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Northern Star (1837-1852), 15th April 1843, Edition 3 of 5, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      HARMONY HALL . iBTtEB . T . 10 THE BDIXOB 01 ? TSB KOBTHK&S STAB . giE , —In accordance -with my last letter , I now prefees to give Borne account of the manner in -which the j ^ dtBts of this establishment spend their time . t > X present they are divided or classified into three flisUnct departments , according to age , which classl-Zcs&en sn& *» earned stall further in proportion as gj ; . uamhsis inrrw-aws more especially aflfong the rovDgsr branches , in ordir that all may be brought Jp is the society of those who , fey their age , and consequent natural desire for someirhat like similar occupations , are best fitted for associates . Tie present jjrrijions are thB infante , and children under seven jesrs , those from stveD . to about sixteen or seventeen , sad the adnlts .

      Xhe Jjist , which is termed the nursery department , now conai * t 3 of about twenty , inclndiDg the BnperinteadtnU 2 nd assistants , and is an entirely separate js ^ sbiisfament from Harmony Hall , occupying the bialiiEg crectad i > y the residents Boon after they came jjgra . Xhfi children are regularly fed with plain simple < j } ei , c * n sisang chitily ef milt , bread , puddings , fee , but nse no aaimal food ; they are clothed in a loose , plain , an 4 inexpensive manner ; they are well lodged , ^[ retire to-rest , and rise early ; they hare plenty ef gxtrcse in the open air , and this exercise is as far as pggsjtde turned vo neefal purposes . They haTe leertasamsaneat themselvesandfrom bein

      | joa auJ among , , g COESissllJ together Under superintendence , their feeljuis are s ^ directed that they contribute much to each tfbcf * p Jtisnre and happiness ; and they areinstrncted jn such olg ^ cts as surround them to know their proper " ^ an d nses , and the Rjanner in which they will s 5 = sl them . From the mmibex of persons -who visit fhem sr-ii - froHi the absence of that mere animal indulgence " -winch siotbers , ia individual satiety , so much fire to their children , those among na haTe acquired a iitedom of habit and manner towards all whom they see which pecaliarly distinguishes them ; which frJdom is duly regulated by the jeceral order

      estab-2 shsd aaoBg them . Ise second division , or those between seven and sixteen , -ffbich constitntc the elementary school at present , iudnoing supenBtendenU , about forty in number , are isca-r iia a son ^ pr 3 cdcal sdncation , physical , intellects ! and moral With regard to thfeir physical education , ' th ey hare plain , simple diet at regular intervals asimJ food for those who prefer tafciBg it , three days a week - - ? etetablwin abnEG » acs , fresh , daily , from the garden , of Tery superior kinds ; plenty « f milt and Iks . and bread , butter , tei , coffee , &c Their clothirg mil be uniform

      is jdmple and plain , and soon ; they tare large aad commodious dormitories , and thai * ae&pcj-itwms , refectory , is ., are large and spacious . Ice elements ?? instroctioD consista of reading , writing , arithmetic , dra-snog , geography , geometry , physiology , jsstural history , and other sciences , and as farther progrssa is mads , additional advantages will be procured and adopted , to the fullest « xtent- Singing , smsic , Qsacing , drilling , and many other -whai are now called scK > mpJisimen . t 5 , wfll form part of their Tegular daily ocCBpalioa , and they will also be taught to peform all nssful offices for which their services may be req aired .

      Jcey will be instruzted in agncultore , gardening , chensiisry , mechanics of all kinda , mwe especially those which are carried on practically in the establishment , sach as joiners , plumbers * -woTi , painting , Emith ' 8-¦ srort , wheelwrigfatiBg . and many others , besides which , thoie "who are found to dssire it will be inliracted as tsDors or shoematera , both of which busines > es weatpresent carry on ; and they must be added to sad increased . - Others will be employed in domestic oc pupations , connected with the offices , stores , &c , and the ghii sre already very usifnl in the iitcben , dormitories , sod other househoLl departments ; and perform their pans irith great ¦ sriUinguesa . In this department " the sods 0 ! spesding the day la as followB : — They are callei out at half-past five in the morning , and

      all above ten years are expected to be washed , dressed , sad in the school room i > y six . T ^ alf an hour is then occupied in preparing the breakfast , putting the school TDoa in order , procuring the stores , the elder girls washing and dressing the younger , some of the boys b-ing occcpied in cleaning shoes and boota , yd performing acyothsr dnties required iinta breitfaat , which is res 3 j at half-past six . After breakfast they again ieturn to thrii "various ocenpztiona , including the garden , workshops , &c , where the yonnger portion rsmain mrta ] half-past « ight , and the others until tan At these respective hours the bell ring's and half sa hour is allowed for preparing far school , fhcaa coinmezicicg at nine , remaining until half past ten . and those at calf-past ten until twelve .

      From twelve to half-past , is employed in preparing for dinner , and after dinner they have recreation until two . The elementary instruction is resumed from two p . m ., until half-past three ; and dancing and drilling are to be taught two afternoons each week , from four to five . Tea which has hitherto been tafcen at a quarter to six is this wefet altered to sis . The evenings are spent as follows : —Two in receiving instruction in singing ; two in attending lectures , one at a festival , one in the ¦ G overnors' room , and one in reviewing the manner in which the week has been spent , and in preparing and arranging the general business for the future . With regard to the adults Ihey are called by the trumpet at anx , l > ni those -who please , r ise earlier ; they bmkfast at half-past six , and comnuuee labour at seven , dine

      at twelve , resume their occupations at one , and continue in them until half-past five , at which hour the bell rings and again at wx for tea , by which latter time they ire washed and dressed for the evening ; -nrnAing such changes as their respective occupatioizs may render isctssary . Por each evening there is some appropriate enpiojiDs&t capable of affording recreation and instruction , and the business in which all have teen reaptc-Bvriy engaged , gives the means of conveying mnchr inf » rmation on interesting subjects . The labour is varied is uraia as our present limited number will allow of , but in proportion as we increase , and in proportion v the members acquire the knowledge of the btat Earner in which ± 0 perform varied occupations , it will b = much more bo . The intention is , and tfcis is carried pe ; as far as possible , that every person shall be

      empioyed some portion of eich day on the land . To introduce this arrangement , the trumpet wunds at three is > the afternoon , and all who can bB spared from domestic occupations , from the office , or from the various br&schea of mechanics , pzoceeel to the garden at Xhat S 2 B 8 Bad remain there antQ halt-past fire , and this dtoige ef occupation is found "very agreeable , and ten- 's Both to increase good feeling . From the constant empJojmast which there always is , for every individual ; from the regularity with which the meals are provided » a tskea ; from the temperate arrangements of the in-JStatioii , there being neither fermented or distilled Bgnors eTdintrodnced j from the food being plain and "frfcolesmie ; Irons plenty of exercise in the open air ; won the children of all the members being equally F 0 TJded for , well instructed and freed from the

      immediate chsrg i of their parents ; the mode of life which ¦» e have to Inhere is essentially different from any « " % before known , or that can be concaved , by those who have not farjy enterfed into the practical SetaQ of *~ Ths governor , hj the laws , possesses full powercrm every matter connected with our proceedings , but tn > n > the freedom of expression , tbe absence of all p ^ ewn er rtstraint , and the manner in which every individual action that is done must become inown and Krsatjsct to investigation , if necessary , this poweT is k * -only iq , s wiifejn flne limits plastically , - but if ihere te £ = y error that is felt , j ; is that public opinion in its Fesit state is not sufficiently advanced to give that « J direction to the executivewhich is desirable .

