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Northern Star (1837-1852), 15th April 1843, Edition 4 of 5, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      • wES * ~' r bresd " filing- in -Bath ai 6 U the A » f 7 IfliTf ; aLd Ewae * ' **» bakers are selling

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      TO THB EDITOB . O * THE HOMHBBN STAB . Sib , —As He&Kn and Co . * b steam machine , destined to traverse the atmosphere to India , in favr tfays , strikes tie world dumb with astonishment , I beg leave , throngh the columns of the Sl * r , to make a few observations on the practicability of such a project , fmaided upon what is called the knowledge of astronomy and the re * d motions of the earth . As these observations are not addressed to mathematicians , I shall sot enter into mere mathematical expressions , the public being , as yet , in the dark , about these metaphysical technicalities . London is said to be in 51 « 31 ' north latitude ; and Calcutta , in India , in north latitude 2 <» 23 *; and Si" 23 ' east longitude

      Say that the corresponding enrred line , in the atmosphere , between these two points , is 8 , 000 miles . The question for solution is , at "what rate must Benson ' s steam machine move , to pass through Vh }« distance , in four days . It might be presumed , at first , that It is only the division of 8 , 000 by four , which gives 2 , 000 miles a-day , or abont eigiry miles an hour . This -would bo practicable , there is no doubt , betwaen these points , ou the earth ; but it may not be so between the corresponding points in the atmosphere , if it is a fact that the earth revolves , on its axis , from wast to east , once in twenty-feur hours .

      In that case Henson ' s steam machine must move through the air , at the rate of about 1 . 100 an hour , between the corresponding points on the earth ' s surface , to accomplish the distance , in four days , for , it ¦ sponld bs moriag in the same direction as the surface of the earth is Baid t » move , from west to east , at the rate of more than a thousand miles an boar . Hence any machine that is capable of ascending perpendicularly into th 8 atmosphere Berne 2 , 010 yards , and maintain itself in that position lor twenty-four houra , may descend , in any given place , on the earth ' s surface , in the same parallel of latitude , within that time . Therefore , if Calcutta and London were in the same parallel , each a machine might ascend in London , and descend in Calcutta , in sixteen hours , without moving a liair ' -s-breadth through the corresponding space in the atmosphere .

      I ! nder these circumstances , let the publics say whether it is easier for the said steam machine to traverse the atmosphere , » onth east , at the rate ef 1 , 100 an hour , making the distance to Calcutta , in four days ; or reverse its direction to the south-west , at the rate of about eighty miles an hour , and oast anchor in Calcutta in about fourteen hours . EC CE YI YR TH BY YS .

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      TO THJB EDITOB OF THB JfOBTHERM STARSib , —The following letter sent to me from Sydney , has been the means of preventing many from emigrating to . Australia , who bad intended to do so this spring . The writer is s man of such probity , that the geseral remark of all who knew him is , that they believe bis statement ! as firmly as if they had Been them with their own eyes . He expresses a confidence at the end of his letter that yon will publish it . 1 have to add the earnest rtquest of a numerous circle of the readers of the Star in this city . Yours , most respectfully , David M'Leod . Cannon Mills , Edinburgh , April 2 , 18-13- Sydney , July , 1842 .

      ill Dkab . Fhiexd , —I have been longer in writing than I promised , but I was so disgusted at Ijp miar » presentiim given that I could not trust myself to write impartially about it : but this will be more satisfactory , as I have upwards of six months' more experience . As you will get a reading of my journal of the voyage from Mr . Allan , I shall say nothing of the miseries , inconveniences , and privations of the voyage , bnt endeavour with candour and exactness to give you a brief account of thine s here .

      From what you have heard , you weuld Bcarcely believe that thousands are walking the streets , and have nothing to do . To Rive you an idea at once , I am convinced there are as many tradesmen here as would mett the growing demand for twenty years to come , even supposing there was capital enough to develope successfully the acknowledged resources ol this country . What think you then of the heartlessneas of a corrupt press still bawling for more emigrants ; but the policy is to bring down the price of labour . I have both seen and heard cf nmch misery at home , but it is dust in the balance compared with my experience here . The unemployed are daily pouring into workhouses , in many instances begging for God's sake to give them employment , and they will be content with their food and lodgings . I do not rtfer to fancy trades , such as jewellers , watchmakers , carvers and gilders , &c , who are here like bo many nnhived bees ; but to masons , plasterers , joiners , cabinet makers , shipwrights , blacksmiths , aawers , < fcc

      I will give you two or three examples of those who came out in the same ship with myself : —One joiner has got a job for bis bed and board , and thankful for it Another decent man , the same traie , has got only two months' employment since he came here , and is now without Another , whom I know to be a very superior tradesman , tells me , that such is the advantage his employer takes of the state of things , he seldom reaches 25 s . per week . Now what has he to support a wife and three children , after paying 15 * . a week for a house , inferior to one at borne at 2 s . per week ? House rents are fearful here . At home a man may take a bouse for a year ; and if to cannot pay it he is only sold off after six months * posstBsion . Not so here- off he goes at a week ' s warning to the streets , and his things sold off te pay the rent . I have known many respectable , industxious people sleeping in the fields , ; unable to pay f or a house to live in .

      I shall now give you some idea of a country life , as I hear there is Borne talk of sending the poor Paisley weavers litre from their home misery . And firstthose unemployed tradesmen that I have been talking of would gladly go for shepherds if they could get ; but of all the professions in this country it is the most heanleES . They are entrusted with a flock of sheep , for which they are responsible . Now the native dog may run through his flock , and with his deadly bite destroy as many sheep as will not only consume his yearly wages , but throw him considerably into debt .

      The rations too are so very bad that few can subsist ¦ without drawing on the stores , the enormous charges of which are sure to involve its victim in Egyptian bondage . Their salary when I came out was £ 20 : it is now £ 15 ; and expected soon to be as low as £ 10 . One great source of annoyance to free emigrants is the convicts , or Government men as they are called here ; and at Port Phillip tradesmen are working to Government , convict hours , for their meat , and glad to get it In short , a man of capital may do here ; but those who have nothing but their labour to depend on are much better at home , bad as things are .

      If I were a man of a revengeful spirit I could not punish my mortal foe more severely * Vn by presenting Mm with a bundle of lies , and induce him to come out here . I hope yon will write out a fair copy of this , and Bend it to the Star .- I have no doubt Mr . Bill will insert it ; and I shall have the pleasure of seeing it , and feeling that 1 have done rome good by putting some of my brother Chartists on their guard . Never more think of coming here . I remain , dearest David , Yours very truly , John M'Phail .

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      . TO DANIEL O'CONNELL , ES < J . MJP . Sib , —My attention has been drawn to a speech delivered at tke Corn Exchange , Dublin , in which you have made many unfounded charges , and given expression to-what I would call the most ungentlemanly , n&y even the most brutish calumnies , against a body of men with whom I have the honour to be connected , that ever it has been my lot either to read or hear ; and , as an Irishman , to whom country ii dear ; as a working man who h *« suffered , and is jet suffering from the irihrnn / m snd anti-christian system of class and caste—as a C&thottc and a lover of toleration , the full exerclss of the right of opinion , and Christian forbearance .

