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Northern Star (1837-1852), 19th February 1842, Edition 3 of 5, Page 4, Untitled Article

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    • THE K0RTHEB1J STAR SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1842.
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      Untitled Article

      ( Cvnjmved from our Seventh pr ^ e . J H 0 T 3 SE OF LORDS . —Tcesbat , Psb . 15 . On t ' je presentation of a petition from Hull for the repeal of the Corn Laws , by the Maiqoia of Nor \ n&abVj liord Brougham declared "his opinion , that while ¦ tine only legitimate object -of taxation was revenue , % he very worst xnode of wising a revenue was by a its . on food . He was $ ur from approving a fixed « inty on corn , bathe did not therefore like a sliding scale . He »? ked Lori Ripon a question respecting the towns vrhiclnrcre proposed to be added to tboss ¦ which now make th * returns . The Earl of Its-os replied , that the object of adding those tows was not from any disposition to lessen the averages , and thereby -exclude foreign -corn , but to ebtain the averagw in a fairer ananEer .

      The Earl of "Radxob considered that the proposed "new , sliding stale -would be mare stringt-n * . and oppressive then the present Jaw . Why , therefore , the measure Isad been introduced he could not under-: stand . Presented turtle had been admitted by the 'Government duty free . That was a step in theright -direction ; and tbty might extend the application of "fee principle to corn . - After some conversation on the topics stared by the larl of Ripon , and one or two othtr subjects , Lord Mo : * t . eagjle postponed his motion respecting the Exchequer Eiil Frand until the 28 ih . The House adjourned till Thursday .

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      HOUSE OF COMMONS , Tvesvjlt , Feb . 15 . The adjourned debate on the Corn Laws was tegun by Sir W . Cult . After arguing in a low and inaudible voice upon the arithmetical parts of the case , he told the Government , that it would not be in their power to make the arrangement they sought , for that the people had now taken the subject into their own hands . Capiain Hamilton said , that the farmers 5 n the district which he represented did not think the Government measure adequate for their projection . Tney approved the sliding scale , but they thon ^ ht

      that at tne price of -Sob . the duty shouli have bstn 20 i . The protection proposed by Government ivas in his own opinion sufficient for the light , but not 'Sot the heavy soils , and he preferred the Fcale of which Mr . Christopher had given notice . But he felt that the Government measure ongbt to bsi ' aken as a whole ; and though he believed that his own constituents and those of mess members nrar him ¦ would have been better pleased with a higher duty , be was peraiaded that the loyalty of ths . agriculturists would induce them to considerable sacrifices for the public good . He intended , therefore , to sup port the resolutions of Sir IL Peel .

      Mr . Cbildshs congratulated tho country that the Minister Lad already been able 10 dispel prejudices ¦ which had so long resisted the tfibrts of thtir opponents . He himself wh-bed to see a fixed duty , which he thought would make the supply more regular , and therefore the priceJmore equable ; but he wishea to see it chi-fiy because it would be a siep to a total repeal of duly upon corn . That duty had this ill effect among oxbers , that it slackened the endeavours € f the L agriculturists to bring the land to its upmost proencuvrncss . lie hoped the time was coming ¦ wh-n £ uilsnd , instead of trusting to Navigation La ? rs or Cvrn Laws , would trusi " only to her own resources a ? . d energies .

      Captain Rors reminded his hearers of iord Melbourne ' s declaration , thai a man must be insane ¦ who sought to repeal the duty on corn . If the seasons were fixed , he should think it reasonable" to fix the duty ; but not otherwise . He believed that Sir R . Peel in this measure had considered the interests of a " . l classes equally . When gentlemen opposite expatiated on the advantage of cheapening a loaf by 2 d ., he wished to a&k them , - was the 21 . to go inio the poor Eavs pocket or into theirs ? Was the

      object to lower wages 1 He had observed that in all ola countries the people ' s wsges were proportioned to ths price of ths food they lived on . On the continent , -where food was cheap , wages -rrere low : in England , where f > od was dear , wages were high . Gentlemen liked to draw parallel ? between this country -and America ; but did Amtrica pay her debts ! Was not her defalcation the primaryxause © f Our present digress ? Sir Robert Peel had only to pursue his present impartial course ' , and he might retain office as Ions , a-s he pleassd .

      Mr . Williams was of opinion that the people had batter pay a direct bounty of 20 s . per quarter to the landlords than continue the sliding scale . It iner . ased the price of bread to the working classes ; but it produced still "worse consequences by its derangement of the currency . He did not grudge the aristocracy their property ; but they had no light to increase their property by taxing the people . The people would not bear it ; nnd the aristocracy had better take warning by the fate of the Fame " order in Fracca .

      Mr . Ormsbt Goee gave a calculation , to show now small a burden per head was imposed on the labouring classes by the existing Corn Law . He read extracts from a letter addressed to him by an operative cotton printer , purporting that the Corn Laws had nothing to do with the distress of the ¦ working people , "wiiich was caused solely by machinery . The proposal of Mr . Yilliers for a total nepeal was a manly one , but the fixed duty was a deceitful suggestion . > fr . Ward argued , that according to Mr . 0 . Gore ' s own calciila . ticD 5 . the tax levied by theilidi > , g ecale amounted to £ 53000 , 000 sterling per annum . He complained of what he designated as the scandalous levity exhibited on the preceding night in Mr .

      Jerrand ' s speech , and of the m « scmevous cneera ¦ with which , that speech was received . ^ He denied that Lord John Russell had on this occasion proposed 8 ? . as the amount of fixed duty ; and , indeed , the ¦ time was passing aTvay when 8 s . would be an acceptable amount . It always happened , that when the moderate concessions asked at first were met by a refusal , much larger concessions were ukimately deniandtd ai-d obtained . The new proposal oi Government Went in reality upon the principle < . { prohibition , and relinquished no protection but what experience showed to be inoperative , and therefore nseless . It merely avoided a wa ? te of power and an unnecessary odium . He must confess , however , that lie liked ths reduction of duty from 8 s . to nothing , as proposed by Sir R . Peel , better than the reduction ¦ from the szmc point as proposed by Lord John , ¦ who certainly lad h-re fallen into a trap , and must

