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eiiea tr Dr. Horner, of Hull, recommended pok*** and arsenic as the most effectual means for we ¦ ._ -• _ _ n f .1 _ Hi t *.—lnA »fr 1T1 OuC
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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, JUNE 10, 1843.
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€* 2Seairn'i5 am <£omspowteM&
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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r ££ RSUS QXOKHOR AKD THE XOTI 1 SG HAM ELECTION . ^ herftfiowIbK earresponaenee ias fceenlianuea to Tisforpo > EbaJloa . Itneeos no comment : — * r # TBABGUS < FCONKOB , ESQ . ] Ife"w Baaforfl , Hear XoiQngham , Juce 5 th ; 1843 . t ) Bas , 5 ^ T 3 Te have done our best in tssing to the * source tee infamous calumnies tbat "were so freely -ireajsfea in ifofcJan ^ iam ia > a its -nanity , ana have snceeedea iofaT sb to leave ^ o -doubt upeaonr minds tr am -whence ttsey sprang , aai the -on-worthy mofeve tha * dictated them ; and also to are lappy to inform - „ , thife ever ? one , evea the ~ rery -nroat amongst your istomnlaton have been compelled ta-eat their own 'words , and confess themselves fiie pKpagators of lies , an 3 that tliere never -wasUie least foradstion for their -sicied attempts to Injure your -eluHactfcr by slander , as the-following account TffUl
ihowi—In the 2 rst -place , yo * Trasebatged -with receiving £ 2 $ for your services at Hr ^ Sturge's election ; but the enclosed letter of Mr . Beggs -wiH sst that at rest ; and yourt > wn letter to Mx . BeaajB , conhnTimy an account ol the » pj > TDpr » Son of thB £ 37 30 s .-will do away with -file charge that yea ^ ecsiTea ^ 5 for a gentlEman , sad only pad him £ S , and pocketed the other £ 2 . Kow , « ir , this-report arose from the foltomng circumstance , ss tra are informed by Mr . Begcs , Mr . H . Cartrocto , and otheiK—Mx . Mead , to "Whom you paid , £ 310 i met 3 Jr . Bean and thanked flat gentleman = fiie Jdnanes ^ of the Committee in paying him £ 3 10 =. tor bis expenses ; and then it-was ascertained that in file list joe gave into the ^ Commfttee , £ 4 traa awarded to Mxa , and yen liad only paid him £ 3 10 s And as tales lose nothing by Tossing through dirty channels , It had Increased to , £ 5 ; "but yeur o » n letter explains that ana does s ^ ray - ¦ with charge the second . .
lathe third place , yon -was charged -wife demanding of ^ i . John Bogers , a jieh and respectable hosier , of 3 fottSngham , the sum of £ 19 for your services at Mr . -Glsbarne ' s etec * 3 « n , and -was told by that gentleman lie had uo funds for such purposes . Well , Six , « e h&ve seen 3 It Rogers , and he authorised us to say that he never saw jou but twice in his life , arid never er-« hsn £ ed a irord intlj you , -or in any "way , or . through any parson hsd he ever held any eominnniatlon with joaj and in accordance -snth that he has published Ids eoBtradicaon in the 2 iottinaham Mercer * .
2 ? ou , Sir * having gone > &rongn all iae charges , and all parties in Nottingham—Wings , Tories , and Radicals . "being perfectlysafisSed of the utter falsehood of all of them , ire ions that the London daily Times , and * rrery other paper that ^»» giTen publicity to the above Teports , -will iisve the honesty to do their best in unyy > Tng the mischief they , hare done ; for wb are of © pinion Hat it is the duty of all men , and all parties of men , to cultivate -truth , and give to each and every 4 ms f * S * play j and "srhea an irjniy is done , to -do our Ijafi toigMur it , and show to the Trorld that party is not our aim , but the spread cf truth , and the good of a 3 l . Therefore , ire are about to follow that nrrxim by CTjfl ^ Tfiing -ffhat ire meant "by the postscript vre attached to our letter , trhich you published four ireeks since in the Star . It reads as follows : —
"The Jfy&gi & < a ? t 3 ike parity of election , neithCT « lo they like a six point man forced upon thpm . If o , Si , they « an * tl > esi it , and that is the secret of all their li&S » th 3 yaVCTwnj . ** Kov , Sbr , irE here beg leave to state that -sre do not T * m all -who act "with the Whigs in the above censure , ior -m&ijtovi that there are a many gentlemen too honest , and are too much-of gentlemen to practise deception , or in asy 3 ray to -encourage bribery and corruption at elections ; ¦ we only meant those nasty things improperly -called men , irhs are ever ready , ¦ when a Beh and corrupt candidate offers himself , to distribute aomeof his money for him in the shape of bribery and treating ; and , at the asms time , always remembering their own filthy selves by keeping a little for their pafalotic services in a » saose of &b deTB and the enlarge-¦ mpmt of iisjDBgflonL
^ orr , Sir , -having Haas our duty in tracing this nnpleasmk affair to its authors , and being prepared to give job TW'tf if you require them , v « think it as irell , as they have eecfessed , to leave them to their 01 m lefleetians ; but if they let -us have aay znors of their nonsense , the -world shall know them ; &Bd& fe-sr of thebasa tricts and dirty doings of these electioneering and ready-foT-aBjihiBg vagabonds shall be brought to light . O , Sir i yon have spoiled them , for they eannot
tanSle fee money now 1 and may you live to spoil all asneb repiSles , and see corruption put -do-am , and purity « f Section established , together with the fstablishment f the Six Points of the People ' s Charter ; and the inhabitants of our beloved England , Ireland , and Seot-Isnd eEJoying the fruits of their own infinstry ; and all grades , from tte richest to tht > poorest , living in haijnony and peace . We remain yours , With all sincerity ,
JXMSS WOODHOrSE , TBOJ 1 A 5 WK 1 GHI , JOHS BJIGLEI . P . S . We are bound , In justice to Mr . Beggs , to state tiat he acted lie a genHemsr , and ezpresed bis sor-2 ow for not publishing 1 > i * contradiction sooner *
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COOLER . -ftBEen ' s Prises , SoDtbirait , I »« ndon , June 6 th , 35 «• Peab ^ is , —! lare seen a letter from my fc end , Cooper , a few days * ijbce , and should haw -Britu u to you on the subject in ttis beginniEg of the srte ^ , * 'Re 13 » t laid np with an attack of iufitetza , brought " on hs a severe « old . " Rom the Btatesjenti contaaiBd infiie letter to whL Sr ibaveaTluded , it appears it&t poor Cooper m merei v anfi ^ oaigaEbost respite sf Qw iellssh maiment to-^ ich he hss bfcen ailaected , to be repeated ^ hen the ^ te of ha health -will permit . He also Elates that a xepe ^ ai of the same ^ ge ^ ffl drive him natdsnd hat may done deli
, ^ P ^ -i aoiaefliiBg be to ^ ^ m feomae pasters under whose coutrol feeisat j ^ eent gSJarsssfass-sssss Ms ^ n ^ toat aereto , Neither will he beaiioweTto ^^ d : » petasen , or memorial , to the necesary -ifr ^ fL ? ^ ^^^ snees I trust that -the people ^ y » s ^ ffie mselves . I * t G : em adc tteuSes ^ te C «^ B ^ ard j capper , and oth « s ? S UmnrtBgeamm BameMuama a » the noble pabiots , H ^ J ^ L S ^ - " ^ y " 8 ** «>* «»» J BOVx &Or pSJtatxmjffapattyfor theCharttat Ticfeai-wil l be justdy looted upon as idle wind .