      I am stimulated by an honest and conscientious conviction of the truth and stability of my position , and the public duty I owe to the body politic , to ehow hjj countrymen that in the speech from which I am now now about to quote , you have f onlly libelled the British and I rish Chartists ; that you have done so for the purpose of continuing deception and humbug , in the practice of which you have become such an adept by hoodwinking and deluding the confiding people , and dividing them with the backnied old Tory cry , of the " church in danger , " a bug bear that has served the cause of tyranny in all past ages , of all creeds , and in all the nations of the world , and which has done more to destroy the morals , the happiness , and social condition of the human race , than all the illB that flesh is bexr to .

      Being anffliUrate individual , I shall peihapB be unable to couch my remarks in a style sufficiently firm to meet your classic ears ; but , Sir , I will communicate a fact which for the last five years you seem to have entirely lost sight of , and of which out noble Emmett reminded your dictatorial brother , Xrord Norbury . I am a man and yon are no more . We are equals , then , by the unalterable law of nature ; at least as far as regards human rights sad privileges ; but not in our internal organisation and dispositions , for which I am thankful to the Of eat Architect of the universe . On this ground of equality I claim my rifbt to freely canvass and discuss all your sayings and doings , taking , what may appear

      to me as being good and profitable , and rejecting all that is lad and dangerous . For this purpose , and that I may not , through my ignorance and stupidity , get involved in a labyrinth of difficulties , by following your intricate windings and twistings through your heterogenous mass of denunciations levelled indiscriminately at Socialists , Chartuts , and all others who have the honssty to oppose your wholesale system of political trafficking , 1 will lay down three heads , under whieh I Trill write as many letters in reply to your Tom Arkurs , Biilinsgate , and doatiag harangne at your political mint , tip Corn Exchange t in all cases giving your exact ¦ R ord's as 1 ftcd them publiibed by one of ycur creatures in tins city .

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      First That Chartism has no connection either with Christianity or infidelity , there being not one woni in the document called the People ' s Charter , to justify a contrary conclusion . . Second . That Chartists who are Infidels , Protestants , or Catholics have an undoubted right to hold and eajoy their peculiar opinions in religious matters , without the interference of any man or party ; and that it is the very extreme of tyranny to denounce them as you have done , merely because they will not chime in with your unhallowed nostrums . [ ' Religion is a matter between man and his God . None should interfere with the belief of another . "—Mr- Daniel OConnell , on the Calton Hill , of Edinburgh . ]

      Third Tnat the inconsistency of yoar political career has destroyed the few rigbtB and privileges which Ireland vosaesaed when yon appeawd on the public stage . That your whole life has been characterised by a greedy , avaricious , aDd gormandising disposition to grasp and hoard up money , by making pelitical merchandise of the confidence , the rags , and wretched wbb of your poor deluded victims ; and that your motives , as far as we can judge from past experience and present appearances , for opposing a union Detween the working men of England and Ireland , on the only political creed which will ever bring salvation to the toiling millions , is neithar more nor less than a wisa on your part to continue in perpetuity the barbarous system by which we are directiy robbed and indirectly murdered , and gain au

      independence for yourself , your family , and lickspittle pioneers , by protracted agitation . That you do noi want a repeal of the infernal Act of U ; : ion , but only , BeiZi on it now as a last resource to blinof old the people a little longer ; and if repealed without the Charter Suffrage , the poor of Ireland would not receive any real or substantial benefit . j " Nov , Sir , for the first : You commenced your frothy i speech on the brotherhood of Chartism and Socialism . The words , which , yen said were , " you had received tne most certain information that the societies which were established in England under the name of Chartists , or , lather the branch of them called Socialists , were making the Hi oat strenuous exertions to spread their .

      fatal principles through Ireland "—( hear ; . That the / Chartists ar « making the most strenuous exertions to j spread , not their fatal , bat their glorious principles . in my beloved father-land , I cheerfully , and with a gladdened heart , admit—and no better proof could be [ adduced that such is the fact than the low and scur- ' , rilous means to which you have resorted for th « purpose of arresting their progress . It is no go , however . I Paddy O'H'gginB and his twelve hundred stout-hearted democrats will continue increasing , and stick like as ' many bees on your WhJgified old hide , niitil ultimately they will sting you out of political existence , j 'Tib quite needless for yon to attempt stopping them : you might as well wrestle with a ghost , or try to Keep out the tide with a pitchfork , while thsre is nothing

      but hunger and starvation throughout the land , and you are still going on in the Bame imbecile course that has marked your every step for the last forty lang years you have gulled them . The men of Ireland will in- j quire what O Higgins has got for them ; and inquiry is all that is necessary to satisfy any man that has a mind j of his own that his country never will be regenerated ; until all her sons have the power of making her laws . But you Bay " you have the most certdn information that there is a branch of the ChartlBts called Socialists now spreading their fatal principles through Ireland ; " you have not , however , condescended to ; give us any pr > of that Socialism is a branch f Chartism ; and until yon do this , your mere assertion goes for nothing . There was a time

      when your bare statement carried considerable weight ; but that day has long since passed away , for you have been so often found telling old wives' tales , and fabricating so many gross calumnies against your opponents , that scarce anybody believes you now even when you tell the truth . You certainly are in the position of the shepherd ' s boy , or that of a certain Editor in Glasgow , dubbed Loyal Peter . What he gives in his paper for truth , his own readers believe just the con- 1 trary , and in nine cases out of tea they are found to be ; correct . In proof of this , I need only refer to your base attempt to injure that poor , but honest Chartist , Mr . t P . M , Brophy , by representing him as having been a Catholic , and a Member of the Order of the Scapular , afterwards becoming a Protestant and an Orangeman ,

      and holding up the order to the ridicnln of that fraternity at one of their Lodge meetings . You put the poor man ' s life in danger by exposing him to the excited prejudices , the wild fury and fanaticism of those unfortunate creatures who swallow as Gospel truth every word that escapes your foal mouth ; and notwithstanding your pretensions to the character of Catholic , you refused to apologise or retract your vile calumnies , even after be produced a letter from Father Spratt , Patron i of that Order , stating that he had known Mr . Brophy for many years , not as a Catholic , but a Protestant of I the Church of England ; that he had never been a Mem- j ber of the Order of the Scapular : nor so far as he ( Father Spratt ) knew , had he ever been an Orangeman . After this , who would put any faith in your rabid j stuff ?

      Yon have found oat that there are Socialists in Dublin , and in many parts of the provinces . This 1 do not feel disposed to doubt ; indeed , the great wonder to me is , and has always been , that there are any Christiana to be got amongst the suffering people , for the conduct which you and yoar minions have hitherto pursued is calculated to disgust any rational man , or any body , to which yen may belong ; but that these Socialists are a section of the Chartists , I do deny , and dare yon V > the praof . If yen had given yourself the trouble to inquire , you would have found that Mr . Owen , the founder of Socialism , advises bis followers to feave no connection with any political body , and in much the same dogmatic style as you have issued yoar mandates to the RspealerB , but not indeed from the same motives . Hb believes that no political change

      can better the condition of mankind , as long as society is based on the present political competitive system . 1 cannot agree with Mr . Owen in the course be is pursuing , fur I hold that until the people have the power of destroying the laws of primogeniture and entail , tkey will get nothing either on the laud or off it . He has , however mistaken , spent a princely fortune in attempting to raise n-an from his present degradation and slavery ; and is , therefore , entitled to the esteem and respect of every good and philanthropic mind . The difference between you and him consists in this—that he has spent his all for the general good , according his own peculiar views , while you hate acraped every penny you could gather into your insatiable haversack , and prostituted , your principles into the bargain .

