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Northern Star (1837-1852), 15th July 1843, Edition 3 of 5, Page unpag, Ciarttg* ±nteJli^

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      Untitled Ad

      THIS DAY IS PUBLISHED , PRIciTsiXPENCE , NO . I . OF A PRACTICAL WORK j ; ON THE I MANAGEMENT OF SMALL FjARMS ; Giving fall Instructions respecting Rotation of Crops , Management ef Catt e , Culture , &o . BY FEARGUS O'COMNOB , ESQ , j FARMER AND BARRISTER . Also , now on Sale , in Two Numbers , at Fonrpene © each , th « " STATE OF IRELAND , " written in 1798 , by Arthto O'Connor . A compendium of Irish History , and a more correct Account ; of the Grievances of that Country , than any that has appeared upon the subject .: I Cleave , London ; Heywood , Manchester ; Hobson , Leeds .

      Untitled Article

      J 2 AB 6 U 3 O'COXSGK , ESQ ^ AT MANCHESTER . The Chartists of Manchester were made . Mm&iaied on Friday last that the champion of the -oar xastfs rigafajR ^ Coniiot , -would address the porting classes on ^ iturday-evening , upon the all-^ bsorbm g subject , * The Land and the Charter . " 5 ie notice being short , they immediately set to -work jo jjrre publicity to Mb intention , ' and . daring the jsjg kt ihe -walls / were posted " vriui large placards jjui oTjnemg the fact .

      JTonritoBtanding the shortness of . the notice , and Siterday -riiffh * l > eiiig ihe Teiy -worst night in tie ^ reel for a meefing for xny pnrpose in Manchester , g » large-Hall ¦ was ^ rowded . Ai a fewjnmntes after eight o'do&ilr . O'Connor accom panied by 'M essrs . Lonsdale and HaTgraves , entered the BaB , -when the people toes from their ge * t £ and received him with one spontaneous hurst ef& pplanse , and continued cheering for a considerable length of fene after he had taken his seat npon « ie platform .

      On ihe moUon of Mr . Dixon Mr . James Leach was TuaniniouBly called upon to preside . The CsuiEiiiN , upon liang , said that he was proud to Bee so large an assembly of the working classes present upon ihe-occasion ; and he was more go when he considered the shortness of the notice , and likewise its being Saturday night , when it was natural to expect that they would be engaged inlay * ing out { he scant } pittance doled out t » them in return for their labour . The present meeting was another proof that they were-wedded to the principles of their leader and untiring advocate , Mr . tPConnbr . He ( Mr . Leachl was convinced that no

      other man eonld command sneh an audience under ihe drcnmstances , as he then had before him . Be was also proud to know that Mr . O'Connor was going io address them upon the question of questions —** The Land . " There were no other mean& to make Englishmen-what they ought to be , hut "The Charter and the . Land" combined . In fact they yrsre the one and ihe same lbnj £ ; fox ^ ie Charter without the "Land would he worthless ; so in like Tn » TiTiBT ' if thnj >» mfl tfyt T * p rl to-fftOTTff' ^ ITJthgnt th ^ CSaTter 3 fl ey-would ' fitni be minus o'f that power which would enable them to make ihe Land profitable to themselves with security . The chairman jeonelnded by introdndne Mr . O'Connor to the

      meet-Mr . O'CoxsoBTcee amid deafening cheers , which lasted forseveral minutes . After ine cheering had HjbsidedjheBaidlhaiit wasnot often thai he disagreed withanjthinjfthat irasgaid by JimesLeaeh . Bowerer upon this occasion he did differ with him , and tetj widely too . Mr . Leach had said that he -was proud to see so many of ihem present . He ( Mr . O'Connor ) -would much rather they had been engaged in other business than being there on the Saturday night . It wrald hare been more pleasing to him had he stood alone upon the platform than to see so many ofthe working classes present When he lookedat the platform , ihe gallery , Mid ihe body of the hall , he found by their appearance that that vast assembly were ill of that : class for whose

      benefit he always worked . It Tras for the working j cl asps that , he laboured and would continue to j labour . Their attendance there told him that they < were sot in that situation , whichl > y their knowledge I and industry they were entitled io ; therefore , he hoped that their meeting together Tronld be of some benefit to them . Be had cornelo ad dresrthem upoo the ** LiM )/ " because he fcnew that there was nothing else that wcold be of any benefit to ihem . He had j been asked why did he bring the Lasd question np j Wore they got ihe Charter 3 It wasforihis reason : ; to show them to what purpose ihe Charter was to j be applied when got . He was glad to find that the j xjnestion of the Ijjed was taking that hold upon the ! public mind that its importance demanoBj . He had ' heard since he came upon that platform , that one of ihe trades of Manchester had come to the conclusion i

      of embarking iheir funds , amounting to six thousand pounds , in Lxkd , to relieve , as far as their power would sulow , the present distress . This was ! pleasing intelligence for him , inasmuch as it ! was a proof that he -had sot laboured in Tain . He ' was glad that the trades were taking up the qnes- j Eon ; for they were capable of doing much in this ' work of hamanredemption . He had been asked why he had not brought forward theLAXD question sooner 1 The reason , was ob-rions . They knew as well as lam xhatihe people were not ready to re- ! cerveii . ! Eh&j -were quite » different race of jnen f lo what iihey were some seven or eight years ago . j They were more intelligent sow than they were then ; and bo was he ; ior he had been instructing them , and they had been instructing him . They had j given him all the useful information that he possessed , i It was from Mb Intercourse with them that he was ! enabled to maintain their cause when he went into i

      society . At the period he spoke of , when they saw an ox , they did not know what made him fat . when they saw sheep and pigs , and poultry , they were not aware that the earth was the raw material that produced them . 2 * ow , however , they had learned thiB useful lesson . They had learned that the Lasd was the raw material Sroin which they doffed all that they stood in need of for ihe daDj supply of their physical wants . The coarsest-hemp , the finest cambric were equally the produce of the Laud and labour ; bat "that which he was labouring for was io iriBg about a change thai would give to the llbo&rei thfe frails of Ids industry by placing Mm upon the Lakh , as £ be only means te give him a Market for that labour which has been rendered