I therefore trust that petitions iriU be immediately foi--wardedfrom every town and Tillage in the kingdom as jguick as possible , ana hare 10 doubt that you will also ^ xertyour powers to sal © noble-mintitd Cooper , and the veteran Bichaifls from -the miserifcs to wjkicb oar xftrisiiffli Qovemmeut have subjected them . 3 am , yoors truly , Geokge WniTE . P . S . —In answer jto the enquiries of vamtrcsa iiiEQds , I tare to * tate that I h £ . Te betiL spell aatcGea to by xay Xcndos friends kince I have betn placed fetre , and not forgotten , by the Guarti ± t 3 of UiiEiiEgtam snd "War-¦ wicfelsire . AUperacassiBiiiiO'srtd to visit mi -usiioid reskraiid-evess day , Sunday iuciuaed , from ci ^ hi in the aaoizaEg to t » it ) s at -mgM G . W .
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TO MB . JAMES PJBi ^ r . Sm , —In ans-scer to yonr ' ^ Ve « of the 15 th Mav , Tequestiiig a more minute ^ eBcrlpticin of the mode of coltivaEon of my BmaU pfei of gronnd , 1 beg leave to send you the foUovring particulars ?— i About the 28 ti > Jaly , I «« w early York « abbage seed , in rows eight Inches ap * rt ; when the plants have Bis leaves pride them out in rows , eight inches apart and three inches in the row . In November , I prepare and manure the ground , in the same manner as is generally dose for potatoes . About the middle of November transplant cabbages on the ridges of eighteen inches apart , or four plants in the square yard . In Iklarcb , hoe the groend deep and earth the plants up close to the lower kaves . As soon as the plants begin to grow , dig the ground between the rows with a spade . Give them another digging in about a month and hoe them veil up . ¦;
On toe 13 Ui-ef May , 1843 , I commenced cutting the finest lot of cabbages that I have ever seen . A great portion of the plot , No . 2 , will be cleared of cabbages the "Srst -week in Jnne . 1 then plant the same plot with PriEce Regent potatoes , in the ordinary manner . I have the potatoes cut in two and sptouted about fhiee-quaxteis of an inch , when I set them . I shall finish planting potatoes on No . 2 , about the middle of June . Then commence cntttng of the cabbages on No . 3 . , In the last week in April , bow Swedish turnip seed in tbo same manner as the cabbage seed , except
pricking & 6 m out . Thin them in the rows to four inches , apart As I dear No . 3 , of cabbages , I have the ground dng a good depth , and manured and laid in ridges , in the same manner as for potatoes . Then transplant it with Swedish turnip plants , at the rate of six in the square yard . I shall finish planting this plot sfeaut tba first week in August When the turnips are full grown , I have the tops cut off as they stand on the ground , and give them to the cattle as they are wanted . In the beginning of November , I have all the turnips gathered off the ground and stored in heaps , covered with straw and earth ; they are thus preserved for winter food .
About the midd ! e of March , No . 1 was planted with potatoes , calJed early maize , in the same manner as the other potatoes stated above . By the middle of July , these potatoes will be full grown and fit to take np ; -when this crop is cleared off , the ground is then prepared in the same Aanner as before stated , and planted with Swedish turnips . I make a few d&ys variation in the sowing of the turnip ssed according as I think it will be wanted ; in fact I sow the seed in several places on the sides of the walks or where I have a bit of spare ground .
The forty-seven days labour includes every thing except milking and management of uulk and butter . The twenty quarts of milk per day is the mess quantity far the forty-six weeks taken at four times of equal periods . Joas IauTON . Selby , June 6 th , 1842 .
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THE KNUTSFORD ATROCITIES . Is another column , our readers will find the mild , temperate , and gentlemanly reply of Mr . BsowxEjto the fellow , Egerton , thelLP ., who took the cowardly advantage of " his place in Parliament , to traduce an absent Clergyman , for the offence of rebutting , hoaestJy , open violations of the law and contempt of humanity and religion , in the treatment ol the prisoners and conduct of the Officials of this Hell hole .