      You say yon do not accuse all the Chartists with being Socialists , but all the Socialists are Chartists . There is a mixture of truth and falsehood which I will not endeavour to separate . You could not make yout audience believe , with all VhiB gullibility , tbat VaXhet Byan , of Chontarff , and Mr . O'Higgins , were Socialists ; and for the information of my countrymen , I can tell them ( for it is vain to attempt trying to make any impression on y ^ ur iron conscience ) that there are thousands of these same Socialists , who are not only not

      Chartists , but its strongest opponents—thousands who belong to no party , and a goodly number who are even Conservatives . And , mark me , sir , when I say so , I do it with extreme regiet ; the Socialists are an intelligent body of men , and if they were Chartists would do much in tssisting to break down the strong barriers which you and your brother despeta have raised against the rights of injured labour . That there are Socialists who are also Chartists is quite true , and they have a right to be so as well as either Cathollo or prwtestant , as I shall prove in my next letter .

      Let us now , air , understand each other plainly , ' and find out , if possible , what you wish to be at . You charge us with infidelity—we deny it ; and your abusive tirades are not sufficient grounds whereon fc > condemn a large body of men . It is yet fresh in the recollection of every man who has watched your proceedings for the last three or four years , that you denounced the Chartists as a body , for a few of their number opening churches to escape the veageance of their former pastors . You held them up as forming a new religion , and warned your dupes against any communion with them , or with us who aid not joiD them either in their preaching or praying ; but no sooner had some of these preachers broke faith with Mr . O'Connor , and the rational portion of the Cfaartiat body , than you took

      them to your ungrateful bosom , j > ined their humbug suffrage movement , now defunct , and sent your man Friday , mad Tom Steel , to Birmingham , for the purpose of disuniting us . When first you attacked the Irish Universal Suffrage Association you charged them with being Orangemen , next a secret sweiety admitting their members on oa .. h ; driven from all these points , your fiendish disposition , maddened by their rapid prsgress ; suggested a new mode of attack , and you assail with what ? oh , reader , hear it , and whether you bo Catholic , or Protestant , or Infidel , ask jourself tke question-Can the person who ib capable of acting as such a wbolosale libel . er be a good member of society T We are , laBtly , indicted at the bar of your tribunal with being Ribbonmen in discuise .

      Now , Sir , as you say you are a Catholic , how in the name of that great Being before whom you must appear , can yon reconcile such glaring coatr&dictiww ? At one time we are estabishing a new religion ; next we are InSdels and Socialists ; then comes the charge of Orangeism ; and , in the short period of four months , all these are metamorphiBed into the fifth and last , that of Bibbonism . Oh I Usa , Dan 1 Do yon ever expect to 4 ie ? Do you really believe the doctrines of the Catholic Church ? Yon know very well she teaches the commandment—Tbon shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour —and that if you injure him , either in person , property , or reputation , yon are bound to make reparation for such injury ere jou can yourself receive forgiveness , or with the least shade of truth and seriousness , repeat the Lord ' s prayer .

      You are now an old man , as the saying is , with one foot in the ^ rave and the other out of it , and it is really hiph time yoa were beginning to settle accounts for the other world;—that is to Bay , if you believe there is such . But to be plain , my humble opinion is , that you do not bsiieve in a future state of rewards and punishments , else the preservation of your immertal soul would deter you from thus attempting to vilify the characters of men who are as much your superiors in point of political honesty as you are mine in literary accomplishments .

      Jlany well-meaning individuals may perhaps say I deal rather hardly with you in using this style to convey my BCiioe of sour moral worth to Bcciety ; to snch I

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      will only obser ve—let them read the following choice sample of you * oration , and then condemn me if they Will : — In speaking of the Rtbbonmen ( not one of whom , I am fully persuaded , know a single point of our Charter ) , you said— " One misoreant put a paper into a poor man ' s pocket , that he might be taken by the polfce with that paper on him ; the Chartists and Socialists are still more dexterous knaves than those men , and would , no doubt , sell the blood ef their dupes . " Now , Sir , as I have already toM you , I am unacquainted with the English language ; but , although 1 knew the proper application of ita every word , I would feel lost for terms sufficiently strong to express the disgust I have felt , on perusing this sentence , or my utter

      detestation of the vicious propensities of the demon in human shape that used it . How can we sell the blood of our dupes ? Our own blood is being sold by the ruffian spies of a corrupt Government , and we have no power to prevent it . Fifty-nine of our best friendB have been lately put on trial for advocating the claims of Buffering humanity , and no single individual in the community has done more to secure their conviction than you have by youi unhallowed denunciations . We sell the blood of tho people ! We are their only friends ; And why ? Because we are ourselves the people . We defy you , Sir , with all you * learned lore , to produce a- single instance where we have either sold or shed tbe blood of any human being . We are banded together in legal , peaceful union , without oaths

      or secrets , to secure that which neither you nor the class to which you belong , and of which you are the hired hackneyed mouth-piece in Ireland , would never grant us a protection for our labour through the lawa of our country . We defy you to produce a single instance wherein your Dronic class have ever done any practical good to our injured , insulted , and brutalised order . On the other hand , both you and they do everything in your power to prevent us ever doing anything for ourselves . You are like tbe dbg in the manger , that would neither eat the hay , ner allow the horae to do it . Your talent and influence , had you employed them in our cause , would long ere this have bettered our social condition . Why do I nay so ? Simply because your popularity in Great Britain and Ireland , at the time you assisted in framing our Charter , would

      have carried it into law , without tbe aid of swords or guns . Had you been as disinterested as a Tell , a Washington , or an Emmet , England would be thia day in reality what she is only in name ; this la indeed paying you a high compliment , but 1 believe it is nevertheless quite true . It is not to the man I give it but to tbe circumstances by which he was surrounded . Alas I for the fallability of human nature , the general depravity and avariciousness of the hearts of men ; few , very few , can be trusted ; and you . Sir , cannot be ranked amongst those pure spirits who have withstood the stormy buffets of tyannical and despotic monarchs , with their myriads of sycophantic adulators , and who seeing every hope blasted , ultimately threw themselves into the breach between the oppressors and their victims , prefering death to the dishonour of surviving the subjugation of the country by the ruthless foreigner .

      You have again seised on the term Universal Suffrage to cover your apostacy , by gulling your heaters into the belief that we , tbe Chartists , wish to give the Franchise to women and children . As I have already said you assisted in drawing up our Charter , and you well knowithe word universal is not to be found from the beginning to the ; end of that document . It is there laid down and defined that none but males of twenty-one years of age are recognised as voters . But why do I waste time ? You were perfectly well aware yoa were stating falsehoods ; you knew you were addressing a body of men who have never yet read the Charter , and if you can prevent it , never will .

