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Northern Star (1837-1852), 12th August 1843, Edition 3 of 4, Page 4, Untitled Article

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    • THE NORTHERN STAR. 5ATUBDAY, AUGUST 12, 1843.
    • TO THE PEOPLE.
    • &§z <E r * Ttie*g' ;Pto&emeKt.
    • ©0 ££Uaft?r£ atm ®x>vve&$QYfoent$.
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      Untitled Article

      Pbajtweelgaxb Mook _—Jfe . Beesfey Jectnred ± o the pi . men . of tlns . ooIliBry , on . Saturday last , and ably demoBstrated" thaV Jour , meu , "with the aid of scientific power , eoald now perform as much work ^ produce as much "wealthj as 16 ^ 000 men conld do only ene « entury » go , . Wixcatb Cbxrgb CoiiiKBT . —The -workmen of "Wing&te-Grange colliery , mast again trouble son inth to account « T 8 QB ) s-TeceiTed from our fellow-^ ves for <> nx support , asd ^ lso with a statement of the present dispute . Oar employer ha 3 published anotner placard Tespeofinirihe agreements which he framed the workmen to « omB tOi A carefnl examination of those agreements has shewn" us that tbej were nearly all in his favour , in his placard ve find thst he mafccs mention of two pits at this colliery . This is true . In the Lord Pit there is culjcaerope , wKch is a hempen one . Shis , he says , is used for fee repairs of the shaft only . - That statement is falsa . There has been a number of

      coal hewers ra flfee Lord Pit until a few weeks back , and likewise a number of sinkers ; this rope "was « 3 © d to < fcaw both coals , water , and stones ?; and not fcr the repair of the shaft only . There were two wire ropes upon the other pit for a while . One of them sustained a ' seVere strain by negligence , whioh «> UEed > ome-of the wires to break . That rope was taiea off aadthe other left on the pit . The rope "which was left was taken off about last Chnsfrnas , in consequence of a split of ihe strands , about fifty fathoms Jon ? . It was taken away and pewed , and fctraght trackaeain to be used at the colliery ; andthat rope is the subject «> f dispute . In it there are six wires ir * hen out of ninery-sfx , the number of wires constiiutmg the rope ; the remaining wires

      according to xbe employer's ^ owb Sfcceosmt being greatly strained . He has admitted that had we not seen the broken place in the other rope , be would hire concealed it , by bandages of wire , and w > me coal tar . We have offered lo submit to have the rope teitfd with sixteen Ions upon the pulley over the pit , and with twenty lens at the testing machine . Their own proposal wss a test of twenty tons . This offer they have relQBed . One of the owners of the colliery luring proposed to bb to select an engineer to extmine the iopr ^ offering to pay ns our wages if he eondemnedit . We hare made such selection , and the examination ias takes place lo-day . We had a list of nine engineers presented to ns by tbp owner , to select one ont of ; "with an intimation that if we chose any other , we had only to fire notice when he

      was coming . We did not choose ont of the list ; bnt fixed" npon Mr . Chicken , of Monkwearaionih The following is his decision : — "August 7 thv 1843 . This is to certify that the undersigned lias examined the wire lope at the Winsate Granee Collier ? - I think it is ' not ^ nfficient to draw coal work . It is well seen that the rope is damaged , and not fit to trnst lives npon it . ( Signed ) Thomas Chickek , engineer . " Account of sums received since our last etramnmcatfon : —Collieries . Haswell £ 6 18- * . lOd ., Sbouon = £ 2 JOs ^ Croxhoe £ 312 a ~ Rainton £ 316 s . 2 & ^ Kewbortle ^ l 34 i . LnmlBV £ i 7 s-, West Anckland lft « - od .. - South Winsate £ 1 12 * . 6 d ^ Belmonnt £ 17 & , New Durbani £ 310 s ., PiftiDgton £ 2 Is , 6 d ., ¦ North Hetton £ 2 4 s . 6 d ^ LesziDgthorne £ \ 8 s . 6 d « Eldon J 53 . € d , Shildon Bank 1 & . 8 d , Evenwood 14 a . od ^ Co nndon 12 a . Id ., Sherbnrn Hill £ i 5 s . 6 d ., He 2 al- £ 10 s . lld ^ Shiw-liff £ \ 12 ^ Helton £ 1 9 s ., Elemore £ 2 23 s . 6 tL , Pemberttws £ 4 23 ^ Spittfll

      Tonsces £ 2 , Season Bum 10 s . Hd ^ Wallsend £ 2 , Tyne Main ^ 1 15 s . 6 d ., Iforth Eliwiek ^ l 12 * . 6 d ^ Sheriff Hill £ 2 5 s ., a friend £ l % Onston £ 2 7 s ., Hebbron £ 3 3 * . 6 < L , Pelton Pell £ 1 , Walker £ 213 s ., Beaton , £ 3 12 a . yd . South P « law 6 s . 6 & ., Wylam ¦ 4 s- 44 , Kentdn ££ , JJavtsnsworfa £ 1 20 a _ Martin Jnde 5 a _ Htworth £ X 8 a ^ two triends la . 6 d ^ Beamis 1 & * . Edoms 3 ey £ L . Saeriston , £ 2 10 s ^ a friend £ U Trandon £ 15 4 i Hd ., Castle Eden £ 7 . TJaornleyj £ 4 l ( k . 4 d ^<} asopi £ 55 s ^ E . elloeJ £ 393 . 2 § d ^ < iaarrington HiD £ 2 Is . Si ., Heogh Hall j £ 2 t ) 8 . Sd . ^ West Hetton £ 3 1 * .. FjamweHlgsieMoor £ ] 18 a . fidl , South Helton ^ £ 4 9 * . 9 d n Patton 12 i , Wingate Prieni ' s £ 1 I 63 . Id-, Iforwwood ^ 1 ] & . 6 dM Barabrook £ 1 9 * . 6 d-, Benwell £ 1 , Gosfonh £ 2 16 s . 3 d ^ Seg Hill £ 3 llf-fersdon District £ 0 35 s 6 d n Bedlington Disn-jcj £ 11 7 s . 4 d . The sum of 12 s . came to Wingate without an account from the Delegate Sleeting . 'V in 1 inn r . w ^^^^^^ w i ¦ him

