the importation of our cotton twist being still permitted and encouraged . Latterly , the demand for thia , the

      last remnant of our cotton trade with that country , has diminished , and the Russian manufacturer ia becoming completely independent of as . Perhaps in no branch of trade ia the toss of this great market more observable than iji that ef broadcloth . Several large Russian houses in the City , which were formerly in the habit of supplying Russia extensively with goods of thia description , have , year after year , become more limited in their dealings , un t il , d u ring tbe present year , not a single order has been received Colour after colour was prohibited ; the English manufacturer , to evade the prohibition , sending over bis foods to be dyed in the country . ; Colour after colour

      has been bestowed in monopoly upon imperial favorites . Green , the most important of all , because the uniform of the army , has lately been granted exclusively to the EMPRESS MOTHER , Our broad clopmanufacturers have now but little inducement to try ] the Russian market , and a bale t > t English goods of this description , with the name of a respectable English { house upon it , which formerly used to pass unopened , almost as currency , from St Petersburg to Tobolsk , is now seldom to be Been . in that extensive region . However friendly our political relations may continue—between us and Russia there bids fair to be sdon the next thing to ft commercial non-intercourse .

      i There now ! There is a pitttire of M Foreign Competition" ! There is a picture , after the fivetimes , over increase of quantity for the same amount of money ! There is a picture , after reducing the cambric weaver from 15 s . for weaving twelve yards of cambric , down to 9 a . 1 ! There is a picture , after increasing the number of criminals from 4 , 605 to 27 , 760 ! 1 There is a picture , after our operatives have been reduced to such deplorable misery as to cause them to " wish that Almighty God would put an end to their sufferings before ( morning" ! There is a picture , to be purchased -at the price of " distress and ruin threatening our national existence" !! Have we not paid dearly for it t !!

      Let us examine this artic . e somewhat in detail . For that purpose we have numbered the paragraphs . Paragraph 1 . tells us that" England owes her power and her civilization to her Commerce . " There it is There it is ! It runs in the blood ! It is never out of the mind of our profound Political Economists . " England tho child of Commerce , " ! ! What " Commerce" had we in the days of Alfred ? Was England England then f Not the " national extinction threatened England , from distress and ruin ";

      but " merrie England . " Not 27 , y 60-committals-forcrime-England ; but England with golden bracelets ereoted upon poles at ihe crossings of the highways ; and these untouched ! Was that the " Child of Com " merce" ! What " Commerce" ha | i we in tho days of John , when the Barons met him at Runnemede , and forced him to sign Afaana Chartti , or the Charter of " rights and liberties" i What" Commerce" had we in the third Edward ' s time , when England was " powerful" enough to "conquer" all jFrance , excepting Paris ! What " Conitnerco" had wo in the sixth

      Harry ' s time , when old Chancellor Fortesque gave the following- description of England and Englishmen ? That description we commend to the attention of the Chronicle , and ask him to contrast it with his own description of England NQW , with" distress and ruin threatening her national existence" ! The old Chancellor says , that in the days when "the plough and the harrow were driven , the seed sown , and harvests gathered ; " and before " the anvil and the loom bad been called into requisition , " that " our commercial marine might be freighted with their productions" ; in those days old Fortesque described the condition of England and Englishmen thus * . —

      " The King cannot despoil tbe subiject , without makibg ample satisfaction for the same ;; he cannot by himself or his ministry , lay taxes , subsidies , or any imposition whatever , upon the subject ; HE cannot alter THE LAWS OR MAKE NEW ONES . WITHOUT THE EXPRESS CONSENT OF THE WHOLE KINGDOM IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED ! : every inhabitant is at his liberty fully to use and enjoy whatever hie farm produceth , tbe fruita of the earth , the increase of bis flock , and the like : all the improvements he makes , wbethtr by hla own proper industry , or those be retains In his service , are bis owe ! to use and enjoy , without tho lott , interruption , or denial of any . If -be be in any wtsi injured , he shall halve his amends and satisfaction against the party offending : HENCE it is

      that the inhabitants of England are rich in gold , silver , and all the necessaries and conveniences of life . They drink no tcaler , unless at certain times , upon a religious score , and by *? oy of doing penance . They are fed in great abundance with ail sorts of Jl-ah $ dA Jish , ot which they have plenty everywhere ; they are clothed throughout in good woollens ; their bedding find other furniture in their houses are of wool , and t ! mt in great store ; they are also tvell provided with all sorts of household goods nnd necesssary implements for hasbqndiy ; every one according to his rank , ba'h all things which conduce to ' make life easy and happy . '" And after this he observes that these are tbe e ( tt « cta of laws , which axe founded upon the principle , that" a king is given for the sake of th e kingdo m , and not a kingdom for the sake of a kiny . "

