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Northern Star (1837-1852), 28th December 1844, Edition 3 of 4, Page unpag, Untitled Article

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    • TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS * YOL. Till. K0. 372. LONDON, SATURDAY, DECEMBER, 28, 1844. ^ JSZLX&ZZ Z-- -
    • JFamgtt £¥tototmcnt$.
    • AND NATIONAL TMlESV JOURNAL , j
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      To The Imperial Chartists * Yol. Till. K0. 372. London, Saturday, December, 28, 1844. ^ Jszlx&Zz Z-- -

      TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS * YOL . Till . K 0 . 372 . LONDON , SATURDAY , DECEMBER , 28 , 1844 . ^ JSZLX&ZZ Z-- -

      Ml TXBT DX 1 B TSSXSOS , —I "Kish I COUld "With ¦ common decency wi&h you " a . merry . Christmas and -X happy new year ; " but I cannot mock you in your porerty , and -shall therefore set about the conadera ion » to how your condition may be improved , I beliere there is enough , of land it England , and enoug h of labour to be applied to that land , Trhieh -would give every hnsbandman a good cottage and gjjetrful fireside , -where each family might spenfl a

      * ' merry Christmas and a happy new year . " 3 i fact , iave no doubt on the subject ; and my justification % x the agitating course I have pmsued shall ever be , that I haTe gone in pursuit of a substantial reality , instead of running after the mere shadow of a boon . Prom first to last I have told you , that if the land tras once locked up , and could be kept from the ¦ working classes , although England might have an exjuarre patent for manufacturing everything that nsusei by everybody in the whole world , yet that T -would abandon uoiities in despair .

      I # rn >~ that is going as fer as the most ardent Free Trader can desires and yet couldiheirhope be realised to that extent , all the trade in the world -would not compensate the -working-classes for the loss of that oxlt siw sLixsKiAx to which Individual-labour can be applied . I do not boast of being a " first principle" man ; but , nevertheless , I go very far back in search of truth ; and I find that very single law made in-man to eirenmseribe that right to the land -which the Almighty has equally conferred upon all , has lad a tendency to cause strife , and ill-will amongst men :

      to create dissention amongst classes ; to increase poverty ~ on the one hand and riches on the other to a . dangeroug and unbearable extent . I know it is Te * y difficult to persuade mechanics , and block printers , and compositors , painters , and glaziers , and such like , that the improvement of the land can have Anything to do with the improvement of their condition . Tor a eonple of years the free exportation o * machinery ha 3 led to the employment of mechanics ; bat in this trade we Tiave a striking instance of "the result to which complete Free Trade must lead .

      Tfe had "hands"' enough to have supplied the -whole demand for complete machinery , but perhaps loo tardily ; and therefore , as the best advantage jfrom the new market most arise from the ability of the earliest means to supply the demand , we find machinery almost as generally applied to this description of manufacture as to any other . We find maehL mery improved for manufacturing tools to be worked by steam ; and we find mere youths directing -this new machinery with an almost incredible exaetitude .-Eere , then , " a new channel , " as the political econojnista would say , -was open to labour , and in a direction whieh , if their calculations were true , must necessarily lead to such a competitionior the labour

      of mechanics as would maica them masters of their ¦ cwn labour market . Machinery was of all others a wsniaodiiy , in proenring which ibe foreigner would be lavish and extravagant . The first cost of a piece of good machinery is to the manufacturer just what the prime cist of a good cowisto the dairyman , or a first-rate hunter to the sportsman . In fact it is matter of-comparative insignificance ; and I "venture to assert that a free trade in machinery , had not machinery been made by machinery , -would have raised the rate of mechanics wages to a fancy price : and justly . Tie value-of anv thing , Is just esacdv what it'll tiring .

      In sueh traffic , indeed , we have a perfect illustration « f the reciprocal advantages of " buying in the cheapest and selling in the dearest market . " " We find tfipti thatthis new channel being opened , has led , in many cases , to the substitution of the labour of one youth for that of twentymen , and to the employment of apprentices instead of journeymen , for whose trade and education a large premium had been paid , as well as seven texts spent in learning the craft .

      "f 7 ell now , -who , thirty years ago , would have believed that machinery -would make machinery ? and -who , in the year 1817 , when the the poor Hand-loom "Weavers were destroying the great enemy against ¦ whose assaults the Government would not protect them , "srould have believed that in 184 A the mechanics would have discovered that they had been creating avast competitive power , capable of rendering their labour a surplus and a drug in the market ?

      2 » owjtakeihis craft as aniUnstration of the value of iheland , asweB as of the difficulty of getting such -trades to bend their minds to the consideration of the subject . 1 "take mechanics , because they are perhaps the best insferncted trade ; while as a body , they are beyond all comparison the most self-relying , self-confident , and self-sufficient : in fact the proudest , the most intolerant , and the verv worst politicians . I

      speak of them as a body : of course there are some lionourable exceptions ; but being a very important body , and holding a great sway among trades , and the co-operation of the trades being almost indispensable to the success of democratic principles , I . have selected that trade to establish the fact that a very great difficulty ¦ existed in bringing the mind of the working classes to bear upon the landed question .

      2 have ever pnrsned tiie very same course with respect to social improvement that 1 have pursued as regards political improvement . I have not vexed my mind , or troubled your thoughts with farmer ' s quatioDj - sneh as fixity of tenure , compensation for outlay , or as to whether landlords or tenants—in many cases , ihe tenants more independent than the landlords—ghaTl -makp the required improvements . I have not «> niended for feeding the labourer upon pheasants , partridges , quails , and hares , in preference to beef , and mutton , and pork , and bread , and

      batter , and cheese , and milk , and -vegetables of his cro growth and prodnetioa . My consideration has "been , as to the best means of procuring "the land , according to the excellent principle laid down in the cookery books : p-it catch your hart , and then dress it as you like . So I say of the land : first get ^ the ~\ xn \ and then cultivate it as you like . The fixity of tenure question , the drainage question , compensation question , and agricultural shows , are all matters with -which neither voh nor I have anything whatever to do . ^ Nothing under heaven . The question