      Untitled Article

      SOIfiEE IH H 3 S 0 DR VF THE HEV WM * HILL , AT EDiSBUHGH . * " j A Soiree in bouonr of ihe above nam ^ d gentleman wss Holden on Monday lasi , inxhe Calton Conytnins Boom , -Brbfch was numerously and respectably attended . The room was . tastefully deeorated with leaves and banntrs . To add to fee conriTialny of the jneefing , an txtsellent Orchestral Band was m attendance . The evening ' s entertainment was sleo « Eversi £ ed . l > y songs . Mr . BflT , oh FnterinK-thehall , was greeted wiih enthu ^ astkf plaudits , Mr ; GnlbES was called to ^ B- ' chaar . ' After the tea and other xefrfisbnisnte , fornfeJied in » most exeeiieit manner iy ^ Ii Crandonj' ^ ere done ample justice to , the chairmiB ^ rej ^ and in a concise and aDpronnatc address propafcatbe firss sectiment ; *• The speedy

      EnfxancBBepHR ^ oT the People , " Mr . M'Kao , of Leia ^ pggend ^ L . Thenexjseiaimenrproposedwas , " ArJisfeagTr Drgania ^ tion ; and complete Uuion » -f 4 he ^^» 6 st 3 iDT ScoUandj England « nd Ireland . " n ^ j 5 oOTxE 3 n £ yesponfied . He dSsted at eaasdera-Meiengdi oh the amporfance of re-organizing the Cta ^ sU aitne present time . It was the question of qiK £ iE 5 is . ~ V&m the prndfaiee ajd FacEclty d ^ - p ! sTiaT * j v - £ b ^ who m » v be tatmsled with tbe orawingnoofanewplan of our orgsnizadon , dtp-jided ine assae cf our foture moTfcment . si e fax Omm Iot ^ It < 3 ! K ? rf . TheCSi \ i- ^ b aaai = rwf , ; i ^ gava ^ WGnrst -ef th ** ever ::: 'br Ks * - -wf- **¦ - ' which wss receiTcd wiih i'J ± < rviiiiiiitu tfietiajs

      Untitled Article

      and waving of hats . An address conspatnlaling him on his visit to Scotland , and expressing approbation of bis public character , was then presented by Mt Jd'Lood . Mr . Hill then rose , and after spme introductory remarks , he announced the fact' that , his connexion with the Star was now dissolved . He read over the correspondence between himself and Mr . O'Connor , which explained the reason for hia being deprived of his functions as Editor . He had no fault to find with Mr . O'Connor in acting as he had done . He begged to assure them there was no piqne or difference ofanj kind between him and Mr . O'Connor ; save what lie had now stated and hoped no one who considered himself his friend would -withdraw any support from the Slar he had formerly given it ;

      and that those who had withdrawn their support on his account would now return . " He said in reply to the address that he ooald take no credit to himself for t&lent . Honesty of purpose and intension were his polar star . JBa ' devotedness to principle made him always discharge his public duties wiihost favour or affection to any one , regardless whose toes he trampled npon . He then descanted npon the prospects of the cause ^ at present ; gars a lucid , and succinct account of his views on the projected Conference , and intended Organization ; and after touching some other pointeof interest ^ he turned to the QBe 3 tion of the Land as the only ] means of salvation for the working classes . He pointed oat the impediments that Jay in the way of the people

      getting at the Land , and the necessity for political power to get the command of it . He concluded a long , and admirable address , replete with sound reasoning and political wisdom , rapluronsly applauded . The bbk sentiment proposed was , May > ne oppositions of the factions stimulate the people to increased exertions in the advocacy of the great principle of democracy . " Mr . Peddie responded . He made an able and effective speech , tracing and exposing tbe evil results of the present system , and using , in strong language , the necessity for increased exertion . The fourth sentiment was , "Fcargus O'Connor , Esq ., may his indefatigable ! exertions in the cause of liberty be crowned with ultimate success . " It was responded to by Mr . Allan .

      He extolled Mr . O'Connor for his disinterested labonra in the people ' s service , and sai . d he had carved ont for himself a monument more valuable than brass or marble , in the affections of the people . The next sentiment was " the imprisoned and exiled Chartists . " Mr . Tankard resporded . " The Star and Democratic press , " was given and spoken to bv Mr , Peddie , The list of sentiments being norr exhausted , Mr . Ai'Leod came forward and proposed a resolution , " That the meeting has heard with extreme surprise and regret that Mr . Hfll has ceased to conduct the Star" Mr . Lonnie seconded the resolution , which was pnl from the chair , and carried" nnanimonsly . A vote of -tha-nWa was moved to the Chairman for his excellent conduct in the chair , when tbey ultimately dispersed .

      The Northern Star. 5atubday, August 12, 1843.

      THE NORTHERN STAR . 5 ATUBDAY , AUGUST 12 , 1843 .

      Untitled Article

      OUR POSITION . WHERE ARE WE ? WHERE SHALL WE BE ! So general is the desire of the working classes to return to an agricultural life , that wherever we go , or to whatever publication we turn , we find that the one great nostrum for the one great complaint 13 the Land ; and that not only the system-made surplus population of operatives , but the system-made surplus population of speculators in their labour , are

      now turning their closest attention to the subject . ~ ie delusive and hypocritical sayings and l doings of me League have lost their magic . Their , parables have been answered by practical illustrations of the failure of their principles ; the modicum of ** free trade" granted by Sir Robert Peel having tested the trcth of their assertions , and having stripped their hobgoblin of that fanciful garb in which tbe wildness of despair aad the fervour of imagination had dressed it .

      All the anticipations of moving myriads : of starving paupers ; the theatrical exhibitions ; the midnight howliags ; thefeastings ; the conferences : ; and the daily assemblages of the pinch-bellies have passed away ; and are more than compensated for by the election of the Londonderry nominee , Mr . Bbight , * or the City of Durham . " One swalloWj however , does net make a summer f and we doubt that the

      Member for Durham will add much potency to the legislative character of the League . However tbe House of Commons may affect to disregard popular opinion , we have little doubt that the supposition jhat the League did possess popnlar confidence had a marvellous effect upon the vote 3 of many of the new adherents to the principle that an English workman sbonld rely npon the forejgn grower for his breakfast , his dinner , and his supper ! .