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REPEAL OF THE UNION . Ges 2 le Header , has it ever bees your fate to visit that metropolitan seminary for amphibious youthsthat refuge for tart maturity—that asylum for frail old age—that depot of all the variety which the fair sex in its worth can present ; haTe you ever been to Billingsgate 1 where the value of a cod-fish is to be estimated not by its sound , its liver , or its firmness , bat by the length and breadth of its fair owner's tongne . Have you Been the fair proprietress of a rival cod-fish take np the gauntlet in iavonr of her Bound , her liver , and her firmness 3 Have you witnessed the delight beaming
in the eye of those testy old bachelors , who make their morning call at the shrine of ugliness and slang , in the hope of seeing their hatred of the sex justified , or of reconciling to themselves that state of unwilling celibacy to which they have been doomed ? Have yon , in short , witnessed a real jolly set to between two fat red-faced fish-wiyes ; and , have you observed the altered tone of the belligerents , and their respective friends , as the chances of triumph alternate ! Have yon , seen the lond brawler , reduced to humiliation by the superior powers of her antagonist , faintly and
wearily reprobating all the vocabnlary of Billingsgate , and soften into the mildness , of subdned wrath , with a bloody knife in one hand , and the gats of the triumphant cod-fish in the other ! We cannot lead to the hope that our picture may be realised to all ; bat the nearest approach to critical resemblance that we can present is the Lady of the Times newspaper , with the sword of Protestantism in one hand , and the guts of popery in the other , lisping "justice" in mild accents , and sighing in disappointed rage over the triumph \ that superior power and skill has wrenched from her hand . It
is not unamnsmg , or uranstrnctive , to see this meretricious journal shuddering at the desolation of its own part creation , and , coward-like , whimpering like a child ai the danger which now threatens , and which is mainly attributable to the rancorous feeling produced by this ! church vassal between the Protestant spoiler ami-the Caiholio serf . This Argas "defender of the faith" andso forth , that was wont to see and to foresee so far in the calm , appears to be blinded in the storm . Not mans months ago we were informed that Ireland enjoyed not the delusive tranquillity arising from partial government , but the natural calm produced by just and impartial legislation ; by a happy
blending of constitutional circumstances with national character by a considerate deference to national prejudices j in short , by a combination of ihat wit , wisdom , wile , and polioy , for "which our Tory rulers are = pre-eminently distinguished . More Protestant chnrcnes in a Catholic country ; more sectional education ; a stricter observance of the appointment of our own friends to administer our own lawB : such was the policy of the Times when the weakness of Ireland was relied npon as the main strength of her oppressors , whil » now , that that nation , like one man , has arisen in its moral might , and proclaimed with one voice its hostility to this very policy , the same paper turns round , and , pleading in meanness for pity ,
cries" Thou cans't not say we did it-Are natural conseqnences dedncible from natural canses i And , if they are , what result was more likely to follow the total disregard of everything Irish , than that combination of Irish mind which has now resolved upon doing for itself what has not only been denied to prayers , petitions , and imploriags , bm for asking for whichshe has been threatened with coercion and destruction ! The Times may write in that maudlin tone of assumed confidence to aiit tie Stock Exchange and the money brokar , but the thinking man must laugh in scorn at the foolish
attempt to convince the world that aUhongh the very \ jr is redolent of complaint , that yet . travel north or s win , east or west , neitherresident nor traveller can gi te an assignable reason for a single complaint i Su . -sh is the logic of our fainting *« mtemporary ; win tej did space admit , we could shewjusb cause of coiDj > iaint in every act of . England towards Ireland , and c > 'unplete the picture by painting ibe "En glish faction i ° Ireland , is their seven } relations , wiether public c " » private , and in all of which they would appear . * & the jailors of convicts ] rather than as the . PKrons of their clients ! Kot a iaty
performed , not an tmce discharged ' , in which the venge * nce of the Law { Churohj ths dominion of ihe land shark , or the ; petty tyranny of the official , iB not discernible . Under the law of primogeniture , * he eldest branches of families are patrons of cljurt ' n preferments , held in trust as portions for the joui ^ g ^ r branches pensioned upon the industry of the Q vibolic slave , their ; power upheld by holding him in subjection . "We should be glad to know whether the altered tone of the Times furnishes a fair prospect * tf Irirh improvement , or whether we are to receive it as a hypocritical mediation , while the strong tr oyenJ . '« aii is preparing all the
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appliances of force to destroy the rising genius of Ireland . liVe did not offer , one word of comment [ hastily upon the question . In 1840 , when oppbsed by the press o £ the whole kingdom , we devoted column after column to the support of Irishmen ' s fright to govern themselves ; since then the very fact of being drawn into the discussion , and the ptospeet Jof the subject being revived , has compelled jus , as a duty to cur readers and to the public generally , to iaform ourselves upon the history of that ill-fated country . It is fresh in the recollection of our readers , that we announced some fewweekssince , the fact that both the Administration and the Irish Executive were powerless for good , and only Btrong when bent on evil . That the domestic
faction , among whose ancestors Ireland has been partitioned by the respective plunderers who , from the days of the second Henry to > the invasion of the Dutchman , have followed their respective leaderB , were too powerful for the Administration or the Irish Executive , or both unitedly . We stated that whatever the intentions of Government might be , the determination of the spoiler was to hold by force what had been gained by fraud . That Ireland has been garrisoned by a legalized banditti , no man can deny ; thai the standard of the Invader is the Church , peculation , professional emolument , and the wages of idleness , upon the express condition that the privilege of the associated band should be used for the annihilation of the Irishman ' s rights . We directed attention to the several articles which
apppeared m the English newspapers upon the subject of Repeal , and we predicted that all remonstrance , caution , invitation to settlement , and promised forbearance would be lost in the recommendation of the Standard , the organ of the Church party . Have events proved the truth of that assertion , or have they not ! and could the invitation of the Standard to the Protestants of the North to massacre the rebels be more quickly accepted than it has been by the LOYAL PROTESTANTS of Dungannon . Have they not buckled on the armour of tbo Church ? have they
not sounded the trumpptoi Protestantism ? have they not mustered some 15 , 000 strong with arms in their hands , and not waiting for tho technical forms , for the legal requirements necessary for the completion of the disarming bill , have they not anticipated the Government , constituted themselves a mob executive , searched the houses of the Catholics for arms , and demolished and levelled their hovels to the ground 1 Is not our prediction then so far verified ? And while the public mind is lost in thought as to the probable chances of peace or war , of success or defeat , and is in doubt as to the circumstances
which may lead to the first outbreak , we will venture npon another prediction ; it is this , that it matters not what the policy of Sir Robert Peel may be , what his notions individually , or what his intentions , if left to himself might lead to , but the Government over which he presi des , will force him to maintain and uphold the Union , at the expence of any amount of Irish blood and English treasure ; that the enactment of the Irish Arms Bill , the proclamation of that measure and the mode of enforcing its provisions will lead to the first outbreak in Ireland . It matters not that the Government may intend the
measure as a sword suspended , and to be used only at their discretion . When it is law , it will then become the pleasing duty of the weeded Orange Magistrates , to recommend themselves to their brotherhood by a vigorous execution of that law . Under its sanction domiciliary visits will be paid to the Catholic hovel by the infuriate Protestant mob , the peaceful peasant will fly his home , — -his house will no longer be a shelter in the dead of night , —and when driven to take refuge under the canopy of heaven , and to take council with his unhoused brethren in the darkness
of night , the gatherings of houseless wanderers , thus brought about by the terror of the law , will be construed by its administrators as the nooturnal meetings of Irish rebels ; they will be proclaimed as outlaws and reduced to the sad alternative of either remaining at home to answer to the night call of licensed robbers , before whom they must parade their naked wives and children , or they will be compelled from fear to abandon that hovel which is no longer a protection against the intruder , and leave it a prey to the spoiler who will set it in flames , its desertion being proof that it was the haunt of a
rebel . While we hear of the perfect information of which Government is in possession with reference to the doings and intentions of the rebels , eannot the far seeing eye of a watchful public discern anything in the camp of the enemy ! If the Government is watchful , if the Irish people are cautions , does any man suppose that the leaders of Orangeism are indolent and inert ? Can he who grasps the whole question of English policy , Irish feeling , and Foreign intrigue make up his mind upon the issue , without making the present virit of the King of Hanover to this country , an
important feature in the consideration of the whole question ! At any time , but more especially at the present crisis , the thinking public expects much of caution , as well as close attention to passing events from public journalists . Fortunately for ourselves , and perhaps , not less so for our readers , we are untrammelled by other restraint than that which reason and judgment may impose npon us . We write fox mind , and hot for prejudice . We seek to improve , vad by improvement to correct ; and , therefore , do we feel bound to assign good and substantial reasons for our every assertion .