      However , the lovers of equal rights and equal laws have one great consolation « f which it is not in your power to deprive them ; it is this , that tbe intelligent portion of my counknonen are inquiring what our Charter really meani ^ fEhd I have no fear whatever that when Irishmen come to know tbe principles of democracy , thoy will stand by those principles despite your silly twaddle in persuading them to the contrary ; it is characteristic of my countrymen to embrace the truth when they find it ; of this we have ample evideDce in the rigmarole speech now before me , when you cal < ed their attention $ o tbe fact , and indeed it is the only solitary fact that I have been able to discover in it , " that on a brief period after St . Patrick entered Ireland there was not a heathen to be found in the land , or a person who was not baptised ; there was do people so strongly attached to tbeir religion , or who endured so much persecution , or who went through so much grievous oppression , and yet remained true to their God . "

      I can , Sir , cheerfully subscribe to all this ; and when Chartism , the C&tholoity of politics , shall have beet me properly understood , there will not be found a single individual from Donegal to Kerry that will not be both baptised and confirmed in its saving truths ; than shall the friends of unhappy Erin have the pleasing consolation of knowing that tbe reign o ! your humbugging is drawing to a close , and that the religion of their fathers will be consistently carried out by a happy and contented people , enjoying at the same time tbe fall Tbward of their industry secure-I on the firm foundation of the rights of man , based on the simple and unalterable laws of nature .

      If Irishmen will only read the People ' s Charter , that is all I ask of them . If they carefully con over its every line they will at once see there is nothing opposed to true religion ; but everythii g pleasing to a mind imbued with the principles of truth and justice . That there are bad men professing its doctrines , none will for a moment dispute . Il is a pity there are such ; yet it is impossible to prevent it . There is not , nor has there ever been , a body of men , or a society in the world , which has not contained within it some bad or immoral characters ; even among the twelve Apostles chosen to promulgate the doctrines of Christianity tbere was a devil ; and surely common sense might suggest a charitable feeling to our long-faced denouncers to make allowauce for at least three or fuur hundred devils among as many millions of Caartists .

      But , Sir , it is only when we have ceas d to gulp all yoar confounded aonseDse , that you and your myrmidons attack oar private characters . As long aa we continued to pay our shllings to be elevated to the distinguished poB \ tion ot lb » twentieth part of an imbecile shopocrat in your royal , loyal , piebald Repeal Association , you never for a moment questioned our morality . When canvassing for what you term associates , you never ask the people when they have been drunk , if they have ever stole anything , or if they have attended to their religious duties . Not yourself , Dan ; you know a trick worth two of thai : you just ask them for tbeir names and their shillings . If they can supply you with the browns , yob care not a farthing for their brains .

      You say we have Socialists in connection with our 8 ocitties . Indeed , and are you prepared to come out so very a despot as to deny these or any other body of men tbe free exercise of tbeir opinions ? If so , what did you mean by your expressions , on the C ;» lton Hill of Edinburgh , where you stood up for man's religion remaining between himself and his God ? Then why cut out the Socialist f Is he not a man , and entitled to tbe same rights and privileges as another ? But more of this anon . I shall be at you a-ain , God willing , ou Saturday , the 22 d , when I expect to prove that you are

      a practical Infidel , which will verify the Baying , tbftt a thief cries , " thief" first , and while I do so , I will take the opportunity of also proving to my countrymen that tbey should be the last in the world to persecute ;> oor working men on matters of opinion , having passed through tbe fiery ordeal of the bloody penal laws and tbe savage barbarity of the cruel Orange faction . I Your aid friend , Con murhay , An Irishman , a Catholic , and a Democratic Repealer of the Legislative Union . Glasgow , April 1 st , 1843 .

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      TO FEARQVS OCONNOR . Es « . Sir—While our Established Scottish Clergy are at flsty cuffi with Sir R . Peel and Graham , about the nonintrusion question , and publicly telling us that ber Majesty's Government is actuated by a hostile spirit to the revealed will of God , does not this plainly tell us that the devil has now taken the management of the Government helm ? Such a hint is certaiuly enough to make out hair stand erect , and as it is a fact that Old Nick has got himself wormed within the walls of St . James ' s , we ought to look to the right about , and set our Ca&rtiBt house in order . Well , in order te do this , I would beg to refer to your letter of last week ; "To the Imperial Chartists , " wherein you have a paragraph about the election of a New Executive for England .

      Now , Sir , I have always been of opinion that we should r > ave no sectional Executive ; it ouc ; ht to be national . Why leave out Ireland and Scotland ? I can see no goad reason for doing this ; we Scotchmen are as anxious for union as Englishmen , and I have no earthly doubt bnt Irishmen are equally so . Our opinions can never be centralized , nor our business transacted without discord and deception , unleba we have a National Executive , embraci r g England , Ireland , and Scotland . Meetings hava been held at fcrlasgow and Edinburgh , with a view to centralize Scotland ; delegates were sent , promises were made , and districts were voted off to be organ'Z ^ d , and all this at considerable expence . What then ? Ji : st nothing at all ! With respect to that portion of the allotment given to Aberdeen , and which was called the ' Northern District , " auy one might have at once discovered that tbe Chartists of this city were not able to perform tbe extraordinary task of agitating a space of country , containing about 2 , 600 square miles .

      Attempts were made to agitate a portion of the North , and Messrs . Harney , Davies , and M'Donald , proceeded as far aa Inverness . These men , eapscially Messrs . Harney and Davies , whose labours were executed during the winter , can disclose the difficulty , and calculate the txpence Aberdeen would have had to meet by euch an undertaking . But tbere are a number of other places as lucklessly situated as those north of Aberdeen ; and we may instance Ireland in general . Here then it is evident that the agitation must be made more universal , and supported by a national fund , under the guidance of men of ability and spirit . I shall not , in the meantime , venture to premise what number of men luifiht ba requisite for conducting tbe agitation on such a broad scaio ; but one tiling is quite ctrtain—we have plenty of mea in : our ranks with talent and well-tried experience , who have been sufficiently long before tbe public to vtarrant their appoiutment . Under the bygone eyst « ni , tha elements of Chartism , h ^ ve sprung but slowly op from discci'dant roots , uufl its advocacy by

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      men stultified with sectarian prejudices has greatly retarded ita growth . E » ery man who could link together a half-hour's speech became an orator ; but , from the trant of education ,-committed blunders which Rave tho law a handle , und . jin consequence , many were subjected to penalties which' men of better understanding would easily have avoided . A national executive would remedy this evil by examining the capability of persons wishing to be appointed public lecturers . Thus , then , the spy agitators would be ailencad , as also { the whole host of moneycatching idlers completely routed .

      On the whole I crave your opinion on this matter , as I firmly believe , without , some suoh scheme to unite the masses in one bond of fellowship , by giving them something to look at and rel / upon , we shall still ba scrambling , urging , and tugging ;! blindly , and without that degree ef strength which ' national nnifcy ef purpose would give . : S ; r , believing , as I do , that you have nothing more at heart than the good of tbe people , and that your labours ia tbeir behalf will only terminate with your existence , or the accomplishment of even handed justice to M ,

      I beg to remain , Yours , in the best of causes , John Smart Aberdeen , March 27 , 1843 .