      Such was England , when " Commerce" was , comparatively , unknown . Suob was England , when the " plough and tho harrow" reoeived more attention than the " anvil and the loom . " Such was England , when Englishmen consumed their own " productions , " instead of " freighting" them off , for distant climes . Now , the Chronicle sajs ; now , that" Commerce" has " civilized" us ; now , that OUB "articles of comfort and necessity : are scattered OVER EVERY QOARTEB OF THE GLOBE *' ; nOW , that " the loom and tho forge" have been so " called into requisition" ; now , after all this ' * Commerce" of whicih " England is the child" ; now , after all this , her "national existence is even threatenjld by distress and ruin" !' . 1

      Paragraphs 2 and 5 give a mournful picture of " foreign competition . " We are being regularly driven out of " foreign markets . " " All the great States of Europe are erecting ( or themselves a manufacturing interest , which threatens to render them , ere long , completely independent o : ' our skill and indubtry . " And this , too , after w « : havo brought ourselves to a condition , that even ] our " national existence is threatened , by distress and ruin" ; brought ourselves to that condition , in the vain endeavour to maintain our " supremacy'' in the "foreign markets" of the world ! Tliero is oue most curious idea pervading the whole article of the Manufacturers' Organ . It is , that the condition he describes is attributable to what he

      calls the " protective system . " And v ? hat" system " docs he shew those other nations tohave adopted , to enable them to beat us in their bwn markets 1 The " Free system , " to be sure 1 1 10 ! no . " We are now met by an unbroken line of hostile Tariffs . '* " The states of the Northern Continent of America are lessening their dependence upon ui , by extending their manafaetureg , and hampering our trade by increased prohibitions" ! " Russia \ has deeply interwoven the principles of PROTECTION with her whole commercial code "; and " with no other country in Europe have our commercial relations be ^ n more is

      speedily diminished" J ! J pray , hov ^ this , Mr . Chronicle 1 If the " paoTrcnvE system" leads to dangor of " national extinction fronii distress and ruin" in England , pray how ia it th « j , t we have to fear those same " protective principles" when interwoven with the commercial codes of other countries ? If those principles lead to rjuik at home , pray how do they manage to make "other nations independent of our skill and industry ' ? Pray how is this I Have you not assigned an operation to those " principles" abroad different from that which you would have ua believe them to have had at home

      . Have you not been trying to make our condition square with * foregone conclusion ? and have you not failed ! Has not I the natural operation of the » protective system " in "excluding" us from erery "foregn market " where it has been adopted , proved that PROTECTION renders others independent f Abd if ifc has this effect in Russia , why shouU it havk reduced cs to a danger of national extinction ? [ Has not it been rather the want of PROTECTION that has brought ustowhere wearei England wLpbonjcted when old Chancellor Fobtesque penned ! his description of this then « p owerful" state . Sh « had ao

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      " Free-Traders" then . That genus have sprung up since that day : and erery attempt to put ia practice their principles of no-photectiok , has been followed by distress and hpin , " until at last our very " national existence is threatened" i I But we must examine still more deeply into ova , position abroad . The Chronicle tells us that our hold upon America seems daily relaxing . " We are loosing it entirely ! America is not only beating us in her homejmarkets , but she has actually followed us into our own , and beaten us there ! She has sent us manufactured cottons , and sold them in the English market " chfaper" than we can . produce them ourselves ! She bis beaten us at home . In a short time we shall be compelled to adopt a " prohibitory Tariff , " to enable our manufacturers to retain the home market !