      get out of h as ho could . He then entered upon the Fuii ? ct of gtneral distress , and urged the impossibility that the people cculd csnthrie to endure the incubus of this ecra dc : y , Jllnstrav > i ? his view more particularly from the sufferings of Sb f field . Sheffield , ind < ed , had cbiaiceu some relief from its trade with Canada ; buz ev . n this relief would be withdrawn if Gvveraraent persisted in _ ths plan of a 33 . datv 02 iho importation cf corn Jnio Canada from the " United Stales ;— and , by the way , why a . fixed dnty ia Cana ' a , acd a sliding scale in England ? Ee did not a-cribc ths distress to over production , nor to j / int-slGck bank i-sa-es , but to the ^ ^ po » ver of coB--uiapucn . Moderate nv n would gladly iave accepted any real concession ; b'i - this proposal disappointed everybody , and the flimsy pretext of disinterestedness on the port of its supporters was

      ssen tarongu . Sir E . lo-AiCflBELL observed that the tex on the people , which Dr . Banning had ths night before -estimated &t £ 50 000 . 000 , was Ecw . pt by Mr . T / ard at only £ 5 , 000 , 000 . Kc cou-ended-hn : Lord John ' s speech , in introducing his siaendi / . vi ?! , had given : he Ho ^ se to understand that 8 .-. was the fixed cuty he means to recommend . Sir E . Ktutchbull Q .-dnred his own coi . currcuce in the doctrine of a £ sv < i uitty , provided it vrere possible to maintain such a duty in limes of scarcity ; but h could not , hi then iLa : iitaine < I : end if onre removed , if would

      begone fur ever . He certainly would not n ; mseli iave co ^ ccirred in Sir R . Peel ' s plan if he hnd not believed it to famish just and fsil proiecii-ia to . , the lauded interests , and security to tVra fur their station in the community . The agriculturists , a few year .- ; ago , had been distressed ; but they had not therefore asked relief a ; the expanse cf otner c-asses of society . If now its relief sought by ± o repeal party were granted , the poorer bnds must at once be thrown cut of cultivation . Ha had felt it his duty , however , to consider this subject with refer enc-3 to the interests , not of the agriculturists alone , bnt , of all classes ; and he was happy to findStaa-. his constituents concurred with him , and were prepared to support the plan now proposed . After correctinz an important error in one of the statements of Dr . Bowring , and holding it up as a warning against carele .-s assertion , he cited ths authority cf Mr . Husklsson a-d other competent judges m favoTij of a . protection upon agriculture .

      Dr . Bo-whisg explained , and said thst he had himself taken the earliest opportunity of correcting bis own mistake . Mr . Labocchesb said , that Sir E . XnatchbnlJ nad always been an advocate of high protection , and now , as a Minister of the Crown , had fully maintained his old opinions . Sir E . Knatchbull had fiUted the object of tae proposed measure to be the maintenance of the landlords in their Etation ; but the object ought to have been the interest of the people at lar ^ e . The question now to be considered "was , whether , on an average , England grew corn enough for her own consumption . He showed , in iignrts , that thi 3 was not her position , End that she "was annually importing larrer and larg : r quantities of foreign eorn for her still increasing population . Ireland -was no longer a . b ' e to cupplj the tkik-iency ; she consuoiea more ivlya * . hirself than tc-ret- ) fore

      and applied xaorc-of her land , with larger prc fit , to . jrrs ^ ng- He would adniit that the pr -posed plan Jtzi 50212 nitrite : it diminished what were called ibe- 'SPPS j ! ia ^ ^ i » "flcld prcbably yield some increase \ c £ xev ^ nae ; bu ; it cid net give to ijreatintt rest ; -any beeeSi , jrlush "' nr-aila . it ¦ K-orjA-r ^ hiic to alter the law it " $£ ¦• ThVpropos ^ a zdditicn of 15 G towas cbif ^ - ' J 11 Egricuitnral dhtriciFj mu ^ t hava Eom . 6 " cSec in lowering the adverted

      Untitled Article

      averages ; and a further effect would ba produced in the same direction by the change in the class of officers appointed to take the returns . The diminution in the averages from all the new arrangements wonld probably be not less than os . Fluctuations in the price of food might be groat in other countries , but the extensive trade and geaeral circumstances of England ought to protect her from such vicissitudes . He then read some extracts from a petition of the Liverpool merchants against the principle of a sliding scale , as affecting our commerce with America . From Russia , likewise , and other corn-growing countries on the continent , he apprehended that this policy would produce retaliations , which would still further narrow our _ export « t

      manufactures . In general , a duty should bear some proportion to the value of the article charged with it ; -but ike sliding scale produced an inverse ratio between price and duty . Under a different system , he believed that London would become a great depot in the corn trade , to the great advantage of British shipping . H e did not mean , by voting against the Government measure , to go the length of declaring himself in favour of a total repeal of duty . He knew that many objections wera urged against a fixed duty ; but as least we had not , as in the case of the sliding scale , an actual experience of its ictfiicacy . Mr . Huskisson's authority was adverso to the principle of the present and proposed Corn since had

      Law ; and Lord Stanley some years expressed hi 3 favourable opinion of the fixed duty , provided it were practicable . It had been said that at high prices the fixed duty eould not be maintained ; but if it were remitted , the remission would benefit only the speculator and corn-holder ; and as soon as tbis should be understood , all clamonr for such remission -would cease . He did not know whether the policy of Government in other matters was to be more liberal than in tbis ^ If it were not , all would be alike delusive ; but if it were more liberal , there would be a suspicion that the want of liberality on the Corn Law was owing to the superior power of the parties interested .

      Sir E . Knatchbull explained , that he had not spoken of preserving the station of the landlords as a particular class , Tmt of maintaining the whole agricultural interest ; and thi 3 only in consistency with the welfare of other classes . Sir James Graham said , that the agitation of this qnestion had been t > fgun by the late _ Government and it then became impossible for their successors to avoid dealing with it . This measure was produced by MiKisters as the lowest duty which could be taken consistently with the due protection of the agriculturalist ? . The fixed duty would not have conciliated the parties opposite ; to hav 8 adopted it would have been , in Lord' John Russell's language , to disturb without settling . After his own

      experience , he had no faith in finality , he would never again recommend a concession larger than he thought just , in the hope that it would be conclusive . What he now tendered was . in his opinion , equitable for the consumer on the one hand , and the producer on the other . He quotea from Lord J . Russell ' s historical work , a passage showing that the principles of free trade must- be controlled by certain exceptions in the case of certain intercuts . Lord John had himself , in Lord Grey ' s Government , supported the sliding scale . The seale had been called slippery ; but there seemed to be some lubricity even in the fixed cuty ; for the Noble Lord himself had proposed on the preceding night to Telax it . It had been put by h m last summer at 8 s . ; but to night the House was told that 8 s . was no longer the amount patronised by him . In answer to the citation of Mr .