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      TO THR PEOPLE OF IRELAND . Raheny , ( near Dublin ) 31 st March , 1843 . Fellow Codntbymen and Feilow Slaves , — The newspaper press of England announces to ua that an Emigration scheme is about to be got up , to which the sanction of Lord Stanley } is expected . I hasten , my friends , to caution you against being entrapped by tbe plausible inducements with which this scheme will be surrounded . It is needless here to describe the suffering to which the people of Ireland are at present reduced ; it is enough that you feel them . From personal experience , I can assure you that in other British colonies , deprived of the blessings of self-government , neither life , liberty , or character are safe for one moment In Ireland we hive numbers and a devoted press to shelter , ua in some measure ; but the colonies , subjected to tbe controul of a governor totally irresponsible ( except

      to those who select him to carry out their own views ) . ire mere despotisms . The knowledge I possess of these facts , compels me now to come forward and implore you not to be induced to emigrate to any country o ? colony unless the inhabitant ] enjoy self-government . Rather than lend your sanction to a principle -which has desolated your native land , take refuge in tbe workhouse . Continue fa struggle against the mass of evil entailed on you by provincialism ; but trust not yourselves to a country where your destiny lies at the mercy of a clique . I will watch the progress of this man-trapping scheme , and will address you on the subject from time to time . : I remain , My fellow countrymen and fellow slaves , Your brother in bondage . William Buy am .

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      TO THE CHARTISTS OF jOREAT BRITAIN AND

      IRELAND . Chartist Friends—1 rejoice to be able to inform you that we stand a good chance of having a Monthly Magazine . I know that ever ; lover of the causa will like te hear this , and to me the news is particularly pleasing , because the ardent wishes breathed by me on this subject in the Northern Star recently and two years ago , are now likely ; to be realised . I make extracts from two letters received from goud friends to Chaitistn , one of whom is still alive and active ; but tbe other , alas , is since deceased . Leamington , March 20 , 1841 . On the subject of the proposed Chartist Magaz ' ne , i in reference to which you ask the opinion of reading and thinking men , I take the liberty to congratulate ; you on having been the first to introduce to the attention ; of the Chartisisa project of so much value and import- ' ance ; and I shall myself be most happy to become a snbscriber to the Magaz ine , .

      I would recommend that it [ should be handsomely got up , and that the price of each monthly number should not be less than one shilling . ; At present we have no very respectable Chartist publication ; at loast as regards asternal appearance . Tbe reproach implied by this circumstance ous-ht to be , obviated—A detideratum to be supplied , I tinuk , very ; effectively by the publication of a first-rate monthly Chartist magazine . The number of accomplished Chartist' writers is greater than is generally perhaps imagined . With the letters , addresses , and extemporeoas orations of Our principal agitators , 1 have been exceedingly pleased ; and the concentration of such talent In the vehicle referred to would , I am confident , effect results of a highly interesting and Important character . * *

      Hoping te be gratified by alspeedy announcement of the actual pubiicatiou of the fi'st number of the magazine . I am , sir . Yours respectfully , J . B . Smith . Mr . J . Watkins .

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      TO THE EDITOR OF THE KORTHEHN STAR . Mr dear HILL , —Conversing with our beloved O'Conn&r , during the recent election at Nottingham , on the subject of the projected New Organization , I was satisfied by learning that he still otaarly sees the primary importance of our having an Annual Convention . Since he assured uie that his conviction buth of th © necessity and prarti « ableueas of this &auu ; d representative assembly remained unchanged , I ] shall , at present , offer but Oi . e observation on the subject . Permit me , then , to say , that I really was surprised at an observation of your own shortly after 1 published ( at tho rtqueat of the Birmingham Delegate meeting )

      my sketch of a new organisation . Yi / u observed ( to the bfc&t of my remembrance , tot I have not the Star at hand which contains your remarks ) that the proposed Annual Convention would be illegal , because it would be elected by sections of tbe Chartist Association . Now , it rests rather strongly in my j memory that When , ( at Leeds ) I first opened to you my thoughts en an improved organization , and when you then raised this same objection , yoa acknowledged , after a few momenta ' thought , that you were convinced of the legality of an Annual Convention , since I described it to yen aa an assembly elected not by any sections of a distinct association , but by the whole people .

      Since this was the vtry idea ] I depioted iu my published Plan [ Section 4 . ' The delegates to ba elected by . tho people in public meeting assembled , ' ] I could not help wondering at the renewal of your objections . Mj memory may be , iu same measure , incorrect of the exact degr e of agreement yourself and l had on thia matter , at Lewis : j I have merely stated to you my impression . It is of no importance , however , whether I remeaibet aright oi not . I think , my dear Hill , when ; you think over this subject once again , you will ace . as clearly as O'Connor ,

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      Ma ion , Woite , Harney , Bairstow , and others vrhotn I migat mention as corresponding with me in their views on thiB point , —that the grand scheme of an annual representative assembly is really legally practicable . And if it be , it is , in my mind , almost impossible to overstate the benefits likely to arise to Chatttam irom such a periodical bringins ; -together of the most active Bpirits of tbe movement . What a smoothing down of asperities from a trie understanding of each other ; what a mutu vl infusion and reciprocation of intelligence and energy ; what a solid growth aDd builf » Dg-up of tbe stern fabric of democracy must result from tha

      institution of that Annual Convention . I feel this to be so completely the heart and core ftf afl real emends , tion in our schemes , thas I will not take up your valuable space with adverting to a > y other topic . Saffice it to say , that O Connor assures me be projects or proposes a National Delegate Meeting , to consider , gravaly and . deliberatuly , all plans of or « nnizition , with a view to presenting an entire plan for tha punple ' s acceptance : such meeting to be held as soon as convenient after the Q'jeen ' 8 Bench business is settled . I remain , dear Hill , Yours very truly , Thomas Cooper , Leicester . April 11 , 1843 .

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      A CiactmsTANCE occurred at Uppington last week which has created a . great sensation . .. An assistant to Mr . Benson , surgeon to the union , having the usual access to tho dead-room , at the poorhouse , toos out the heart of a pauper lying there dead ( unperceived by the master ) , concealed it in hispocket , and afterward delivered a " lecture" upon it before the Odd-Fellows' lodge at apublic-houso . -The ocourremse made bo much noise in the town that the guardians , oa Thursday , the 39 t , h ult ., inadejnquiry into the case , and senf the particulars to the Commissioners in London , requesting their advice thereupon . Tbe answer is that the Comoaissiouera will take timi to consider it . Taa guardians , yesterday , passed a resolution forbidding the attendance of _ tho young man upon any pauper of the union , either in thohoust or elaewhere . -- Stamford Mercury *

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      THE NORTHERN STAR . J ? ,.