      , inae , however , and experience , which have brought S irom very imperfect beginnings to tbe point at ¦ ^ ci we now are , will not fail to progress the business * e have undertaken , in a continually increasing ratio «* moral f « t is established that men can lire tog « -ther « aa associated arrangements , « ven when they are * TO 3 yu from various localities , and with very different »» ts , l 6 ciing 3 and manners , with an amount ef pleaf Bre not to bs found in any of the old competitive ^ faSoia of society ; and as m progress there c an be " VnT * tbat *** " P leasure will be very ranch increased . * « 53 1 contemplate that the amount of comfort and ere

      in ^^ i njay be earily given to every individual jest z } Tjai em P ' ue ' and not xmiy bo , but that they ., / J * adTiScad to a Position , very highly ^^^ i fcs compared to the one we are in , ZT ~^ ^ he considered physically , mentally EisS ' ^ - T £ carce ] y fao"w bow to restrain ^ >* within due limits in urging npon men of all ^ T " . toaes , sects and parties , to lay aside all minor » hrt , J ^^^ aings , and to immediately examine in 1 Jtocaer they ct assist in so great and good a *> 25 providing for the nnrrersal bappineSS of

      eTe , "" . ^^ of ^ practical reformer , is not , fcowj ^ ' , ** content with the <* risiBg alone , however tte ^ - tks theory may be , nor is it ustful to be con-Js Jl ^ 'J ^ S for a better state of things ; but we feS or * ' *** ' ? "P idly and viEcrously with tte » thb T Tt ^ ^ 5 "P * theories to prastice , and to assist Tj ^ .,. I-roPO £ e in my next letter to lay before your kte ? V oati ^ e of an organi ^ tion which shaU be oa ^ Ti ***** & ? evbibiting tbe power of the people ads «» -- 9 ne 8 ji 0 B > * " an e * * ' tDat Ehal ! tarD tbe & ^ L ? ^ ODini on . which is now setting in , npon * -kpUia at 7 o ! sonie iin ! i ** coJoni 2 > ti 0 B being Ot& nT 7 *" as suptffior advantages of Home Colonies ttj , ^ " ^^ i may be estasliihed by emigration . If aaasxEr * " ° 9 fairly taken np and argued even with jg ^ - ^ te ab-Jity , th fcre ^ Bonjethmg so de * r to our in

      Se » - » v , ^ f conntjy whieh we are bom , among ihose ^ s ^ t ?^ ^^ naDy sprung np , among , cod around if it < h ^ r hs&u adT » nc 8 the cause of emigration , » ^! aId nmmstely be proved ta be desirable . i £ a « ... , ' : Qot PK-rioTuly tire yoar patience , is g ^ . ™ ^ onr readers , 1 shall have much pleasure Psst -J ^ som e m 1 ] « e 8 n ent period , that the first g ^^ act we aban have in a well ordered state of I ^ s ? > ai fee the gre&toet pos 3 ibl « addiUon to the pt t » Iiof Hob country . I am . Sir , Your obedient servant , ii £ Ra wy Hall , Hants , Ajri ] » , iSiS .

      Untitled Article

      TO THE ED 1 T 0 B OF THB SOBTHEHJi STARSiB , —The following letter sent to me from Sydney , has beta the means of preventing many from epigrating to Australia , who had intended to do 4 o thiB spring . Xne writer is a man of such probity , that the general remark of all who knew him is , that they believe his statements as firmly as if they had seen them with their own eyes . He expresses a confidence at the end of his letter that you will publish it . I have to add the earnest request of a numerous circle of the readers of the Star in this city . Tours , most respectfully . DavJD M'Leod . Cannon Mills , Edinburgh , April 2 , 1843 . Sydney , July , 184 ? .

      MT Deab Feiexd , —I have been longer in writing than I promised , but I was so disgusted at tbe mis * r » presen » on given that I could not trust myself to write impartially about it : but this will be more satisfactory , as 1 have upwards of six months' more experience . As yon will get a reading of my journal of the voyage from Mr . Allan , I shall say no : bing of the miseries , inconveniences , and privations of the voyage , bat endeavour wiih candour and exactness to give you a brief account of tMnis here .

      Prom what yon have heard , yon wenld scarcely believe that thousands are walking ths streets , aod hare nothing to do . To giv « you an idea at once , 1 am convinced there are as many tradesmen here a » would meet the growing demand for twenty years to come , even supposing there wa 3 capital enough to develope successfully the acknowledged resources of this country . What think you then of the heartlessness of a cormpt press still bawling for more emigrants ; but the policy is to bring down tbe price of labour . I have both seen and heard cf much misery at home , but it is dust in the balance compared with my experience here . The unemployed are daily pouring into workhouses , In many instances begging for God ' a sake to give them employment , and they wiil be content with their food and lodgings . 1 do not refer to fancy trades , such as jewellers , watchmakers , carvers and gilders , & ? ., who are here like bo m&ny unhived toes ; bat to masons , plasterers joiners , cabinet makers , shipwrights , blacksmiths , sawers , &c

      I will give yon two or three examples of those who came out in the game ship with myself : —One joiner has got a job far his bed and board , and thankful for it Another decent -man , tbe same trade , has got only two months' employment since he came here , and is now without . Another , whom I know to be a very superior tradesman , tells me , that such is the advantage his employer takes of the state of things , he seldom reaches 25 s . per week . Now whit has he to support a wife and three children , after paying 15 s . a week for a house , inferior to one at homo at 2 i per week ? Honse rents are fearful here . At home a man may take & house for a year j and if be cannot pay it he Is only sold off afttr six months' possession . Not so here off he goes at a week ' s warning to the streets , and Lis things sold vff te pay tbe rent . I have known many respectable , industrious people sleeping in the fields , unable to pay for a house to live in .

      i shall now give you some idea of a country life , as I hear there is some talk of sending the poor Paisley weavers here from their home misery . And firstthose unemployed tradesmen that I have been talking of would gladly go for shepherds if they could get ; but of all the professions in this country it is the most heartless- They are entrusted with a flock of sheep , f it which they are responsible . Sow the native dog may run through his fl&ck , and with bis deadly bite destroy as many sheep as wil ) not only consume his yearly wages , but throw him considerably into debt .

      The rations too are so very bad that few can subsist without drawing on the stores , the enormous charges of which are sure to involve its victim io Egyptian bondage . Their salary when 1 came out was £ 20 : it is now £ 15 ; and expected soon to be as low as £ 10 . One great source of annoyance to free emigrants is tie conTicta , 01 Government men as they are called here ; aad at Port Phillip tradesmen are working to Government , convict hours , for their meat , and glad to get it In short , a man of capital may do here ; but those who have nothing but their lalK > ur to depend on are much better at home , bad as things are .

      If I were a man of & revengeful spirit I conld not punish my mortal foe more severely than by presenting him with a bundle of lies , and induce him to come out here . I hope yon will write ont a fair copy of this , and Bend it to the Siar . - 1 have no doubt Mr . Hill -will insert it ; and I shall have the pleasure of seeing it , and feeling that 1 have done tome good by putting some of my brother Cbaitii ' . s on their guard . Never mote think of coming hew-. 1 remain , dearest David , Yours very truly , JOHN MTHA 1 L .