      ¦ of the Game Xaws is a grievance merely snatched Jtp by the Tree Traders to annoy landed propr ietors : no person can more thoroughly condemn the Game Laws , root and branch , than myself . 2 > opaper has feme farther to expose their injustice and immorality than the Northern Star ; andT . yet I never -rould originate , or join in any one-sided agitation , intended as a fresh crutch for the limping League . "We have two great questions before usthe means and the end : the achievement of political power as the means , and the attainment of the land as the end . In deference to some enthusiasm , partial ignorance , and not a little cunning , coming from out own ranks , I was compelled to place the land

      question for a time in abeyance , rather than furnish the grotrlfcis -with any , the slightest , pretest for vituperation . 1 sowed the seed in good soil , and watered it with the fertilizing influence of reason ; and , that 3 t feD in a good sofl , is abundantly proved by the " ccntiniiDXLsctaninTinicationsponredinfixan all parts of the country on the subject , all evincing the strongest desire to see the qusstion incessantly agitated and kept befcre the public mind , In compliance then with thai demand , -which T ""» now become so general , I shall shortly resume the subject of the land : concrading this letter by an endeavour to impress on the mind of my readers the means , "the only means by which ihe working classes can be insured a Merry Christmas and HappvNew Tear .

      The year 1839 was the year of middle-class jugglery aod working-class enthusiasm : 1840 was the year x » f " Whig treachery and persecHtion : 18 il was the year of Chartist triumph over WMg vfllany : 1842 was the year ever-memorable for legal triumphs over I ^ aguiism and Toryism : 1843 was the year of dumber : 1844 the year of -waking and thought- rzr 1845 be ths vxiB o ? be « stbaiios . A general election mnsj , in the natural course of things , come Tery soon after that year . Letts be prepared tob **¦ It is the-way to bring the land back ; to bring Frost 1 , "Williams , Jones , and EJlis back ; to bring a

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      Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year back ; in short , to bring us back to the good old time 9 . While I have always joined in the just appeal for the restoration of Frost , Williams , Jones , and Ellis , I have never been weak enough to lead yon to the hope that they would return until you yourselves brought them back . They are there ; and there they'll remain until the Charter brings them back ; or , at all events , until we get twenty Chartists into the House of Commons ; andthen I do say that with the power that body would receive from withont , your prayersfor their returns most and-would be granted . Ihavealwaysfound fault with the League for going to work without the necessary tools ; and I tell you now , that if you are as sincere as I believe vou to be in vour desire for the

      return of Frost , Williams , Jones , and Ellis , the only possible way that you can achieve that object , is by getting twenty Chartist members into -the House of Commons , who will ' sit with the Speaker and rise with , the House , incessantly dinning their names , together with the Charter and the Land , into the lv $ of the nation . Let us then , —and mind , I don't ask you to distinguish 1 S 45 by increased supplies , although heaven knows we -want them , and ought to have them too ; but I do ask yon , as your enemies are in . venting new machinery every day , to set about ' , the manufacture of that machinery , which will produce health , wealth , peace , prosperity , and

      happiness—THE TOTE . I highly approve of letting your enemies see that , in good trade and bad trade , you are not forgetful of the exiles : but I would rather see your minds directed to the accomplishment of means to effect their restoration ; and as I know that I have the unanimous concurrence of the Executive with me on this snbjeet , I close the old year by imploring you in each and every locality to devote your whole , your un tiring , your incessant consideration to the registration of Chartist voters during the vear 1545 . What

      a jubilee we shall have—what rejoieing will fill the land , if upon the next struggle we can secure the retnrn of from ^ twenty to thirty Duneombeites I Then indeed may Labour begin to hold up its head ; and then may we proudly point to our band of patriots and say , behold the miniature of that power , the exexistence of whieh you have so long denied , but to the omnipotence of which you must now lend a pliant ear , and to whose every demand your answer henceforth must be , Tia , instead of nay . This 13 the l > est Christmas-box that I can offer vou at the close of the

      leaking " year . I am , your fond and affectionate Friend , And faithful and unpaid Servant , Feabgt : s O'Cosxon

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      TO THE MEMBERS OF THE CHARTIST ASSOCIATION . FEXE 5 S 3 , —If we have effected no other good since our appointment to office than the allaying those bickerings which -were , previously , of frequent occurrence , we have done some good . As we have set our faces against the system of private letter-writing , formerly so prevalent , and always so pregnant with evil consequences , we beg , injustice to the Chartis * body , to ourselves , our correspondent , and l > r . M'BouaH , to publish the following , which , although not written officially to the General Secretary , yet comes from so pure and good a source as leaves no doubt whatever of its accuracy , and as little of the propriety of answering it , without travelling beyond that branch of the subject referred to by our correspondent , -who is well known to us all , and whose name can be furnished to any parties who are anxious to be put in possession of it . Here we beg to insert that part of the letter to which we refer : —

      I would now beg to say a few words on the conversation Ti-e iad witli the Doctor . I will be plain . I am indeed Tery sorry to say be is not the man I expected him to be : and I am afraid he will damn our future prospects . 1 do fhrnb the . Executive is rery much to blame in recommen Ji ° S aman holding such opini * n »* to tl »» people of Scotland . He told us fraaklv Bs ? was not in favour of a uniun of tlie people of Scotland with live people of England ; that their interests were not the same ; that their grievances were not the same ; thai their temper , manners , and t-u . ~ - tom * were not the same ; and their agitation could only be conducted by Scotchmen , and that there was no possibility of uniting the two nations upon any subject . : ffc told him , that if those were the " views he held , he would not do for the people of Glasgow , nor for the people of

      Scotland generally . He said those had been the doctrines he had preached in all places he had visited , and the people agreed with them . He thra spoke of establishing a newspaper in Scotand , Glasgow to be the centre , and forming a national association for Scotland , making , of course , Glasgow the centre ; and that he had the offer of money for establishing the paper , but not quite enough . We saw Mi -views with regard t-j whai the paper might dobut we totally disagreed with the rest of his views . He then asked how strong the association was in Glasgow . We said eight hundred . " By God , you are doing well : tier * is not a place in England that has two hundred members , ' was the reply . We then asked how his tour through Scotland would pay him ; he said he had onh recexred 12 s . for his lectures in Carlisle , and that it cost

      Mm £ 3 from that to Xilmarnock . He had received but little there , and his expenses in Irvine cost him £ 6 . 1 said there was no use in deceiving Vi ^ m ; and that he uiiglit consider himself a lueky fellow if he went out as rich as he came in , and that I believed he would not do more than pay his expenses . He said if that was the case , and as he had not another sixpence to lose , his best way was to leave Glasgow for Liverpool , as he would get there for 5 s ., and he instructed me to write to Dundee and Aberdeen accordingly . Sow if the Executive knew he held those opinions , as hesays they did , they were surely much to blame , in sending a man to . undo what they had been paying for being done . I hope I have beeD looking at the worst side oflhe picture , and that it may not turn out so bad for us as mv fear * led me to suppose .