      The exhibitions of Cobden and Co . in the agricultural districts , where declining shopkeepers by some marvellons process were converted into Hepeal farmers , must have excited the laughter of those whose places were usurped , and whose adherence to the principles of Free Trade has been thus xnani . fested by assumed proxy . This angry swelling is now reduced by the good sense of the working classes ; and the disease will doubtless break out in some other form : indeed , wa find fresh symptoms already manifesting themselves in the town of Birmingham ; and the first step taken by the new batch

      of quacks is in strict accordance with the practice of their several predecessors . The Munt « s and ihe Attwoods commence as usual by telling the people of their sad and deplorable condition , in the hope that by an hypocritical expression of sympathy for the snfFerera they may be enabled to convert them into tools for the correction of middle-class grievances . The people of Birminghim however , and especially the Irish portion , will bear in mind Axtwood ' s reply to Lotett upon the eve of the presentation of the National Petition . It was as

      follows ' : — " That he never would support Equal Representation , as it would place Ireland upon an equality with England , thereby destroying that ascendancy which for a thousand years the latter country had possessed over the former " , Neither will they forget that the labour of nine months concentrated in that Petition , at the expense of £ 9 , 000 , was lost , in consequence of 31 r . Attwoob ' s making the National Petition , not the basis of a demand for the Charter , but a mere pretext for urging a return to One Pound Notes , as a means of destroying the demand for the Charter .

      That such men as Attwood , Mokts , Cobdbn , and Bbight look far beyond those limits to wnicb their adherents would go , no one can doubt . Men in their situation of life , however they may profess , —the one party to seek the redress of grievances by a return to One-Pound Notes ; and however the other * party may buoy np hope from an ** Extension of Trade , " yet will the leaders look for something more eubBtautial for themselves than would be conferred npon the general body by the accomplishment of their object . Cobden has now gone so far , and has succeeded in uniting SO large an amount of the oonndence of his own party

      in his favour , that the question of Free Trade constitutes but a very small portion indeed of his expeotations . Cosoxn is wise enongh to see that the length that Sir Robert Peel has gone in forwarding the principles of Free Trade ib very likely to lose him that support upon which , and which alone , he holds his present high office ; while he has doubtless discovered that the substitution of pure Whiggery for unmitigated Toryism would be very unpalatable to the public at large . Weighing these circumstances well , Cobden would vsry naturally and very fairly expect to find his reward upon the next

      breakup , in something that wonld distinguish' him as the leader of a large portion of the wealth ^ classes © f this conntry ; and with him Pree Tradej would -become a secondary consideration , and his Value to his party would be in proportion to Us ability and willingness to resist the democratic principle , the want of which wonld enable the few lucky masters of which he woald be the representative to hold then- position , and in ths concession of Which those masters wonld see the loss of that dominion which the mal-appropriation of capital has hitherto ensured , 0 them .

      Upon lie E © xt dissolution of Parliament however , the non-elective influence of the country ¦ marshalled as we have no doubt it will be , under « < thoroughly wise Organization , will present an amonnt of concentrated public wisdom which wm at once establish ii = right to representation , and convince its oppoassts of ; : s folly ofaay attempt longer to withhold it . Tac icsolution come to by the Trades of Shef-

      Untitled Article

      field , which we jdelighted to insert in last week ' s Star , together w | th the wise resolve of the oppressed colliers not to be used as tools by faction , inoreasfs our hope in the strength whioh through union the people will ere long achieve . It would appear that our errorsj—and we are always willing to take our share in any charge of incompleteness , —have become profitable to the colliers ; and that the rook npon which we split in 1839 serves as a landmark to their body , reminding them of our disaster . We were pushed , unfairly pushed , unnaturally and ungenerously pushed , by the middle class representatives who found their way into the first Convention , into a position from whioh there was no retreat , save through starvation or revolution .

      The promoters of the Sacred Holiday had their emissaries abroad , misrepresenting the public feeling , and urgiBg on tho people beyond their strength ; until at length a premature strike proved the temporary ruin of oiir cause . It would appear from all the communications coming from tho same parties now , that the ultimate hope of the " Coal Kings" is based upon the anticipation , not of a general , but a partial strike ; while we rejoice to find that the sagacious leaders of the colliers have resolved upon working for the very lowest pitUnce , aye , at the mere existence point , until all the machinery , their

      own machinery ^—by which their body should be governed pending a general strike , should circumstances render such a step necessary , —has been perfected . Our advice to the colliers from the commencement has been to be cautious , to be prudent , to be wise and unconfiding , 8 ave * in their own order . That this advice has been generally acted upon we are happy to discover in their resolution to employ lecturers from their own trade ; to make their subscriptions generally , instead of locally useful ; while at the came time ihey concede the right of local treasurership , and allow the expenditure of a portion of the local subscriptions for local purposes . We farther find that they have appointed the proper legal maohinery for defending themselves against

      those oppressions which , for want of legal resistance , the masters may impose upon them under the semblance of law . Wo feel convinced that a moro judicious coarse could not have been adopted , and that the next step will be , the holding of a short convention , the proceedings to be conducted with open doors , and the object to be , the agreeing upon such rules and regulations in the government of tho body as will insure them against surprise , defend them against the' macbinatioas of their enemies , and above all guard them against any , the slightest , recurrence to violence . Should suoh course be adopted , none but actual working colliers should be elected as delegates ; and to avoid expense , the representation , if tho general principle is agreed upon , need not be large .

      We have ever counselled the Chartist body against a recurrence to violence , and « ve shall here state why we are at the preBent moment , if pofsiblo , more oppoBedto it than ever we were before . Our general reasons for opposing violence are based upon the knowledge that every physical outbreak in a conntry where the dominant party is in possession of all the munitions of war and the power of Government , has invariably been followed by increased despotism . An emute or sudden outbreak , an attack upon monarchy , or a strong manifestation of Republican principles , have been god-sends to the

      weakest governments of England . They justify coercion , and constitute rallying points for all , who though dissatisfied with their own position , yet prefer it comparatively to that to which they foolibhly imagine tbe ascendancy of democracy would send them . The various dissatisfied classes can only be mustered now under the general cry of * ' the Chartists are coming " . ' Let but any act of the people arouso such a suspicion , and all the angry sectional feeling will not only be ; lulled , as by magic , into quiesence , but would be united in holy brotherhood of Chartist

      opposition . Ireland would once moro tip tue delusive blessings of peace . Repeal would be abandoned as a teFt of that Iriah loyalty with which we are told that nation abounds ; and our folly would have furnished an escape to the Minister—to tho affrighted Landlord—to the querrellous Leaguers—to the complaining Churchmen—to the infuriated Rebecoaiteto the Pining Shopkeeper—and to tho Aristocratic portion of the Trades ! while the " physical" torch lit at the blaza of democracy would servo to light Chartism to tLe tomb ! i