      Untitled Article

      TO DANIEL O'CONKELL , ESQ . M . P . . Sib , —My attention has been drawn to a speech delivered at the Corn Exchange , Dublin , in which you have made many unfounded charges , and given expression to "What I "Wonld call the most ungentletnanly , nay even tbe most brutish calumnies , against & body of men with whom I have the honour to be connected , that ever it has been my lot either to read or hear ; and , as an Irishman , to whom country is dear ; as a working man who has suffered , and is yet suffering from the inhnman and asta-christian system of cl&ss and caste—as a Catholic and a lo-rer of toleration , the full exerdss of the right of opinion , and Christian forbearance .

      I am stimulated by an henest and conscientious conviction of the truth and stability of my position , and the public

      Being aniuiUratfi individual , I shall perhaps-be unable to conch mj remarks in a style sufficiently firm to meet your classic ears ; but , Sir , I "Will communicate a fact which for the last five years you seem to have entirely lost sight of , and of which our noble Emmett reminded your dictatorial brother , Lord Norbnry . I am a man and you are no more . W « are equals , then , by the unalterable law of nature ; at least as far as regards human rightsan 3 privileges ; but sot in our internal organisation and dispositions , for which 1 am thankful to the Great Architect of the universe . On this ground of equality I claim my rljbt to freely canvass and discuss all yov sayings and doings , taking , what may appear

      to me & 3 being good and profitable , and rejecting all that is had and dangerous . For this purpose , and that I may not , throng h my ignorance and stupidity , get involved in a labyrinth of difficulties , by following ycur intricate windings and twistings through your heterogenous mass of denunciations 'levelled indiscriminatf ly at Socialists , Chartists , and all others who have the fconesty to oppose your -wholesale system of political trafficking , 1 will lay down three fae ^ ds , under -which I will -write as many letters in reply to your Tom Arkin ' s , BiUin > -sate . and doating haransue at your political jfiint , tfee Curn Exchange ; in all esses giving your sjcnct tror . ^ s as 1 ftud them pcbiishtal by ozxs at 3 our cnsturt-si in lii ^ s riiy ?

      Untitled Article

      First That Chartism has no connection either with Christianity or Infidelity , there being not one word in tbe document called tbe People ' s Charter , to justify a contrary conclusion . Second . That Chartists who an Infidels , Protestants , or Catholics have an undoubted right to hold and enjoy their peculiar opinions in religious matters , without the interference of any man or party , and that it ia the very extreme of tyranny to denounce them as you have done , merely because they will not chime in with your unhallowed nostrums . [ " Religioa is a matter between man and his God . None shonld interfere with the belief of another . " —Mr . Daniel OConnell , on the Calton H ill , of Edinburgh . 1

      Third Teat the inconsistency of your political career has destroyed the few rights and privileges which Ireland possessed when you appeared on the public stage . That your whole life has been characterised by a greedy , avaricious , and gormandising disposition to grasp and hoard up money , by making political merchandise of the confidence , the rags , and wretehedn" 88 of your poor deluded victims ; and that your motives , aB far as we can judge from past experience and present appearances , for opposing a union between the working men of England and Ireland , on the only political creed which

      will ever bring salvation to the toiling millions , is neither more nor less than a wish on yonr part to continue in perpetuity tbe barbarous system bj which we are directly robbed and indirectly murdered , and gain an independence for yourself , your family , and lickspittle pioneers , by protracted agitation . That you do not want a repeal of the infernal Act of Union , but only selza on it now as a last resource to bliuufold the people a little longer ; and if repealed without tbe Charter Suffrage , the poor of Ireland would not receive any real or substantial benefit .

      Now , Sir , for the first : You commenced your frothy speech on tbe brotherhood of Chartism and Socialism . The wordB , which , yeu said were , " you had received tiie most eertain information that the secieties which were established in England under the name of Chartists , or rather the branch of them called Socialists , were making tbe most strenuous exertions to spread their fatal principles through Ireland "—( heart . That the Chartists art making the most strenuous exertions to spread , not thtir fatal , but their glorious principles in my beloved father-land , I cheerfully , and with a g laddened heart , admit—&Dd no better proof could be adduced that such is the fact than the low and scurrilous means to -which you have resorted for tbe purpose of arresting their progress . It is no go , however .

      P ^ ddy OHiggins and his twelve hundred Btout-hearted democrats will continue increasing , and stick like aa many bees on yonr Whigified old hide , until ultimately they will sting you out of political existence . 'Tis quite needless for you to attempt stopping them : you might &b well wrestle with a ghost , or try to keep out the tide with a pitchfork , while tbere is nothing but hunger and starvation throughout the land , and you are still going on in the same imbecile course that baa marked your every step for the last forty lang years yon have guUed them . The men of Ireland will inquire what O Higgins has got for them ; and inquiry is all that is necessary to satisfy any man that has a mind of his own that his country never will be r # generated until all her sons have tbe power of making her laws .

      But yon say * ' you have the most cert-in information that there is a branch ef the Cbarti&ts called Socialists now spreading their fatal principles through Inland ;"' you have not , however , conuescended to give us any pr > of that Socialism is a branch f Chartism ; and until you do this , your mere assertion goes for nothing . There was a time when your bare statement curried considerable weight ; but that day has long since passed away , for you na - ve been so often found telling old wives tales , and fabricating bo many gross calumnies agai nst your opponents , that scarce auybody believes you now even when you tell the truth . You certainly are in tbe p » - sitioD of the shepherd's boy , or that of a certain Editor in Glasgow , dubbed Loyal Peter . What he gives in his paper for truth , his * own readers believe just the contrary , and in nine cases out of tea they are fxunii to be correct . In proof of this , I need only refer to your base attempt to injure that poor , but honest Chartist , Mr .

      P . M . Brophy , by representing him as having been a Catholic , and a Member of the Order of the Scapular , afterwards beconiiDg ft Protestant and an Orangeman , anti holding up the order to the ridicule of that fraternity at one of their Lodge meetings . You put the poor man ' s life in danger by exposing him to the excited prejudices , the wild fury and fanaticism of those unfortunate creatures who s-wallow as G ispel truth every word that escapes your foul mouth , anil notwithstanding your pretenaions to the character of Catholic , you refused to apologise or retract your vile calumnies , even after he produced a letter from Father Spratt , Patron of that Order , stating that be had known Mr . Brophy for many ytaTs , not as a Catholic , but a Protestant of the Church of England ; that he had never been a Member of the Order cf the Scapular ; nor So far as he ( Father Spratt ) knew , had he ever been an Orangeman . After this , who would put any faith in your rabid stuff ?

      You have found out that there are Socialists in Dublin , and in many parts of the provinces . This do not feel disposed to doubt ; indeed , the great wonder to ma is , and has always been , that tbere are any Christians to bo got amongst the suffering people , for tbe conduct which yon and yoor ininioas have hitherto pursued is calculated to disgust any rational man , or any body , to which yeu may belong ; but that these Sucialists aie a section of tbe Chartists , I do deny , and dire you to the preof . If ycu had given yourself the trouble to inquire , you would have found that Mr . Ow « n , the founder of Socialism , advises his followers to kave no connection with any politic . il body , and in much tbe same dogmatic style as you have issued your mandates to the Repealers , but not indued from the samu motives . He believes that no political chance

      can better the condition of mankind , as long as society is based on the preient political competitive system . 1 cannot agree witb Mr . Owen in the course be is pursuing , for I hold that until the people have the power of destroying the laws of primogeniture and entail , tkey will get nothing either on the land or eff it . He has , however mist 3 ien , spent a princely fortune in attempting to raise n . an from bis present degradation and slavery ; and is , therefore , entitled to the esteem and respect of every good and philanthropic mind . The tfifL-rence between you and him consists in this—that be has spent his all for the general good , according his own peculiar views , while you ba / e scraped tvery penny you could gather iuto your insatiable haversack , and prostituted your principles into the bargain .