      In reply to the above we have simply to say that the Executive is not chargeable with any act of Dr . M'Douall ' s , inasmuch as he was not appointed or even recommended as a lecturer by them , as our correspondent appears to suppose . Dr . M'Douall is lecturing exclusivelv on his own account ; and , as far as we know , is not lecturing for the Chartist cauaC . TTe deny , however , that the Executive was in possession of Dr . M'Douall ' s present opinions as stated by him to our corresDondent : and , even if they had ,

      they -would have allowed correction to come from the proper source—public opinion . We doubt , however , that the Doctor nas made a just estimate of the character of hi 3 countrymen , if he supposes that the way to insure their support is by depreciating their fellowlabourers in England . Phxup M'Geatii , President , Gheistophxh Dotle , Thomas C : labx , Feab « cs 0 'Con > or , Treasurer , T . M . Whzeleb , General Secretary .

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      FRANCE . The Accident ox the Versailles Railway . —The accident which happened on the Versailles railroad ( left bank ) , on the 21 st July last , having been made the ground of a prosecution before the Correctional Tribunal of Versailles , it was brought to trial on Wednesday . The parties accused were M . Petiet , the chief engineer of the railroad ; and Schoor and" Dufresne , engineers . The court was extremely crowded on both days ; and on the second day the pressure occasioned so much disturbance , that the President was obliged to call in a picket of gendarmes to restore and keep order . All the persons injured by the accident were present , except the tmfortuuatecondueteur , Drv , who , on his name being called , was announced to be dead , from the new accident which occurred o » the same railroad on Monday hist . Another

      conducteur , who had his jaw broken , appeared with his face in-bandages , and excited great interest and eomzniseration-JL Petiet was charged with not having given sufficient notice of sending off an extra train after eight o ' clock at night , it being the fete at Meudon , and from which neglect the accident arose . Dufresne was accused of ha-sing moved with his engine at an excessive degree of speed , and thereby contributed to the diiastrous consequences ; and Schoor of having neglected to obey in due time the signals made of there being an obstruction on the road , and continued the rapidity of the motion of the engine till it was too late to prevent it from coming in contact with the other train . After hearing the witnesses , who were jamneroos , the pleadings " of M \ Rabou , the Procureur du Boi , in support of the prosecution , and the counsel for the prisoners , the court retired to deliberate upon its judgment . On its return the President pronounced the acquittal of Dufresne ^ but declared M .

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      Petiet and Schoor guilty ; imposing upon the first a fine of lOOf . and twenty davs' imprisonment , and upon the second a fine of lGf . and fifteen days' imprisonment . Crime in PARis . —The Constitutionnd contains a letter from a M . Paul de L , an employe at the prefecture of the Seine , which says : — " On Wednesday night , about two o ' clock , I was attacked at the corner of the Rue de Bretagne b y two men , one of whom seized me by the cravat , which he pulled tight , as if to strangle me , but the violent stab of a poinard which I gave Mm in the breast made him let go his hold—he staggered , and fell against the ; walL The other then seized me round the body , and would lave squeezed me to death had not a noise been heard , which I have since learned proceeded from a butcher ' s

      opening his shop . On hearing it the assailant atonce fled . I have lodged a complaint of this attack wth the commissary of my quarter . " Poisoxnro . —The € onrt of Assizes of the Basses-Alpes , was occupied on the 9 th and 10 th of December with the trial of a woman named Audiffret , for poisoning her husband on February 1 st at Gardamine . The deceased was a fanner living unhappily vith his wife , who at length took him off by poion . The proof of the crime turned principally on the evidence of Pierre Donnaud , the curd of the parish , vho declared that the deceased had stated to him on the evening of his death , with full details , the mod * in which the prisoner had given b ) Tp the poison . ITie witness haa gone to administer to the deceased ihe consolations of religion , and it was shortly afterwa'ds that he thought he should not be performing bis dity to society unless he made a declaration of what ^ he

      deceased had confided : to him . After this witness's evidence , it was proved by medical men that the body ( when disinterred and iested by Marsh ' s apparatus ) was found to contain a considerable quantity of arsenic . The jury returned a verdict of Guilty , with extenuating circumstances , and the court condemned the prisoner to sixteen years' hard labour and exposure on the pillory . ¦ ~ 0 pe . xi . \ g or the Chambers . —Paris , Thursday . — This day the French Chambers were opened with the usual ceremonies . At one o ' clock his Majesty left the Tuileries , and upon arriving at the Chamber of Deputies ascended the Throne , accompanied by their Royal Highnesses Due de Nemours , Prince de Joinville , Due d'Aumale , and Due de Montpensier . The Queen and Princesses occupied their usual places . The speech was a particularly dull and common-place affair . We subjoin the following extracts : —

      At the close of last session , complications , which might have become grave ; were the objects of my solicitude . The necessity of securing our possessions in Africa against hostile and repeated incursions obliged us to cany war into the empire of Morocco . Our brave armies of land and sea ,-worthily commanded , attained with glory , and in a short time , the object marked out to their valour . Peace promptly followed victory , and Algiers , where three of my sons had this year the honour to serve their country , has recorded a double pledge of security , for we have proved at once our power and our

      moderation . My Government was engaged with that of the Queen of Great Britain in discussions which might have given reason to fear that the relations of the two States might have been affected ; a mutual spirit of goodwill and equity has maintained between France and England this happy accord which guarantees the peace of the world . During the visit which I paid to the Queen of Great Britain to testify to her the price that I attach to the amity which unites us , and to that reciprocal friendship of which she haB given me so many marks , I have been surrounded bv nianifestationB the most

      satisfactory for France and for myself . 1 have gathered in the sentiments that have been expressed to me additional guarantees for the long duration o £ that generous peace which assures to our country abroad a dignified and strong position , and at home an eternally increasing prosperity , with the enjoyment of her constitutional liberties . Financial laws will be immediately presented to you . Projects of Jaws for the amelioration of our roads , of our ports , and of our internal navigation , for the completion of our railways , and for'different objects of general utility , will be equally submitted to your deliberations . SPAIN .