      Tameless by the improTements of machinery ; and his reasons for doing so were , because the labouring mauhad not the capital requisite * ior purchase machinery and commence xoanu&etnring ; but he has contained within himself the capital requisite to make the Lash grre him in return for his labour OTerjihinjribai ; he requires . "letnasee /' saidMr . ^ C ^ what the land 1 b worthto those who atpresent hold it . If we take this eoHnty North and South , we will see the political power which the land . gives io both parties . In the J » orih there is Lord Stanley Whose LjLSD . returns hiffl to Parliament ; and as Colonial Minister is in the receipt of £ 4 , 000 per annani , beside Government and Church Patronage ; having the power to place his dependants in Got

      eminent situations , and appoint parsons , and now and then -a bishop , out of bis own family . This is what ihe monopoly of ihe Lasd confers upon Lord Stanley . In the South you hare Lord F . Egerton , with his fast possessions in land and coal- mines ; and although the females are turned -ont of the mines , thejareESfllabody of slaves upon his Lordship's estates . * Kow it became bis tMx . O'Connor's ) duty togire them an explanation of bis-views upon the Ribject of the Lasd and the Charter . Some shortsighted people , that either could not or would sot see , had said that he was abandoning the Charter for the Laxd scheme . It was therefore necessary that he should tell that meeting , and , through it , the public , his opinions . He would not gire a far *

      thing for the Laxd without the Charter : for without that , the landlords would still ha ^ s that political power which would enable them to do as ihey always had , and always would do , until Jherr monopoly was broken down , by placing Ihe we in Ihe mas , independent of the Landlord ' s Land : and this could only be Accomplished by the Charter—< cfleers > . At the BMllBtUnBhe was fully eonrineed ihai the trorMng classes had it in their power at present to carry « ut nn a large scale a practical experiment of what would be the results of the small farm system ; and Ibis would haTe a powerful effect upon tiieir future progress . It might be said that the subject ofagritaltnre was sot a new one . He admitted that ; but then it -had only -been discussed as a question

      between landlord and tenant ; between monopolist and anti-monopolist . Many Tolunes had been Tiiien npon the subject . Bnt the immediate inwrest&of the-worMng classes had been left wholly cut of -new , lest a proper explanation of the sub-3 « t as regards their interests should deprire ' the aadloTQB of thaimonopoly of legislation which ihe fi * l-appropriation « f thdr estates confers upon ttoa sandiest it fhould deprire the capitaEste of ttaj slare labour by which he is enabled to hoard aches - the restricrions and conditions of the | one «* ssereating an artificial surplus population in the »* KHtt Bao-ket JbrribB other class . 1 % had been said *« K tr ^ hue laken in sereral mil ] jon aerea of waste « na ; ibo still we cannot grow a sufficiency of food

      J « We people ; and therefore wemusfcbare an over-Popnlabon . HetMr . O'Connor ) would admit that *? ° 6 rflJe present system thers was an orer popnla-* " ** ' But whilst he admitted ihafc , he also ^ s aware that where fire mDBons ' might ** an over-populaxion ¦ under unwholesome ^ stricbons and a bad system ; thirty millions could Prosper in the same country under a good system , tierefore it is the duty of the working classes to naile to aceompliBh bo desirable an object as locating as many of the unwilling idles upon the L * 2 O > as possible , in order "to give a practical illustration of what can be done by placing the labourer upon iheLAXj ) . Bj these means ihey would effectually Repeal ihe Corn Laws , by producing enough for themselTes , without baring to depend upon a fc'eign country foriheir breakfast before they could eat it . He contended that machinery « under the

      pre-BeotEysteBj , was the greatest enemy of the working * 3 asses , as well as of knowledge , . morality , and freedom . Me complained not of the vse BCT 07 IHb oicsE , vt 7 n ?^^ ''" ^ j- He would nos wisli to ^ ee Its progress restrained by law . ilhe ^ wholesome ^ ESrictionB-which £ b ironld lay upon it would be 2 « of fair «) mpefitionilBrit » worldnKin ihe free aiDnr joarkefc . Be wnldnot Bayto the capitalist , ^ e&er co ttonEpinner , iron master , or mine owner , Joa shall sot use machinery in your sereral trades ; » w would he lay a tax npon iha * machinery , *« anse the capitalist ' always had it ^ lhiB power to b * la himself liarmleBB , « jd of eren making profit ^ f « ttes . The change , therefore , that he would make * wildbe this : instead ofihermasterinanniaetBrer ** agioihe JUarket-pIaoe or She cellar ^ for flie par-^^ e «/ biddn 7 g / or tiie labour of an impoTBiisflea *** of mmfBing Idler ^ whose rery necessities ec * PeQed them not only to under bid each

      Untitled Article

      other , but to look upon each other with jealousy ; instead of sending Mm to such a market to purchase slaves , he would send him to the free labour market , where man would at least hare that protection which would give him a choice In the selection of work . He would allow him to say to : a man , earning by Mb own hand labour upon the Laxd a sufficiency to maintain himself and family In a state of independence and comfort ; a man in possession of the means to educate and clothe his children , and able to lay up annually wherewith the " old couple . " in the winter of life , might lire cheerfully , without being Indebted to the almBhonsa or bastile ; he would let them go to a man placed in &esecircumstanceB , andsay tohim , "if you would

      prefer house labour to field labour , the tows fog to the country air , -and the gin palace to the lectnre room , come-with me , and you shall have precisely the same rate of wages that you haTe been able to earn by yonr labour on your four acre farm . " If the man went , he would go of hiB own free will ; and to oppose him would be tyranny . The manufacturer would thus be obliged to measure his wageB by the standard of the free labour market . This would of itself impose a sufficient and wholesome restriction upon machinery . By placing the unwilling idlers upon the Land , they would at once restore to English- manufacturers that character which they gained tor themselves when the wages for Labour were satisfactory to their -workmen . Some

      poor Bhort-SJghted creatures , who did sot know a potato from a hand saw , had been writing against tbe Latjd as a remedy ; and asked , did he ( Mr . O'Connor ) Intend to force the people upon the Land whether they were willing or not ! He did no such thing . But by the adoption of the small farm system , ho saw thai they would open a market for the labourer of those who were willing to leare the artificial market . "What he ( Mr . O'Connor ) wanted was tMs if there were three million of laboured in the labour market , and two millions could supply the demand , he did not wish the whole three millions to go upon the Land ; nor the two million ' s ; but the one million : those who were a surplus population" for ihe employers to fall back npon . By