      You say you do not accuse ail tbe Chartists with being Socialists , but all the Socialists are Chartists . Tbere ia a mixture of truth and falsehood which I will not endeavour to Beparate . You could not make your audience believe , with all this gullibility , that Father Ryan , of Cbontarff , and > lr . O'Higgins , were Socialists ; and for the information of my countrymen , I can tell them ( for it is vain to attempt trying to make an ; impression on yt » ur iron conscience ) that there are thousands of these same Socialists , who are Dot only not

      Chartists , but its strongest opponents—thousands who belong to no party , and a goodly Dumber who are even Conservatives . And , mark me , sir , when I say so , 1 do it with extreme regiet ; the Socialists are an intelligent body of men , and if they were Caartiata would do much in assisting to break down tbe Strong barriers which yon and your brother despots have raised against the rights of ir . jured labour . That there aTe Socialists who are also Chartists is quite trua , and they have a right to be so as well as either Catholic or prvtestant , as 1 shall prove in my next letter .

      Let us now , sir , understand each other plainly , ' and find out , if possible , what you wish to be at . You charge us with infidelity—we deny it ; and your abusive tirades are not sufficient grounds whereon to condemn a large body of men . It is jet fresh in the recollection of every man who has watched your proceedings for the last three or tour yf ars , that you denounced the Chartists as & body , for a few of their number opening churches to escape the vemgeance of their former pastors . You held them up as forming a new religion , and warned your dupes against any communion with them , or -wiVhuB who oid not join them either in their preaching or praying ; but no sooner had some of tbese preachers broke faith with Mr . O'Connor , and the rational portion of the Chartist body , than yon took

      them to your oogratefal bosom , joined their humbug suffrage movement , now defunct , and sent your man Friday , mad Tom Steel , to Birmingham , for the purpose of disuniting us . When firs ; you attacked the Irish Universal Suffrage Association ycu cbaiged them with being Orangemen , B « -xt a secret s » ciety admitting their members on oa \ h ; driven from all these points , your fiendish disposition , maddened by their rapid progress ; suggested a new mode of attack , and you assail with what ? oh , reader , hear it , and whether you be Catholic , or Protestant , or Infidel , ask yourself tbe question—Can the person who is capable of acting as such a whole-Bale libeLer be a good member 0 / soeiet } ? We are , lastly , indicted at the bar of your tribunal with being Ribbonmen in disguise .

      Now , Sir , as you 6 ay you axe a Catholic , how in the name of that great Being before whom you must appear , can you reconcile sneb glaring contradiction !)? At one time we are estab isbing a new religion ; next we are infidels and . Socialists ; then comes the charge of OrangeiBm ; and , in the snort period ot four months , all these are metamorphiBed into the fifth and last , that of Ribbonism . Oh ! D * n , Dan i Do yon ever expect to die ? Do you really believe th . 6 doctrines of the Catholic Church ? You know very well she teaches the commandment—Thou sbalt not beat false witness ag&inrt tby neighbour —and that if yon injure him , either in person , property , or reputation , you are bound to make reparation for fcuch injury ere you can yourself receive forgiveness , or with the least shade of truth and seriousness , repeat the Lord's prayer .

      You are now an old man , as the saying is , with one foot in the grave aud tbe other ont of it , and it is really hit ; h time yon were beginning to settle accounts for the other world ;—that is to say , if you believe there is sucb . But to be plain , my humble opinion is , that you do not beiieve in a future state of rewards and punishments , else tbe preservation of yout immeltaA BOUl w ., uld deter you from thus attempting to vilify tho characters of men who are as much yonr superiors in point of political honesty as you are mine in literary aicompViBhrnents .

      Many we ) l-mtaaing individuals may perhaps say I d « u rather nanUy with jvu in Ufing this Stj'le to cOOVt-y 12 ? seast ; of yvur moral worth to society ; to such I

      Untitled Article

      will only observe—let them read tbe following choice sample of yon * oration , and then condemn me if they will : — In speaking of the Rtbbonmen ( not one of whom , I am folly persuaded , know a single point of our Charter ) , you said— " One miscreant put a paper into a poor mans pocket , that he might be taken by the police with that paper on bira ; tbe Chartists and Socialists are still more dexterous knaves than those men , and would , no donbt , sell the blood of their dupes . " Now , Sir , as I have already told you , I am unacquainted with the English language ; bat , although I knew the proper application of its every word , I would feel lost for terms sufficiently strong to express the disgust have felt , on perusing this sentence , or my utter

      detestation of the vicious propensities of the demon in human shape that used it . How can we sell the blood of our dupes ? Our own blood ia being sold by the ruffian spies of a corrupt Government , and we have no power to prevent it . Fifty-nine of our best friends have been lately pat on trial for advocating the claims of suffeting humanity , and no single individual In the community has done more to secure their conviction than you have by your unhallowed denunciations . We sell the blood of the people ! We are their only friendBi And why ? Because we are ourselves the people . We d « fy you , Sir , with all your learned lore , to produce a single instance where we have either sold or shed tbe blood of any human being . We are banded together in legal , peaceful union , without oaths

      or secrets , to secure that which neither you nor tbe class to which you belong , and of which you are the blred hackneyed mouth-piece in Ireland , wonld never grant ns a protection for our labour throtigh the laws of our country . We defy you to produce a single instance wherein your Dronic class have ever done any practical good to our injured , insulted , and brutalised order . Ou the other hand , both you and they do everything in your power to prevent na ever doiag anything for ourselves . You are like tbe dog in the manger , that -would neither eat the hay , ner allow the horse to do it Your talent and influence , bad you employed them in aur cause , would long ere this have bettered our social condition . Why do I say so ? Simply because your popularity in Great Britain and Ireland , at tbe time you assisted in framing our Charter , would

      have catried it into law , without the aid of 8 words or guns . Had you been as disinterested as a Tell , a Washington , or an Emmet , England wculd be this day in reality what sbe is only in name ; this ia indeed paying you a bigb compliment , but I believe it ia nevertheless quite true . It ia not to the man I give it but to the circumstances by which he was surrounded . Alas ! for the friability of human nature , the general depravity and avariclousntss of the hearts of men ; few , very few , can be trusted ; and you , Sir , cannot be ranked amongst those pure spirits who have withstood tbe stormy buffets of tyannical and despotic monarebs , with their myriads of sycophantic adulators , and who seeing every hope blasted , ultimately threw themselves into the breach between the oppressors and their victims , prefering death to the dishonour of surviving the subjugation of tbe country by the ruthless foreigner .