In speaking , then , of the probable result of the great question now at issue between the English invaders , their Church , their possessions , and their administration of the laws ; and the Irish party demanding self representation and release from clerical bondage and class domination , we are bound to consider what the feelings of that party are likely to be towards . their head . In this analysis we find it impossible to treat her LLijestt as head of the Rampant Church in Ireland , with the same amount of indifference with which we would treat her as first magistrate and civil chief of
the nation . Let us , then , see what the causes of discontent are which have been engendered in the mindB of the tithe Protestants of Ireland , by their prints , their leaders , and clansmen . The Robys ana the Bradshaws spoke the feelings of the Irish Orangemen , 3 f opportunity but presented itself of gratifying them . The declaration of Lord Msibodbsk , that his intention was , "to give the Church a heavy How and great discouragement . " The well circulated rumour of the conversion
of Prince Albert to Citholicism , and more recently the official announcement through the Court journals that Prince AiBEsrhad been commanded by the Queen ; to announce by his own hand to the anti-Church Minister ( Melbourne ) the glad tidings of another royal birth ; but , above all , the still more recent announcement by Mr . O'Connell that the Queen had rebuked Sir Rowjbt Peel for the presumptuous : use made by him of Her name with reference to the question of Repeal .
How multiply all these causes of Protesant diecontent by Protestant fear and Church preferment , and we shall at once discover the inducements ( 0 combination and the probable coarse of the united Churoh supporters . Peel must either cling to this party for good or for-evil , or he mast abandon them in their mad career , and leave to the Roounghams , tita Grahams , the SrANLEis , and the Pltjmxbees the ; glory of witnessing the triumph of reaoon over the darkness of prejudice , after a fruitless And expensive struggle of ignorance against
knowledge--of brute force against ; moral power . That " thef Chorda " should continue always to tread down ; the ordinary rights of human nature is impossible . : As m ^ nd pr ogr esse s , men beeome impatient of it J and , if not remodelled by her own heads npon ! the score of justice— -which she never will be—she mast tumble , and bury all recollection of her bloated intolerance in the ruius , none but fools can doubt ; and t . He only question now is , by whose hand the magic and welcome blow shuil be struck , ^" roax the ashes of her Atmpor&l pi ] e ,
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pure , unbiassed , unsullied , and nnbought , religion will spring , and the preponderance in favour of an acceptable creed will be distinguishable in the sincerity of its votaries and the purity of their lives , rather than in corporate wealth or individual intolerance . In all these reasons , then , we come to the conclusion that the English . Rampant Church party and the Irish Orange faction would willingly depose the present Queen , aad with shouts of joy proclaim Ernest the 1 st from tho statue of King William decked in orange letters , King , defender of their plunder , and bo forth ; while , to avoid such a calamity , the Irish people demand a concentration of all their native powers and long withheld rights .
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THE TRIALS . So ! thu labour of the mountain has at last eventuated not indeed in the birth , of a mouse , nor in any birth at all , but in an abortion so utterly beneath contempt , thai it is really difficult to write anything about it . We give from Thursday ' s Times tho following report of the decision of the Court as to the fifth count : — COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH . ; Wednesday , J dne 7 .