      Untitled Article

      THE LAWYER SOLDIER , AND THE SOLDIER LAWYER . The debate upon the presentation of a petition from 5 , 000 disappointed and angry Loyal Protestants of the North of Ireland , by the renowned loader of the defunct party , Lord Roben , furnishes a happy illustration of the lengths to which statesmen may be led under wounded feelings . There we fiad the Marshal-Duke and the ex-Cbancellor changing professions , if not sides ! the Duke , anticipating how the cunning lawyer , in " his study , may be able

      to put a diametrically different construction upon an Act of Parliament to that intended , not only by bofh Houses of Parliament , but to that which its framers , the Cabinet , after frequent consultations , intended it should bear ! while the ex-Chancellor , Brougham , vouches , as he has often done before , for the " physical * resistance of his pet King , Louis Philippe , and all the valuable portion of his French Majeny ' s Cabinet , to " uphold the integrity of the British empire . "

      We have frequently been puzzled in our endeavonra to discover the beauty and consecutiveness of iho 3 C peculiar and characteristic speeches for which the Nobla Duke of Wellington has been famed . It has been said : respecting them that n every word is a teller ; and every sentence an apothegm . ' Lacking geniu 9 to comprehend the meaning of the following passage , we give it as we fiad it . His Grace says : — "Processions ' -for the purpose of celebrating or commemoratiDg any festival or anniversary , or political event relating to or connected with any religious or other distinction or difference between any ciasses of

      her Majeaty' 8 subjects ; that ib the nature of tne processions which are prohibited under tb \ s act ; and it is a question of law , npon which I do not mean to give any opinion ; because my opinion would be worth nothing . But it ia a question of law , which must have been considered by those whose dnty it is to put tbe law into execution , -whether those other processions to which my Noble Friend has alluded , accompanied by the carrying of banners , and marching witb music , or whatever eW may be the evidence of their criminal intentions , fail Tinder tbe provisions of the Act ; and that is a question which no speech in tne House can decide—ibear , bear , hear ) . —and on which no petition

      laid on the table of this House can have the least influence— ( bear ) . ' These ere questions which must be dceided by men in their studies , in tbe first instance , and which cannot be decided by tbe occurrence of particular circa . niBta . nces , nor by the delivery of any speeches in this Bouse . The truth is , that both in this and Ihe other House of Parliament these very questions -were fully submitted to Parliament at tbe time this act was passed ; but it was declared that it was intended to apply a remedy to tho

      difficulties which at that moment existed , and that the legislature had ; not in view any other processions — nay , propositions were made , both in this and th « s other House of Parliament , to extend the provisions of the act , but . Parliament refused to do eo Therefore , I beg my ; noble friend to recollect that blavne ought not to be cast on the Government for not baviDg applied j the provisions of this act to those other processions to which be has alluded , because if he will examine that act , he will find that those provisions are not applicable to them . "

      We know not what the admirers of his Grace may gather from the above ; but we can deduce from his words no other meaning than this : — " The law , as it at present stands , is not applicable to the processions complained of . The Act was framed for a specific purpose , other than that sought by my Noble Friend . The question of extension was discussed by both Houses , and was rejected . The Ministers of the day endeavoured to extend the provisions in the first instance ; but subsequently abandoned that -extension , and ultimately confined the operation of the Act to the suppression of processions , under whioh denomination those complained of by my Noble Friend do not in anywise come . " Bur , "—mind the" BUT , " — "if gtuika » eain their studies can givuaijy other in-

      Untitled Article

      terpretation to the Act than that intended by its framerai both Houses of Parliament , and the Ministers whoso special workmanship it was , why , well and good . " We ask if meaning can be plainer j or if other conclusion can be arrived at , than that the forbearance of the strong Government is based upon a reliance of . the law ' s perversion , rather than a love of clemency ? Irresistible laughter is caused by the compliments heaped upon the " handcuffed Orangemen" by their leaders , Roden and the Duke . B rough am too , laid > t on to nausea . The '" forbearance" of the

      Orangeman reminds ouo much of tne tranquillity of the fettered murderer , whose plaintive tone for mercy so ill comports with his savage power , when exercised upon his ' defenceless . Victim . " They deserve all ; praise for their exemplary forbearance" !!! When ? 'and for what I when their bloody deeds of olden- times had raited up a host of defenders , whose union placed fetters upon their hands , aad rendered them bo weak and contemptible as to be compelled to seek protection against that power whioh their bloody deeds had been mainly instrumental in creating ? Who in Ireland , but will

      laugh at the " forbearance" of the Roden ' s , the Magee ' s , and the whole hungry tribe who have so long shouted their appeals to " buckle on the sword " and " keep their powder dry" 1 If Mr . O'Connell deserved xsredit for any one act more than another , it is for haying raised up a sufficient amount of Irish moral power to render pointless the Orange bayonet . From . the latitude extended by the Noble Duke toithe wily " gentlemen in their studies" we look for the most disastrous results , as soon as the ** Arms' ¦ Bill , " with none of those limiMed powers contained in the " Suppression of Party ProoOBSions

      Bill , " shall be handed over to the Irish Executive , as their " Warrant of Attorney ? ' to search , to insult , to transport , and to ; shoot ! The proposed meeting of the Orangemen on the 7 ih of September , with the Arms' Bill as their authority , and Parliament prorogued , and the King of Hanover at hand , fills U 8 with evil forebodings ' . Authority will make a struggle ; and authority being transferred from Parliament to the weeded Orange Magistracy oi Ireland ,, will be exercised in defiance of all law . and will be exorcised to " meet tho emergency , " that " emergency" being to exterminate the Irish people . ,