      You bave again seized on the term "Universal Suffrage to cover your apostacy , by gulling your hearers into the belief that we , tbe Chartists , wish to give the Franchise to women and children . As I bave already said you assisted in drawing up our Charter , and you well know the word universal ia not to be found from the beginning to tbe end of that document It is there laid down and defined that none but males of twenty-one years of age are recognised as voters . But why do I waste time ? You were perfectly well aware you were stating falsehoods ; you knew you were addressing a body of men who have never yet read the Charter , and if you can prevent it , never will .

      However , the lovers of equal rights and equal laws have one great uonsolation » f which it is not in your power to deprive them ; it is this , that the intelligent portion of my countrymen are inquiring what our Charter really means , and I have no fear whatever that when Irishmen come to know the principles of democracy , they will stand by those principles despite your silly twaddle in persuading them to ihe contrary ; it is characteristic of my countrymen to embrace the trutb when they find it ; of this we have ample evidence In the rigmarole speech now before me , when you called tbeir attention to the fact , and indeed it is the only solitary { act that I have been able to discover in it , " that on a brief period after St . Patrick entered Ireland there -was not a heathen to be found » n the land , or a person who was not baptised ; there was no people so strongly attached to their religion , or who endured so much persecution , or who went through so much grievous oppression , and yet remained true to tbeir God . "

      I can , Sir , cheerfully subscribe to all this ; and when Chartism , the Catholoity of politics , shall bave became properly understood , there will not be found a single individual from Donvgal to Kwrry that Will not be both baptised and confirmed in ita sirring truths ; than shall the friends of unhappy Erin have the pleasing consolation of knowing that tbe reign of your humbugging is drawing to a close , and that the religion of their fathers will be consistently carried out by a happy and contented people , enjoying at the same time the fall reward of their industry secure A on tho firm foundation of tbe rights of man , based on the simple and unalterable laws of nature .

      If Irishmen will only read the People ' s Chatter , that is all I ask of them . If they carefully con over its every line they will at once see there is nothing opposed to true religion ; but everythu g pleasing to a mind imbued with the principles of truth and justice . That there are bad men professing its doctrines , none will for a moment dispute . Il is a pity there are such ; yet it is impossible to prevent it . There is not , nor has there ever been , a body of men , or a society in the world , which has not contained within it some bad or immoral characters j even among tbe twelve Apostles chosen to promulgate the doctrines of Christianity there was a devil-, a . ad surely common sense might suggest a charitable ffeliDg to our lonjj-faced denouncers to make allowance for ot least three or tout hundred devils among as niany millions of Cnartists .

      But , Sir , it is only when we have ceiisnl to gulp a ! i your confounded nonsense , that you and your myrmidons attack our private characters . Aa long as we continued to pay our shllinga to be elevated to the distinguished position of the twentieth part of an imbecile sbopocrat in sour royal , loyal , piebaH Repeal Association , yon never tor a moment questioned our morality . When canvassing for what you term associates , you ne ^ er ask the people when they bavo been drunk , if they have ever stole anything , or if they have attended to their religious duties . Not yourself . Dan ; you know a trick worth two of that : you jast ask them for their names and their shillings . If they can supply you with the browns , yon care not a farthing for their brains .

      You say we have Socialists in connection with our societies . Indeed , and are you prepared to come out so very a despot as to deny these or any other body of men the free exercise of their opinions ? If so , what did you mean by your expressions on the Calton Hill of Edinburgh , whereyou stood up for man ' s religion remaining between himself and his God ? Then why cut out tbe Socialist 1 Is he not a man , and entitled to the same rights and privileges as another ? But more of this anon . I shall be at y « u a ^ aln , God willing , ou Saturday , the 22 d , when I expect to prove that you are

      a practical Infidel , Wbich will verify the saying , that a thief cries , " thief" first , and while I do so , I will take the opportunity of also proving to my countrymen that they should be the last in the world to persecute foor working men on matters of opinion , having passed through the fiery ordeal of the bloody penal laws and the savage barbarity of the cruel Orange faction . Your eld friend , Con Murray , An Irishman , a Catholic , and a Damocratic Repealer of the Legislative Union . Glasgow , April Itt , 1843 .

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      TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , Esq . Sir —Whiie our Established Scottish Clergy are at fisty cuffs with Sir R . Peel and Graham , about the nonintrusion question , and publicly telling us that her Majesty ' s Government is actuated by a hostile spirit to tbe revealed will of God . does not this plainly tell us tkat tbe devil has now taken the management 0 / the Guv ernment helm ? Such a hint is certainly enough to make our hair stand erect , aud as it is a fact that , Old Nick has got himself wormed within the : walls of St . Jamea s , we ought to look to the right about , and set our Chartist house in order . Well , in order tedo this , I would beg to refer to your letter of last week ; " To tbe Imperial Chartists , " wherein you have a paragraph about the election of a Nuw Executive for Engla 1 d .

      Now , Sir , I have always been of opinion that we should bave no Bectional Executive ; it ought to be national . Why leave out Ireland and Scotland ? I can see no good reason for doing this ; we Scotchmen are as anxious for union as Englishmen , and I have no earthly doubt but Irishmen are equally so . Our opinions can never b © centralized , nor our business transacted "without discord and deception , unlesa we have a National Executive , embracing England , Ireland , and Scotland . Meetings bave been b « ltt at urlasgow and Edinburgh , with a view to centrai-29 Scotland ; delegates were sent , promises were made , and districts were voted off to be organ zid , and all this at considerable espenc 8 . What than ? Just aothing . at ull ! With reaped to that por . tion of the allotment given to Aberdeen , and which waa called the " Northern District , " auy one might have at once diecovered that the Chartists of this city were not able to perform the extraordinary task of agitating a space of country , containing about 2 , 600 square miles .

      Attempts were made to agitate a portion of tbe North , and Messrs . Harney , Baviea , and M'Donald , proceeded as fur as Inverness . These men , especially Messrs . Harney and Daviea , whose Iaboura were executed during the wi&ter , can disclose the difficulty , and calculate the expence Aberdeen would have had to sneet by such an undertaking . But there are a number of other places as lucklessly situated as those north of Aberdeen ; and we may instance Ireland in general . Here then it is evident that the agitation mnst be made more universal , and supported by a national fund , under the guidance . of men of ability and spirit . I Bhall not , in tbe meantime , venture to premise what number of men might be requisite for conducting the agitation on such a broad tcaie ; but one thing is quite certain—we have plenty of men in our ranks witli talent and well-tried exptrUnce , who have been si . fliaiesaiy long bcCotc the public to warrant their appointment . Under the bygane sjetem , the elements of CbMttism h ; ws sprung ttul slowly up from discordant roots , and its advociws by

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      men stultified with sectarian prejudices has greatly retarded ita growth . Every man who could link together a half-hour ' s speech became on orator ; but , from the want of education , committed blunders which gave the law a handle , andl , in consequence , many were subjected to penalties whicli men of bettor understanding -would easily bave avoided . A national executive would remedy this evil by examining the capability of persons wishing to be appointed public lecturers . JTbus , then , the spy agitators would be silenced , as also the whole boat of mon 9 ycatchinc idlers completely routed .

      On tbe whole I crave yonr opinion on this matter , as I firmly believe , without some such scheme to unite the masses in one bond of fellowship , by giving them something to look at and rely upon , we shall still bs scrambling , urging , and tugging blindly , and without that degree ef strength which ; national unity of purpose would give . Sir , believing , as I do , that you have nothing more at heart than tbe good of the people , and that your labours ia their behalf will only terminate with your existence , or the accomplishment of even banded justice to all . I beg to remain , Yours , in the best of causes , John Smart . Aberdeen , March 27 , 18 * 5 .