THE CHARTISTS . { Sittings in Banco . ) ¦ THE ( fcUEKN V . O ' CONNOR AND OTHERS . Lord Denman , at the sitting of the Court this morning , proceeded to deliver the following decision ofithe Judges in this matterr—The Court has considered the case of * ' TheQueen v . ; 0 'Cannor and others , * with refcrence ^^ the objections arising upon tho points of venue . " ^ Po venue is stated in the fifth count , and it 13 plain that at common law the count on that ground is bad . Every material fact must be stated , with time and place , lu order that it may appear that the Grand Jury had jurisdiction to find the bill , and also that it may be known whence the Petty Jury are to come who are
to try the case . This is laid down in all the books add authorities cited at the bar . Indeed , it was hardly contended on the part of the Crown that the count could bo supported at common law , as it con " thins no venue in itself , nor any words of reference to tho venue in tho margin , to which many facts stated in the fifth count cannot be referred according ¦ to the distinction hereafter to be mentioned . Recourse is then had to the statute of the 7 th George IV ., c . 64 , s . 20 , which enacts that no judgment after verdict 01-confession or default fabail bo stayed for want of a proper or perfect veuue , provided it shall appear by the indictment that the Court ' had jurisdiction over the offence . Now , whether a total omission of venue
can be considered as cured by these words , or whether the statute must . bo confined to cases where some venue is stated , though improperly or imperfectly , in either case tho condition ou which that rcjnedy lor defect ia given by the 7 th George IV . is , that it shall appear by the indictment that the Court had jurisdiction over the offence . If this meant local jurisdiction , the fifth count does not show it , for no place is mentioned in the body of it ; and we eannot , as already stated , import into it for that purpose the county noted in the margin , as has been done in oiyii actions . To hold this would be to say , as was indeed said by the Solicitor-General , that whenever the grand jury of any county whatever has found a bill of indictment for a crime
cognizable under the commission , a thai which takes place upon it in that county must be good after verdict , though the indictment does not show the Court to have any jurisdiction over the offence , on which condition alone the defect is cured by the statute . The argument drawn from the 16 th ana 17 th of Charles ll ., c 8 , and 4 Anue , e . 16 , was , that as in civil actions the total omission of veuue is cured by th < i first of these acts under the words " for want of a right venue , " bo the total omission of venue in criminal eases may be cured under the 7 th George 1 VJ ., which uses the words " for want of a proper or perfect venu : j" but the defect cured in civil actions is hot the total omission of the venue ; but the introduction of an improper , or imperfect venue , and it is
cured by the statute of Charles if the case is tried by a jury of the proper county in which the action is laid . Now , tho action in every ciril case is laid in the county stated in the margin , and if the trial takes place in that county , the condition is fulfilled . By the 4 th of Anne the remedy is extended to the easel of judgment by default ; ail the defects which would have been cured by the statute of Jeofuls in case the verdict of twelve men had been given iu su < Jh action being expressly cured by the 2 d section of ihat statute . To bear any analogy to these statutes the 7 th of George lY . should have cured tho defects of venue where the ease was tried by a jury of the county in which the indictment was preferred ; the venue in the margin may show this , but certainly does not make the indictment show that
the Court bad jurisdiction to try the offence , unless Bpecifioally referred to ia the body of the indictment . Tho distinction between criminal aad civil cases in this respect is found ia the 2 d Lord Raymond , " the King v . Knollys , " Lentbale ' fl case , Cro . Eliz ., 3 P . Williams , " the King v . Burridge , " and " the King v . Fawcett , there cited , and many other oases quoted at the bar . It has been established in such a variety of cases , that , it is impossible for this Court to overrule or overlook them . It follows , therefore , that as the Court cannot connect the venue hi the body of the indictment with the venue in the margin , for want of fcuoh special reference , it does not appear by the indictment that the Court where the indictment was
found had jurisdiction , and that dtfect is not cured by | the statute of 7 th of George IV . The Court has considered whether the 7 th of George IV . may not admit of a different or wider meaning—namely , that the offence should appear to be of such a nature that the Court has authority to try it ; and a strong argument in favour of that construction arises from the apparent impossibility of giving effect to the words in any other manner , but we are satisfied such is not the case , but we are convinced that the defects in venue are not intended to be cured , unless the jurisdiction of the Court in respect of locality ia made to appear . One consideration , indeed , is decisive of that . Persous accused might otherwise be puuished for offences committed in another realm , if the
quality of the offence alone gave jurisdiction ; this clearly was not intended . Mr . Dundas referred to a case reported hot quite correctly in the last edition of Burn ' s Justice , md also in 1 Mooay ' s Crown Qises . We have before us the very case in which the opinion of : all the judges was taken , and also a copy of the indictment . The prisoner was tried for bigamy at the Old Bailey in 1833 . The first marriage was alleged to have been contracted in Kent , and the second in Surrey , and the prisoner was alleged to have been apprehended on ! a day named , but of the place or county where he was apprehended no mention was made . Thb conviction was held bad , because the witnesses proved the offence in Surrey , though the venue in the
margin was Middlesex , but no one suggested that Middlesex could be drawn from the margin into the body ! of the indictment ; , though that would u >><| utstionably nave curcd the defect ; nor was it suggested that the Court appeared by the indictment to have jurisdiction over the offence of bigamy , which would Have cured the defect if the reference had been to the quality of the offence , and not to the place where thb offence was committed or the prisoner apprehended . An objection on the score of omitting the local venue is not merely technical , but real and important ; for the allegation of material facts as occurring iu a particular county id not only that which authorises the grand jury to find any : bill of indictment , but is
also a warrant to the sheriff to summon the petty jury , which must pass judgment on those facts between the Crown and tno prisoner . The tral of witnesses for peijury m ' - # ut be embarrassed and justice defeated , if the jurymen were to be empaneiled without authority . To make the act of trying confer the right to try would be a change so violent that we cannot believe it to have been intended by [ the Legislature . Upon the whole , we are of opinion that the judgment upon the fifth count must be arrested . Au objection was also taken to the fourth count , on the score of venue , a material fact being alleged without place . StojjSt '* case . 2 East ' s Pleas of the Crown , was thought to bear directly on this doctrine , and was not successfully distinguished by the
defendant ' s counsel ; but the Master of the Crown-office has found the paper books in that case in which Mr . Justice AshurBt took his notes of the argument offered by Lord Abinger on the one side , and the late Mr . Justice Vaughin on the other , in Michael-• mas term , 1798 ; and the endorsement of the learned Judge intimaces that the case stood for further argument . The prisoner was conyloted in April and sentenced to twelve months * imprisonment , more than half of which had expired before the argument ; and there is every reason to believe that Sir Edward Bast was mistaken in reporting that case ae decided ; indeed , he himself intimates that if there was an error in the sentence , it might possibly have been amended by being changed to transportation for fourteen years—a strong reason for not pressing the
argument founded upon that ease further . Wo think , tttat , however , here the statute 7 th George lVi applies a remedy , ab the couduot imputed to the' defendants is criminal and is stated with Venue . The count states the fact of unl awful assemblies having taken place at divers places , without naming them , though that statement is introdiucsoTy to the [ charge , which is a charge ef aiding and ^ . assisting . persons to continue the said asHembiiesSitod the aidiuK and assisting is stated to have belfffin riie county of Lancaster ; the count therefore has a vonue , though nQ imperfect one , because though tho mauml faoU in the early part of it are without place , iho part which charges tho dekiuiaius with ; ho c ff-.: ce h ± s a venue , and refers to a former part of fi ; e i' j ut , which iornier part , therefore , way be cou-
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sidered an imperfect venue , and as the offence itself is laid with a proper vervue , it appears by the count that the Court ihad jurisdiction ; and that is the very case contemplated by the statute . We , therefore think it necessar ^ to hear the argument on the validity of the mode of stating the charge in that count , and appoint Friday morning for that purpose . Mr . Justice Patteson thea said—I think it right to state that the incorrect report ia my brother
D'Oyley ' s edition of Barn ' s Justice is not to bo laid to his charge ; he had the statement of the casefrpTn me , and put it in the very words in which I furnished it , and it is wholly my mistake . This is of course tantamount to an absolute acquittal of all the parties convicted under the fifth count of the indictment ' . It is worthy of notice that -the Judges , as they ! alwaSys do , rest their decision on a technical matter , rather than on one of principle .