      This question is one of intense interest . The reader will therefore excuse our going into it at great length ^ We wish to put him in possession of tbe facts relating to it , that he may be prepared lo meet the impending evil . The battle has begun . We are being beaten . We shall be ultimately driven completely out of every foreign market . Such is not our opinion alone . The facts narrated in the article from the Chronicle fully sustain that opinion : and if any doubt could possibly exist ia the mind of any ! one , after examining the Chronicle ' s picture , that doubt will surely be removed by the following letter , written in the month of June last , by one of the largest of our cotton manufacturers , Robert Hyde Greg . In that letter he shows why tbe Americans can beat us . It is important therefore , and necessary for a due understanding of this mighty question .

      - The letter jwas written to the Manchester Guardian . In that paper had appeared a statement , an analysis , respecting the cotton goods sent from America into the Engliah market ; showing that they were " cheaper" than those of like quality manufactured at home . Mi . Robert Hyde Greg therefore undertook to show ; why that was so ; and why we could not help it . Here is his letter :- ? 1 . sir , W ^ are much indebted to you and your friend , who has been bo kind as to analyse the samples of American Cotton " Domestics , " and to give to the public what he believes to be the comparative market value of them and similar goods of English manufacture . ; . . .

      2 . The whole subject is bo interesting to tha population of thia district , and , indeed , almost equally so to tbe kingdom at large , that I need scarcely apologise for prolonging [ the discuaaion . 3 . I would remark , amoag other things , that calculations from small Bauaples are liable to considerable error , as sho ^ n in No . 3 , being quoted as sold in America at 9 }< i . per lb ., and other cloth , apparently the same quality , at 10 per cent higher ; and the " drills , " which eost moie than common plain cloth , being rated only at the same price . This difference in quoted prices may arise , it is true , from the different

      kinds of clothi being in unequal demand ; but it equally shows that strict reliance cannot be placed on the prices of the tables , as showing the true comparative cost ot the same bind of cloth in England aud America . The very circumstance of comparing in the tables the eight months' credit price ot America with the cash price in Eoglanri , tends , in itself , to deceive a casnal observer . Considering the hi >» h rate of interest in commercial transactions in ) America , this eight months * credit must add 5 to 7 . ^ per cent to the market price of the American goods , and should be deducted from their quotations in the tables . ;

      4 . The tables also , so far as they are comparative , are founded on the presumption that the prices in both countries are yielding the same profit , or ore equal at prime cost ; whereas , ia reality with us , there is no profit , and a most extraordinary combination of circumstances to '; reduce prices ; but supposing , in America , at the date of the quotations , there was a profit of 5 per cent ) ou the goods in question , this 5 per cent , added to the & per cent for difference of credit , makes 10 peAceni . ; and "the tables are turned" in a literal Bense . 1 exclude wholly from consideration the finer goods ; for it is only where the raw material constitutes a certain per centage , that America can expect to compete with us . T his , h o wev e r , unfortunately , includes THE GREAT BULK 6 a /* ofour foods and yarns .

      5 . As a companion to your tables , I give you a few particulars of tbe last new mill built at Lowell , of which I possess tbe minutest details , including the Wildes of every hand employed , in every department ; and cost of buildings , machinery , wheels , w ater , && * c . The wages of the grown up women , weavers , drawers , and rovers , are , or were , ( wages have since been reduced ) ldal . 90 cents , weekly , excluding of board , or 3 dots , to 3 hols . 10 cents , inclusive board ; and tke average of the men , including three overseers , 6 dels , exclusive of board . 176 looms , in 24 days of March , 1811 , made .. » , 74 , 319 Ib 3 cloth ;

      ; or , 7 339 pieces ; ' ¦ i or , 214 , 770 yaraB ; being about 50 . 84 yards per day . 6 . In the week ending June 13 th , the Btfme looms averaged 52 6-10 lb yard * per da > . Speed of loom , 135 picks per minute . Ditto front roller , spinnirg 14 ' s warp , 96 revolutions . Ditto throstle , ditto weft , 106 ditto . Tim © worked , 74 hours weekly , and three holidays in the year . ¦ The cost » f ' the " Drills , " at the same mill , from the cotton entering the mill till they reached tbe hands of the commission agent who sells , was , at the same time , — l . "

      ; els . cts . Labour 1 , 647 per yard ; or , 4 , 716 per lb . E Sfs : t : " * *« o ; * » . «« ** »

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      2 , 261 6 , 758 7 , The wasteimade in manufacturing was , 11 43-100 tba per cent This data would give the cost of drills , the article composing tbe 400 bales in Messrs . B ring ' s bands , — . Cotton—say 4 o \ " | waste £ . 1 . Cts . 63 ; manufacturing 3 id .