      Huskissoi ' s opinion upon the existing Coro Law , Sir Jas . Graham read a pas ? a ^ e from a speech of that statesman in 1828 , absolutely rejecting the Bcheme of a fixed duty . He next entered into calculations to show at what prices foreign corn would come into competition with British , and to evince the advantage conferred upon the consumer under the proposed scale ; after which he recurred to the inconvenience of the opposite plan , when high prices should call for rtmission of duties . The parties interested directly or indirectly in the culture of the land were , he observed , a majority of the whole people . He then quoted official reports , setting forth the operation of machinery in producing goods , and displacing labour , and concluded by a short recapitulation of his argnments . The debate was then adjourned .

      The K0rtheb1j Star Saturday, February 19, 1842.

      THE K 0 RTHEB 1 J STAR SATURDAY , FEBRUARY 19 , 1842 .

      Untitled Article

      " WAGES OF LABOUR AKD 'EXTENSIONS '

      OF COMMERCE . " Is tho Northern Star of Saturday , January 15 th , we gave , in an article under the above head , the statements of a gentleman respecting the condition of the manufacturers and work-people forty years ago , in the districts around Nottingham , Sutton-in-Asnfield , and Mansfield , the great seats of our lace and hosiery manufactures . The gentlfman who fnrnished ns with the statements in question , had been extensively engaged as a manufacturer in the town of Mansfield . He knew the business

      froln " thread to needle "; had his eyes open to the system of trade ^ w « have been pursuing ; saw the causes which have operated to produce a state of things the most h < rrible and unparalleled ; and he enabled us to show , clearly , the progress of our whole commercial syatem , from that healthful state when all connected with it wera well-to-do , down to the trashy productions , the race run by tha manufacturers in ruinous competition , and the end as evidenced in the present prostrate condition of both employer and employed .

      The main portion of this article was recently extracted into the Nottingham Review , after the Editor had gravely rebuked us for what he designates the ' 'fierce onslaughts we have lately made upon machinery , attributing to it the distresses of the country . " The charge thus parroted forth , as to our attacking machinery , need 3 no farther notice from us here , than just to refer the reader and the Review to tlie article in the Star of Saturday week . There it is sufiisiently . met , and set at rest . After the Editor has given the whole of the statements of the gentleman referred to above , and the observations with which they were accompanied , he thus disccurses : —

      "We admit there is a great deal of truth in this extract [ the article from the Northern Star ! ; but we hold that it is mixed with no inconsiderable portion of error . An extension of trade must be b , good . It , iss asked , -who has bencfiited by the system 1 We acknowledge it is not the master , or the workman , or the consumer , or the w < arer ; nor can wq see any ' great capitalist' that has gained by it . It is not so in the hosiery tra ^ e , for many of the grf atest houses encaged in it 30 or 40 years a * , o were ruined . Those who are calling out for an extension of trade in the hosiery branch , are not great capitalists , or little

      capitalists , but the workmen , because many of them feel and know to their sorrow , that trade is so ' narrowed down , ' that there is none left for them ; their frames . in which they worked , are standing still ; they are idle for want of tnis extension of trade ; because the trade has failed , and thtre is no demand for the produce of their industry in the market , many of the hands are , this inclement day , at work on Nottingham Forest , with a spade or a pick axe , digging a hole , or exlerniiaatiDg the roots of agor « 3 bush . These want a revival , an extension of trade , for they know tr at this would make them more comfortable than they are now . '"

      Let the reader ponder -well over the above luminosity ! It is one of the mott ' splendacious " " pieces of writing" it ha 3 ever been our fate to meet with ! And this is one of your " best possible public instructors , " ye advocates of "free trade" and " extensions of commerce" ! Hear the sage . " An extension of trade must be a good . " So tays the Nottingham Free Trade Revine ! Theitaiies are his own , too . " Extension of trade nuist bs a good . " Why " must , " Mr . Wisdom ? Where does the " must" come from ? Harkee , poor numskull ! " Must" an extension of

      a lad trade be " a good" ? What a fool it is Hear him further—" Whoha 3 benefited by the [ present ] system 1 Not ihe master , er ihe workman , or the consumer , or the vciarer ; " and yet an extension of trade , which benefits none of these parties , " must be a good ! " So sets forth the Nottingham Review , the " best possible public , instructor "' on free trade and " extension" doctrines i He goes on : " Nor can we Bee any * great capi talist' that has gained by it . " Then it is " good " for nobody , nor nothing ! Bat did Mr .

      Dulbebhead ever hear of a London " capitalist , " who once wa 3 & shoe-black , and is nowraised to be a M . P . from the immense sums he has scraped together by his " slaughter-house" practices ? Has this man not lencfiited by the trade which has reduced all others cdLcerned in it to beggary \ Has he had nothing tj do-ivith ths lace and hosiery business of Nottingham and its neighbourhood ? When the poor maker was compelled to sdl , vra 3 he noi rcaiy to buy , at his oicn price 1 Has not he " chopped'' ? And have not these means raised him to be one of our is-

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      lators ; one who is ready to vote for an " extension " of that system which has already been of such ' Rood" to him ! The conclusion of the Review , that the workmen " want a revival , an extension of trade ; for they know that tbis would make them more comfortable than they are now , " is a worthy match for his sequiter , that " an extension of trade must be a good , '' the trade they have been engaged in having benefitted neither the workmen nor their employers , nor the wearers of the goods they have produced . And yet an " extension" of it " would make them more comfortable than they are now" !!! The " writer" then proceeds to say : —

      " We nm&t enter our protest against teaching the people that machinery is the cause of the evils of the community , for it is notorious , that there has been very little new machinery for the making of stockings . The stocking frame is scarcely altered since its first invention . Thirty or forti / years ago , when good prices xcere given for the making ofliose , there was a brisk demand for them ; new frames were made , the number of hands employed in the manufacture was increased ; almost every framework-knitter brought up his children to the trade ^ and even their daughters and their wives wrought in

      the frame . During the war the price of food was high ; the passing of the Corn Law , in 1815 , made it higher still ; and the framework knitter , in order that he might live as comfortably as before , worked more hours , by which means the hosiery market became overstocked , and reduction after reduction followed , bo that wages became lower and lower , the masters being willing to make , bo long as they could sell , and in order to sell , they reduced the wages . Had they not done so , the alternative would have been , that the frames must have stood years ago , and the distress would have come at an earlier period . "