The want of venue iu the fiifth count was clearly , to the common sense of every man , a fatal though necessary result of the determination of the ^ crown to strain the meshes of their net for the encompassing of tho ? o whom ] they knew to be utterly without its pale . Had the venue been laid properly , it would have appeared at once that all the parties against whom this count was levelled were utterly beyond the scope of the general offence charged . Heuce the Attorney General , having but the choica of two things—to leave them entirely alone , or to hazard the defective venue—chose the latter , and , as he says , framed the indictment in the form it bore specially and purposely to
meet the case . They are greatly mistaken , who suppose that this defect of venue in the Fifth Count was au oversight on the part of the Crown lawyers . On the contrary , it was a cunning trick of lawyer craft : it was a determined and dishonest effort to come at those who were not otherwise to be come at ; and who had so guarded themselves as that they could not be legally charged with any offence whatever . This , and this only , is the reason why the fiifth count had no venue iu it . The insertion of a venue would have demonstrated clearly that there was no manner of connection between those
whom this count was specially framed to reach , aud those with ] whom it was impudently assumed , on the general face of the indictment , that they had conspired together for the carrying out of an insame and illegal . project . If there had been a proper venue to this count , the parties to whom it specially pointed , and to get hold of whom it was framed , must have been every one acquitted on the trial at Lancaster . The Crown lawyers knew that perfectly ; and hence the " dodge" by which they h avo been subjected to so much inconvenience and trouble , and robbed of so much time and money . The real objection , however , against the fiifth count was of much more consequence thaa this paltry technicality , of veuue ; it
was that it charged upon the parties no offence whatever ; nothing but a legal act ; aa set which they or any other men have a perfect right to do ; and on the legality of which it is known that Lord Denman's opinion has been more than once strongly expressed . This utter vitiation of the Count on principle , though often pointed clearly out by the Judges during the argument , was carefully kept out of sight in the Judgment ; and the thing made to seem rather a technical escape of the prioners than au upright Judgment of the Judges . We do not think that this mode of doing the thing redounds at all to the credit of the Bench . It shews
us clearly that we owe them nothing ; that if they could have lent their sanction to the effort of the Crown , without an utter sacrifice of their judicial character aud a ( sinking of themselves to a level with AaiNGEa and Gvjrmey , they would have gladly done so . It shews us , and it ought to show the people , that we owe thi 3 termination of this protracted enquiry ] to the caution which avoided to break through the law , and not to any merciful construction of the lay which we are to expect . It shews us , and it ought to shew the people , more taan ever , the necessity ef trusting , as leaders in the movement , none but those who have sense enough to look before they leap , and honesty enough to take no unsafe leap which may involve others besides themselves in its
consequences . We shall be jlad if the Attobnet-Generax and the Judges will ! now do their duty ia pointing out to the triumphantly acquitted subjects of this unjust and rascally prosecution how they are to be compensated for thejpersonal indignities , the anxiety of mind , the scandalous inconvenience and loss of time , and the ruinous expences which have been inflicted on them . How is the country to be compensated for the wanton and wicked wasting of itB funds in the perpetration of these outrages ! We suppose that we may ask these questions till we are tired of hearing echo for the answer . And we can tell the people that it will never be otherwise than thus till the making and I administration of the law shall be put under the controul of justice , and that will never be till they make and administer it themselves .
Wo cannot of jcourse give , in our present number , the decision of the Judges as to the fourth count ; though it will be given , before this reaches the eye of our readers . | The parties interested in this ceunt , and respecting whom we are yet uncertain as to whether they may or may not be required to " come up for judgment ! ' are Peter Murray M'Douall , Jas . Leach , Christopher Doyle , John Campbell , Jonathan Bairstow , Bernard M'Cartney , James Arthur , Thomas Cooper , Robert Brooke , James Mooney , John Leach , David Morrison , George Candelet , John Durham , James Fenton , and Frederick Augustus Taylor ; while those who are relieved by the present
decision from further harraasment in the affair , are —Feargus O'Connor , William Hill , GeorgoJulian Harney , John Hoyle , John Norman , William Beesley , Samuel Parkes , Thomas Rail ton , Robert Ramsden , John Arran , John Skevington , William Aitkin , Sandy Challenger , Win . Woodruff , and Richard Ottioy . I ¦ ¦ ¦
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, ^ day evening ; your readers will make their owa com . ments upon this statements of facts . " We give elsewhere a letter from Mr . 0 'Conuoa to the Irishmen in England upon ihis matter , to which we refer our readers , and leave them , as oar Correspondtnt says , ' * to make their own comments . *
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John Fbrhelky , of Scregg Ballyharny , ly French Parkflreland , will be thankful for a Star which any good English Chartist can spare him after reading it , Manchester Lock Hospital .- ^ - We have received a long statement in reference to the resi gnation of her place by the matron of this institution together with the letter of that person to the Cm miltee on tendering her resignation . We cannot insert it . The subject is one for the private in * vesligation of the Committee ; and we must sup . pose that a committee of respectable ministers ani gentlemen will duly enquire into any teed . founded allegations of abuse . Mb . Julian Hauney . —Letters intended for Mr
Julian Harney must be addressed to him , No , 9 { Sheaf Bank , Lead Mill Road , Sheffield . ' Mr . Harney has received for the Local Defence Fund the sums of Is . U < J .., and \\ d . colleetei by Mr . Benjamin Richardson , Sheffield . Joan Miller , Halifax . —// is , perhaps , better just now to wait a little silently . We are looking on . But we are not to be driven out of our course &y either fools or knaves ; and we hope to see the same spirit actuating all our friends . G . Charlton , Sundcrland , sends us a long letter in reference to his expulsion from the body of Wes . ley an local preachers , on account of his enter tain , ing Chartist principles . These things are so much of course that we are net at all surpnid at them . We cannot afford so much space as Mr .