      8 d . Or . 8 d . FOR PRIME COST OP WHAT COSTS HERE 9 ^ d . to 9 Ad . and leaves no profit to ihe manufacturer at this pried \ 8 . The principal advantage to the American manufacturer is , however , in the cost of the raw material ; which , in a general way , amounts to from |< 1 to lfl . per lb . Grabatn . ia his pamphlet , on the impolicy of the cotton duty , gives , as the result of three shipments of cotton imported by his own firm , viz

      —400 bales by the Maw , 11 1 per cent ; 200 ; „ Jane , 14 101 ; _ John Hale , 14 _ or 13 ^ per cent , extra cost , including 5-16 tl . < 1 u } y , beyond what the' same bales would have cost at Boston . The price of American cotton was th « n 7 d . per lb . In the cheapness bt moving power , the Americans have another great advantage over ue ; their water power not averaging more tban £ 3 10 s . whilst here it eannot be reckoned under £ 12 10 s ; making a difference against a medium-sized English coucern of ^ £ 800 to £ 1 , 000 per annum . !

      9 . I a the cheapness of flour for dressing , and the dryness of climate , j the Americans have another great advantage over ua ^ They can drees tbeir warps athalf the expence we cm in England—a farther saving of £ 300 to £ 500 per annum . It ia needless , however , to enter iuto farther detail ; jand [ refer tnose curious to know more on the subject , to tbe pamphlet which I published on the factory question in 1836 . The Bt&taments and prophesies about the American manufactures made then , have proved only too true . 10 . But , laying aside all disputes about tbe different itema of the cost of production in tbe two countriea ,

      the sitnplo fact | of America exporting largely , and increasingly eo , to neutral markets , proves , not only her power of successful competition , but that it is not her tariff , but cheaper production , which has excluded us from her own markets in all the coarser fabrics . After supplying her own wants , she sought the markets where Bhe could meet jus on equal teims , China and South America . From the former she has totally shut out all our coarser cotton fabrics , and from the latter to a great extent . We hear , indeed , that China takes nothing coarser than 66 r ; eed cambrics ; but the fact is , that she does purch »< se largely of coarser fabrics , but they are supplied solely by ] A merica .

      11 . The entire export of grey and bleached cotton goods to China from Great Britain , this season , amounts to only 456 , 000 pieces ; whilst America kas sent , during same period , 420 , 000 pieces . These are of the stouter descriptions , a class of goods which have been totting in our j warehouses for want of a market , although offered at prices less tban they could be produced for . These " domestics , " or at least the drills , having first beaten ours out of China , now farm a regular article in tbe Calcutta and Bombay markets , although they pay ten per cent duty , on entry , whilst similar goods of English manufacture pay only three and a half per cent . I

      12 . This export has gone on gradually increasing from 1823 , when it amounted to 1 , 763 packages , to 1 8 33 , when it had reached 13 , 207 packages . I . cannot give the exports jreguiarly since 1833 ; but in eighteen mouths of 183 ? and 1838 , 20 , 000 bales of these goods went to Asia ; and 16 , 000 ditto to South America ; and the amount this year , I am gi ^ ea to understand , far exceeds any previous one . 13 . Connected I with the same au'ject , it may be remarked farther , that by the Colonial Bill , introduced by Mr . Labouchere in 1841 , and passed by the present Government lastiyear , a very low doty , I believe not r . iore than four or five per cent , hae beta substituted in our Korth American aud Wesfc India colonies , for tbe form . * < J » ty on all foreign raanniarturea ; and thus these

      Untitled Article

      markets have been opened to American enterprise , j believe our Canada merchants already feel this n ^ competition ; at least they have petitioned Parliament on the subject ; and I am informed that Mr . L ., < $ Boston , the shipper of the 400 bales of" drills" to Messrs . Barings , have now travellers in Canada taking orders for American cotton goods . 14 . The principal part of these fabrics fire manufao . tared at Lowell , a town which , though only of a fev years date , now consumes fifty thousand to sixty thou .

      sand bales of cotton in its mills ; and has , besides , many printing and bleaching establishments , and exteniivg woollen concerns . It is situated about the same distance from Boston as Manchester from Liverpool ; and , like Manchester , is cennected with its port by a . railroad and a navigable river . A natural water power of five tkousand horses exists at Lowell , belonging to a company , and is let off on easy terms . The whele of this , or nearly so , is now appropriated ; and other falls , equal in extent to that of Lowell , a little higher up the river , are now in process of appropriation .