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      TO THR PEOPLE OF IRELAND . Baheny , ( near DaWin ) 31 at March , 1843 . Fellow Countrymen jand Fellow Slave * , — The newspaper press of England announces to us that an Emigration scheme is about to be got up , to which the sanction of Lord Stanley is expected . 1 hasten , my friends , to caution you against being entrapped by tbe plausible inducements with which tbis scheme will be surrounded . It is needless here to describe the suffer ing to -which the people Of Ireland are at present reduced ; it is enough that you feel them . From personal experience , I can assure you that in other British colonies , deprived of the blessings of self-government , neither life , liberty , or character are safe for one moment . In Ireland we have numbers and a devoted press to shelter , us in some measure ; but the colonies , subjected to the controul of a governor total !; irresponsible ( except to those who select him to carry out their own views )

      are mere despotisms . The knowledge I possess of these facts , compels me now to come forward and implore you not to be induced to emigrate to any country or colony unless tbe inhabitant 3 enjoy self-government Rather thon lend your sanction to a principle which has desolated your native land , take refuge in the -workhouse . Continue to struggle against the mass of evil entailed on you by provincialism ; bat trust not yourselves to a country where your destiny lies at the rUbrcy of a clique . I will watch the progress of tbis man-trapping scheme , and will address you on the subject from time to time . I remain , My fellow countrymen and fellow slaves , Your brother in bondage . William Bryan .

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      TO THE CHARTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Chartist Friends—1 rejoice to be able to inform you that we stand a good chance of having a Monthly Magazine . I know that every lover of the cause will like to bear tnis , and to me the news is particularly pleasing , because the ardent wishes breathed by me on this aubjsci in the Northern Star recently and two years ago , are now likely to be realised . I make extracts from two letters received from go « d friends to Chartism , one of whom is stillialive and active ; but the other , alas , is since deceased . Leamington , March SO , I 8 il .

      On the subject of the proposed Chartist Magazine , In reference to which you ask , tbe opinion of reading and thinking men , I take the : liberty to congratulate you on having been the first to introduce to the attention of the Chartists a project of so ' much value and importance ; and I shall myseif be most happy to become a subscriber to the Magaz ' ne . i I would recommend that it should be handsomely got up , and that tbe price of each monthly number should not be less than , one shilling . At present We have no very respectable Cbariiut publication ; at least aa regards external appearance . The reproach implied by this circumstance ou ^ hs to be obviated—A detiieratum to be supplied , I thick , very ejffectively by the publication of a first-rate monthly Chartist magazine .

      The number of accomplished Chartist writers ia greater than is generally perhaps imagined . With the letters , addressta , and extemporeous orations of our principal agitators , 1 bave been exceedingly pleased ; and the concentration of suchi talent in the vehicle referred to would , I am confident , effect results of a highly interesting and important character . * * # # # : Hoping to be gratified by a speedy announcement of the actual publication of tbe fiist number of the magazine . I am . sir , Yours respectfully , J . B . Smith . Mr . J , Watkins .

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      TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . MY DEAR HILL , —Conversing : with our beloved O'Connor , during the recent election at Nottingham , on the subject of the projected New ( Organ i zation , I was satisfied by learning that he still clearly sees tbe primary important * of our having an Annual Convention . Sines he assured me that his conviction both of the necessity and practicableaesa of this * annual representative assembly remained unchanged , 1 shall , at present , offei but oiio observation on the aubjeefc . i Permit me , then , to say , that I really was surprised at an observation of your own shortly after I published ( at the tcque&t of the Birmiagbam ; Delegate meeting )

      my sketch of a new organisation . Yutt observed ( to the buBt of my lemembrance , lur I bayo not the Star at band wbich contains your leaiarksj j that the proposed Annual Convention wonld be illegal , because it would be elected by sections of the Chartist Association . Now , it rests rather strong ! j ia my memory that when ( at Leeds ) I first opened to yon my thoughts on an improved organization , and wben jou then raised this same objection , you acknowledged , after a few moments ' thought , that yon were convinced of the legality of an Annual Convention , since I described it to you as an assembly elected not by any sesiions of a distinct , associa tion . but by the whole people . \

      Since this waa tho Vtr > idea I depicted in my pub-1 ianed Plan [[ Section 4 . The delegates to be elected by tho peoplo in public meeting assembled , ' ] I could not help -wandering at the renewal oi your objections . My memory may be , in some irueasure , incorrect of tbe exact degr e of agreement yourself and 1 bad on this matter , - at Leeds- : I have merely stated to > o u my iiupieision . It is of no importance , hjwevtr , whetht'V 1 VeftiKiiber aright or not . "' 1 think , my dear Hill , when you think over this subject or . ee again , you will set ; as clearly as O'Connor ,

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      M « ion , Wnite , Harney , Bairatow , and others whom I might mention as corresponding with me in their views on this point , —that the grand scheme of an annual representative assembly is really legally practicable . And if it be , it is , in my mind , almost impossible to overtake the benefits likely to arise to Chartism trora such a periodical brvnging-together of the most active spirits of the movement . What a smoothfnt ? down of asperities fron » a true understanding of each other ; what a mutual infusion and reciprocation of intelligence and energy ; what a solid growth and bulldin * -ap ot the stern fabric of democracy must result from tbe

      institution of that Annual Convention . I feel this to be so completely the heart and core ef all real emendation in our schemes , thas I will not take up your valuable space with adverting to a-iy other topic . Suffice it to say , that O Connor assures me he projects or proposes a N itional D « legate Meeting , to consider , gravely and deliberately , all plans of orjjnnizition , with a view to presenting an entire plan for the people ' s acceptance : such meeting to be held as soon as convenient after the Queen's Bench business is settled . I remain , dea ? Hill , Yours very truly , THOSIAS COOPE& . Leicester , April 11 , 1843 .

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      A Cia&JMSTANCB occurred at Uppiogton last week which has created a &reat sensation . An assistant to Mr . Benson , surgeon to the union , having tbe usual access to th . e dead-room at the poorhouse , took out the heart of a pauper lyiug there dead ( unperceived by the master ) , concealed it in his pockv . t , a ^ d afterward delivered a " lecture" upon it before the Odd Fellows lodge at a pubiie-houss . The

      occurrence made so muoh uoise in the town that the guardians , ou Thursday , the SOth ult ., made inquiry into tho case , and sent the particulars to the Commissioaera iu London , requesting their advice thereupon . , Tho answer ia ihat tire Commissioners vfill take time to consider it . 'J \ ie guardians , yosterday , passed a resolution foi'bicMin ^ tho a ^ pdanf ^ fy ^^ QaM ^ i i ^ man upon any pauper of the union , < fflC TW « w ffiffi Byt or elsewhere—Maaiford A / ercurt «' 'Sa « e ^ Afefc >^ "N n ^^ S ^ W \ mmmm

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      TO THS ED I TOE OP THE H 0 BTHEKH STAB . Sib ., —As Henson and Co . ' a steam machine , destined to trsvsrse the atmosphere to India , in four days , strikes the world dnmb with astonishment , I beg leave , through the column * of the SUr , to make a few observations on the practicability of such & project , founded upon tchal is called the knowledge of astronomy and the real motions of the earth--A . B tbese observations are not addressed to mathematicians , l shall not enter into mere mathematical expressions , the public being , as yet , in the d » rk , about these metaphysical technicalities . London iB said to be in 51 *> 31 * north latitnde ; and Calcutta , in India , in north latitude 2 ? 23 '; and 84 " 23 " east longitude .