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      HARMONY HALL . LETTEB . T . TO XBT 5 BDTXOB O * THE BOBTHEBH STAB . SIR , —In accordance "with my last letter , I now pr * - . ggefl to give some account of the msu&sx in which the jesioaits of this establishment spend their time . At present they are divided or classified into three jjjstinct departments , according to age , which dassl--g ^ jion will be esrriBd stall farther in proporfion as gie mraibErs incrfe&se , more especially among the —jnjjger branches , in ordtr that all may be brought up ja the society of those who , fey their age , and conjggoeut natural desire for somewhat liie similar ocsapadoBS , are feest fitted for associates . The present giTjaoBS are "the infants , and children under s ? ven

      -ggrs , those from seven to about sixteen or seventeen , and tbfi sdnltB ^ IhefirsW which is termed the nnrsery department , BOif consists of about twenty , including the superinjgijgants and assistants , and is an entirely separate establishment from Harmony Hall , occupying the imlldiDg erected by the residents soon after they came jjgre . Ths children are regularly fed witk plain simple jge ^ csnssang chiefly sf milt , bread , puddings , to ., but use bo animal Joed ; tbey are clothed In a loose , plain , anS inexpensive manner ; they are well lodged , anareare to Test , and rise early ; iney have plenty of - ^^ pose in the open air , and this exercise is as far as —ossble tamed to -useful purposes . They have

      recrfca-| jon and amusement among themselves , and , from being constantly together under superintendence , their feel jjjps ai » so directed that thsy contribute much to each Other * pleasure and happiness ; and they are instructed 5 n snch objects as surround them to know their pro-. pejties and uses , and the manner in which they will fg ^ et than . IFrom ths nnroher of persons who visit fjjgio , and . froa the absence of that mere animal indnljguce which Mothers , in individual sedtty , so much riye to their children , those among os have ac m-red a freedom of habit and manner towards all whom i * iey see which peculiarly distinguishes them ; which fresaom is &ZJ repilareii hf the general order estabjirfjed ssdd ^ them .

      Jte becond division , or those between seven and sixteea , which constitute tbe-tltmentary school at present , winfiu ? superintendents , about forty in number , are Teedving a sound practical education , physical , intellet fasl , and moral With regard to their physical edn-^ i tj ^ y have plain , simple diet ax r ^ nlax intervsi * , 3 JJ 2 B 21 food for those who prefer takiDg it , three days a « eei ; vegetable in abundance , fresh , daily , from the radii o ! very superior kinds ; plenty rf milk and { SU snd bread , batter , tea , eoffoe , 4 c . Their dothirg j ^ mp le acfl pJa ^ and will soon be uniform j they hire large sad eomjnodious dormitories , and their a ^ oaJ -rocxaB . refectory , &a , are large and spacious . Tee elementary instruction consist * of reading , writing ,

      jnflaoent drawing , geography , geometry , physiology , jutnral hMory , * n& other -sciences , and as farther prorres is made , additional advantages will be procured jna adopted , to the fullest extent . Singing , mnBic , flunwng . drBHng , and many other what are now called aesompli&hsients , will form part of their regular daily cccupltios , and they will also be taught to peform . assftil cfices for which Sieir service * may be required ^ 3 £ gy will he instructed in agriculture , gardening , chemistry , mechanics of all kinds , more especially those which are earned on practically in the establishment , snch as joiners , plumbers' -work , painting , sinith ' swark , wheelwrighting , and many others , besides which , those who are found to desire it will be

      in-Btrncted as l&ilora or shoemakers , both of "wiuch truBi-165563 we at present carry on ; and tb * y mui be added to and incrMsed . Others will be employed in domestic ocespa&ons , connected with tbe ofnew , stores , &c , and the gills sit already very useful in tbe kitchen , dormitories , Sid other household departro&nta ; and perform their parts with great willingness . In this department tbe xaodB o ! speeding the day is as follows : —They are Called out at half-past five in the morning , and ] H abova ten years are expected to be washed , dressed , sad in the school room by six Half an hour is then occupied in preparing the breakfast , putting the school zoom in order , procuring the stores , the elder girls washing and dressing the yeunger , some of the boys l > amg occupied in cleaning shoes and boots , and

      performing any other datie 3 required until breakfast , which is isady as half-past six . After breaifast they again sehirn to their various occupations , including the garden , workshops , &c ., where the younger portion remain unto half-past eight , and the others until ten . At these respective hours the bell rings and half an hour is allowed for preparing for Bchool . those commencing at sine , remaining until baH past ten , and those at half-past ten nntil twelve , From twelve to half-past , is employed in preparing for dinner , and after dinnu they have recreation until two . The elementary instruction is resumed from two p . m ,, until hslf-part three ; and ^"""; and drilling are to be taught two afternoons each week , from / oar to fire . lea -which has hitherto "been taien ata quarter fcoaix

      ts this -week altered to nx . The evenings are spent as iallows : —Two in receiving instruction in inngirig ; t ^ o in attending lectura , one at a festival , one in the Ctpvbidozs * room , and one ia reviewing the manner in which the week has been spent , and in preparing and smitgms the ^ tneral boeincsa for toe tUtare . With regard to the adults they are called by the trumpet at iiXj but those who please , rise earlier ; they bnakfast at half-past six , azd commence labour at seven , dine at twelve , resume their occupations at one , and continue in them until half-past five , at which hour the bell rings and again at six for tea , by which latter time they an washed and dressed for the evening ; TrmVing such charges as their respective occupations may render neesssary . p each evening there is some appropriate

      employment capable o * affording recreation and instruction , and ths business in which ^ il have ^ been respectively engaged , gives the mear . s of conveying muth information on interesting subjects . The labonr is varied ta zrasb as oar present liz&l ' ted number will allow of , but in proportHm aa we is crease , and in proportion U tbe members acquire ti % e knowledge of the best manner in which to perform -varied occupations , it will be mnch more so . Ths in * cDtion is , and this is carried oat as far as possible , th / it every person shall be employed some portion of - each day on the land . To inirodcea this aTTsngemer , $ , the trumpet ssnnds at three 3 a tbe afternoon , aai ' 1 sn - * rho can be spared from doroeitie occupations , from the office , or from the various branches of mechan ' . c- proceed to the garden at that

      tone and remain r ' ^ ere until half-past five , and this thsngeof occupatj on isljund very agreeable , and ten »' s mnchTo increase goodfeefiDg . Fr # ia the ^ onstant employment whki ? ^ there always is , for every individual ; bom the regulr jity with which the meals are provided Uh 3 lit en ; f ' .-om the temperate arrangements of the iu"SfcQtiaa , tf iere being neither fermented or distilled Bgnors ere r introduced ; from the food being plain and Wholeson ) e ; from plenty of exercise in the open air ; ^ T -g ; children of all the members being Equally F ^ e d for , well instructed and freed from the imffi ™' -e * hirze of their parents j the mode of life which

      ™ -3 Te to lead hfire is essentially different from any *~ •* before known , -or that can be conceived , by those *' -w hare not fairly entered into the practical detail of jj . The governor , by lie laws , possesses f nil power over every matter connected with our proceedings , bnt com the freedom of expression , the absence of all coercion 0 T restraint , and the manner in which every mdiviansl action that is dene most become known and be subject to investigation , if necessary , this power is not only fe . pt -witiun due Smite pra « ticallyj but if there ce aiiy aror that is felt , it is that public opinion in its pHsrai state is not sufficiently advanced to give that inB direction to the executive , which is desirable .