      remoYing these to the Land , the masters could not rednce the wages of the remaining two millions , by telling them that there was one million of men walking the streets who would be glad to get work at any rate of wages . He CMr . O'Connor ) muqh doubted if the manufacturer was to go to the free market , that he would get a man to leave his natural position to come aeain into the artificial market . How different would be the condition of the man on the Lakd to the poor fellow who had to drag his infant out of bed in the morning , and carry It npon his baefe to the charnel house , and be compelled to live upon the labour of his infanV and wife , whilst he walked the streets ] How different the condition of the free labourer ! He lifes in the morning and goes with pleasure to

      his labour , knowing that he is working for his own benefit . He leaves hiB wife behind to prepare the frugal meal , and to call up the children according to their strength . He is enabled to hare his vegetables in a sound and wholesome state , and not half rotten , and only what the rich had refussd , which is often the case with the artificial labourer . His milk is pure and not bout , as the manufacturing labourer has to take it , with not unfreqnently "the pump , the best cow in the dairy . " Having said so much npon the Land , he must now come to the Charter . He was aware that without political power the system never could be made so general as to be of national benefit . While , on the other hand , he did not believe that any other inducement save that of the practical result of the plan of Email farmB , ever will be sufficiently strong to produce rach a public feeling as -trill brine into moral action such an

      amount of mind in f&voox of both changes as neither ministers or party would dare to resist . Therefore , from this reasoning he thought that the possession of political power was indispensible as & means for making the plan of free labour a national benefit . He was also further of opinion that no writing , no talking , no reasoning , -would have the effect of enlisting in the support of the small farm plan , the one hundredth part of that thought and mind which the practice , If seen , would produce . If in ihe neighbourhood of Manchester there were some forty or fifty families located upon the land , the factory labourer would take a walk on the Sunday to see how their friends were going on ; and the decided alteration in their condition for the better would make their mouths water for the Charter . Mr .

      O'Connor then entered at great length upon the condition of the labourers in those countries where the land was let ont in small allotments , as compared with the working classes of this country , referring to France and other places . He then , in a clear manner , showed that the Government had not paid that attention to agriculture that they . ought to have done . Thai whilst they had chosen Ministers « f nutmeg ; Ministers of-sugar ; Ministers of coffee ; Ministers of Naples biscuits ; and Ministers of spices ; no Minister of agriculture had been deemed necessary . Not that he thought If they had one , they would be any better off , so long as the Bystem

      lasted . He concluded by calling upon the people io unite for the purpose of carrying out their country ' s salvation . j At the conclusion of his lecture , Mr . CPConnoi aganrarose , and said he felt bound to explain to the meeting how far he aequiesed in and how far he disapproved of , the observations that had appeared in the Northern Star relative to the absent Dr . M'Donall ; when he expressed himself mnch to the effect of his statement in another part oftMs sheet li is not therefore necessary to repeat it here . At the conclusion of his remarks , a collection for M'Douall was made , amounting to £ 2 14 s . :

      The thanks ef the meeting was then given to Mr . O'C . and the chairman , and ihe meeting separated at near eleven o'clock , all highly satisfied with the evening ' s proceedings . ' ¦

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      G&AEGOW . —A meeting , to hear the Treasnrer ' a . report as to the financial affairs of the Associationi also the report of committee appointed to draw up a plan for the better organization of the city and -suburbs , was held in the Young Man ' s Academy ; College-street , on Friday evening ; Mr . J . Lang in the chair . Mr . Chisholm , in the absence of Mri Ross , gave a statement of the income and expenditure for the last six months—showing a balance in ihe Treasurer ' s hand . The report was unanimously approved of . Mr . Colquhoan said it would now be necessary that they resolTe -whether the Association shonld be continued for the ensuing year . True they had not done a great deal during the year then ended . They had , however , maintained their posi *

      tion "; they were still masters of the field ; and he was happy to find they were dear with their worthy treasurer . He was aware they had many difficulties to contend with . Their friends were becoming graduaDy poorer ; consequently , it was becoming more difficult to raise money ; but , through prudence and pereervance , he had no doubt , notwithstanding the altered circumstances of the people , and the many stumbling blocks that had been thrown in their way , but that ihe necessary means would still be' forthcoming . He was desirous to see some altera-j lions in iheirTnlea ; but he wishedto keep up the Associa tion , both in name and principle . He would therefore move that they resolve themselves again into the Glasgow Charter Association . He believed

      that there was but one opinion amongst them as to thai course . However , that resolntion was neees-Bary in . point of form as thai year was then expired , Mr . Smith seconded the resolntion . He had no doubt but the Association would , by perseverance and integrity on the part of their friends , with the alterations that were about to be snggested In the rules , and which he hoped would be unanimously adopted , soon be in as influential a position as was ever held by the people of Glasgow . Mr . Ancott said if the people would be true io themselveB they would find many ready to co-operate with them ; bnt it would depend on themselves . He was still ready to straggle with them , provided the working classes

      would come forward and shew their determination to secure to the whole community what he ( Mr . A . ) and his class already possessed . Mr . M'Donald said , he found the men in his shop as earnest as any men ; there was no change of sentiment—they were ready to act with as mnch -vigour as ever ; he gave hiB cordial support to the resolution . Mr . Pettigrew—The people in his locality were as firmly attached to the Charter a&at any former period ; they had been diBheaztened , but not changed in feeling ; circumstances contributed to cause many good friends io keep alosf for some tune past—interested parties were against them—the faction press was against

      them—they had been deserted by some "who once professed friendship 5 bat the worst of all obstacles with which they hitherto had to contend , vras jealousy and jarring In their own ranks ; he hoped past experience had taught them the necessity of guarding against splitting npon this rock , in future ; let them act with prudence and energy ; turning neither to the right hand nor to the left , and he had no doubt as io their ultimate success . Mr . CBmy spoke in a Bfrn . " manner of thefeeling in MaryhilL They wereanxjons to co-operate with the eity ^ ihey were of opinion that the Glasgow Association should be a rallying point for the whole suburbs . Mr . Dennis M'Millan would ! aot oppose tie resolution , bat he