      The Sons or Zvrbaso .. —A curious tact is mentioned in a letter from Vittoria of the lGth . Amongst the grounds assigned by . the partisans of the Spanish Ministry for the execution of the two sons of Zurbano , it was stated that they had addressed letters to various wealthy persons demanding money , and threatening- death in the event of a refusal . Three innkeepers of the environs of Salvatierra have been an-ested on various charges of robberv in the province ot Alava , and it appears , from what has already transpired , that they-were the authors of the letU'rs bearing the forged signatures of the two Zurbaiios . This is another strong illusti ~ a , tion of the atrocity of executing any man without trial . — Guii , jn < tni's S / i-fsoi' jer .

      Madrid , Dec . IS . —The Government having received information that the Spanish refugees in Portugal had conceived a serious idea of attempting an entry into Spain by Gah ' cia , M . Gonzales Bravo has been sent on in all haste to his post as ambassatkr at Lisl > on , reckoning with confidence on his energy to defeat any sueh intended movement . Orders have also been given to keep the strictest watch on the Portuguese frontier . Death or the celebrated El Pastor . —A letter from Vittoria announces the recent death in that town of General Jaureguy ( El Pastor ) . After Mina and the Empeeinado ,: El Pastpr was the most

      celebrated amongst the guerilla clueJs who , by the incredible and almost fabulous adventures , were made , even in their lifetime , the heroes of romance and melodrama . Jaureguy particularly distinguished hiH 2 se ] f daring the wars in the Basque provinces , from the death of Ferdinand VII ., in 1833 , till the 31 st August , 1839 , the date of the convention of Bergara . lie was , like Mina , Merino , and Zurbano , one of those men of iron , who have little need of either sleep or food , and with a cigarette in their mouths , and a draught of water from the torrents , march twenty leagues a-day with a musket on their shoulders .

      HOLLAND . Destructive Firb . —Amsterdam , Dec . 19 . —Last night a destructive fire broke out on the premises of Messrs . De Tries , Robbe , and JBeeke , extensive blacking and ink makers ,, on the Rustenburgerpad , in the parish of Nieuwer Amstel , in this city . On account of the inflammable nature of the goods , the flames spread with frightful rapidity . Two of the city engines were soon on the spot , but no water could be procured for a long time , in consequence of the difficulty of breaking through the ice , a hard frost having again set in . All hopes of saving the building were soon at an end , and the efforts of the firemen were directed towards the adjacent houses , particularly to the residence of the Roman Catholic clergyman , which caught fire more than once . Luckily the wind , which during an hour or two had

      been very high , became gradually Bubdaed , and the further progress of the fire was arrested . Only a small portion of the goods were saved . Another serious loss has befallen , in the same district , a number of poor people , who , during the prevalence of the frost , are in the habit of bringing quantities of turf over the various canals , < fcc , in sledges to the city , where they sell them at a small profit . The other night not ' less than one hundred and fifty sledges were stationed on the ice on the outer Amstel . The weight of these conveyances ,. which were loaded with turf and other articles for firing , caused the ice ( which was not so strong as it had been during the few preceding days ) to give way , and forty-seven sledges , with their contents , were sunk .

      PRUSSIA . ExEcrno > - of Tsckech . —A correspondent of the Journal de Francfort writes on the 14 th inst . from Berlin : — " To the great surprise of the whole capital there was found this morning posted up at allthe coiners of the streets an announcement by the criminal tribunal that the ex-burgpmaster Tsehech , condemned to death for having attempted to assassinate the King , was executed this morning at Spandau . The judgment , which condemned him to be drawn on a hurdle and broken on the wheel , had been commuted by liis majesty ' s clemency into simple decapitation . . Never , in modern times , has any execution taken place with so little publicity . Under the present reign ,- no such executions take place in Berlin ; but for these purposes a spot is chosen near the fortress of Spandau which is two miles from the capital . Yesterday afternoon two squadrons of the dragoons of the guard , on duty within the citv , received orders to be readv to turn out at an

      unusually early hour this morning . One of these squadrons wasposted near the Brandenburgh-gate , on the high road leading from Charlottenourg to Spandan ; the other waited behind Ghariottenburg for the carriages with the criminal , to escort it to the fortress . The Governor of Spandau did not receive notice of the intended executiontill last evening . In a case like this the concourse of spectators , which on such occasions is always great , would have been immense if previously made known ; but those present this morning were very few . Even the inhabitants of Chariottenburg did not hear of it till after thereturn of the escort of the delinquent and the officers of justice , who filled four carriages . Last ni g ht the chaplain of the prison paid , his last visit to Tsohech , who , as we learn from those who were in constant attendance upon him till i ^ xe last moment , relied upon being pardoned , and when the warrant was read to him he complained of having been deceived with false hopes . -Nevertheless , fie . ascended with great courage the mound on which he was to receive the

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      fatal stroke . His last thoughts and words were devoted to the memory of his wife , who had been dead several years , and to his only daughter , nineteen years of age , whom he has left behind him . troin the tune of the arrest of her father , ahe has been in kind hands . One report i& , that she was permitted last night to take leave of her father ; but other accounts state that , up to the present moment , she is kept in ignorance , not only of his execution , but even of hh condemnatioa . " The Journal des DebaU publishes the following version of the execution , which , it will be seen , differs m aterially from the above account : —From a private correspondent , dated Berlin , 14 th inst . : — Last evening the President of the Criminal

      Chamber of the Tribunal of the First Instance , M . de Kleist , proceeded to the prison in which Tsehech was confined , accompanied by the Baron V 6 n Alvensleben , Assessor of the Chamber , and the Pastor Buttman , and announced to him that hisf execution was fixed for thia morning , Tschech listened to the communi cation with the most perfect coolness , and replied in » low tone of voice , 'Very well ! very well ! MM Kiiest and Alvensleben then withdrew , and Tschech remained alonej with the clergyman , who never , quitted him until after the execution . He desired to see his daughter , which reauest was comnHwl

      with . The unfortunate voung woman did not wish to quit her father , but the fatal moment having arrived , Tschech coolly said to her , 'We shall see each other again Bertha . ' At four o ' clock this morning Tschech was conducted by a detachment of infantry and gendarmes to the fortress of Spandau . During the journey he tranquilly smoked his cigar . The execution took place before daylight , at half-past seven o ' clock , in presence of a few hundred persons only . Tschech mounted the scaffold with firmness . He undressed himself , and would not suffer the executioner ' s assistant * to touch him . He then hid his head on the block . " SWITZERLAND .