      Was there ever seen , upon the face of the earth before , so strange a jumble of words and muddincss as this ! And these are the teachings of" an Editor" These are the lessons of one of England V best possible public instructors" ! one of the freetraders ; one ef the school who alone know tho philosophy of Trade , Commerce , and Economy ! Let ns pit a working mau against this Editor ; a real working man ; not one of the Morning Clironicle Bort—who does not know what he is

      taking about : and let us see what this working man has to say about " no new machinery for the making of Blockings "; and about " the high price of food during the war , and after 1815 , making it necessary for the framework-knitter to work longer hours , that he might live as comfortably as bofore . " Let us see what a man who has toiled in "tho frame" ; who has experience to guide him in what he says ; let us hear what this man , although not " a writer " , has to say to Nottingham ' s " best possible publio instructor" : —

      Sir , —In the Nottingham Review . ol Iatt week I perceived a sort of an attack on an article which appeared in the XoiHiern Star tho week preceding , on ' the subject of machinery . Some of the remarks of the Editor concern the framework-knitting trade , and from them I have quoted the following : — 1 Thirty or forty years 030 piices were high , and there wrs a brisk demand for hosiery geods ; new frames were made ; the number of hands employed in the manufacture was Incrersed . During the war tha price

      of goods ran high ; the passing of the Corn Bill , in 1815 , made it still higher ; and the framework-knitter , in order to live &s comfortably as before , worked more hours , by which means the hosiery market became overstocked , and reduction after reduction followed , so that wages fcacame lower and lower , the master being willing to make so long p < s they could sell , and in order to sell they reduced wages . Had they not done so the alternative would have been that the frames would have stood still years ago , and the distress come on at an earlier period . '

      " Now , Sir , this is not the tratb . I am of opinion that cheap production' hn ruined the stockingmaker , as well as the handlootn-weaver , and the cottonspinner . I believe it wr * not in consequence of ' the high price of goods' that framework-knitters were obliged to work more hours ; but in consequence of ' improvement' ( 1 ) in the manufacture of hosiery goods , and competition' amongst the manufacturers . " Soon after the time alluded to by the Editor , the jack-tickler machine vas introduced into the manufac ture of stockings ; previous to this , " shammies" were made by the hand . The invention superseded the former mede of making " shammies . " The race of

      competiti « n then begar . Hosiery goods were produced in greater quantities . ' Shammies' were mada faster and cheaper ; and the ' plain hands' were obliged to work more hours , because they could not eva near so much money as they formerly could on fancy work . Still there was a market ; and , as ' cheap production " was now the order of the day , to supply that market , new and under frames were madj , to' make two Btock 4 ings at once ; then three at once *! and now we have frames making four and five stockings at one ? . ' ! Cotton stockines are making at the present time in Nottingham , at the low price of four t-an pence per doz ^ n pairs > and silk stockings at six shillings per dozen pairs !

      " Will any reasonable man say that it is no injury to the trade to make twenty dozen of cotton Blockings for the same money as was paid for one dcz ; n thirty years ago ? " Silk gloves at that time were twelve shillings per dozen at the warehouse ; but at the present time they are only five shillings and threepence per dozaa ! This is in consequence of ' 'improvements ' A ?) in the making . Si ! k gloves were made one at once thirty years ago , » nu fingered from the same frame . Now they are made two hands at once ! and figured on the backs with a machine ; and fiDgered from anothor frame , 5 ?> at once—a machine laying all the threads at once , which threads were formerly laid by the hand ! When this

      improvement' was made , there was a market found for the txtra quantity produced , for a time ; perhaps on account of the cheapness of the article : but when the manufne-Uirsrs found that silk gloves had become the fashion , they began to endeavour to outstrip each other in the race of compttitiou , The warp frame waa set to work in the makiDg of gloves ; and now they are made for little more than the price of the silk ! The markttB are glutted ; and the plain silk glove hands forced to subsist on le £ s than half work eight months of the year . " You are , perhaps , alreadyaware , that the bobbinetmachine , or what is called the twi&t-machlne , has

      nearly superseded the making of cushion-lacf . When this machine was first invented the workmen got enormous wages , six or seven pounds per week . Some , I believe , got as mach as ten pounds from narrow machines . Now , the narrow machiues are ail done away with ! machines four times their width being worked by steam ; and I believe I am speaking the truth when I say , that the same quantity of lace which was paid £ 5 fur twenty years ago , is not paid one shilling for at the present time !! I At that time females could earn from twelve to fifteen shillings per week at embroidering the lace ; hut now" the' machine does the greatest portion of this work 1

      The invention of embroidering the lace on the frame has reduced to poverty and wretchedness thousands of industrious females who formerly lived comfortably and respectafe y by th&ir trade . Will any Eano mau say that a repeal of the Corn Laws would remedy this ? I am of opinion that & repeal of the Com Lawa would not remedy the evils attendant on our present system of trade . They are attributable to class legislation , p _ n 4 the all grasping avarice of the manufacturers , who have deprived the poor of the means cf subsistence ; and they now foolishly talk to us workmen of an ' extension of commerce , ' as the means of getting us out of the situation they have brought us tol If they had the markets of the whole world , they would , on their present system , soon oveistock them ; and then have to open a communication with the moon , in ordei to find out a fresh marfcet , to relieve us from our further difficulties . '

      " Sir , yon may be already in possession of the statements herein contained ; if not , you may do as you like with this ; I shall not be offended if you do not retain them . Jonathan Barber , Framework-knitter . Now , what can " the Editor" of the Review say to this ? What can he urge in support of his muddy reasoning , and in controvertion of the facts

      adduced by his Reviewer I Is not the tale told by the "framework-knitter , " something more like truth , than the hodge-podge of "the Editor" ? At all events , the working man is consistent with himself . He does not say and unsay in a breath . He does not contradict the first seatence by the second ; and the second by the next . His tale is straightforward , and hangs together . How far " the Editor ' s" does so , the reader has seen from what has been given , and will see from what follows . The Review thus

      continueth : — a We contend , that conld the workman have obtained his food at a less price , he would have worked fewer hours , the over-production would not have been so great , and the supply being not more than equal to the demand , the trade would have been in a healthy state . We contend that the cause of distress i _ 3 not in machinery , but in the high price of provisions , and principally in those absurd laws which prevent the English merchant and manufacturer from bartering the produce of tho machine and the frame for corn and beef from any country or climate in the world . Andeven were it not eo ; could it now be demonstrated that machinery had been the cau ? e of the evils under which the nation labours , the destruction of that machinery would noi help us :