      Untitled Article

      was of opinion they should have a general association over all Scotland j | they should ondeavonr to come to a general understanding as to a given line of policy , so as to prevent , if possible , a recurrence of thoBe unfortunate divisions that for some time past had distracted their ranks . He did not think they should be in a hurry in establishing the association for the ensuing year . Circumstances might arise that should cause them to * remodel tha articles of the Association before many weeks went ronnd . He would earnestly recommend to them the plan npon the Land , about to be issued by Mr . O'Connor . Mr . Colqnboun said , as there was 00 amendment , he would not trouble them with anything like a reply . He however beeged to observe regarding what fell

      from Mr . M'Millon , that he , < Mr . C . ) was entirely opposed to the establishing of another Central Committeein Scotland ; and as to Mr . O'Connor ' s plan , the resolution now before them could be no obstacle in its way . He would assure his friend , Mr . M'Millan , that no one could be more anxiouB to see Mr . O'Connor ' s plan , and to give it every consideration than he ( Mr . C . ) was . The resolution was carried f enanimonaly . The Chairman then asked whether the committee appointed to draw up new articles were prrpared to report ? Mr . Colqqhoun , on behalf of the committee , brought forward the report . He paid it was . tlie ! old rules amended , and he was exceedingly happy that the meeting and the

      committee were unanimous as to the continuing the old association . He then read the rules both in the original and amended form . A considerable discussion took place npon the third rale , all , however agreed as to the necessity of a ohange from the original : ultimately the . rules as amended by the committee was all but unanimously agreed to . The meeting was then adjourned to that night fortnight . These meetings not being-confined to members , and as buBinesa of a very important nature is to be brought forward at the next meeting , U is hoped every friend who can find it convenient will attend . Place of meeting , the Young' Men ' s Academy , No . 20 , College-street .

      DUBLIN . —Shortly after the usual hour of the meeting of the Universal ; Suffrage Association , Mr . O'Higgins rose and said , that he was sure every member of the Association would concur in the propriety of adjourning the meeting of the Association till that day week , as a mark of respect for the feelings of their excellent talented and energetic Secretary , Mr . Dyott , who was deeply affected by the loss of a kind and good Mother , whose sufferings were of long duration , but which she bore with truly Christian fortitude , and resignation to the will of Divine Providence . Every one who had the pleasure of Mr . Dyott ' s acquaintance would sympathise with him upon the present melancholy occasion . It must have been a source of no ordinary consolation to the

      late Mrs . Dyott , that she was conscious of having bequeathed to Ireland , one sterling and uncompromising patriot ; a man whose punctuality , energy and perseverance set a bright example to ovary one , and acted as a stimulus to the cause he espoused . The meeting was adjourned till six . o ' clock on Sunday , the 16 thinst , ^ STALTBBXDQE—Onf Wednesday evening Mr . Leach , of Manchester , delivered a lecture in this place to a very numerous and attentive audience , on the present state of political parties in this country and Ireland . The lecture was listened to with the most marked attention , and elicited the warm approbation of the meeting . It occupied nearly two hours in the delivery .

      LEICESTER—The last communication received from the incarcerated Cooper oontained the highly interesting i&formation , that the Stafford visiting Magistrates have allowed him all his books , and free use of writing materials for his private occupation and to write ont ties letters per week . Also that Mr . Cooper has commenced his best intended creation , a poem entitled , " The Purgatory of Suicides , " of which he has already written 270 lines in the grand Spenserean stanza . Mrs . Cooper is improving in health , and we hope in a fair way for recovery . The committed beg to acknowledge thankfully the receipt of 6 s . 3 d . for Mrs . Cooper , from ihe Shoulder of Mutton , Notts , per James Sweet .

      WEDNESBURY . —On Monday evening , a meeting took place in the the People ' s Hall , to hear addresses from Messrs , Pyle and Wild , delegates from the Coal , Lead and Iron Stone Miners Association . Mr . William Thomason , who is a member ber of the body , was called to the chair , and stated , in opening the business of the meeting , the objeots of this Association . He also gave a sort of history of unsuccessful strikes for wages , and the increased amount of oppression they had entailed upon the colliers . After reading to the assembly the credentials of the two delegates , he introduced Mr . Pyle , who addressed the meeting and gave an account of the coal trade ; the grievances of the miners ; the

      prospects of the association ; and the success attending his exertions among the coal miners of Lanarkshire , Ayrshire , and different parts of Scotland ; and concluded by urging upon the men the necessity of union for mutual protection . Mr . Wild then addressed the assembly , and gave an account of the trade about Wakefield , where the association was formed ; and referred to his own case as an illustration of the serfdom to which capital wonld rednce this numerous class ^ unless a powerful and perfectly t legal combination were formed . At the conclusion , the names of several men were enrolled as members of the Association .

      There are prospectB of great success opening out among the numerous coal and iron-stone population of Wolverhampton , Wednesbury , Bilston , Tipton , Princes End , Dudley , Darlaston , and among the miners of Shropshire . A considerable body of men are now members of the new Union in West Bromwioh ; and when arrangements are made to meet other places , similar , results will no doubt attend their exertions . The harvest truly ib plenteous ; may the operatives soon be united to obtain that protection for their labour to which they are in justice entitled .

      HTJIiXi—At the usual weekly meeting of the Council , it was resolved , " That the Chartists residing in the differeBt towns comprising the North and East Riding districts , be again requested to correspond with the ChartiBts of Hull , on the propriety of re-organising the districts and employing a lecturer . Communications from the Secretaries of the different Associations in the district , to be addressed to Mr . Waiiam Smith , 8 , West-street Court , West-street , HuD . SHEFFIELD . —The Conpebsnck . —The usual public meeting of the Chartist body was holden in the Fig-tree-lane Room , on Monday last , Mr . Green in the chair , when the following resolution , which had previously been agreed to by the Council , was adopted unanimonslv . Moved by Mr . Geo . Julian

      Harney , seconded by Mr .-ParkeB : That this meeting having carefully considered the article of the Editor of the Northern Star , on the subject of * Organization , ' and havingfully weighed the objections of the Editor to the date originally fixed by us for the assembling of the Conference , are agreeable to its postponement to Tuesday , the 5 th of September , provided the mass of the Chartist body shall approve of that date . That a speedy decision upon the several dates already proposed being indispensible , we state for ourselves that whatever date the majority of the Chartist localities may agree to we will give it our support ; respeotfolly suggesting that the 5 th of September will be the moBt likely to result in the attendance of a truly National Conference , and the adoption of an efficient Plan of Organization . "