      The Constitutionhd liss , the following remarks on the present atate of affairs in Switzerland ;— " The accounts we receive from Switzerland confirm us more and more in the opinion that the events which are transpiring at lucerne are but the prelude of a crisis which will , perhaps , place the actual constitution of Switzerland in danger . In spite of their sanguinary triumph , the partisans of the Jesuits are far from being asuretl . The Government of Lucerne appear to be iearml of the effect that a victory purchased so dearlj , and in such a cause , cannot fail to produce throurhout all Switzerland . There is no canton but may : ear to see scenes enacted within it similar to those ; cf Lucerne and the Valais . We have , however , good lope . The attitude : assumed by a part of the population , and even by the Catholic clergy of Lucernf , proves that it is not a question as between Catholics and Protestants , but a question of liberty , which mil rally round it every independent and enlightenedmind . "

      "Down with . the Jesuits . "—Jesuitism is Switzerland . —A meeting of 2 , 500 electors of the Canton of Berne was held in that town on the 15 th , to take into consideration the means of preventing the spread of Jesuitism . Resolutions expressing confidence in the government of Berne , and inviting it to place itself at the head of the liberal movement , were passed unanimously , amid loud cries of "Down with the Jesuits ,: " Deputations from Argau and ISoleur attended , and took part in the resolutions of the assembly . :

      RUSSIA . Co . NSPiiucr Discovered . —The Breslaw azttte contains a letttr from the frontiers of Poland , dated the 6 th , which says : — " The Russian commission , established at Peysern , on the Prussian frontier , has , it is said , discovered a new conspiracy amongst the higher orders of the Russian nobility , the ramifications of which extend to the Caucasus . Arrests have been nado in great numbers , particularly amongst the public functionaries , who are . accused of too much indulgence . Several persons , with whom forbidden publications were found , have been thrown into irons , ai . d several of them have been brought to Peysern . " .

      MOROCCO . Gibkaltah , Dec . 14 . —Events in Morocco are rapidly progressing towards « a crisis , and perhaps ere now that country js the scene of all the horrors of a civil war . The ] people of the province of Angera had , a short tinie since , materially injured or effaced some of the land-marks of the lines of Ceuta , placed there before the ratification of the treaty between Morocco and Spain . For the purpose of preventing the continuance of such practices , and of reinstating in authority the Sheik Raiyaa , the Lieutenant Governor of Tangier sent Re Raid with 100 cavalry into the district ; These troops having Iwen found inadequate to restore tranquillity , have been obliged to

      retire , and the people declare that they will neither recognise the ICanjaa for . Sheik nor accept as governor Cid-Booselhani-Ben-Aly , whom the Emperor bad appointed over that province . Many of the neighbouring tribes have also declared their intention of making common cause with the revolters ; and in the province of Riffc , which immediately joins Angera ( where the tribes are most warlike and independent i , it is now almost certain that Abil-el-Kader has found an asylum , and that he is at present there , instigating by the great influence lie possesses—an influence even paramount to the Eiliperor ' s—these disaffected tribes to break out into open rebellion . We fear that we must shortly look for events of a most stirring nature in that country .

      CORSICA . Ajaccio , Dec . 14 . —It is with regret that I inform you that crimes of the most horrible nature are daily increasing in the island , and that unless the government adopt , and that speedily , strOiig and efficacious measures , all the peaceable inhabitants will be compelled to emigrate to foreign countries . The following singular affair has created so much sensation :-A person named Franooia Bastianese , attached to the Suretnt de Sante , only thirty years of age , was accused , with —first , setting fire to the house of his uncle and destroying all his ; property ; secondly , with endeavouring to murder his uncle by firing at him on the hi g h road ; thirdly , with having assassinated his cousin and his mistress ; and , lastly , with attempting to murder the gensdarme sent to arrest him . Notwithstanding all the efforts to arrest him , Bastianese

      succeeded , not only in escaping to Sardinia , but carrying with : him a large sum Of money . The French authorities , enraged at the escape of the bandit , used every effort to get hold of him , and having learnt from one of their spies that the murderer , on a given day , intended visiting Leghorn , application vtas , made to the Sardinian police to arrest hini . Bastianese , inf 6 riued of the danger he ran , had the courage to quit Sardinia , on board the steamer Gulnari , and returned to , iijaccio with a false passport .: B y some means or other our authorities soon learnt that the culprit-was in Corsica , and a formal application was made to the captain of the Gulnari to deliver him up . The captain at first refused , and only consented on being threatened to fire ou him from the citadel . The murderer is now safely lodged in prison , and will shortly be brought to trial .

      TURKEY . CoxsrASTixoPLE , Dec . 4 . —The reported arrival of Dr ! Wolff , at Teheran , is confirmed . Her Majesty ' s steamer Devastation , with Sir Stratford Canning , returned to . thia city on the 28 th ult .,--having been kept back by foul winds and very severe weather . The difference between the British embassy and the Porte , on the subject of events of recent occurrence at Trebisonde , have not yet been brought to a close . The Porte has still to receive from Abdullah Pacha explanations , without which the matter cannot be discussed on a-fair footing . , ¦ WEST . INDIES . SqyrHAJiPTON , Dec 22 . —The Thames , Royal Mail steam-ship , Lieut . P . Ilast , R . N ., commander , arrived this day , at ten o ' clock a . m ., bringing the usual mails . The Thames encountered very strong head winds nearly the whole of the voyage , particularly at the entrance of the Channel . There were but very few vessels beating about in tne chops of the ChanneL

      The whole of the West India Islands were generally in a very healthy state . The Governors of the Trinidad and the Windward Islands were about to proceed to Jamaica , to consult with Lord Elgin on the expediency of forming a penal settlement for the West India colonies . There is every prospect of good crops throughout the islands generally . The weather has riot been so propitious for manr years . The House of Assembly was sitting at Jamaica , but no particular business was being transacted . A bill had been introduced to prevent trespass on pro ^ p ertiea , which -was read a third time , ana ordered to be engrossed . And another , for the siimmarv punishment of petty larcenies , had gone into committee and passed . . The Lazaretto Bill , for the establishment of a lazaretto for . the islands , had also : been introduced , and , after some little discussion as to whether it should be a floating one or not , it was ultimately passeel oh the understanding that it should be on shore .