      15 . The freight of cotton to Boston may be taken aa averaging one half the freight of the same cotton to Liverpool . The looms at Lowell unquestionably turn off more cloth than any in Great Britain , The spinning machinery f 8 not good , and very expensive ; but with this , our only advantage , we are nowgood-naluredly supplying them , having removed all checks lo exporting our machinery by orders in council , and being , I am told , about lo openly legalize it by Act of Parliament ' 16 . It is blindness not to see that , with an open trade , America will supply England with the coarser fabrics of cotton ; and I alwaye combated tbe assertion , that the . cotton manufacturers , who renounced protection for themselves , when they demanded a free trade in corn , were , in so doing , renouncing what was of no value ta themselves .

      17 . But Lowell herself begins to tremble for the fate of her coarser manufactures . " Cotton factories are also extending rapidly in various parts of the Southern States , in Virginia , North Carolina , Teneuee , and in tbe towns on the Ohio ; and there can be no doubt but this country is destined , at no very remote period , to be the great emporium of the cotton manufacture of the world , as it possesses all tbe necessary requisites for that purpose , viz : extensive available water power , an intelligent and enterprising population , and having within itself an abundant supply of tbe raw material . If the experiment of slave labour succeed in the factories , as is confidently expected , tbe cost of manufacturing the cotton into cloth will be muchles 3 there than any where else ; so that ft will not be surprising if , in a few yean , tho&e Southern facto r iea should manufacture coarse

      cotton goods , and sell them In tbe public markets at one-half the price : it which th 6 y can be manufactured ia England . There are several cotton manufactories in Tenessee , worked entirely by slave labour , there not being s . white man in the mill but the superintendent ; and , according to a letter lately received from the superintendent of one of these factories , it appears tbat tbe blacks do their work in every respect as well as conld be expected from the whites . Cotton factories , are rapidly springing up ia North Carolina ; but , with two or three exceptions , they are chiefly employed only in spinning cotton yarn . "— The Cotton Manufacture of the United Stales of America , contrasted and compared with that of Great Britain ; to which calm aad interesting account , written by a Scotchman long conducting an American cotton factory , I ref 9 r your readers for a great variety of important matter connected with the subject

      18 . WE CANNOT , IN- COMMON CANDOUR , DENT THAT THE SPINJiTSG AND WEAVING OF COaRSB GOODS BEING NO LONGER A MYSTERY , THE MAXUFACTURE OF THEM MUST FINALLY REST WITH THOSE WHO HAVE THE BaW MATERIAL , THE MOV . ING POWER , AND THE FLOUR FOE DRESSING , ON TUE easiest terms ; and , looking at the activity of the Americans , aad their readiness and aptitude to avail themselves of every advantage , it connot be denied that this manufacture must finally rest with them . '

      19 . It may be said the coarser fabrics are of little comparative value : contrast tbe labour in a piece of lace with that in a piece of common calico . But the coarser fabrics are worn by all , rich and poor , and the lace only by one person in a hundred . The coarser fabrics constitute probably three-fourths of our manufactures in bulk , a matter of no small consequence to a naval and commercial peaple ; and what will be our ceaditien whda three-fourths of the bulk ef our cotton manufactures have passed away to other nations ? Robert Hyde Gueg . To this plain statement of tbe reasons and causes why America can manufacture M cheaper" than we