      Mr . O'Connob ANJ > THE Dxbbxcb Fund—The balance sheet of the Defence Fund was then read from Mr . O'Conner ' s letter in last week's Star , the statements of which letter was received with warm applause . Mr Boyston moved , seconded by Mr . Evinson , the following resolution—** That this meeting has heard with fall satisfaction the letter and balance sheet of Feargus O'Connor Esq ., as treasurer to the defence fund , and return their hearty thanks to that gentleman for hislaborious services in the people ' s cause , assuring him of their unabated confidence and esteem , notwithstanding the unceasing efforts of viperous slanderers and disappointed knaves to depreciate him ; in the affections of the working classes , whose rights he has so long and gallantly advocated . " Mri Parkes at some length spoke in support of ihe resolution , denouncing the slanderers of Mr . O'Connor , and warmly eulogising

      that gentleman . Mr . Julian Harney expressed the pleasure he felt at hearing the sentiments of the several speakers in support of the resolution . He denounced the fiendish malice of the traducers or Mi . O'Connor , who were insinuating that that gentleman had escaped imprisonment through « omo connection with the Tories ; the calumny wa& as much a libel upon Mm ( Mr > H . ) and the teat « f the defendants in the late trial , as it was upon Mr-O'Connor : and for his par £ he < Mr . H . ) denounced the slanderers as skulking traitors and oowardly Mars—( cheers ) . The resolution was nnanimoualy adopted . Mb 8 sbs . Pepiow , Leach , and Bailton . —Mr . O'Connor ' s statement respecting Mr . Peplow was then taken into consideration ; also the letters of Mr . Leach , of Hyde , » ndj Mr . Bailton , of Manchester , Mr . Julian Harney moved the adoption of the following resolutions :- ^! . * That in the opinion of ihiB meeting Mr . Peplow is folly entitled to remuneration for his loss of time , and the return

      Untitled Article

      of all expences he may have incurred by the support and assistance he so generously rendered to our Chartist brethren , at the Special Commission , and late Assize at Stafford ; and this meeting cordially approves of Mr . O'Connor making Mr . Peplow the said compensation from the monies of the General Defence Fund . " 2 . "That this meeting has heard with pain and sorrow of the situation of Mr . Leach , of Hyde , and respectfully suggest to the con * tributors to the Defence Fund , that Mr . O'Connor should be authorised to afford to Mr . Leach ( who was one ) of the defendants in the late trial , ) such assistance as will enable him to send

      for his family from Ireland ; and ; this meeting fervently hopes that the Chartista of Hyde will aid their zealous townsman in the restoration of his house , and plaoing him beyond the reach of the persecution of his enemies , and the horrors of destitution . " 3 . " That this meeting feelingdeep regret for the injustice ; and hardship which Mr . Rail ton has suffered , as detailed in his letter in the Star of last week , consider that while the Manchester Chartists should jhavo prevented the appearance of that letter , yet that Mr . O'Connor cannot better apply a portion of the monies of the Defence Fund , in band , than by giving to Mr . Raiiton such a sum as will enable him to recover the implements of his trade so necessary to him as a working man . " 4 . " That in the [ event of no opposition being

      expressed to the foregoing resolutions , we shall consider that Mr . O'Connor will be sufficiently authorised to act upon them forthwith : this meeting expressing . their regret that owing to local demands occasioned by the late persecution , it ie not in their power to render , direct aid to Messrs . Leach and Raiiton . " The [ above resolutions were severally seconded and supported by Messrs . Irvinton , Royston , Parkes , Briggs , Mellinch , Mason , and others , and unanimously adopted . Mr . Julian Harney read a letter from Stqckport enclosing a vote of thanks from the Chartists of that locality to the Sheffield ChartistB , for their defence of the democracy of England from the oalumnous slanders of O'Connell in their letter to the Editor of the Nation , published in the Northern Star . The meeting then adjourned .

      USEDS . —The ; Election op an Executive AND THE PBOPOSEP CONFERENCE . —At 8 numerous meeting of the Councillors residing in Leeds , In tho Chartist room , Cbeapslde , on Wednesday night , Mr Westlake in the chair . Mr . Brook moved , and Mr . Wood seconded , the following resolution , which was carried unanimously , " That thia meeting of Councillors is fully alive to to the great importance of the question of uniting and Organising the Chartist body , and would earnestly call upon the country not hastily to adopt any thing that will have a tendency to mar this desirable object .

      " That from a variety of circumstances which have occurred in the Chartist ranks , this meeting is of opinion , that the election of an Executive at the present time would be productive of more : disunion than has unfortunately taken place already ; arid this meeting belives that the ] holding of a Conference would not realise the i wishes of those who sincerely desire to see the Chartist body firmly united together , principally on account of the limited means of a great proportion of the people not allowing them to send delegates to represent their feelings ion many suggestions that have-j been thrown ont ; and consequently the business would be transacted by delegates from those places only Who could afford to send ; and those would comparatively be but a tragman t of the country , so that what was adopted would most likely not be accepted by the country .

      " That to prevent oil cause for disunion this meeting "Would earnestly recommend to their Chartist brethren to adopt , until the people are better prepared , some such plan as that adapted by ihe Birmingham and Midland Counties Charter Association . This will be the means of uniting more firmly towns and villages together , and can be effected at a trifling cost , by holding the delerate meeting in the centre of the district . " This meeting would therefore call upon the Chartists of Bradford , ! Sheffield , Halifax , Hudderafleld , Dewsbury , and . others in the West Riding , to take into their con » lderation ; the propriety of a delegate meeting to ascertain their sentiments upon this most vital question , to be holden as soon as soon as possible . "

      ROCHOAfcB . —Last Sunday , Mr . J . Mills , of Whitworth , delivered two addresses in the Chartist Room , which gave very general satisfaction to the numerous and repectable audiences who were in attendance . Several new members were enrolled ; and collections were made after . each address , which is to be given towards repairing the church steps ( a public thoroughfare ) . The wardens for the current year have made an appeal to the parish for a voluntary contribution , instead of a compulsory churchrate . They were elected by the people in opposition to those proposed toy the church party ; and they have made this appeal against the expressed wish of the Yicar , who upon being asked by the wardens to preach a sermon and allow a voluntary collection to foe made , to assist them in making the said repair , be unhesitatingly f refused , they then ! asked if he would allow another to officiate on . the occasion in the people ' s own parish church , which , ; with all the humiliation of a parish priest , he also refused .