      So much for the Duke ; and now a word for tho ex-Chancellor . The Noble Lord , BftyUGiuH , attaches commercial importance to the present agitation ; and fears that suoh demonstrations as those now daily exhibited in Ireland , will have the effect of intimidating the English Capitalist from entering upon speculation in Ireland . What cnango ha 9 como o ' er the dream of tho Noblo Lord , since thoso times when " public meetings werethe inalienable right of every British subject ; " and when the result was to be " the rolling

      of Kings ' s heads in the gutter , for little boys to play at foot-ball with" ? We would ask Lord Bhougham , has Ireland never been tranquil under English rulei And whether has the poverty of the Irish people , occasioned by that rale , or the timidity of the English speculator , for whoso enterprise tho rest of the world is too narrow , been the cause of the nonspeculation of the English capitalist ! The Noble Lord spoke truly , when animadverting upon the effects of " insult . " But why should he so far prostitute himself to the service of his old and bitter

      enemies , the Tories , as to make the personal insults that he has received from Mr . O'Connell a justification for his attack upon those privileges which ho formerly upheld as the dearest right of every British subject ? Will not every man who has read hia spleen sec in it the wasp ' s sting , rather than the Statesman's caution ? We rely , however , upon the wisdom of the Irish people as a means of resistance to the construction that tho gentlemen in their studies"'may put upon the Act of Parliament : whilo m > rely upon their

      glorious demonstrations as a means of intimidation ; which will make tho " forbearing" and " exemplary " Orange faction pause before they "buckle on the sword , " or try their rt dry powder . " A notion of the present strength of tho Repeal party may be fcest gathered from Mr . O'Connell ' s just denunciation of Lord John Russell , while at the same time WE can claim from his own words our own best defence for that course for which he has so often reviled u <* . Ho now soys "he would rather have TWENTY Tories than one Lord

      John Russell . " For resisting Lord John ' s tyranny and tiNAUiY v » o were all called " Tory Chartists ;" and for triumphing over the miserable faction we were called " the bitterest enemies of Ireland . " We rejoico to find that Mr ; O'Connell has lived to learn ! and in his declaration we receive ample apology for hia frequent attacks upon us for opposing the Russell policy , the evil effects of which he has at length fr . lt and denounced ; not substantially , as we did ; but bpcontrast . Ho prefers twenty Tories !! Strange alteration from the times , when we wero invited to wage deadly war under the Russell standard , for no greater triumph than that Of " KEEPING THE TORIES OUT . "

      Untitled Article

      Trade , " he is actually taking advantage of the present distress to make a fortune out of the poor man ' s helplessness ! ! He is now getting a woollen fabric made in Paisley at 89 . per piece ; and with very little additional labour he is selling the same pieces at 28 * . and 30 s . each ; making at least 16 s .

      PROFIT UPON THE LABOUR AND RAW MATERIAL OP ONE SINGLE PIECE ; WHILE AT THB SAME TIME HB HAS REDUCED THE WAGES OF HIS ' HANDS ' FITEPENCE IN EVEBY SEVENTEENPENCE THEY EARNED !! ! He has now got his " pilot engine , " Buckley , out , ! to see how much farther he ] can venture ; or whether the experiment may lead to the more fascinating result of compelling " her Majesty" to call Cobden and Co . to her councils , to satisfy the popular requirements ! ! .

      Opposed as we are to violence of any sort or kind , we yet fearlessly say let us have Revolution in any shape or form , rather , than submit to the perpetual torture to which such bloody rule would subject us 11 We have invariably stood forward as the friend . of labour ; and we think we best serve the labourers ' cause , by admonishing them against the folly of mixing up any other ! question with their present " bteuggle . " We highly approve of tho coarse taken by the Chairman of the Ashton meeting , in inviting the police to ihe platform : and , as a further protection , we would strongly urge the propriety of each speaker coming to every meeting that he may intend to address with his sentiments briefly

      written down ; and \ when read , let the speaker write his name uponl each page , and hand it the Chairman to be kept , and produced if necessary ; so that his lotvn words , and not : those of others may appear in judgment against him . We are seldom false prophets ; and it will be remembered that we foretold that the Capitalists would make another attempt to effect what they

      call " hampering the Government . " Let the operatives beware lest b yj their co-operation they may "hamper" themselves , instead of the Government ! Trust to none but wise heads ; and do your own work for your own selves , is the best advice that we can give those who have been once more thrown into disorder , juat at the moment when the poor slaves had a right to expect their share from a " revival of trade" !

      To The People.

      TO THE PEOPLE .

      Mv dear FniENDS , —The content * of this letter will in all probability surprise some of you . I am no longer Editor of the Northern Star . I have thought it ( my duty , repeatedly , as I saw occasion , to caution you not again to trust your cause and destinies into the hands of parties by whom they have been before perilled , and all but destroyed . I have given you reasons for my cautions , as I havejgonc along ; enough to enable you ; o form your own opinions ; though , not all which tended to the j forming and confirming of my opinions . I have told you that certain parties who hare heretofore figured prominently in the

      movement , and by whom ] the National Charter Association was destroyed ] were not men to bo again trusted ; that their public acts iu connection with that body proved them to be men morally and politically dishonest and unprincipled ; and ( hat their public acts , since thjan , have afforded corroborative and confirmatory evidence of tho same thing . 1 have toid you that evon if this might not be s /> : even giving them crejditfor the firmost principle and strictest honesty , their judgment hasbeou sufficiently proved to be unfit ' for leadership , and calculated only to create failure ! and retard the progress of our cau ° e . Tnese were j my opinions . I held them homstly ; and I expressed them honestly . I gave

      you reasons whereon I founded them : 1 might iu due time have given you more reasons bad the opportunity been still } permitted to me . You may , perhaps , gome of you , have come to concluaiond different from those to which I came ; with that I have no concern : I Bhould havo been a traitor to you , had 1 withheld my counsel . I did not withheld it . I warned you faithfully and then left you to act oa your own judgement . 1 consider you at all times entitled to my opinions upon al | matters with which tne public causa is or may be identified ; and while I live and

      retain your confidence , and can find a medium of corDciunica-tion , you shall have thtm . You know that | Mr . O'Connor has expressed opinions diff . rent from mine in reference to these parties . He thoughi them so indispensable to tho movement that he his deemed it necessary to take thn controul of the Scar out of my hands that their influence with you ' might not suffer . I make no complaint of this . Tne Star is Mr . O'Connor ' s own property ; and he h ^ as a right to say that it shal l not be used either for the effecting of purposes which he does not approve , or for the frustration of those which he desires to see accomplished .