      Say that the corresponding curved line , in the atmosphere , between these two points , is 8 , 000 miles . The qnestion for solution is , at what rate mnst Henson ' g steam machine move , to pass throngh tbis distance , in four days . It might be presumed , at firat , that it ia only the division of 8 . 000 by four , -which fives 2 . 000 miles a-day . or about eigtry miles an hour . This -would be practicable , tbere is no donbt , bet-ween these points , ou the earth ; but it may not be so between the corresponding points in tbe atmosphere , if it is a fact that the earth revolves , on its axis , from west to east , once in twenty-fenr hours . In that case Hanson ' s steam ¦ machina must mo-ve

      throngb the air , at tbe rate of about 1 , 100 an hour , between the corresponding points on tbe eaTth ' s surface , io accomplish the distance ,, in four days , for , it ¦ would be moving in the same direction as the surface of the earth is said t » more , from west to east , at the rate of more than a thousand miles an hour . Hence any machine that is capable of n ^ cend'ng perpendicularly into tha atmosphere Berne 2 . OI 0 yards , and maintain itself in that position for twenty-four hours , may descend , in any given place , on tht earth ' s surface , in the same parallel of latitude , -within that time . Therefore , if Calcutta and London were In the same paxailel , sach a machine might ascend in London , and descend in Calcutta , in sixteen hours , without moving a hair ' s-breadth through the corresponding space in the atmosphere .

      Under these circumstances , let tbe public say ¦ w hether it 1 b easier for the said steam machine to traverse the atmosphere , south east , at tbe rate ef 1 , 100 an hour , making the distance to Calcutta , in four days ; or reverse its direction to the south-west , at the rate of about eighty miles an hour , and cast anchor in Calcutta in about fourteen hours . BCCEYITB YHHryS .

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      AXtV | S £ rw ? i i ? fe 310 w Sifli 2 S in -Bath at 6 d . the » atiS- ~^ *** £ 02 tte of me bakers are seliiBg

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      Bradford , 19 th April , 1841 . MY . DEAR SIR , — I feil confident that you -will excuse me anticipating your friendship , and I have the vanity to reckon upon your pardon for presuming this familiarity , of which I venture to hazard yonr censure , after informing you that your ssntiim-nts , moral and political ( religioiis I have nothing to do with , ) are already intimately known to me ; through the universal medium of that " winged courier '' the Northern Star , which as you justly observe , has " brightly shone , " and may it long continue to " silver o ' er the Chartist ' s path . " But whilst it must be [ admitted that the extraordinary circulation of that I valuable luminary is calculated to do , and actually does accomplish immense good , the establishment of a vehicle to take np , condense and publish the really valuable ; mass of accumulated matter rejected from necessity and not for absence of merit is essentially necessary aud desirable .

      I have long wished for a greater diffusion of sound politic ; : ! knowledge ; with this desire , I encouraged Dr . MDouall to commence bis labours , and tbere being yet ample room and talent for further substantial addition and ornaments to tbe Chartist library , yonr suggestion for a Monthly Magazine is truly gratifying , not only to myself , but is aiso appreciated by the public ; and I am very glad to say , meets with the entire approbation of Air . O'Connor , cordially and unqualifiedly—so he expressed himself to me when I saw him during last assizes . '

      I have neither time nor ability to contribute to the pages of your pr < jacted work , bot y » u may rely npon it that I would not leave a stone unturned to assist your praiseworthy endeavours—and I could answer for Ibbetson , our bookseller and news-agent here , pushing the circulation . I have been over and over again requested to join in a contemplated Chartist newspaper here , and tempted ¦ with , the t , ffer ofJpTofesBion&Y bUBinesa connected therewith ; but have invariably rejected the scheme , as nothing in my opinion is wanted in addition

      to the Star in tbe way of a newspaper save a " daily ' which the " atlas" ( as you denominate Mr . OC . | is fully determined to set up ou his liberation . Yet we do require a dissemination of sterling Chartist articles , a regular series , food for tbe mind , interspersed with pleasing facts , poetry , and miscellaneous matter . The price of the Magazine should not exceed sixpence . I do hope and trust the project will succeed , and if it be not trespassing too much upon your kindness do favour me with a line at your convenience informing me how the undertaking is likely to progress . * *

      Mr . O'Connor stated be would write you approving of your enquiry- ^ he was sure you bad " said well . " With a Daily ! Weekly ! ! and Monthly ! ! ! what shall we not accomplish 1 1 remain , my dear Sir , Your ' s very respectfully , J . CLAHUSON . J . Watkins , Esq . The last letter , written by Mr ; Clarkson , of Bradford , who tilled Ihe tffice of Chartist soHcitur , so ably sustained at present by Mr . Roberts , will be deemed par ticularly interesting as a voice from tbe dead . I remain , brother Chartists , Yonr friend in tbe good cause . John Watkins . Battersea , April 3 d , 1843 .

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      STATISTICS OF THB UNITED STATES OF AMERICA We have received a copy of tbe United Stales Almanack for 1843 , which contains some curioua and roach valuable information in regard to the population , products , trades , manuf icture , commerce , debt , &c , of the republic . In tbe first part of the work there is a very comprehensive calender , and a number of useful mathematical and astronimical tables ; <* hile the second part which extends over 235 pages ia devoted entirely to statistics . It is to the last portion of the almana 6 fe to which we shall d rect our attention . According to the ceosua of 16-10 , the population of the

      United States was , in that year , 17 068 666 . The number of "free white persons" amounted to 14 189 . 108 , » f whom 7 249 266 were males , and 6 930 842 females . The narnber of " free coloursd persons" amounted to 380 245 , of which 186 467 were males , ami 192 778 females . Tbe number of slaves amounted to 2 487 213 ; of whom 1 , 246 , 408 were males , and 1 2 < 0 805 females . 476 ' white males , and 315 -white females ; 286 free coloured males and 316 free coloured females ; and 753 male slaves and 580 female elates , were 100 years of age and upwards . There were , amongst the white population , 6 682 individual both deaf and dumb , and 977 amongst the slaves aud coloured persons . 5 024 whites were blind , and 1 892 slaves and coloured parsons . 4 329 whites were insane or idiots at the nubl'c charge .

      and 10 , 179 at tbe charge of private individuals ^ 833 slaves and coloured persons were insane or idiota at the public charge , and 2 993 at the charge of private individuals . There were 173 universities or colleges , with 16 233 students ; 3 242 academies and grammar schools , with 164 , 150 students ; and 47 200 primary and common schools , with 1845 , 244 scholars . 468 , 264 scholars were educated at the public charce % and 54 !) 693 white persona were found , more than twenty years of age , who could neither read nor write . In the Bane table with the deaf , dumb , blind , insane , and idiots , we find the following entry : — "Total number of pensioners for revolutionaTy ot military services , 20 797 . " From 1830 to 1840 the whites bad increased 3 . 662 866 , or at the rate of 34 per cent . ; the coloured persons had increased 65 646 , or at the rato of 20 \ pee

      cent ; and the slaves , -within the same period , had incrtased 479 170 , or at tbe rate of 2 Z % percent . The average rate of increase of the whole population , on each ten of the fifty years , has been 34-15-lGGtks per cent ., and at the pame rate our author , who likes to look ahead , calculates that the number of the inhabitants in the United States in the year 1870 will amount to 41 070 , 363 , to a unit . Tbe number of persons employed in mining is stated at 15 , 203 ; in agriculture , 3 717 756 ; in commerce , 117 575 ; in manafactures and ! tratje , 7 yi 545 ; in the navigation of tbe ocean , 56 025 ; in the navigation of lakes , rivers , and canala , 33 067 ; and in the learned professions , 65 236 . But it is clear that this table must be very imperfect , for it leaves a vast mass of tbe population to whom it assigns no occupation of any kind .