      Untitled Article

      were tha earth to open this morning and swallow every frame in Nottinghamshire , the misery and distress would be vastly increased rather than diminished . The poor man ; knows * notwithstanding his education has been neglected , and bis knowledge is contracted , yet this ho knows , that his only hope is in machinery—that this is the instrumentwrth which the British mechanic can , by his skill and industry , cope with the whole world . ' All he asks is a clear stage and no favour : he seeks justly for the abrogation of those laws which prevent him from taking his skill and industry to the best market , and which compel him to buy his food at twice the price for which other countries would gladly supply him . "

      We have noticed this senseless emanation of the Muddle-Head of Nottingham , mainly because it affords us an opportunity ^ of exposing one of the grossest of the fallacies of the Corn Law Repealers ; one which they havb- in constant use . Complain of the abuses of machinery ; show the operations of the present system of commerce ; point to the fact that as that commerce has increased , in exact ratio have the heurs of labour increased , and wages decreased ; point to the other fact that had we not been so commerce-mad as we have been , but have rather declined it , letting it seek us , instead of us seeking it ; that had wo kept on as we once were , making good articles of clothing , ' - 'instead ; of trash ^ maintaining good wages by maintaining good prices , and

      maintaining both by giving the workman his share , of the benefits of . machinery ; in decreased labour ; fostering and keeping up a good home trade , instead of running over the whole world to find a naked back on a shoeless foot , we should have been in a far different situation from that we find ourselves in : point to these things , and you are instantly met with the cry , "It's all the effect of our dear food ;'' "If we had our food cheap , we should be all right ;" " The high pi-ice of ; food compels us to act as we do . " "The cause of distress is not in machinery , or in our commerce ,-, but in the high price of provisions . " These are the parrot phraseB that meet you at every turn . Lot us examine what they are worth . :

      " Thirty or forty years ago , ' quoth "the writer " of Nottingham , " when good prices were given for the making of hose , there was a brisk demand for them . " Exactly sol When good prices were given for the making of hose , the workman could afford to make them ! and ha could algo afford , with his good wages , to purchasa some of the hose when made , and enough of fiouri and meal , and beefj and bacon for himself and his family . Exactly so , Mr . Review ; " thirty or forty year 3 ago , when good prices were given for the making of hose , there was a brisk demand" for all those other artibles of trade .

      Why is there not that brisk demand noxv f Why is not the framework-knitter of . the present day able to buy some of the stockings he has made , and the same plenty of flour and beef that he did thirty or forty years ago ? Wliy is he not able to do so now , Mr . Review , or Mr . Free Trader ! "' " 0 ! the high prices of food prevents him . " Does it ? Then food is as high now , or higher , than it was thirty or forty years ago ! " To ba sure , it is ; higher . " Thus , then , we get fairly into the question . Now , what are the facts ?

      The average price of a quarter of wheat ; and wheat is the best standard ot prices that can be taken ; itlgoverns all the rest ; the average price , then , of a quarter of wheat forty years ago , when " good prices were given for the making of hose " and all other descriptions of manufactures ; the average price of a quarter of wheat then , was 83 s . That is to say , the average price of wheat for the ten years from 1799 to 1809 , was 83 ± the quarter . The average price of wheat , for the seven years ending ; Christmas J 841 , as sot forth in the returns just published in pursuance of the Act 6 and 7 Wm . IV ., is 58 s . 6 d . per quarter ! ! ! ! I

      The high price" ot food in 1841 , with wheat at S 83 . 6 d . per quarter * causes the labouring man to have less of provisions , nay , even to starve for want of them ; when he could purchase in 1800 enough and to spare , though wheat was then 83 s . per tuarter ! ! ¦!¦' ¦' . : Ay , indsed , it is the "high price" of food , in one sense , that has occasioned this ! But not the relative nominal price . The nominal pricp shows a reduction of 24 * . 6 d . the quarter : that is to say , wheat was 243 . Gd . the quarter cheaper in 1841 than in 1800 . But the means of the labourer to

      purchase it in 1841 had gone ! The >' g ood price given for the making of hose" was no longer given ! Wheat Was dear , and high-priced , though 24 s . 6 d . per quarter , cheaper , because the workman had hot wherewithal to purchase it . It was dear to the workman : it was cheap to the man of fixed income : for he could , in 1841 , make his money go nearly half as far again in the purchase of provisions , as ho could in 1830 ! The pensioner and the sinecurist , and the official with a fixed Balary , and the anuitant , and the diTidend- ^ ondebt-receiver have not to complain of the " high

      price" of food ; for the £ 100 they received in 1800 was worth ne arly £ 150 to them in 1841 . That is to say , any of these parties of fixed incomes , received in 1841 nearly £ 150 worth of provisions for their £ 100 , as estimated by the price of wheat in 1800 These parties have clearly benefited ^ by the fall in prices of produce ! Who else has . benefitted ! Has the workman ? Has the master ? Has the wearer of articles of manufacture ? No , says the Nottingham Review * And yet , the Sappy proposes , as a remedy for the present state of things , a measure which will reduco prices and wages still

      lower ; and , by consequence , again add to the value of these fixed incomes ! ! The men with fixed incomes out of the taxes , are no mean EUmber . We raised £ 53 , 000 , 000 of money last year in taxes ; and , nearly the whole of this enormous amount ; an amount exceeding by £ 2 , 000 , 000 the whole of our foreign trade for that same year ; nearly the whole of this monstrous sum : is applied to the paying of pensioners , allowances , deadweight , sinecures , grants , salaries , diyidendsj and annuities . Reduce the price of food , and you add to the value of these incomes ! In fact you add

      to their amount—^ and to the amount of your taxation ! 1 Taxes are fixed ! money amiounts . They do not ] rise or fall with the prices of produce ; but they have to be raised from produce . It is unnecessary to say that we do not in England grow the " precious metals , " as they are termed ; nor do we find " money" springing up spontaneously from the soiK But we do grow wheat and rye , and barley , and beans , arid beef , and mutton , and wool ; and we produce woollens , and cottons , and stockings , and hats , and shoes and "it is out of the things we produce ; it is out oj the things that our labour make to be ; it is out of these , that the taxes are taken ! or , to speak more

      correctly , perhaps , it is so- much of these as answers to the amount of iaoney in the current prices of the day , that is taken from the producers as taxes ; The taking may be circuitous ; it may be and is indirect ; it may be and is unseen ; but still it is a taking , and a taking from the producer ^ Let the producer cease to produce ; let 1 the land cease to be cultivated by labour ; let the , mills cease to teem out their now endless streams of manufactured wealth ; let labour stand idle , and we should soon see that the taxes and a great many other things would cease to be paid ! We should then soon discover , where they came from ! We should find out who paid them 1