      PERU . , Arica . —Bombardment of thb Governor's House by a British Man op War . —Liverpool , Tuesday Night . '— : A Teasel from South America , bound to Li * verpool ; has put into the Govte of Cork , where she is detained by the prevailing easterly winds . Letters have been forwarded on to the owners here , representing that an outrage had been committed on the

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      British Consul resident at Arica , and that the authorities of the town were the parties ; the outrage is mentioned as being of the grossest description . The British squadron engaged in the blockade of Islay had information of the outrage communicated by Mr . Wilson , the insulted consul , and her Majesty ' s ship Talbot was iiitmediately despatched to Arica . It is said that water was refused this vessel . Our Peruvian Minister , Mr . Adams , happened to be on board the Talbot , and considered the circumstances of the case so flagrant as to demand an immediate apology , which was [ required in the name

      of the British Government by the commander of the Talbot . The apology being 1 refused , the Talbot opened fire on the Governor ' s residence ; several shells were thrown in , and this was represented as being only a beginning , and that the town would be bombarded . This pompt mode of dealing brought the authorities to better behaviour—an ample apology was given , and tranquillity at once restored , it is not mentioned whether any persons were killed by the shells thrown from the Talbot . All the English residents at Arica were well looked after , and taken on board previous to opening fire ; but when matters were settled they went on shore again .

      UNITED STATES . The Labour Movement . —Miiut Walsh's Speech at the Boston Working-men ' s Convention . —In a late number of this paper there appeared a copy of the address agreed to by the N . ew England Delegates in Convention assembled . It ] was at one of the sittings of that body that the following speech was delivered : —Mr . President , and | fellow working-men ^—To a man who feels for the misery and oppression of his suffering fellow beings , the present scene is peculiarly gratifying and cheering—it is worthy of thv great and glorious scenes which in times that tried men's souls , transpired within these sacred walls . What a glorious sight is here exhibited ! Thousands of the honest care-worn sons of toil , who , until verv

      recently , seemed to fee ! and act as though they hail no rights beyond that of barking like dogs for their masters , now assemble in thejmajesty and dignity of human nature for the worthy , noble , and sublime purpose of devising some efficient means , by which they may be freed from the oppressive and degrading tyranny of capital—the ingenious but humiliating and debasing slavery of wages ' . ( Loud cheers ;) When we take into consideration the unparalleled excitement whieh is now so universal throughout the whole length and breadth of our country—when we look at the stupendous efforts jjwhich are making by the selfish and corrupt hordes of mercenary knave ' s hi both parties , with the base and contemptible view of aggrandizing themselves , at the sacrifice of our

      best interests—when we reflejet upon the countless sums which they are pouring out like water—tbe one party to obtain , and the othei- to retain , the spoils and fut offices , which offer such a powerful incentive to their patriotic and disintereited exertions , we certainly cannot but regard the yast concourse of brave and determined spirits here congregated to assert the great truth—that henceforth men are , and must be , free and equal in something more tangible than name , as the dawn of a great and regenerating revolution , which is destined , if vigorously iollowed up , to redeem and elevate the industrious producer from the odious and oppressive tyranny of capital . ( Cheers . ) How is it that in a country like ours , where everv man ' s vote counts one—where the poor labourer has the

      same voice in making the laws by which he is governed as the rich and lazy nabob who is realizing a fortune from the toil of the working-classes , —government should almost invariably be converted into an engine of oppression against Ithem ? How does it come that legislators , who are : indebted solely to our exertions for their unmerited : elevation to stations which they disgrace , so frequently use the influence of their positions as an engine of joppression against us * . It isroecause we are not true to ourselves . ( Cheers . ) Some of the gentlemen who preceded me stated that the sole cause of degradation ] and oppression of t he working-men , was their entire' ignorance of their own true interest . What a shallow fallacy—what a fatal error ! The ' present depressed and deplorable

      condition of the producing classes is the result of their own heartless selfishness . ( Sensation . ) It" you have twenty or thirty offices at ) your disposal , iim ! promise each of them to a hundred different individual , you can obtain the vigilant co-operation of two or three thousand working-men ( although there are a hundred chances to onej against each of thc-iu ) and that much sooner than iff the object proposed to them were the regeneration of the world . And » liy is this ? Is it the fault of the men altogether 7 N ' o * . It is owing as much to the state of society in which they are cast , as it is to thoir , ' organization . When a man ' s necessities are immediate , pressing and piji'liing , he requires an immediate reward for ni » services ' . ( Cheers . ) Few , indeed , are the men who can maintain their independence , or resist the fascinating

      influences of a bribe , when they ] go home , if home they have , to look upon the haggard countenance of a beloved and starving wife , and hear the piteous eric . - * of their half famished offspring for that bread which they arc unable to honestly and honourably obtain . This is the reason it has always been so difficult to combine working-men upon any measure , however certain its ultimate benefits iniglit be , which threatened to consume any length ofj time in accomplishing . We have alwavs been the tools with which every other elass have worked out their own selfish ends . Every revolution which has takenj place throughout the earth , has been effected through our services and sacrifices , and yet we have been totally excluded fHm the benefits of each change . ! Is it not , then , high

      time that we should commence a practical revolution upon our own account ? ] Is it not an in * perat { ve duty which we owe ourselves , our families , and our fellow men , to come lip boldly to the work , and endeavour to extricate ourselves from the pppressivc and exorbitant extortions of capital ? Ldok at the overwhelming increase of machinery ! &ec the fearful , frightful rapidity ] with which it is superseding human labour ! Look ] at the very ingenuity of the poor man converted b y the rich capitalist into a powerful means of starvationjagainst his unfortunate associates . Thousands of labour-saving machines are almost yearly invented to eh | oke the poor man from his employment , but not one ; has ever yet been dey ised to put bread in his mouth . ( Tremendous cheering . ) If every man liad Jus ) Bhare of the soil , there

      could be no such thing as '; over-production in any branch of human industry . ^ Machinery , which is now made one of the greatest evils with which we are cursed , would then be our greatest blessing . Instead of bringing misery and hunger to our unemployed labourers and mechanics as now , it would bring ease , comfort , and leisure for intellectual improvement . The policy of the idle , plundering drones , who fatten on sweat and blood , and whojwring fortunes from our sighs , sufferings , and premature death , has long been to increase the hours ot ' labourto such a shameful and barbarous extent , as to compel us to take from our factories , alias slaughter-houses , to our beds . This prevents us from impudently prying into public affairs , and also makes quiet and orderly citizens of us .