      Time , however , and experience , which have brought Bs from very imperftct beginnings to the point at TOieh we now are , will not fall to progress the business we have undertaken , in a continually iaereising ratio ; Sbe moral fact ib established that men era live together Bnder associated arraugements , even when they are broniht frem various localities , and with very different habits , feeiinga , and manners , with an amount ef pleafare not to be found in any of the oid competitive i&siitntions of jwciesy , and as we progress there can be ^ Jjpnbi * &at this pleasure will be very much increased .

      Tvhen 1 contemplate thai the amount of eomfort and «» J <» yment here may be tarily given to every individual othe British empire ; and not only-ao , imt that they ttay be auvacced to a position , very highly ^^^ h ^ as compared to the one we are in , »« & « it t ^ considered- physically , mentally « morally ; I scarcely krow bow to restrain JBjKlf within due limits in urging , upon men of all Saks , classes , sects and parties , to lay aside all minor ^¦ w * and proceedings , and to immediately examine in * b * t summer tixj can assist in bo great and g'X > d a ¦ ork , as providing tor thB universal happiness cf

      ? &e basinsss of the practical reformer , is not , how-**** to be content with theorising alone , however baotifnl the theory may be , nor is it nstfnl to be eon-* e « with toping for a heiter state of things ; but we ™** Proceed rapidly and vigorously with the ¦ s * of Ttducing our theories to practice , and to assist » thia 1 propose in my next letter to lay before yonr » £ tfers * he outline of an orjjini » tion which shall be Q i * a *^ e ef speedily tihibiting the power of the people CD the land guestaon , to an extent that Bhall turn the Me of pnblic opinion , -which is now setting in , npon "j seeessity ef some kind of colonizjsioa being wopiai , to the superior advantages of Home Colonies ihose

      w « which may be established by emigration . If ^« J ^ j = ct be fairly taken up and argued even with J ° OO «» Us aVlity , there ia something so dear to onx ~ eIj ?§ s iu having ths power and the option of remain-* f | the « onntoy in which we are born , among those ¦» » hich have gradually sprung up , among , and aronnd "Vteat Trill in itself advance the cause of emigration , a should ul&nafcslyihe proved to be desiisbie . Jr- ^ ""csver , I flo not previously tire yonr patience , » a thst of your reader I shall have mnch pleasure " saswiag ^ ao nie Ribseonent period , that the first ¦ g » t » aat we ihall have in a well ordered state of ~~ S *> " * 21 be the greatest possiblg addition to the Population of thia colntiy .

      I am , Sir , Your obedient servant , „ William Galpis . « nn « r / Hall , Bants , April 9 , 1813 .

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      Bradford , 19 th April , 1841 . My Dear Sir , —I feel ; confident that you will excuse me anticipating your friendship , and I have the vanity to reckon upon your pardon for presuming this familiarity , of which I venture to hazard yonr censure ,

      after informing you that your ssntiments , moral and political ( religious I have nothing to do with , ) are alreuny intimately known to me through the universal medium of that " winged courier'' tbe Northern Star , which as you justly observe , has " brightly shone , " and may it long continue to V silver o ' er the Chartist ' s path . " But whilst it must be admitted that the extraordinary circulation of that valuable luminary ia calculated to do , and actually does accomplish immense good , the establishment of a vehicle to take up , condense and publish the really valuable mass of accumulated matter rejected from necessity and not for absence of merit is essentially necessary and desirable .

      I have long wished for a greater diffusion of sound political knowledge ; with this desire . I encouraged Dr . M ' Douall to commence his labours , and there being yet ample room and talent for further substantial addition and ornaments to the Chartist library , your suggestion for a Monthly Magazine } is truly gratifying , not only to myself , but ia also appreciated by tbe public ; and I am very glad to say , ! meets with the entire approbation of Mr . O'Connor , cordially and unqualifiedly—so he expressed himself to me when I saw him during last assizes . ¦

      I have neither time nor ability to contribute to the pages ef your prgacted work , bat y «* u may rely upon it that I would not leave a stone unturned to assist your praiseworthy endeavours—and I could answer for Ibbetson , our bookseller and news-agent here , pushing tbe circulation . I have been over and over again requested to join in a contemplated Chartist newspaper here , and tempted with the offjr of professional business connected therewith ; but huve invariably rejected the scheme , aa nothing in my opinion is wanted ia addition

      to the Star in the way of a newspaper save a " daily '" which the " atlas" ( as you denominate Mr . OC . ) is fully determined to set up on his liberation . Yet we do require a dissemination of sterling Chartist articles , a regular series , food for the [ mind , interspersed with pleasing facts , poetry , and miscellaneous matter . The price of the Magazine should ! not excbed Bixpence . I do hope and trust tbe project will succeed , and if it be not trespassing too much upon ] your kindness do favour me with a line at your convenience informing me how the undertaking is likely to progress . * *

      Mr . O'Connor stated be would write you approving of your enquiry—be was sure you bad " said well , " With a Daily ! Weekly ! 1 and Monthly ! ! ! what shall we not accomplish ? I remain , my dear Sir , Your ' s very respectfully , J . CLARKSOtf . J . Watkins , Esq . The last letter , written by Mr . Clarkson , of Bradford , who filled the office of Chartist solicitor , so ably sustained at present by Mr . Roberts , will be deemed par ticularly interesting as a voice from the dead . I remain , brother Chartists , Your frienU ia tbe good cause . \ John Watkins . Battersea . April 3 d , 1843 .

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      STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA We have received a copy of tke United States Almanack tot 18-13 . which contains some curious and much valuable information in regard to the population , products , trades , manufacture , commerce , debt . &c , of the republic . In the first part of the work tbere is a very comprehensive calender , and a number of useful mathematical and astronimical tables ; while the second park which extends over 235 page 3 i 8 devoted entirely to statistics . It is to the last portion of the almanack to which we shall d rect cur attention . According to ' the census of 1840 , the population of the United States was , in that year , 17 068 666 . The number of "free white persons ' ' amounted to 14 189 108 ,

      of whom T 24 & 266 were males , and 6 930 842 femalss . Thn number of " free coloured persons * amounted to 380 245 , of which 186 467 were males , and 192 778 females . The number of slaves amounted t « 2 487 213 ; of whom 1 , 246 , 408 were males , and 1 240 805 females . 476 white males , and 315 white females ; 286 free coloured males and 316 free coloured females ; and 753 male slaves and 580 female slaves , were 100 years of age and upwards . There were , amongst the white population . 6 682 individual both deaf and dumb , and 977 amongst the slaves and coloured persons . 5 024 whites were blind , and 1 892 slaves and coloured persons . 4 329 whites were insane or idiots at the jiubl'c charge , and 10 , 179 at the charge of private individuals . 833 slaves and coloured persons were insane or idiots

      at tbe public charge , and 2 . 993 at the charge of private individuals . There were 173 universities or colleges , with 16 233 students ; 3 242 academies and grammar schools , with 164 , 150 students ; and 47 200 primary- and common schools , with 1 845 , 244 scholars . 468 , 264 scholars were educated at the public charge ; and 649 , 693 white persons were found , more than twenty years of age , who could neither read nor write . In tbe s > me table with the deaf , dumb , blind , insane , and i < iiots , we find tbe following entry : — "Total number of pensioners for revolutionary or military services , 20 797 " Prom 1830 to 1840 the whites bad increased 3 663 868 , or at tha rate of 34 per cent . ; the coloured persona had increased 65 640 , or at the rate of 20 . J pet cent .: and the slaves , within the same period , had

      increased 479 . 170 , or at the rate of 2 3 ? f percent The average rate of increase of tbe whole population , on each ten of the fifty years , has been 3415-lOOths per cent ., and at the same rate our author , who likes to look ahead , calculates that the number of the inhabitants in the United States in the year 1870 will amount to 41 070 , 363 , to a unit . Tbe number of persons employed in mining is stated at 15 , 203 ; in agricnlture , 3 . 717 . 756 ; in commerce , 117 575 ; in manafactures and trade , 791 545 ; in the navigation of the ocean , 56 025 ; in the navigation of lakes , rivers , and canals , 33 067 ; and in the learned professions , 65 236 . But it is clear that this table muat be very imperfect , for it leaves a vast mass of the population to whom it assigns no occupation of any kiud .