      On Tuesday , Mr . Gammage , of Northampton , lectured in the Chartist Room , to a numerous audience . He examined the various nostrums that had been proposed by various political and clerical quacks for the evils in church and state , exposing their avaricious aad selfish designs ; directing our attention to the attainment of the Charter , as the only sure means whereby we could get out of tho " rattle boxes" to the cultivation ' of the soil , which was the only sure remedy for the distress and grievances o ' which we so justly complain ' : remarking , that if

      we had a democratic government more than one half of the taxes which we wore at present compelled to pay , might be applied , if necessary , to assist the people in the first instance to locate themselves upon and cultivate the land ; and he concluded by exhorting ut < to be forbearing and charitably disposed towards each other , and by chat means show to the world , ap men and ; as Christians , that we were not actuated by selfish or ambitious motives , but had a sincere desire to benefit each other .

      OlDHAM . —On Thursday the 6 th inst ,, Mr . James Leach , of Manchester , delivered an excellent lecture in the Chartist Room , Greaves-street . The Room was crowded to suffocation . The audience bore the heated atmosphere with great patience , and listened to ihe lecturer with attention and becoming respect . The speaker dwelt largely on the present position of publio affairs , and in a most argumentative manner exposed the fallacies of the ''free traders . " At the conclusion , he called upon any gentleman who might differ with him on any sentiment he had advanced , to come forward and he would discuss the subject with hiio . No one appearing , the meeting separated after giving a vote of thanks to the lecturer .

      On Sunday , Mr ; Davis delivered an address from the 10 th verse of the 9 th Chapter of Isaiah ' s prophecy ; also , on Monday , Mr . Halliday of this town delivered an energetic and aoul-stirring lecture , on "the necessity of ( a Working Man's Hall , aud its advautages . " The I lecturer brought forward a great many arguments to shew the benefits to be derived from such an Institution . On Wedefsday , j , ast the following resolution wus unanimously passed by the council , " That leoturers wishing to visit Oldham , musfc be provided with , testimonials , certifying their integrity and fitness , signed by the sub-Secretary of the respective locality to which they belong , otherwise they will not be allowed to lecture . —N . B , —illl communications for the Oldham Chartista must be addressed to William Hamer , Greenaore ' s Moor near Manchester . :

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      Leeds . —A District Council Meeting will be holden in the Chartist room , to-morrow morning , at ten o ' clock , on important business . A lectnre will be delivered in the same room at six o ' clock in the Mr . 6 'CONNOB will deliver three lectures in Jihis town , on Monday , jTuesday , and Wednesday , July 31 st , and AngnBt jlst and 2 nd . Subjects , "The Land , the Charter , and the Repeal of tho Union . " Particulars next we&k .

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      London . —Mr . Wheeler will lecture on Monday evening to the Chartists of Bermondsey . Major Beniowski will leoture at the City of London Institution , Turn-aga ' in-Lane , on Tuesday evening . Subject : —Phrenotypios , or Artificial Memory ; admission twopence . Marylebone . —Mr . Farrar will lecture at the Meohauic ' a Institution , Circus-street , New-road , on Sunday eveemng next , July 16 th , at half-past seven o ' clook * j BasnsburY Park . —Mr . Fassell will leoture at the Flora Tea Gardens , on Sunday evening .

      Mr . Knight will lecture at the Bricklayer ' s Aims , Tonbridge-strset , New Road , on Sunday evening . Mile End Road . —Mr . Fussell will lecture on Sunday morning next ; Mr . Beubow in the evening . Dean-street . —Mr . Skeltou will leoture at this locality on Sunday next , at eight o ' clock in the evening . | An Harmonic Meeting will be held at the Feathers , Warren-street , Tottenham Court Road , on Monday next , at eight o ' clock ; The proceeds to be eiven to the destitute Wife and Children of Robert Wilde , of Mottram , now in the KnutBford House of Correction . ! South London Hall op Science . —Mr . Mantz will lecture here on Tuesday evening next ; subject , " The blessings and evils of Royalty . "

      Stock . port .-t-A meeting will be holden in the large room , Militate , to-morrow evening , ( Sunday . ) Leicester . —Mr . Bairstow will leoture next Sunday morning , at half-past ten of clock , in the ^ sture , on "The Government and the People ; " and preach in the Market-place , in the evening at six o ' clock . Subject : — " The prospeots and < lestinies of Man . " Keiqhlev . —The next delegate meeting of this district -will be holden in the Working Man ' s Hall , Sun-street , Keighley , on Sunday July 23 rd , at ten o ' clock in the forenoon . Delegates are requested to attend from Haworth , DenEoIme , Cullinaworth , Wilsden . &o . 1

      Mossley . —A camp meeting will be holden at this place on Sunday the 16 th , and at Staly-bridge , on Sunday the 23 rd inst . Newton Heath . —Mr . James Leaoh will lecture in the Chartist room , Church-street , on Sunday the 16 rb inst ., at six o ' oJook in the evening—Free

      Admission , t Rochdale , —A camp meeting will be holden tomorrow , Sunday , on Cronkeyshaw , to commence at two o ' clock . Mr . J . M . Leach , and several other speakers will be in attendance . Mr . Leach will also lecture in the Chartist room , top of Yorkshirestreet , in the evening at half-past six . OLDHAM .-K ) n Sanday , to-morrow , Mr . Davis will address the people c > Oldham in the Chartist room , Greaves-street , at six o ' clock in the evening . Subject : —The rights of labour , j Liverpool . —An adjourned special meeting of the Council will take place on next Sunday , » b two o ' clock , at the house of Mr . Goodfellows , Tarletonstreet , to take the subject of ihe Organization into consideration . !

      A member ' s meeting will bejnolden at the above place , on Sunday evening , at half-past six , in the Preston-street room , on business of the utmost importance . I Newcastle . —A General Meeting of Delegates of the Miners' Society , will be held in Mr . Jude ' s long room , Three Tuns Inn , Mauor Chare , on Monday 24 th . July , at 10 o ' clock in the forenoon , and as business of great importance will come before that meeting , it is hoped that each ] mine or colliery in Northumberland and Durham . will have a Delegate there .

      Hcll . —Mr . West will preach two sermons on Sunday next , in the afternoon , at half-past two o ' clock , on the Dock Green ; and in the evening at half-past six , in the large room ; of the White Hart , Salthouse-lane . Mr . West will also deliver a lecture in the Freemasons' Lodge , Mytongato , on Monday evening next ; the chair to be taken at eight o ' clock precisely . Subject— " The signs of the times . " There will be a members' meeting at the close ] of the lecture . The South-Lancashire Deeeoate Meeting will be holden on Sunday ( to-morrow ) in the Brownstreet room , Manchester ; the chair to be taken at one o ' clock in the afternoon .