      (¦ Cheers . ) But they allege' that % ve ought to be happier than they are—and why ? Because we sleep sound , and they might very truly add—wake remarkably stiff in the morning . ( Loud laughter and cheers . ) Much as these chaps love sound sleep , I never knew one of them who would carry a hoid full of mortar all day to enjoy the pleasing recreation : even for a single night . ( Laughter and applause . ) As an offset to our ceaseless and uncompensated toil j these fellows talk about the care and anxiety which they experience in thinking about their notes and ipaynients . They would find some difference , I apprehend , between the anxiety of paying a note or two out of a portion of their surplus funds , and the solicitude which the poor man not unfrequently experiences in regard to the source from which he mav obtain his next meal . And as to

      their banks , there is not a man in thia Convention who would not gladly take all there are in Boston—I'll take half myself ; ( Laughter . ) " Show me the man , " exclaims one of those ' gentry , " whose hammer can be heard from the first crow of the cock in the morning until twelve at night , and I'll show voh a man who'll get along ^ i" Now this is all very nice from a fellow who neyeV handled a hammer in his life , and who could not be beat with a club to a single hard day ' s ] work . ( Laughter and applause . ) I can grant that a man who will slave himself to death—who will work four or five hours more than the regular time , each -day , and can get enough to keep him going steady , may by this beggarly means advance his own individual pecuniary interest , so long as he forms an exception to the general rule ; but let every man follow hisiexample , and he will get less for his sixteen hours labour than he previously

      received for four . Labour is a commodity ; and its value is regulated like that ! of any other , by the demand which the market affords . We have bow commenced a great and glorious movement in behalf of suffering humanity , and for iGod ' s sake beware ; how you suffer it to be desecrated and prostituted by designing . dishonest demagogues and political vultures , who are solely actuated in joining any body of men by the selfish and despicable desire of aggrandizing themselves by its pollution and destruction . ( Cheers . ) Have nothiDg to do with thein . They will praise and glorify yoji ^ fth honied phrases before election , and look dowri ' lijidlii you with as ' much affected contempt as though you ; were dogs ( after it ' s once over . ) They wilTcall you thifcbjone and sinew , and will work you on their contracts , until the light of a candle can be eeen through your starved ] and collapsed carcasses . These crav n dogs always wait till after men have

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      Om ^^ Stt ^ fe&r * - y // 0 ~ i J % t *< CZ * 6 sotrz ^ d&hs brought a movement or principle , into popularity i defiance of their oppositionrM ^ tney"are * hinJFof subscribing to it . 'We have to go as pioneers into the social and political wilderness , cut down its treesdig up the deep l-ooteclstumps-fplough the ground , sow the seed . ahd reap theharfest . afterwhich these political freebooters come maidsteaH . hs whole proceeds of our labour . ( Loud andlongoonfilhtiedcheering . ) There are hundreds of men present from the different townsaad villages of New . England , all of whom agree upon ipne point ; and that one point is , that the present system of society is wrong in theory and wrong in' practice . All the speakers unite on this * but none have

      attempted to point out even the shadow of a remedy . This I shall now do ; and the measure which I am about to submit to this Convention immeasurably transcends in all-engrossing importance any measure which" has ever been agitated in the social or political world . I propose to give every man , who is' willi&g to work , a sufficient portion of the vast domam , known as the " public lands , " to sustain hiniselFand family in comfort and independence . These lands are held in trust by the general Government for us ; and unless the shameless speculation , and peculation , too , by which they are fast falling into the hands of unprincipled and unfeeling capitalists , be speedily checked , and all further traffic , in them prevented , we shall be deprived for ever of the only means by which the producing classes can . now be saved from lasting rum and irreclaimable debasement . Tea : some . immediate action must be taken to make the public lands free to actual settlers . This , and this

      only , will prevent the working classes of this couhtty from becoming as servile , as abject . as degraded , and as helpless in their condition as the serfs of Europe . ( Great applause . ) After enlarging considerably , upon the land question , he advocated as an immediate measure a uniform reduction of the hours of labour throughout the whole Union , and closed amidst the most deafening applause . Infamous Tyranny in Rhode Islanb .- —The Persecuted Dorr . —The infamous oppressors of Rhode Island deny to Mr . Dorr even the aid of counsel ! "It is well known that they interdict . his friend ^ from seeing him , although in the presence ' of others ; tblat they do not permit him to read the letters or newspapers addressed to him ; but one could hardly have imagined that they would carry their tyranny to such an extent as to forbid him the means of ajfyrttter trial He wishes to test the decision against him in the higher courts ; but his counsel are denied access . to him . Here is their own statement : —

      The undersigned ( and also the late Hort Samuel T . Mwell , recently deceased ) have acted throughout as counsel for Mr . Dorr , and at his special request and retainer , and have stood to him in the relation of confidential advisors and friends up to the period of his commitment-to the State prison , at the door of which one of the undersigned took leave of him on the 27 th of June last . Since that time we have used every exertion to obtain from the inspectors and from the Legislature admission to consult with him respecting the further trial of his case in a higher court , but in vain . We have been denied our privilege and his right of consultation . We know not his final views . We have no instruction whether to proceed

      further or foot , or what additional counsel he would desire us to omploy . The responsibility of this refusal of his just right to . proceed to a higher tribunal , rests notwith us , bat with those who have seen fit to debar the prisoner from communication with his counsel ; in which capacity we still stand and intend to remain with unabated devotion , until we have information from our client that our services are dispensed with ; and we take this opportunity of saying to the friends of Mr . Dorr , in or out of the State , that any attempt to take his case out of our hands , by whomsoever made , and of whatever political party they may be ( either as employers or counsel ) , or by whatever motives actuated , is wholly unauthorised by lir . Dorr .