Char lion's letter would occupy ; but we can as . sure him , for his comfort , that he is no worse used than many other good men have been ; and toe think that the melhodist parsons have paidhim a great complimeriu E . Ferguson , Alexandria . —His last week ' s letter did not reach us until the Scotch papers were worked off . N . W , B ., Preston . — We are not surprised . We never yet knew better of ( he " bawlers . " A wide . throated barking dog is always a cowardly ctir and generally an itl-nalured . one . " A Real Chartist , " Charley , writes us that "high . wages-and-cheap-bread" Cobdenhas been again reducing wages . We suppose this will surprise no one : but a real Chartist" should have given his name and address .
Derby . —All letters for the Chartists of this town must in future be addressed to Mr . John Moss , Plum-tree place , Darley-lane . A Mechanic . —Hamilton ' s literal and interlinear translation of the Gospel of St . John is the best book to begin with . He may get it both Greek and Latin at any bookseller ' s shop . St . Pancbas Chartists . — We cannot interfere in the affair of Mr . Lucas . Alfred Linch . —No room . S . Boonham , Nottingham , writes us , in reference to a notice in our last , that he sent no communicaion respecting the tea party at all , and that his name must , therefore have been appendtd to the one we received without his knowledge or
aulhortly . John Gibson . —The signature of a boy tenyearsofaqt would give no power to any parties to deprive him of anything which by law belonged to kirn A minor cannet be bounden to his own prejudice . A Regular Subscriber , Dodworth , We have better occupation for our time and columns than answering ** pint" questions . If- we should iegin with them , we might soon spend a day or two in each week with nothing else . Stars to Ireland . — W . Foster , of Bingley , tuples to call the attention of the Chartists of England and
Scotland to the necessity , at this particular period , of sending all the Stars they canto Ireland , Let all who can send their S ; ars to Mr . 0 'Siggins . No . 14 , North Ann-street , Dublin , They want them ; and he slates that very few comparalively are now sent . James Hysljop , draper , Wigan , wants a few copies of the Northern Star for all last month . Justice for the Poor . —A . poor man in Wigan owed \\ s . 6 d ., which he teas adjudged by the Court of Requests to pay at the rate of Is . per week , or 4 s . per month . Tfie costs were Us . Bd .: within one penny of the full amount of lite original debt I
Thomas Starkey , SCoke-upowTrent , sends us the following letter : — " Stoke-on-Trent , June 7 , 1843 . " Dear Sir . —It is not enough for a man to sell and mortgage &U he has got , la defence of himself and principle , to claim your attention , aad ask for 8 etaare of what his friends have subscribed , I suppose ? " Yours truly , "THOMAS STARKET . " To Mr . Hill . Leeds . " // Thomas Starkey happens to know his own meaning , we fancy he ts wiser than any one else can become from reading his letter . Manchester Chartists . — We cannot publish their resolution in reference to Mr . Cooper . Welsh Chartists . — . 4 correspondent thus writes us : —
" In answer to the questions in last week ' s Star about the Welsh Cbanists— " Wfcere are they ? What are they doing ? Are they still alive ? " We are here still , and doing as much as we possibly can under present circumstaucesy Yes , the brave men of the hiils are still alive , for all some of the leaders have etood in the back ground for eomo time , tor reasons best known to themselves , the people are determined to do their own work , aad trust not even to their friends any more . It to true that the oppressors have taken advantage of these bad times to clog the wheels of Liberty ' * chariot ; but ere long the ? must give way , and confeas that the people are enligntened and are determined to have fbeir rights . " If our brothers in England do not know whether we are dead or alive , the tyrants here know well ^ to their mort : ficawon , tnat we are sfill at our post
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FOR THE DEFENCE FUNP . £ , »• <* . From W . Caoke , DackinSeld ° 1 c .. Hunsiet , per J . Longbottom ° « ^ Jo seph Turner 0 0 £ „ , the Chartists of Coventry ° iff ^ six otlwr friends at Coveutry ... .- 0 3 lv FOB . THE VICTIM FUND . From Bristol , collected by Miss M . Wil- . liama ... 0 8 * .. the Female Chartists of Bristol ° * * .. W . Joslyu « - 1 u
Eiiea Tr Dr. Horner, Of Hull, Recommended Pok*** And Arsenic As The Most Effectual Means For We ¦ ._ -• _ _ N F .1 _ Hi T *.—Lna »Fr 1t1 Ouc
eiiea tr Dr . Horner , of Hull , recommended pok *** and arsenic as the most effectual means for we ¦ . _ - _ _ n f . 1 _ Hi t * . —lnA » fr 1 T 1 OuC
destruction or Qe . we navu > " * « ~ v , houses with the most triumphant success . —w « r deners * Gazette . Cheaf Medicine for Horses . —For the < ^ lSea ff commonly called the gripes , to which nor ? ^ Tti \; subject , there has been discovered an mfaiupw remedy , and one that is in the possession 01 every person ; it is merely one spoonful of soot , ana one of wheat flour mixed with a pint of cold spriBg water , given , with a horn in fcke usual manner . This will be found to afford instantaneous rehei . Total Wbeck of rare Ship Great EfiiTiiwr-We have to report tfce total Ios 3 of the sp lenOW packet-ship , the Great Britain , Captain SnaX 5 inf master , on her outward nassafa £ 0 New lorJCtJy "
gether with the whole of the valuable cargo , ff was frigate-rigged , four hundred and four w » barthen , and wasbuiit at Quebec in the year J ^ w-The preservation of her crew arid passengers was truly miraculous .. Extensive Robbert . —Information has been received from Edinburgh that a person named George Goldie had sEolen . and absconded with £ 340 belonging to tho Ci ' . y of Edinburgh Lodge of the Independent Order of the Odd Fellows of the W «| - chester Unity , of which he was treasurer . , H « Jf stated to ha « i been formerly a carver and gf i °° * » and lately a hatter , residing oc the North-brmge j and is about thirty-seven years of age , five feet sev en inches high , of fair complexion , stout , and" blind » the Jeft eye , and is rather genteel looking .
Arrival of the Kino op Hakovbe . —Precisely at twenty minutes before four on Friday » Jteta «™ j hjs Majesty the King of Hanover and suite » ad «* at the Custom-bouse Qaay , from the Eagle . Government t teamef , having ine royal standard at its mai » mast His Majesty appeared in health , but mow than usually pale . Iudeed , the reception m » * with was not calculated to raise his spi * ** ' - * " ? number of persons assembled was about 20 » # * J | 5 his Majesty , followed by a Hanoveriatt officer , W «*< a uncovered through th& crowd , which formed twolines to admit of their passage . Not a bat -w «» raised—not a single cheer greeted his arrival on » fl shores of his uative land . At length h issas ana groans commenced , and became general . ^ jf MajVsty a = ceuiied the steps of the Custom-nouse arespt * cf . able-lopkins ; man exclaimed , with a strong voice , " Uoii ' t hiss ttif poor old mau ; let us be tnaD \ . tul to G ^ d he is not Kiug or England J ' This reinar * was loudly cheered .