      Carpenters' Hall . —Two lectures will be delivered in the above hall , on Sunday ( to-morrow ) , by Mr . Wm . Dixon . | Manchester Chartist Youths . —Mr . Wm . Dixon will deliver a leoture on Tuesday evening next , for the benefit of the Grammar aW Elocution class . Subject— "The principles of total abstinence , morally , physically , and scientifically examined . " Halifax . —A delegate meeting of this district will be held at Siddall , on Sunday , ( to-morrow , ) at two o'clock iu the afternoon ; each locality is particularly requested to send delegates , as business of the greatest importance will be j brought before the meeting , it is hoped that each delegate will be punctual to the time . 1 A Camp Meeting will be holden on Illingworth Moor , on Sunday , July 23 rd . j

      Hollinwood . —Mr . A . F . Taylor , of Royton , will deliver a lecture in the ChartH Room , Pew Nook , on Sunday next , at six o ' clock in the evening . A Tea Party will be holden in the Chartist Room . Pew Nook , on Hollinwood Wakes Monday , July 24 th . Bradford . —On Sunday , the committee appointed to visit Little Horton and George ' s-street , will meet at nine o'clock in the Council Room . Mr . E . Hurley will lecture in the Large Room , Butterworth-buildings , at seven o ' clock in the evening . j Tub Chartists of Daisy Hill will meet on Sunday morning , at ten o ' clock , to ! take into consideration the plan of Organization , and report to the Council their opinion on the same .

      The WoohcouBSRS , and others favourable to the land question , will meet at two ; o'olock an Sunday , in , the Chartist Room , Bowling ] Back-lane . The Chartists of Manningham will meet on Sunday morniag , at ten o ' clock , to re-organize the locality . The old members are'requested to attend . The Chartists of George-street are requested to meet on Sunday , at two o'clook in the afternoon . Thi Chartists of Little Horton will meet on Sunday morning , at ten o ' clock , in the School Room , Park Place .

      Tower Hamlets—The General Council of the Hamlets Will meet on Sunday next , at five o ' olock in the afternoon , at the Standard of Liberty , Baaktene . | ' Mr . Mants will lecture on Sunday evening next , at eight o ' clock , at the Standard ) of Liberty , Buoklane . on the "Repeal of the Union . "

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      GLORIOUS DEMONSTRATION OF THE MINERS ON SHEDDOVS HILL . A public meeting of the sccietyjof Miners , was held on the Black Fell , on Saturday , | he 8 th . It was by < ar the largest meeting of any kind that has been held in this quarter since 1839 . Vf e think there could not be less than 24 , 000 present . Long before the time appointed for the meeting , large processions of the brawney sons of toil could bejeeen Wending their way to the place of meeting , preceded by colours bearing very appropriate mottoes , and in many

      instances by bands . We counted 120 flags flying in the breeze . Amongst the mottoes we observed : —Lumley Colliery , "Let Brotherly love continue ; " Gosport Colliery , " Through God we shall dovaliently ^' Shotton Colliery , •' United we stand , ' divided we fall ;" Cramlington Colliery , two hands united , wi th " Union strength f * Brecfeenbedg , " The Northern Star , the people ' s friend , " with a . copy of the Star in a frame , representing the Massacre of ifeterloo , and Mr . Hunt's Monument . ll A fair day ' s wages for a fair day ' s work ; " " Love , Unite , and [ be Free ;"" Blest be the dear united love ,

      It will not let as part , Our bodies may far off remove , We still are one in heart . '? Besides many more which we could not copy . It is a clear proof of the organized state of the Miners ' Society , when upwards of 24 , 000 oquld be congregnted together , without any other publio announcement than its appearance amongst the business of the last

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      Delegate Meeting , in the Noihirn Star , at theappcinted hour , 12 o ' clock at noon . Mr . ' Andrew Fleming was unanimously elected to : hc chair , who briefly opened the proceedings by stating the object of their meeting , and expressing his hope that each speaker would get a fair hearing , pldeging himself at the same time that any person differing in opinion from any speaker , woald hava the same privilege . He then introduced Mr . Benjsmin Embleton ( an operative veteran pitman , and one that has always stood by his order ) who in a very appropriate speech moved the first resolution , which was ably seconded by Mr . Benjamin Watson ( likewise a working pitman , and a true friend of liberty to ihe slave ) which upon being put to tho vote was declared carried by a vast majority : —

      "That in the opinion of this meeting the recent adoption of the restriction plan has been highly beneficial to the miners of the North of England in general , and ought to be continued until the whole of our brother miners get employment . " Any person knowing the schemes resorted to by the Coal Kings and their laokies to punish such as were honest to their class by depriving them of their empioyment would at once see the necessity of such as were m work to restrict themselves to a certain quantity . It has had the desired effect already ; it has been , the means of compelling many of the coal viewers to give employment to hundreds of their best men who otherwise would be sacrificed on account of his

      principles . We understand that the viewers had their minions there to vote against such resolutions as might be submitted , and thereby prevent their unanimous adoption , which would have been the case if thererwere none there but pitmen ; but as it was , it was carried three to one , which was a sufficient , proof that the masters with all their boast and wealth cannot compete with the honest working men when united . Mr . Wm . Hammond , another veteran in the cause of the oppressed colliers , was next introduced , who , after expressing his pleasure at seeing so goodly a number present of his old companions in the good

      cause , if they had come there from choice ; he balieved necessity to be the impelling power . The tyrannical cruelty of their drivers was the cause thafc has turned his pleasure into sorrow . But as Hamilcar Jaid strict injunctions upon his infant bou , Hannibal , to wage war for ever with the Romans , he , in like manner , while tyranny and oppression lasted , would be prepared to lift his voice againrt it , and to advise his brother slaves to do the same . Mr . H ,, after enumerating many of the grievances of which the miners had to complain , moved tho following resolution , which was ably seconded by Mr . Paul Atkinson , and adopted : —