      We stand ready to do for Mr . Dorr , hoth . as counsel and friends , all that we know he desires us to do , and all that we can do , faithfully to the last . Of one thing we are certain , from our conversation with our client before his imprisonment , that he has never asked the aid , in the management of his case , of any one who is not found' unequivocally acting in the Democratic ranks of the state or country ; to . Whose principles and rightc our oliont'has devoted himself without reservation of anything which the world holds valuable . Wai / tee S . Bprges , November 25 , 1844 . Geoboe TtrRirejt .

      Commemoration of the Polish Revolution in New York . —We take the following from the New York E . tyrm , of November 30 th : —The semi-circular room of the Stuyvesant Institute was filled last night with a large audience , met to celebrate the late though we trust not the last , glorious effort of the Poles to throw off the yoke of Russia . Mingled with the audience , were not only many ladies of European birth , but hosts of our own countrywomen , who seemed to partake of the enthusiasm for Poland , excited by the recent visit of her oppressor to that country of Europe which boasts itself the freest in the world . Over the tribune drooped the tri-colour of France , the American ensign , the Polar star of Scandinavia , and the banner of Poland , with the

      crowned eagle and the white horse of Lithuania ,-which once moved in triumph before Vienna , when the successor of the Roman Ceesars was unable to protect either his honour or his throne . With the Poles werejjathered together exiles from half of the countries of $ urope ; the dark Spaniard , the Italian Carbona . ro , and the fair-haired Dane and German , among whom was one whose name , illustrious in Europe , is always honoured here ; we refer to Harro Uaring , the patriot , the poet , and , unfortunately , the exile . After the officers and managers of this commemoration had taken their places upon the platform , one ; of the wild , half-oridntal marches , by Polish valour made so glorious , was played by the orchestra , which was concealed by the drapery of the

      banners , of which we have already spoken . At the termination of this music , a letter was read from the lion . Albert Gallatin , excusing himself on account of his age and the inclemency of the weather , from presiding over the meeting . The letter was read by Theod . Sedgwick , who addressed the audience , speaking of the fact that this country was now the only refuge of those whose country had contributed her quota of blood to the establishment of our own independence . While touching upon this subject , reference was made to the recent developments in relation to the English post-office , brought about by-the Italian exile Mnzzini , who had suffered under its espionage . Mr . Sedgwick having concluded , introduced to the meeting Mr . Kalussowski , who spoke for a short

      time in his native Sclavonic . Of this address we can but say that it was most enthusiastically received by the audience . An address was next made by Mr . Stalknecht , as the representative of the Scandinavian Society , inthjis city , assuring the Poles of their deep sympathy with them , and describing the feeling awakened in Scandinavia by the news that the Poles were in amis . This address , delivered in perfectly classical English , without the slightest accent , was received with great applause . —Mr . Forresti , then , on behalf of the Italians , addressed the audience in his own rich Tuscan . He spoke of the solemnity which had brought them together , and of the glorious nature of their strife , and of the pride they should feel , even though it was unsuccessful :

      in which ,, to quote his own words , " avmche cafasli , cadesti , grandi . " Mr . Forresti denounced , as only an Italian can , the cruelty of the Russian Government , and made a fervent appeal in hehalf of the glorious names which had shone in the late revolution ; to denounce the Autocrat did notsunicefor Mr . Forre , sti , but bitter and scornful were his denunciations of the panegyrists of Nicholas . He concluded with an assurance that , deep as were the sufferings of the Italian exiles , there was not one who did not feel his bosom glow with sympathy for the sufferings of those who were more oppressed than themselves . — Dr . Wierzbirevi then addressed the audience in English , and spoke of the past glories of Poland , and the debt due to her from Christianity and universal

      civilization , of which , for centuries , they had been the bulwarks—rand the untiring foe of the Tartar and the Turk . —Harro Haring next addressed the audience , we regret to say , in a foreign tongue , which we are unable to render adequately . As far as we could form an opinion of words spoken in a tongue with the pronunciation of which we are not familiar , he read an original poetical address , which , at least , he . seemed to feel , and which ended with an appeal to Scandinavia , the author ' s fatherland . Mr . Haring having concluded , a Polish national air was sung . —Dr . Howe of Boston nesgt addressed the meeting , and described the enthusiasm excited in . America by the news of the Polish Revolution fourteen vearsago * and of the various modes of assistance "which were

      contrived ; and of the funds raised and the colours sent from Boston to that country ; which were confided to La Fayette , and in the disbursement of which Dr . Howe had been joined . On the arrival of these funds , the Revolution had failed ; the Poles had laid down their arms , except those who had taken refuge in Prussia . It . was-determined , as these men were in great distress , to distribute the funds ampng them ; to accomplish which Dr . Howe visited their encampment in Prussia , and contrived to accomplish his purpose . The officers had been separated from this body of men , that , unassisted by their council ; they might be forced to return . into the dominions of Russia , Dr . Howe'had , from the concert among them , become satisfied some one mind regulated their movements and at length discovered this to be the case . He wag shewn into a sauajid room where an-officer- lay ill , wfiose attention fie lonff attempted in vain to arounp

      and not until after repeated .. efforts djuj ^ he succeed ; when , raising from hiaxiect with the f ^ anae q £ & igiant , and jn the most energetic manner , he , a § sure < j [ him thathe had been all thewhile feigning illness , though in pejffpqt' health , for the purpose-of keeping together these ' 4000 men . For this affairy and for his activity in assisting other Poles , Br . H , Waathe inmate of a Prussian p rison . —Mr . ^ Gerard was next introduced to the meetihg , and addressed themin a speech of some twenty minutes duration , as the representative of France . His address , however , was mt a refrain of those ,, which preceded it , from which it differed only in its . higher , degree of excitement and fervor . Various other addresses were made , and a . series of resolutions proposed and- adopted , when the assemblage was . dismissed . On the whole it ^ afl a , most interesting affauV andthepoles in our city may be assured they are not friendless , and that tfie burst of feeline which was elicited in ! 8 $ ft will again be called fortS at the . proper time and casion .

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      And National Tmlesv Journal , J

      AND NATIONAL TMlESV JOURNAL , j

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 28, 1844, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct688/page/1/