      Observe , then , thai I state this to you , not with tho purpose of renewing crimination or of exciting you to angry feelings ; but simply that you may know the real fact { of tlio cause of my removal from the Star ; andjthe full oxtent to which , as he has himeelt' told you , the difference between me and Mr . O'Connor has gone . No doubt there are tho-e who will b 8 glad to make a mountain ofi this molehill , if you choose fo let 1 hem . I hope you will not . Mr . O ^ Connor has a right to his opinions ; anH he has a righn to re ; move me from the Editorship of his paper , when my expressed opinions ruu counrer to h s , on a matter which he may think essential to the aucces ' S of our movement list no one , therefore , even of my warmest friends

      , think that he dues me service , or manifests good feeling for me , by withdrawing from thfl Slar one partici ^ of his support because of this change : tho more especiall y as I shall ssill communicate with you ; through its columns . Mr . O Connor , though he exercises his right in taking from me tho controul of those columns . h * s promised still to open them \ d mo , as a medium of aceesa to you . You will srfJl ^ thtnifore , continue to receive through the Star tho * e weekly couneels , doctrines , and opinions to which many thousaudd among you do me the honour to attach some valuo and importance . Tnos 4 counsels and opiuions will now come eo you in thesr own proper character , lhcy will appear as ] the opinions of one man ; carrying with them just as much weight of n . fljence

      as the reaseninga upon which they are founded , and ihe credit you may ) choose to give to mv judgment and experience entitle theuu and no moW . And this you will dome the justice to remember is all that I nave ever claimed for them . Dressed up in so much authority , they will still meet you ia the Star ; while , if you weet also , in its leading or other columns , counsels differing from mine , you have read the Star too long not to be now able to use your own judgment on the merits of the reasonings on which the respective counsels may be founded , and to square your conduct , if by either , by that counsel which commends itself best to your cool judgment by its truthful argument . This is all the preference I ask from you for any man . It is a preference to which all are alike entitled ; and he who requires

      more is no patriot . You are not bound to approve my opinions ; much less to act upon them ; but , while I havo your confidence in general matters , it is my duty to express my opinious to you , oh all things wuertuu yout interests are con ^ rued . In so oxpresviny them , and in giving yoa my ma ' sons for thorn , I have < toui my daty , antl am guiltless of whatever ouuttqueuce » iuny a / ise Iroiu ih . ir lrj ^ uuu . You n ? 6 uji , chorea to need thti tiumo tb : < ig a . lw& > = duiuiiuc > n yonr > or .-.

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      Once , therefore , and for all , let me "deliver iny soul" upon the matter which has caused my ejection from the Editorial stool . I tell you , -then , once for all , that any causa committed to the management of men suoh as I believe these to be , must fail—must come to destruction—must entail misery and suffering on all connected with it ; I tell you that it is to such leadership we owe all tho disasters to the Chartist cause from the late strike , and the present depressed state of . pur movement ;! tell you that like consequences will always follow in the wake of suoh leadership ; and I warn you that , if you love yourselves , your country and your cause , —if you love the democratic principle , and wish to see that Drincinle established , vou must get rid , not only of

      such leadership but of all leadership ; you must Jearn to think and determine for yoarselves , and make public men execute—not gaide—the public will . I tell you that the history of all nations proves that whenever and whenever and as far as ever the people have trusted implicitly to leaders ; they have been betrayed ; and that it will always be so . Having said this , I havo no more to say . I have done my duty . You will now act as you please . I can not warn you more effectually . I shall never again revert to this matter , unless compelled to it . by other parties . Yoa

      may now , if you please , make leaders of them tomorrow ; run after them , to-morrow ; and suffer them to swamp your oause to-morrow ; I have acquitted myself of blame . Others may laud these parties as very paragons of purity and patriotism , and you may believe them if you like and wait to find out your mistake ; the fault will not be mine . Some of you may even now be angry with me for speaking thus plainly ; I care not . I live only to serve ybu&ad your cause ; and I value your good opinion and applause no further than as I can make it serviceable to this end : beyond that it is of no more worth to me than so mil oh idle wind .

      This is a most uupleasing subject for me to write upon : if it may be profitable to you I am satisfied . In any case , I have done with it . We now kno w Our respective positions . I am , as I have ever been , Your faithful friend and servant , WiLiiAU Hill . Hull , Tuesday Night , Aug . 1 , 1843 .

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      J . W ., Macclhspield . —If he has the rent-book , with all 'tie turns he has paid entered by the landlord ' s agent , and if those several sums , when added up , answer to ihe amount of rent for -the limehe has ocmpieil the premkes , it is clear that the landlord can have no claim ; though it is equally as clear , if the landlord set up the claim , and distrain for it , a much larger sum than the amount disputed , 9 $ . will be needed to prove that the , claim is unfounded . We would therefore say to J . W . , keep out of law . " trobubty he would find matters turn out to be not so clear as he may now persuade himself to think they are ; and he wilt assuredly find cj * t at every s'ep he taken , vohen- ' onee the " processing" is begun . The same rem rks apply to the other case he

      mentions . Unless there be a good understanding between a rich landlord and a poor tenant , the latter has very little chance of winning in any dispute that may arise , especially if they " ge lo law" As for the " notice" , it will entirely depend on the nature of the take what notice he ought to give to be legal . If there be not a special aureemenc , siK months' clear notice is required by law ; and if the tenement betaken at a yearly rent , those six months' notice must expire at the end of a year of occupancy . For instance : if & tenant enter on premises at a yearly rent , say on , New Year ' s Day , and if . after being in occupation some ten years , he wishes to leave it , it will be needful for Aim , " toisntufy the taw " , to give notice so that the tenancy should expire on the 3 isl December following . Notice therefore would havo to be given nEFORB the end qf June ; or it would not be six clear months , as required . All notices , too , under all must be in

      circumstances , to be legally binding , writing . The best course is , to get a friend to serve the landlord with such written notice personally he retaining a copy of it , so as to be able to prove service , if required . Where a special agreement for notice is made , it must be strictly observed ; and all the above detailed forms are necessary except as to time . In the case put by our querist , it is certain that HE cannot be distrained upon for the defalcations of . his . father-in-late . Prudence ought , however ^ to dictate the necessity of great caution in meddling with Ms father it-law ' * effects ; for , according to his own showing , there is a deficiency of some £ 60 or £ 70 . Nothing can psmore crrtam or just , than that the father-in late i < liable foi' the amount deficient ; and hisgooa ^ or estate , h'ctf or much , liable to bs seized iu satisfaction qf tiiP cl . tim , should it be treated as a debt . If it is ma- zzLf » ii-isT , hisperson in prison can and may be null , in sa : i , * faction .