      We now turn from the population to the products of the United States . The cajaital invested in iron mines amounted , when the returns were made up , to 20 , 431 131 flole . j and tbe quantity of that metal p-oducea "was 286 , 9 * 3 tons of cast , and 197 . 233 tons of bat iron durintf tbe year . The capital invested in lead mines was 1 346 756 dols ., and 31 , 239 453 ib . of lead wtre produced . Iu gold mines 234 325 dols . were invested , and gold to the value ot 529 605 dole , was produced . Capital to tke amount of 238 , 180 dols . was employed in mining for other metals , and the value of tho produce was 370 614 dols . The capital invested in tbe anthracite coal mines was 4 , 355 602 dole ., and in the bituminous coals mines 1 868 862 dols ; and the preduce was 8 t 3 419 tons of the former , and 27 . G 03 191 bushels of

      the latter . The production of domestic Bait employed 6 9 Q 8 . 045 dols ., and the number of bushels ef that a . rUei » nuumfoctured was 6 . 179 ( 74 . In granite , marble , and other stone , 2 , 543 , 159 dols . were invested , and the value of the quantity of those materials produced amounted to 3 , 695 , 884 dols . annually . The number of horses and mules throughout the union was 4 335 669 ; of neat catUe , 14 971 586 ; of sheep , 19 , 311 . 374 ; of swine , 26 , 301 . 293 ; while the value of all kinds of poultry was estimated at 9 , 343 , 410 dols . There were produced 84 823 272 bushels of Wheat , 4 161 . 504 of barley , 123 , 071 341 of oata , 18 644 567 of rye , 7 291743 of buckwheat , 377 . 531875 of Indian corn , 108 , 298 , 060 of potatoes , and 10 248 , 108 tons of hay , and 95 , 251 tons of hemp and

      flix , 35 802 , 114 pounds of wool , were raised , 219 , 163 . 319 pounds of tobacco , 80 , 841 , 4221 b . of rioe , 796 479 , 2751 b . of cotton , 61 . 5521 b . of silk cocoons , and 155 100 , 8001 b . of sugar were made . The value of tee produce of the dairy was 83 . 787 , 008 dols . ; of tha orchards , 7 . 256 904 dols . ; of the market gardens , 2 . G 01 196 dola . ; and of the nurseries , 593 534 dols . The value of home-made or famiiy goods was 29 , 023 370 dull . Tbe capital invested by commercial houses ia foreign trade and in commission business was 119 295 367 dols . ; in the retail of dry goods , grocery , arjd other stores , 250 , 301 , 799 dols . ; iu lumber yards and trade , 9 , 848 , 307 dole .-, and in internal transportation , and by butchers , packers , etc , 11 526 950 dols .

      The amount of capital invested in the fisheries was 16 429 620 dols ., and the produce vas 773 947 quintals Of dried flsh , 472 , 359 barrels of piekled fish , 4 , 764 , 708 gallons t > f spermaceti oil , and 7 . 537 , 778 gallons of whale and ether fish eila . The value of the whalebone and other productions of the fisheries was 1 153 . 234 dol 8 . The value of lumber produced in the forests was 12 943 , 507 dols . ; of skins and furs , 1 , 065 869 dola ; while 619 , 106 barrels of tar , pitch , turpentine , and resin , and 15 , 935 tons of pot and pearl ashes , were obtained from the same source . The amount of capital invested in manufactures exclusively is stated to have been 267 . 726 579 dola ; and the value of the manufactured goods produced was estimated at 370 , 451 , 754 dols . for the year .

      The i umber of vessels which entered ports of the United States during the year ending the 30 th September , 1841 . was 12 , 383 ( giving a tonnage of 2 37-0 , 353 ); and of that 7 735 were American , and 4 548 were foreign vessels . During the same year , 7 , 790 American vessels cleared frem the United States , and 4 55 * foreign vessels . The value of the merchmdise imported during this period was 127 . 946 , 227 dollars ; and of that exported 121 851 , 803 dols . The legal rates of int-rest vary in the different States from six to eight per cent ; and the punishments ot usury are very conflicting and uncertain . The debts of the several States amount to 207 564 , 915 doK ; and tho yearly interest thereon to 10 . 716 , 780 dols . It is asserted that the present mark « t value of all these debts is only 105 184 , 595 dols ., thus showing a depreciation of 46 1-6 per cent on the par value , A fearful list of 161 broken b ^ nks" is given , with an aggregate capital of 132 360 , 389 dola .

      The salary of the President of the United States is 25 , 000 dols , per annum ; and of each of the members of bis cabinet 6 , 000 dols ., with tbe exception of the Attorney General , who is allowed only 4 . 000 dols . Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary are each allowed fi 000 dole , a-year , except the Minister at Constaatinople , who has only 6 , 000 dols . A Charge d'Affairea is allowed 4 500 dols . ; but of one hundred and fifty-one consuls and commercial agents , only ten have any salary , the whole of tho others being paid by fees . The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ia

      alljwed " compensation" to tha amount of 5 000 dols . a-y ^ ar ; and each of the inferior judges to the amount of 4 . 500 dols . The " compensation" of the j-ilges of the district courts is from 1 , 000 dols . to 3 . 5 U 0 dols . a-year . Tho " compensation" of the President of the Sanato , and of the Speaker of the House of Representatives , is sixteen dols . a-day ; and each of the members of those bodies ia allowed eigtit doU . pts diem . The pay of the members of the several slate legislatures amounts ta from one dol . fifty cents , to four dols . per diem .

      There are no returns relating to the army ; but the navy is 6 tated to be composed of 12 ships of the line ; 1 razee ; 12 frigates of 44 guns each ; 2 frigates of 36 guns each ; 5 steameis ; 11 sloops of 20 guns each ; 1 Bloop of 18 guns ; S of 16 guns ; 2 brigs of 10 guns each , 12 schooners , and 7 store vessels . There are 68 castains in the navy , 27 commanders , 328 lieutenants , 70 " Burgeons , 66 asslatant-surgeans , 63 pursers , 24 ch > plaina , 473 midshipmen , and 30 masters . Tbe number of post-offices in the United States is given at 13 . 468 , and the extent of post roads at 155 , 749 milea . The revenue of the Post-ofitee in 1840 waa i , 53 » , 2 G 6 dols . and the expenses 4 , 759 , 111 dols .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 15, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct798/page/7/