      "Thatin the opinion of this meeting , individual colliery strikes ought to be cautiously adopted : and that no colliery should strike until they have first tried every legal and constitutional means to remove their grievances . " Mr . Francis Smith was called upon to move the 3 rd resolution , which was seconded at great length by Mr . Beesley , aud agreed to unanimously : — " That in the opinion of this meeting , a law fufid should be immediately instituted by the payment of one halfpenny fortnightly from each member of the society for that purpose . That a committee be forthwith selected to conduct such fund , and that all cases of grievances bo laid before that committee previous to legal proceedings being resorted to . "

      Mr . Cockburn in a very argumentative speech , very appropriate for the occasion , moved tfre following resolution , which was seconded iu a speech in . a similar strain , by Mr . Samuel Kydd , and carried by deafening cheers . " That the best thanks of thi 3 meeting is due , and hereby respectfuliy tendered to the proprietor and Editor of the Northern Star far their readiness on all . occasions to advocate the cause of right against might , being the only journal in England whioh , in the opinion of this meeting , has unflinchingly taken up the cause of the oppressed colliers . " Mr . Beesley was elected lecturer for the Miner ' s Society .

      A vote of thanks was given to the Chairman for his impartial conduct in the chair . It was then announced front the chair , that a General Delegate Meetisg would be held immediately at the Mill House large room , where the attendance of the delegates from the different collieries was forthwith expected . The public meeting was then dissolved . The Meeting of Delegates from each colliery in the Miner ' s Society commenced in the long room of the Mill House Inn , about half-past three o ' clock , Mr . George Charleton , of South Shields , was unanimously elected to the chair . Mr . Benjamin Embleton was appointed door keeper . ¦

      The names of the delegates were then read over , when each bad to produce his credentials . It wa 3 discovered that the room was inadequate to coataio . the number of delegates present , ana it was agreed that they adjourn to a field near the Inn . Prior to leaving the Inn , we counted 150 delegates , and believe some to have arrived afterwards . The Chairman having taken his place , the Secretary read the minutes of the previous meeting of delegates , which were confirmed .

      The Delegate from Cramlington laid the case of his constituents before the Board . The masters there had decreed that unless each man hewed tea corves of coals per day , one penny per ton was kept off . Now the general restriction admitted only nine corves for a day ' s work , and jthe men hoped the delegates would see the propriety of allowing them to put a stop to this system of plunder , by allowing them to hew ten corves daily , as they give as much for the tenth as for any two corves , if under ten . The subject was discussed pro and con . The

      Delegate Said be was instructed to say that to show that it was not personal motives that induced them to bring the subject forward , they were willing to sink the extra amount iu the funds of the society ; it would then do some honest man good ; but they could not reconcile themselves to stand with their eyes open , and see themselves robbed in this way . But at the same time they were willing to stand by the decision of the majority . It was ultimately agreed that the miners of Cramlington restrict thempiyes to three shillings per day . * £ ¦

      The balance sheet of the society was next submitted ; and , after some discussion upon it , fire auditors were appointed to andit the books of tha society , viz . Messrs . Bailey , Storey , Bulbeck , Haughtoa , and Downs . It was then proposed , on the plea of economy , that only one delegate from each district be sent to the General Delegate , Meeting in future , instead of one from each colliery , as at present ; when it was agreed that this resolution be held in abeyance , until the opinion of each colliery is taken on the

      subject . A Delegate then proposed , That eaoh delegate be requested to lay the following suggestion before his constituents at his earliest convenience , viz . — That the various contributions be for the future retained in each respective district , with the exception of £ 30 to be always kept in the hands of the General Treasurer . Messrs . Richmond , aud Martin Davison were suggested as fit and proper persons to become lecturers for this society ; and that this suggestion be submitted to the different collieries previous to election ; any other mode being contrary to our former arrangements .

      That- no monies whatever be paid out of the general fund for strikes , or any other purpose , excepting for the organization of the society . Carried . That this meeting do now adjourn until Monday , the 24 th of July curren * , when it will be resumed in Mr . Martin Jude ' s large and commodious room , Three Tuns , Manor Chare , Newcastle , at ten o ' clock in the forenoon . —Carried unanimously . The Secretary announced that there were

      fourteen lecturers now employed by the society , and he was happy to inform them that he had flattering accounts of the progress of the union in Yorkshire , Derbyshire , Staffordshire , Wales , Cumberland , Scotland , and all places where lecturers were sent to . The cause of right againBt might is daily increasing , and he hoped the day was not fat distant , when all the miners of Britain and ireland ,-whether lead , iron , stone , or coal , will form one mighty phalanx , that could hurl defiance at tyranny and oppression wherever it might attempt to rear its head .

      A PUBLIC MEETIWO OF THE FEMALES of GflSDOrt , Fawdon , and Kenton Collieries was held at the Jubilee Pit , Cox-lodge , on Wednesday evening last , to take into consideration the propriety of forming an association of the females of that district to prevent any future advantage being taken in the outlay otthesmall pittance earned by the oppressed colliers , and used for the subsistence of their families . Mrs , Mary Walton , having been called to the chair , briefly opened the proceedings , by stating the object ° J ^ T they nad met , and introduced Mr . Beesley who addressed the meeting on the subject , in grand 8 * yl © , io ? upwards pf an hour ; after whioh several of the ladjes gave a statement of the grievances of Which they had to complain , and the following resolutions were unanimously agreed to ; " 1 st . That we .

      me females of Kenton , Fawdon , and Gosforth , in public meeting assembled , do hereby pledge ourselves to pay ns more for such of the following artioles as we may porohase than the affixed prices , viz .: new milk , pint and half , Id ; old ditto , three pintB , Id ; butter , 8 d per lb . j prime beef , 4 id perlb . f prime mutton , 4 d per lb ; potatoes , &c . to be referred to a committee to fix their price ; and that we will discontinue the use of suoh articles until they can be procured at . that price . " " 2 nd . That this meeting do farther pledge themselves to use all means left them by the constitution to assist their husband ? , fathers , brothers , and sweethearts , in removing the insufferable tyranny which is exercised towards the miners of Great Britain . " The meeting had to dissolve sooner than intended , in consequence of a thunder storm , which rendered it uncomfortable to continue out of doors any longer . There cor Id not be less than 500 women there .

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      YOL- ^ TL NO . 296 . SATURDAY , JULY ft- 1843 . ""^ TSSg ^ SST "

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      ¦ * J AND LEEDS GENEEAL ADVERTISER .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 15, 1843, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct659/page/1/