      Taxes , then , and indeed all other heap 3 of wealth , however accumulated together , come from labour . Tho labour of the country pays the taxes , pays the rents , pays the profits , pays the per ccutages , . ' and . we were going to say , pays the wages ; but these latter have mainly to go ^ unpaid . But-the taxes are not a certain fixed amount or quantity of labour , any more than , rents are . Both are fixed , amounts of money ; or rather such amounts or quaiitities of labour -as answer to / fixed amounts of money . Let us illustrate . .. In 1800 , wheat sold for 833 . the quarter . In 1841 , wheat sold for 58 s . 6 ii the quarter . It is clear that the £ 53 ^ 000 , 000 of taxes raised in 1841 would have purchased less of

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      wheat in 180 0 * When the price was 83 s . the quarter , than it would in 1841 , when the price was 58 s . 6 & ; In other words , the farmer in 1841 would have to give nearly half as much again produce as his Bhare . of the taxes , as he had to give in 1800 . So with the producer of hatsi and stockings , and / . all other articles . Prices of all these have fallen ; and , by consequence , more of each hoe to be given to the taxgatherer than had formerly to be given . Every fall in the prices of articles of produce must entail upon the producer : more ia&our for the tax-eater's use , as long as the same amount of taxes , valued in money , aro raised ! This must be . plainly apparent . There can be no gainsaying it . ' :

      What then is it , in reality , that the advocates of "Extension of Commerce" propose ? A reduction in the prices of food ; and , by consequence , a reducr tiori in the prices of all other articles of produce . This involves an increase of taxation in the exact ratio that prices of produce are reduced ! Whatever may be tl . at reduction , whether one-fourth , one-third , or one-half ; jii&t so much more labour will have to be given by the labourer to the taxeater . And this will cause the labourer to have " cheap food" ! Out upon ye , ye varleta •¦ ye ¦' know bettor !

      Were the measure of " Extension" to pass , and were it to effect a reduction of prices in one-fourth , that reduction would cause us to have to give to the taxeatera , produce ( valued at our present pricesj ) to the amount of £ 66 , 000 , 000 annually , instead of £ 53 , 000 , 000 . If the measure effected a reduction of onethird in prices , we should have t > give produce to the amount of £ 70 , 000 , 000 for taxes , instead of £ 53 , 000 /) 00 !! ¦¦' ¦ , . ¦ ¦ . . Should the reduction amount ( 0 One-half upan the present prices , we should be taxed to the tune of £ 79 , 000 , 000 annually instead of £ 53 , 000 , 000 ! I I

      O ! rare " cheap food" ! Famous and "cheap " for the tax-eater 1 famouB and " cheap" for the men with fixed incomes ! famous and "cheap" for the pensioner , the salaried drones , the deadweight men , the half-pay men , the annuitants , andthe debtdividend recipients ! Famousand " cheap"for these parties ; but how " cheap" for the people ? How " cheap" will it be to the producer , already bowed down to the earth with taxation ; how " cheap " will it be to him , when he has more of his labour to give to the tax-eater than he gives new ? How " cheap" will it be to the workman , who has to produce more before he can touch for himself ] We ehould like to soe Sappy try to answer these questions .

      No wonder that the means of the working people to purchase food and clothing are gone ! Every reduction in the price of produce has been accompanied by a more than corresponding reduction m the wages of labour ; and every reduction in both of these has enhanced the real amount of taxation upon the producer I ! He has , in every instance , had more to produce to pay the tax-eater , before he could put one mouthful of what he produced into his own stomach ! Thus have his wages decreased and ; his taxes increased . . And yet our fools of manufacturers are not content with what has already been done in this way ! They want more of it ! They seek for further reduction in prices and wages , and for increased taxation !

      In 1841 , the nominal amount of taxation raised from the producers of wealth , was , as has been before etated , £ 53 , 000 j 000 . But the real amount of taxes ; that is to say , the amount of produce taken to pay the taxes , when valued in the prices of 1800 , was £ 75 , 000 , 000 ! ! ! Is there any wonder that the means of purchasing food are gone ? Let the labourer arid the shopkeeper and the manufacturer ponder over these facts . Let them look into the question of high and low prices . Let them get some little below the surface ; let them dive into it in all its bearings : and we fancy they will come to a far

      different conclusion from that which the " great" manufacturers have arrived at ; that another reduction of prioes and wages , and an increase of taxation will be a good ! They will see that common justice points out that before any steps be taken " that will reduce the prices of produce and the wages of labour , an equitable ADjasTMENX must be come to with the tax-eater , and the fundrlord . Bare , naked , common justice points out this as the . very first step . ' If the Corn Law Repealers are prepared to entertain and grapple with this question , they shall have oi / jR aid : if they do not do it ¦•; or

      if they are not willing to do so , every obstacle that we can throw in their way , to prevent them from givingymoro of the labour of the workman to the taxeaters , Bhall be so thrown ! These are the parties who are sucking the little marrow left in the bones of the working people out of them ; and we are not inclined to join those who are for giving them greater hold 1 ! Equitable adjustment , master millowners ; and then for a Repeal of the Corn Laws . Here are the terms of iiniora , if you please j agree upon them ; ratify the bargain ; and then at it we go to get power to do both the one and the othoT ! What say you , Messrs . the millowners ?

      Iquitable Adjustment : this is imperatively needed . If the taxes in 1841 had been adjusted only to the prices of produce in 1841 , as compared with tho prices in 1800 , though the amount of these taxes is ton times more than ought to be raised ; but if the taxes in 1841 had been ao justed to the prices of produce , we should only have had raised from us the sum of £ 37 ^ 000 , 000 instead of £ 53 , 000 , 000 11 ! Adjustment is needed !