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TO ^ TRRRgft . SWEET ASD WGQDHOTTSE . Kotthjgnam , May Si , 1843 . fJisjiTKEXES , —Inieply to year inquiries respecting a rumour -which has been circulated , to the effect that j&x . O'Connor received Ihe sum of £ 28 for Ms Services a £ ISx . ^ Saxrg&a election , I "beg leave most vneqalrocaHy to state Hob Hz . O'Connor sever applied for any paymect sor received any consideration for Mb services in that election . -A ± the same time , it-will be Tight for me to state the circumstances -which no doubt bare given rise to this unfounded report-:
—On the day immediately following the election , Mr . O'Connor preferred s claim of £ 27 10 s . He stated then " ihaiit had xdI beat hisisiexticnlo receive anyreward for Jth men -services ; nor did he escjxdl vor would he aece&eoenihe repayment of 'histrarxUixg trpenses . Asfor Us personal services he had given { hem far the cause Mr . StfTfft advccaial ; fed there vsere a mrmber -of men tcho had come-d his invilaiion mal at ihe reqitea of ihe Chartisl body , and Tie conceived U right ~ Omr expenses should aejwnl-Jfe OM 3 ohdot submitted the different item * to " ¦ Btingi amounting io £ 27 10 s . I took it to tfei Oott * snttee ~ and as some doubts arose in their minds & » to iMs claim prnperiy belonging to them , it iras subscribed amongst a few gentlemen , ani I -went aad paid this asm-immediately to Mm .
Oaie-eopy cf Mb letter 3 n ^ cknoirledgment it * receipt , sad -containing an account of its appropriation I SEBex-to-this communication . I can assure yon .-Sentiemen , this is the on ' ypecnttiary application that -was ever node ly 2 St . O Connor to the Committee , aad the only sum tn&t -was ever paid -to Mm on any account-whatever . I am , Gentiemen , Teurs-rery respectfully . Thomas Eeggs . 9 J 8 . Ton are quite at liberty to make yrh&t nBe jou Hfce of this letter-
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London , August 10 , 1 & 42 . Ht T £ &a £ -BssgSj—As it vf 2 b from you I received £ 2 J Hs . for my brigade , and as aH money matters j&oulcl 3 » pnsctuaHy observed , 1 beg to sut-mii to jou an ^ sccosDt of the appropriation-: Tn . M 3 > ouaJlj £ S- Goo& * i- £ z % Jones £ 3 15 s West JtS 10 s ; . Head Jz& 10 s ; sad Qarke £ 2 15 % . Total ^ 37 10 s . Yon * rifi see&at a trifling alteration has been made eff a few afcfflings in the applkaHca , -which -was owing to travelling expense *; bnt snebhare been the disborsssets , S ' onrs Tdy-fenTy , F- O'COJfSOB . Te Hx . Begat , 2 * oKingfeam .
The Northern Star. Saturday, June 10, 1843.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , JUNE 10 , 1843 .
€* 2seairn'i5 Am ≪£Omspowtem&
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. — ^ THE 8 s . 6 d ., for Ddfence Fund , noticed on May 6 th , from " J . Longbottom , Leeds , " should have beeo —From Hunsiet , per J . Longbottom . Robert Whitfield , Bingley . —Apply atthePosfr " office for a letter .
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O'CONNOR AND REtEAL . The following communication is from our London Correspondent :--" I havo refrained m hitherto alluding to a circumstance which has created a great sensation among the Chartists and Repealers of the Metropolis , being anxious to avoid everything calculated to keep up a feeling of hostility between parties whose duty and interest it is to be united ; but , the cloven foot being now fairly shown , it becomes a duty to make the circumstances public . It is wall known that Mr . jO'Connor , at the conclusion of his late lecture on the Repeal of the Union , expressed
his wish to be enrolled a member of the Rpeal Association , and tendered a sovereign as a contribution towards th ' e M Rent . " On Sunday evenipg , May 28 th , Mr . Dwaine , the chairman of the meeting , proposed Mr . O'Connor as a member , at Mr . Buckley ' s " Repeal Ward , Boswell ' s Court , Fettcr-Iane . Mr . Haynes , exj-suD-Editor of the Charter newspaper , ex-teetotal lecturer , ex-Corn Law lecturer , ex-sub-editor of { the Statesman , and now Repeal advocate , objected to Mr . O'Connor ' s admission . An animated discussion arose , and Mr . Buckley wrote to Dublin to receive instructions ou the subject . Mr . Haynes also wrote , stating his views of the case .
On Sunday evening , a large muster of Chartist Repealers , and others , met at the above house , to hear the result . Oa jarriving there , all was confusion . On the previous morning , W . J . O'Connellj Inspector General for London , had peremptorily closed 1 the Ward , alleging they were unfit to be a Ward , for receiving O'Connor ' s money without consulting head quarters ; great was the indignation manifested by the independent repealers at this outrageous proceeding , and epithets of a very strong description were applied to its perpetrator . Messes . Dwaine , Buckley , M * Car | hy » . Overton , Rathbone , Wheeled , and others expressed their opinions warmly , and in answer to objections proved , from primed
documents , ihat O'Connor had ever been an ardent advocate of the repeal of the legislative union . A repeal warden , impressed upon the meeting the propriety of saying nothing calculated to widen ihe breach ; private fetters from Ray and Steels to Haynes had been alluded to * he repudiated the idea of being guided by the j private opinions of any man , and called upon ] them to meet on the following Sunday , aud they should hear the result of the deliberations in Dublin ; if they rejected Chartists he was one , and they rejected him also ; on this understanding the meeting di » pu- ^ ed . Since bunday a letter bas been received from Kay as secretary , returning O'Connor ' s mouoy , aud desiring t \ at the money of all Chartists should be immt > diaiuHeiy returned . Hero che matter reattf until Sun-
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 10, 1843, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct654/page/4/
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