      We now turn from the population to the products of tbe United States . The capital invested in iron mines amounted , when the returns were made up , to 20 . 431 131 dole . ; and the quantity of that metal produced was 286 003 tons of cast , and 197 . 233 tons of bar iron durin ? the year . The capital invested in lead mines was 1 . 346 756 dols ., and 31 , 239 4531 b . of lea . i were produced . In gold mines 234 325 dols . were invested , and gold to tbe value of 529 605 riols . was produced . Capital to the amount of 238 , 180 dols , was employed in mining for other metals , and the value of the produce was 370 614 dols The capital invested in the anthracite coat mines was 4 . 355 602 dols ., and in the bituminous coals mines 1 . 868 862 dols ; aud the prednes was 813 419 tons of tbe former , and 27 . 603 191 bushels of

      the latter . The production of domestic salt employed 6 998 , 045 dola , and tbe number of Knshels ef that articl » manufactured was 6 . 179 . 174 . In granite , marble , and other stone , 2 , 543 1 & 9 dols . were invested , and the value of tbe quantity of those materials produced amounted to , 3 , 695 . 884 dols . aunually . The number of horses and mutes throughout the union was 4 335 669 ; of neat cattle , 14 97158 . 6 ; ot Btvfcep , 19 . 311 . 374 ; of swine , 26 . 301 , 293 ; while tbe value of all kinds of poultry was estimated at 9 , 343 , 410 dola , Tbere were produced 84 823 272 bushels of Wheat , 4 . 161 . 504 of barley , 123 . 071341 of oats , 18 644 567 of rye , 7 291 . 743 of buckwheat , 377 ,, 531 875 of Indian corn , 108 , 298 , 060 of potatoes , and 10 248 , 108 tona of bay , and 95 . 251 tons of hemp and

      flax , 35 802 , 114 pounds of wool , -weie raised , 219 , 163 319 pounds of tobacco , 80 , 841 . 4221 b . of He * -, 790 479 , 275 b . of COttOIl , 61 , 5521 b . Of silk COCOOnS , and 155 100 . 8001 b . of sugar were made . The vaiae of the produce of the duiry was 33 787 , C 08 dols . ; of the orchards , 7 , 256 , 904 dols . j of the market srardena , 2 , 601 , 196 dola . ; and of the nurseries , 593 534 dols . The value of home-made or family goods was 29 023 370 dols . The capital invested by commercial houses in fore ' en trade and in commission business was 119 295 367 dols . ; in the retail of dry goods , grocery , acd other stores . 250 , 301 , 799 dols . ; iu lumber yards andttate , 9 , 848 , 307 dols . ; and in internal transportation , and by butchers , packers . Ac ., 11 526 950 dols .

      The amount of capital invested in the fisheries wa 3 16 429 620 dola , and the produce was 773 947 quintals of dried fish , 472 . 359 barrels of pickled flab , 4 764 , 708 gallons t > f apennaceti oil , aad 7 537 , 778 gallons Of whale and ether fish eils . The value of the whalebone and other productions of the fisheries was 1 153 . 234 dols . The value of lumber produced in the forests was 12 943 , 507 dots . ; of skina and furs , 1 , 065 869 dols . ; while 619 , 106 barrels of tar , pitch , turpentine , and resin , and 15 . 935 tons of pot and pearl ashes , were obtained from the same source . The amount of capital invested m manufactures exclusively is stated to have been 267 , 726 579 dols ; and the value of the manufactured goods produced was estimated at 770 , 451 , 754 dols . for the yeir .

      The lumber of vessels which entered ports of the Uuited States durine the sear ending the 30 th September , 1841 , -was 12 , 283 ( giving a tonnage of 2 370 , 363 ); . . .. and of that 7 , 725 were American , and 4 548 were * foreign vessels . During the same year , 7 , 790 American , vessels cleared fr » m the United States , and 4 554 foreign vessels . The value of the merchandise imported during this period waa 127 , 946 , 227 dollars ; and of thai'exported 121 . 851 , 803 tJols . The legal rateB of interest vary in the different States from six to eight per cent . ; and the punishmenta of usury are very conflicting and uncertain . The debts of the several States amount to 207 564 , 915 dols > . ; and the yearly interest thereon to 10 716 , 780 dols . It is asserted that the present market value ot all these debta is only i « 5 184 . 595 dols ., thus showing a depreciation of 46 1-6 per cont on the par value . A fearful list of 161 " "broken banks' * is given , with an aggregate capital of 132 360 , 389 dols .

      The salary of the President of the United States is 25 , 000 dols . par annum ; and of each of the members of his cabinet 6 , 000 dols ., with the exception of tho Attorney General , who is allowed only 4 000 dols . Euvoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary are each allowed 9 000 dols . a- . vear , except the Minister at Constantinople , who has only 6 , 000 dola . A Charge " d'Affiirea is allowed 4 500 dols . ; but of one hundred and fifty-one consuls and commercial agents , only ten have any salary , tbe whole of the others being paid by fees . The Chief Justice of tbe Supreme Court is

      allowed " compensation" to the amount of 5 000 dols . a-year ; and each of the inferior judges to tu-i amount of 4 500 , dols . The " compensation" of the jitges of the district courts is frora 1 . 000 dols . to 3 , 500 dols . a-year . The " compensation" of the President of tho Senate , a » d Of the Speaker of the Hoase of Representatives , is sixteen dala . a-day ; and each of ' . b « raembtjra of tboae bodies ' i » allowed eight dols . p ^ r diem . Tbe pay-of the membera . of the several s' . ate legislatures amounts ta froia one dol . fifty cents , to four dols . per diem .

      There are no returns relating to the w . rmy ; but the navy ia seated te b « eompoHttrt of 12 ; ahips of tho line ; 1 ivzie ; 12 frigatea of 44 guns each ; 2 frigates of 36 puns each ; 5 stenaaeis ; 11 sloops of 20 guns each ; 1 sioop o ? IS guns- ; 5 of 16 guu 3 ; 2 brigs of 10 guns each , 12 schoouers , and 7 store vessels . Thi . ru are 68 captains in the navy , 27 commanders , 32 SJ lieutenants , 70 surgeons , 6 S assistant-surgeons , 63 pursers , 24 ch 1 plains ,- 473 , midshipmen , and 30 masters . The numbftj of pust-offices in the United S ' ates is given at 13 . 4 & 8 , and the extent cf post roads at 155 , 740 miJes . Ths revenue of the Po 3 t-office in 1840 waa 4 . 539 , 266 dols , and the expenses 4 , 75 . 9 , 111 dols .

      Untitled Article

      ________ THE NORTHERN STAR , 7

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 15, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct646/page/7/