      Wehave not done with this subject . We are-in possession of some ttrange information as to the attempt of a Mr . Heard , of Nottingham ( one of a recent deputation to Sir Robert Peel , to press upon him an alteration in the Ck > rn Laws ) , to further reduce the wagBs of labour paid to his framework knitters ! We are in possession of the tables or scales of wages promulgated by the masters themselves , fora considerably period passed . These tables wo shall endeayour to use , iu proof ot our positions upon this question ' . of questions ; and we shall also have Eomething to gay of and concerning Mr iiEARD , the anti-Corn Law deputy , who is . trying'to prepare himself to meet the " new circumsfcances" of the labourers by reducing their wages ! ' ¦ Mr . Heard has begun too soon ! He has let the cat out ! He should have waited a wee !!

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      THE NEW CORN BILL DEBATE . The reader will see that we have given at con * siderable length the " debate , " as it is called , that has been had in the M House" on the new Corn Bill . Whether a perusal of it will repay the trouble , is for everyone who takes that trouble to say : but there the " wise sayings" are , for him to read and reflect upon ! One thing is certain ; the new Corn Bill will

      pass into law . This is acknowledged by the Morning Chronicle , the organ of the Leaguers ; and all the bluster and vapouring of the anti-Corn Law gentry out of doors will not preverit it . Then , where is the use ofit ? The fact is , Peel for the present is safe with his majority in the Commons , and his whole House of Lords . He will carry his measure : and this wUl show the trading classes , that , if they Want to grapple with the landed interest , the must join the people for the Charter . Wil ^

      they do this now ? Or will they wait and B 66 whether Feel has anything more insulting in store for them 1 In either case ive ^ shall be Batisfied ; We know they ean do no go (^ either for themselTes or the people with ihe House constituted as it is aid we have long leen busied preparing the people generally with this belief , arid for the course of action resulting from such belief If the trading classes choose to join the people's movement , well and good . If not , the people wili go 6 ntdnddo without themi '' . - '' . '¦'

      The Chronicle ot Monday ^ ^ says : — "Sir Robert Peel ' s (^ rn BHl does not appea r likely to lead immediately to any serious division in his party , or to break up his Government . ¦ - . Tlje Uiikeof Buckinghani ' B retiremerifc turns out , as wo always supposed it , a mere part of the Ministerial arrange-

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      ment for carrying it : the sincerity of Colonel Sib . thorp ' s opposition will bo neutralised by his absur . dity ' •; and Mx . Christopher ' s amendment only sue . gests to us a notion that , fired by the Duke of Buct « ingham ' s example , he thinks that he may get * garter , or something that it is as valuable to him si a garter , out of the crisis , by putting himself at th « head of the squires , and delivering them into the hands of Peel . With some half dozen , exception ? the helpless squires will growl arid succumb ; and Sir Robert will carry his Bill and retain office . We should griere if we thought , it would turn put otherwise . " - ; ¦ -. ¦ ¦ - . ' .. ' :. ; ' :-. ¦ ' .,: ' ..:. ¦ " ¦ ' ; -

      There is comfort for the Corn Law Repealars j Maugre all the ir antics , " Sir Robert . will carry his Bill , and retain © flice 1 " So says the Chronicle And he Eays also he should grieve if he " thought it would turn out otherwise . " What will the " free , traders" think now of their pet organ '• ¦? Has not h « driven them to a pretty market 1 : \ One speech in this debate we cannot but call e ' spec'ial . attention to ; the speech of Mr . BrsFiELb Febrand . Hia style of oratory , for " that House , ^ is new . There is ; a great amount of truth in it ; and it is plainly told .

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      Brief Rules for the Government ofall whs write for this Paper : — v 1 . Write legibly . Mafee as few erasures and ihterHnea . tio . ns as possible . In writiDg names of persons anfl , places ite more particular than usual to uiafce every letter distinct and clear—also in using words noli ¦ .. English . ; - . - . -, ' . ' . ¦ ; : ¦ ¦ '' ¦ : ¦ ' "¦> ' . . '¦'" ., ' . " ¦ - ' . - . ' ¦ :: " v 2 . Write only on one side of ilie paper . 3 . Employ no abbreviations whatever , but write out every word in full . - ' : ? 4 . Address communieationa not to any particular person , but to " ?• The Editor . ' ? ! , : V 5 . When you sit down to write , don't be in a hurry Consider that hurried writing makes slow printir . g 6 . Bemember that we go to press on Thursday ; that

      one side of . the paper goes to press on Wednesday ; that we are oblige ^ to go on filliDg up the paper the whole week , and that , therefore , when a load of niaS ter cornea by the last one Or two posts , it unavoidably happens that much of it is omitted ; and that it is therefore necessary to be prompt , in your cpmuiunications . . ' ¦ -. . - " - ] - '¦' . . - ; ' ¦; - . ¦ - ¦; . -: ¦ ; ;¦ ' , ' •'¦ -. All matters of news , reports of meetings , &c , & . ? referring to occurrences on Friday , Saturday , or Sunday , should reach us by Monday ' s -post ; auch as refer to Monday ' s occurrences by Tuesday evening ' s post ; Wednesday ' s occurrences by Thurc . day's post ; and Thursday ' s news by Friday morning ' s post , for second edition . Any deviation from tnis order ofsuppty will necessarily subject the

      matters so received to the almost certainty of rejection Or seriaus curtailment , and we take no blame for All personal correspondence , poetry , literary comniunications , and articles of comment to behsre by Tuesday , or their chance of insertion for that week will be very small indeed ; if not here by Wednesday we don't hold ourselves bound even to ndlicetheni . . '' . < - . ' ¦ ¦ . : ¦¦ . " .. ' ¦ .. '¦ ; ' ¦'•' 7 . Finally , remember that vre have only fortr-eighfe columns weekly for all Eagland , Scotland , Wales , and Ireland ; that we have no iuterest in preferring one town or placa to another , be cause ours ia not a local but a national paper ; that we are bound , therefore , in dealing with the masses of matter whick come to us , to hold the scales of Justice evenly—our first ebject being tha promotion and enhancement , according to our 01 m best judgment , ef the success of the great and good

      cause ; and our second , the distribution of our time and space bo as ' "to give least cause of complaint ; that we are alike bound to this course of accion by inclination , interest , and duty ; and that > . therefore , it is usfileEB and senseless for individuals to fume and fret , and think themselves ill used because their communications may not always be inserted , or for societies to trouble their heads and waste their time in passing votes of censure upon us for devoting too much space to this , or tpo little to that , or for ^ inserting this thing which they think should have been omitted ; or for omitting the other thing which they think should have appeared . All these are . matters for bur consideration , and for tha exercise of our discretion and judgment , " which , we assure all parties , shall be always used , so far as we are able to perceive , honestly for the public , wi' ^ iout fear " or favour to any one , andfwithoub being allowed to be turned for one instant from its course by ill-natured snarls or bickerings .