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      50 IBEE IN HONOUR OF THE BEY . W 3 L HILL , AT LEITH . There « as ^ Soiree given in tbe Trades * Hall , I > enh , on Friday Angus : 4 lb , in honour of ihe Bev . William Hill , ifor tbe purpose of welcoming him on this his first visit to Scotland . The meeting which * wa 3 ~ rery immerons , elected Alexander Lundin to the ehsrr . After ihe good things of * Mq life had been pretty 'well discussed , The Chjoskas rose , and in a few brief remarks , introduced ihe first sentiment— " Tie people ? may they soon "become enlightened , and nnited to demand a full measure of justice , through the People ' s Charter . ' Tiii 3 -was spoken to in excellent style , by David Dickson , who gave ministers hoth spiritual and temporal , * welJ-mtrited casrigation for tlssir neglect 01 the « ducaticn of the people . fa

      The nwnn thm gave ihe sentiment of the evening , ** Ihe itev . _ William Hfll : may be be Jong spared to eondnct the Organ of the Cnsrtist movement , and still conimne to give his advice and council as he has hitherto done for the weliare of EocietjJ " After this , Mr , James Ferguson read an address irozn the members ol" lie Ltiin Charier Association , to the Rev . Gentleman . Mr . Hni , having received theaddreses , came forward amid great applause , anu thanked the meeting Jar their iindness and warm reception . He stated that in ¦ whatever circomstaneea , be would always bear m mind ifeo people and advocate ineir cauEe . ? £ b&announcement ibat he stood before them not as

      Editor of the Jforihern Star , but simply as William Hill , Eeemed to strike the meeting with astonishment . Mr . Hill went on to shew the reasons of ihe dissolntion of his-connection wiih the Northern Star , which he said was entirely owing to a difference of opinion between himself and ihe Proprietor ; and as he { Mr- Hill } could consent to be no man ' s slave , or ioJd Ms tongue when an inflexible difference of opinion existed without either being a knave or a fool 5 the disconnection took pl&ce . He was exceedingly dearous that "his removal migh * . bB , as he believed ii was intended iisbonid be . for Ihe benefit of the people 5 and he hoped that they would not withdraw any support from the Star , but continue and increase it to ihe almost of their power . Mr .

      © ' -Connor bad jjivro Turn ihe opportunity of -eomxnaning wiih the people through tbe colsmns of the Slar . He would take advansase of that offer , as he knew ihsA the giaaj monster of corruption was not to be beaten down by fsclion hut bv onion , Mr . Hill then showed the necessity of Organization ; and aid his object , and aim was to have ine people Orga-EJz-d so as to know each outer ' s minds and avoid the C 3 tastn > phe _ j > r setting up men at the head of the movement , who although they may havo the honesty have not the abHiiy to conduct a national movement . He concluded by slating that ihe people shonld siill have Ms advice and council , aiid he trusted that his removal frrom the editing of the Star would become the canse of union . Mr . Bill then Eat down amidst great applause .

      The CBAi&Mis , in a few remarks , then introduced the next sentiment . — " Frost , Williams , Jones , Ellis , and aH the incarcerated victims of class made law " - ; may they soon be returned to the bosoms of their families and friends /* This was responded to in a very Sedins manuer by John Tankard . The CBAtxms then gave oat the next sentiment , —?* Mi * Feargus O'Connor j may he live to see the adoption of the principles he has so long and ably advocated . " This was responded to by that old veteran , Daniel Iverr , in an able and effective TnynTtf . r .

      The next sentiment was— "Mr , T _ S . 3 > nncombe and ihe liberal Members of ihe House oj Commons ; may he , aadthry , coiiiinne to fight the enemies 01 the people in the strong hold ol corruption ; and may their numbers De speedily increased /* tpwhich ^ k * ! . JSmpson ' Ed ^ bnrgh , responded in a neat and eScenve speech , at ihe dose « f which he expressed ms pleasure at the harmony and good feeling which was now cxtenduij ; its influence betwe . n tse Charusis of Lehh and Edinburgh ; and hihope iiai it * onld -extend snU fnriber . The meeting , wmen had been enlivened during ice trmiing iriui son ^ B from several Mends , after a vote of thanks to tbe Chairman , ior his past services in the cause , and > s conduct in the chair , broke up at twelve o dock .

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      EFFECTS OF FREE TRADE .-ANOTHER 1 TURNING-OUT . Just at the moment when the Trade report ? from Lancashire , published in tho Bcveral newspapers were of a nature to justify the anticipation that tho boasted increased prosperity would have been in some way extended to the operative classes—just at such a moment are we stunned by the threat of danger from a general cessation of labour ! !

      Our report of the doings of Mr . Bocklkv , taken from the Manchester Guardian , will be read by every lover of peace and fair play with loathing , with sorrow ; and with disgust . It would in truth appear as if the system of " lot-casting to do mischief " had been extended from the " sister country" ; and that a branch of the " black-sheep office" bad been established in our manufacturing districts . Else , how can we reconcile the neutrality and indifference of the many "feeling" aud " respect " able" masters , who thus thrust their " Ballets" and " Buckleys" forward as " pilot engines "; lying back themselves until the succets of their brutal attempts upon then * unprotected hands shall have been tested ! As far as the Employers can . furnish features to

      this year ' s bantling , it bears a strict resemblance to last year's monster . The anniversary of the very day upon which the work of destruction commenced last year , has been selected as the birth day of this year ' s "free trade" experiment ! and the same means for driving' out the hands have been resorted to ! We are glad to find however , that it is deficient in its popular proportions . The turn-outs have wisely resolved upon making the Question one of mere wages ; and have , as we rejoico to hear , made good preparations for resisting an attempt to force them into physical resistance against the constituted authorities . They should bear well in mind the law as laid down by the "Just Judge ; ' ' **¦ WORKIKG MEN HAVE A PBBPECT RIGHT TO ABSTAIN