      < ian ; and why the manufacture must finally rest with them" iti 8 unnecessary to add another word . All the causes are there enamerated . " Cheap power f u raw material at home ; " " cheap transit , on thsir own rivers ; " oca machinery exported to them ; " " the little advantage we had , now given up ;• ' " spinning and weaving now no longer a mystery : " it is impossible bat that the manufacture must finally rest with them ! The thing is being done . Tbe very last Packet from the United States brings word how the affair is working . Read thefollowing , from the American papers , brought to England this very week : and then say whether Mr . Robert Hyds Greg and tbe Chronicle are not right in exclaiming— " Our hold upoa America ia'daUy relaxing" : —

      " Generally speaking , business of all kinds is improving , except that of the importing merchants . The effect of the new American Tariff becomes more and more obvious every day . . The imports of English , French , and other manufactures have decreased WONDERFULLY . THE EXPORTS OF AMERICAN PKODUCE HAVE INCREASED . American manufactures are increasing } aad . the balance of trade being turned to so great an extent in favour of this country , specie is flowing in upon us from all quarters .

      " The Amoakeag Manufacturing Company are about erecting another mill at Manchester , N . H . It is to be 400 feet in length , and will be sufficiently large to contain from 460 to 480 looms , and 11 , 000 spindlesdouble the siza of the mills now in operation at tbat place . The Lanvale Factory , the Washington Factory , and tbe Calico and Bleaching Works on Ioaes Falls , near Albany , are about being started on an extensive scale by a company of capitalists .

      " A merchant of Troy engaged in the eastern trade informs us , that he found it extremely difficult , when in Boston last week , to obtain a supply of " domestics " by the 15 th of August ; the orders already received by the manufacturers being so full as to keep them cons t a n tly at woi % . There have already been ekported from Boston lo China , the present year , 15 , 000 , 000 yards of cotton goods ; while from Great Britain to China , the export haa only been 12 , 000 . 000 yards ; THE

      celestials GIVING OUR CLOTHS THE PREFERENCE . "Troy W . tiig , There is tho process . " Protection" ruins us in England . In America it causes the " imports" of our manufactures to decrease wonderfully ; and the exports of their own produce to increase . Well , then , such ia our position abroad ! We are beiug driven down in the manufacturing market " Our hold upon America" is fast melting away . "From the Guadalquiver to the Neva , we are met by an unbroken line of hostile tariffs . " " Our fast waning treaty with Brazil gives ominous warning of the

      precarious position in which stands our traffic with the South . " " On the Baltic , opposition is rendered formidable by extensive and increasing combiu *" tfon . " " Persia , Westphalia , and Saxony have each erected their forges ; and the protective care of their respective Governments is paternally extended to these new-born interests . The Iangai .-hi » i 5 state of our hardware manufactures is the result . " England at one time furnished Russia with her cottons : Russia now manufactures for her own necessities . " "The Russian manufacturer is now completely independent of us . "

      The fact is , the manufacturing game is o ^ er ! K is done . Machinery has done its work . It naS stripped us of that which we formerly exclusively possessed—enterprise , skill , and untiring industry . These are not of much avail now . A machine can run as well in America as in England ; in Russia a ia Saxony . All these parties have now gotten ocb machinery j and , therefore , they are equal with us . Nay , some of them , as witness America , have advantages over us which we can never deprive them ot , or counterbalance ! The game is at an end ! It is completely up ! M we play at it longer , it will be at a greater los * than it ever has been : and , as it is , it has threatened our National Existence !

      What , then , is to be done ! What ia to be onr resource 1 To what end are we to apply the nation * energies ! Are we to go on as we are , and becots "Nationally Extinct" ! Are we to permit distkbbJ and kcin to do their full work ! Or are we to loot the evil full in the face , aud apply a simple but tffic * oious remedy ? But what is thai remedy I Next week we wiH shew you . Next week we will set Mr . Baines K shew you . Next week we will prove , from him , t 6 »* there is but one , — " our last and only resource , - * the land" ! Next week we will shew that heM long foreseen Shis day , and provided a remedy I T& » remedy ib fn " ovr ows soil . "

      The great length of this article precludes o # doing this at the present , as we had foMy intend ' It will however fake ao harm from keeping . H * tegtkuony of the Chrtmiek aa to onr r&xiBXT ro $ M&

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      , THE NORTHERN STAB . ! Jit . _ . . . . . ' — r- ' *«~ v - _¦_ L—— i . : ' ' ' ¦ — ¦ ' . ~^ ^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 2, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct817/page/4/