      BOOKS FOa Review raay be left for this Office at Mr . John Cleaye ' s , 1 , Shoe-lane , Fleet-street , London . Pubi . 1 c Funds ' . "—To prevent mistakes , let it be especially noted that all monies received by our Cashier for the various , Chartist funds are acknowledged . by him in the column of ' Notices to CorrespondentSj'V and that . he ; is answerable only for the sum there advertised to ^^ have , been received . Money Orders to this Office—Oar ^ cashier is frequently made to endurean amount [" of inconvenience utterly inconceivable by those who have not multifarious transactions like his to attend to , by the negligence of parlies not attending to the p'ain instructions so of ten given , to make all money'orders sent here payable to Mr . John Ardill . Some orders are made payable to Mr , O'Connor—some to Mr . Hobson—some to Mr .

      Hill—some to Star Office : all these require the signatures of the person in whose favour they are drawn before the money can be got . This causi an attendance at Die post-office of , sometimes , several hours , when a few minutes might svffice if all were rightly given—not to mention the most vexatious delays of payment sometimes caused by it . Several old agents , who certainly ought to know better , have often thus needlessly inconvenienced us ; we , therefore , beg thai all parties having : money to . send to ifie Siar Office for pdpefs , by order , will make their orders payable to Mr . John Abdill ; if they neglect this , we shall not hold ourselves bound to attend 10 them ; if , therefore , they find ' their neglect to produce inconvenience to themselves , let them not blame us . : ¦ *

      To Agents . —A great portion of the Orders of out Agents which should be in our office on Thursday , at latest , have for several weeks back come on the Friday ; nearly all the Scotch Agents ' Orders" have come on the Friday often . This may bo occasioned by the delays of the mails , owing to , the weatherj-but thera certainly is no reason why the Agents at Hull , Liverpool , and even Barnsley and Bradford , should send their . Ordera to reach the O _ ffice just at the time the papers are going out of it . Any Orders not in the Office on Thursdays cannot be a ttended to : and aiiy . papers returned in co nsequence of orders being late will iiot be credited .

      Correspondents of the Northern Star — London- ^ T . M . Wheeler , 7 , Mills Builiings , Knightsbridge . Mandiesler—TV . Griffin ;' -34 ,- Lomasstreet , Bank Top . Birmingham—George Wliite , 29 j Bromsgroye-street . JVeifCas / ie—Mr . J . Sinclair , Gateshead . SurAtrlartd—Hr . J . Williams ,: Messr - Williams and Binns , booksellers . Sheffield— -Mr G . J . Harney , news agent . 33 , Campo-lane . CHAB . T 1 ST Addresses . —The General ' . Secretary--Mr John Campbell , 18 , Adderley-straet , Shaw ' Brow , Manchester . Chartist Blacking Manufacturer- — Mr . Roger Pincisr , Ed ward's-square , Ed ward ' s-: place , Pottfery , Hull . Secretary to the Frost , } H

      hams , and Jones Restoration Committee—J . Wi ! - kinsoni ; 5 , Cregoe Terrace , Bell's Barn Road , Bi' - mingham . ; . : . : ; Notice ; - ^ Star ' s , or oilier papers , sent to the Itisa Universal Suffrage Association , to beaddressed to E . F . Dempsey , No . 14 , N ' Ann-street , who hz * been elected in the room of Mr . P . M . Bropbyi who has resigned . Derby . ——The friends of this neighbourhood having communications for the Star , or otherwise affecting the Chartist movement , are re quested to send them to Mr . Thomas Briggs , can of Mr . John Moss , shoemaker , Plumptre-square , Darley-lane , Derby . -

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      MR . N . P . RpDGEES AND THE " UNANIMOtJS '' VOS of Thanhs . — We received , on Friduy morning a letter from Mr . Con Murray yin reference to & violation of his instructions in the Convention by Mr , Rodgers , delegate for Bridgeton , in which he ssys ,-distinctly , that Mr . Rodgers wasM ' , tructed by a vote of the meeting which appointed him to vote for the National Petition ; cautioning the English people , however , against drawing « P any other petition of a , like kind without consulting Scotland , and that this course hecertaMg did not pursue in the Convention . Inthe mattet of the " vote of thanks . " Mr . Murray' says , ttiat &o far from itsbeing " unanimous " a strong resolution-of censure was moved by Mr- ^' -i'" ?* and only withdrawn in consideration of '" & past services of ' Mr . Rodgers ; and thai on tne vote of thanks beina mtt , fifteen voted for il , » ' ?*

      against it , while a much greater number did no * voteatail . _ Thb O'Connob Tridmphai . Car . ——those friends ¦ who are desirous of obtaining a chance for <"«' . * splendid car must forward their subscription ( s& * pence ) immediately to W . Cordeux , , MxeMj gaie , as but very few ¦ chances remain unsold ' The lottery will be drawn on Tuesday , thefirsK-t ... ' March . ' . ' . ' ¦ '¦ '¦' . '' . ' • '¦ "¦ '¦ .. " . - ¦ ¦¦ ' . . ¦' . : ' . '¦ ¦ . : " . ., ' T . : M . Wheeler , London' correspondent of the Northern Star , would feel obliged by -pa rtieswishing his attendance at any meetings to injoivn . him lherenf ,. at his residence , 7 * Mil ! s : Bxd ! divcfi Knightshidge . As this is ' too often neyiectedi ¦ :.-, midhe is left to hear of themby chance ; by so doing disappomtmeut wilt be prevented . Joan Vfnxn ^ is ^ wife of Zephaniah -WlUams , re turns her warmest thanks to the female Chartists of Selby : for their kind favour .

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      a ¦ - - . . . . - ¦ T'H ^; -:. y Q . ^^ ::, -: >^ : ¦ . ¦ ¦ . ¦¦ ¦ ' ,. ¦ : ,., - " : ;¦ : - ::: - . .. / . ¦ : ;¦ ; Vv-r ' : : - :: ^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 19, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct586/page/4/