      PKOM WORKING FOR A LOW EH RATE OP WAGES THAN THEY AGRpfi t'PON AMONG XHBMSBLV £ S ; BUT THEY HAVE NO RIGHT TO COMPEL OTHERS TO ABSTAIN from work . " Let this advice be made the ruling maxim ; and resolve ! Let not the scantiness of a military force in the Lancashire district be relied upon as any inducement to violence ; for the operatives may rest assured that violence will not aid them : and that all the sectional disputes which now rage ajnonp the different classes would be instantly merged into tho primary necessity of ** putting

      down the working classes" the instant " violence " is attempted . Forget not the lesson of last year ! Strike jbut a blow in Lancashire , and Ireland and Wales will become quiet as if by magic I and all will rally to the cry of "our profits are in danger" ! The jLeague have expended their £ 50 , 000 in a single campaign for the relief of the working classes * Let us see how their practice squares with their preaching . Cobden is treasurer of their fund . He has ; never travelled a mile or au inch , or eaten a meal . j that has not been paid for ou !; of that fund . And while ho is preaching up the blessings of" Free

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      THE BIRMINGHAM CHARTISTS AND MR . ATTWOOD . We have much pleasure in directing attention to the business-like manner in which the Birmingham Chartists have , in spite of all want of Organization , met tho projected new move of the " Old Ru mp p arty . " We so fari approve their prudent course , that wo may venture [ to assert that the return of tbe 4 Prodigal Son , " under the prescribed conditions would bo hailed with great pleasure by the whole people . But the BIG GHARTER , andnotthe " little sMLLiNe" must be the playchiug of the " new born babe into righteousness . "

      We rejoice to see that our Birmingham friends bavo decided upon jdoing honour to the People ' s Champion , Mr . Duncombk , upon the occasion of the Conference meeting ; and if Mr . Attwood desires a manifestation of public opinion in favour of the Charter , wa have no doubt but he will have a fair opportunity of learning it upon the day of Duncombe ' s entry into Birmingham . We shall take care that the grand demonstration pha . ll lose none of nsjeifect through our ' Reflector . " What can tho senseless Scotchman who does the

      Journal mean , by attempting to force requisitions , that have been rejected , down the throats of the people ! We will embrace Attwood , and hold him tight , if he comes to us fairly . We do noS need to have him thrust upon us !

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      The aboveletter was sent for publication last week , but from the inet of my being in London , and Mr . Hobson very properly thinking it right that I should see it before it was published , that I might accompany it with any explanation necessary , he sent it there for niy perusal . I now giye it , without much comment : there being , in fact , only two sentences in tho whole requiring particular notice ; the remaining portion being a reiteration of those ' charges already repeated so often against M'Douall , Leach , and others . The first sentence upon which I shall say a word is— " 1 might , in dne time , have given you more reasons , had the opportunity been permitted to me . " Here I find myself called upon to refer to the particular act which led to the removal of Mr . Hill from the " Editorial stool , " in order to be fully able to explain the above passage . Perhaps the readers of the Slar will recollect that after the Court of Queen ' s Bench had left the judgment upon the fourth count undecided , a strong appeal was made through the columns of the Star to Dr . M'Djuall , not to damage the prospects

      of those whose case wis yet undecided by returning home until the final judgment of the Court should have been known . At least such was the inference deducible from the manner in which the question was put . So far bo good . The attack upon Dr . M'Douall which followed this appeal , and which appeared ia the Star oi the 8 : h July last , did I confess stagger me ; and it so happened " that I mot Mr . Hill at Manchester upon the very Saturday on which the article alluded to appeared ; and after a lengthy , and , upon my part , a very warm and even an angry discussion , 1 said to Mr . Hill : — " Why , iu God ' s name , recommend the poor fellow to stay away one week for the benefit of others ; and then tell him in the next breath , to starve or hang himself on a tree , or

      practice his profession m a country of whose language he was wholly ignorant 1 Why he must be worse than a devil to deserve this . And now , if he or any of the others have been really as criminal as you appear to think , and as you have from time to time promised to prove ; and as I have suffered more than any other person from such criminality , let me know it . You bava said you would " bide your time " . I have shown no over-anxiety to hear it ; but now , come tell me what the charge against M'Douall ia ; and if it can be substantiated upon good and irrefutable evidence , I will gc as far as you in exposing him . To this Mr . Hill replied , *• / knr-w no more than you do about Dr . M ^ Douiril . i .. vc no more charges to make against him " . " jLut > i »" , said I , " as I know nothing

      whatever to his disadvantage ; nothing whatever to disturb my confidence * in him ; and inasmuch as I believe his services to havo been as honest , as zealous , as able , and as beneficial to our caure as any other person , I will not allow my Paper to be made the means of eiiher starving him abroad , or damaging his character or influence during his absence " . After a conversation ot nearly two hours upou this subject , in which Mr . Hill expressed his determination to use his bsst exertions to drive M'Douall , Leach , and others from the movement , he was obliged to btart for a Hall train ; promising to meet me at Leeds on the following Monday . We did not , however , meet at Leeds ; and on my departure from Leeds , where I had been all

      r ) ay , I wrote to Mr « Hill expressing my regret at the course he had taken . I explained that I had but the alternative of appearing in the character of a consummate hypocrite , by professing my public . and private disapprobation of the frequent attacks upon my friencs , while I seemed to wink at them in the Star ; or of appearing as a cypher , having lost ail controul over the paper . Tnat inasmuch as ho had expressed bis determination to destroy the influence of those men , and as I thought their influence indispensable to the furtherance of > he Chartist cause ; and as the Star was the medium through which ha hoped to effect his purpose , I deemed it prudent tha * . Mb functions as Editor of the paper should cease .

      That he should have £ 10-4 ' * half pay" during my life , for past services ; or if he preferred earning it , that ho should have £ 2 a week for a letter bearing hia own name upon political , literary , or scientific subjects . This brings me to the second passage , in whiGh Mr . Hill says : " I shall never again revert to this matter , unless compelled by other partits . " I beg to assure Mr . Hill and afi other parties , that no party or individual shall ever again revert to the subject in the Northern Slar . That paper ever has been under vigilant popular control . Ic shall ever remain so ; and Mr . Hill's contributions , bearing his signature , uoon the above subjects .

      shall have due insertion ; while no parties shall make it necessary for him to reveTt to matters which have cost me hours , days , weeks , and months of bitterest angu sh . Since the 8 th of July iast . Mr . Hill is not responsible for any article that has appeared in the columns of the Star ; not having written for the paper from that time . Since then it has been edited and managed by those who , from tbe commencement , havo shared the Editorial duties wiih Mr . Hill ; and under whose management it shall continue to advocate those principles for the furtherance of which it was established . Feargus O'Connor . Leeds , August 10 , 1843 ,

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      4 _ * THE NORTHERN STAR , '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 12, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct663/page/4/