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Northern Star (1837-1852), 15th January 1842, Edition 3 of 5, Page 4, Untitled Article

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    • THE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY ^ JANUARY 15, 1842.
    • ¦ THE LATE " SLAVE" MEETING IN LEEDS
    • ©or ift*a.wj3S anir Com#aottHeut$
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      Untitled Article

      PROSECUTION OP MR . GEORGE WHITE , BIRMINGHAM . ADDRESS TO THE MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IREIAKD . Brothers is the catjsk of Freedom , —Another attempt is being made to imprison our patriotic and energetic leaders—a prosecution for libel against , oar champion , George White , and as he will hare to appear , at the Court of Queen ' s Bench , to show cause why a "writ should not be issued against him , and as Mr . "White has nothing to depend « pon but hiB own exertions , a Committee has been formed for the purpose of raising a fund to enable him to meet his persecutors , and be prepawd Tor his defence . "We therefore take the liberty -ef soliciting the aid of « very lover of liberty .

      Brother Chartists , —BsTmngham is full of humbags and pretended friends , who do all that lies in their power to beep the people as divided as they possibly can , Trbick presents almost insurmountable -difficulties for us to eootend againsMmd were it not for the exertions of Mr . White , with those of our talented lecturer < Masoa , ) we feel confident that wo Should not be iki& to maintain the position which we now hold . Shall this man , wio has a double claim to oar protection , in consequence of the determined manner in whreh he stood against a whole

      host of gentkaaen assassins at the late Corn law meeting in the town of BinniEgham;—shall this man , who has been ^ o useful to C 5 . go again to his dreary and ionesome dungeon ! "He most assuredly will , ifthe-5 pirij of liberty has so entirely left the hearts of Englishmen , that tlwy will not reach an helping banri ^; 'bat , we know that it is not so i and ¦ we have no doubt , with the assistance of oar brethren , be -will be still at liberty , and , ag he always bas-d . * oe , will still continue to-rouse the people to a sense of iheir duty , and live to be « determined enemy to all oppression and tyranny .

      Hoping this-will be met with the spirit that it deserves , We remain . « en behalf of the Committee , W . Thom , Chairman , 11 , Barn Street . H . Wklsfobd , Secretary .

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      TO THE MEMBERS , SUB-TREASURERS , SUB-SECRETARIES , AND COUNCILLORS

      OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER ASSO ^ CIATiON . Breishejt , —I wish to give some general instructions , as it will save me a vast amount of trouble that I should have by writing privatel y ^ First . All remittances should be made per postoffice e-rder ,- the expence of the order is threepence for any sum under £ 2 ; this is the safest method . When the order is sect the sender ought to take down the date and number of the order ; and all moneys should be made payable on Mr . Heywood ,

      the General Treasurer , No . 60 , Oldham-street , Manchester- No moEej oujrht to be sent in any other way . This is a most effectual method to keep both the seeder and the receiver honest , because , if the person who sends the money applies to the pastcfice , he can at any time prove he Eent it ; and if any sub-Secretary should be so dishonest ' as to say he sent it when he did not , the General-Secretary has it then in hi 3 power to prove rtat he never received it . Let their post-office orders be Eent for the future to the General-Treasurer .

      Secondly , as to who are members and who are not . It is the general understanding that taking out a card and paying one penny weekly constitutes a member ; but if any person can prove , after he has taken out his card , that he is not able to pay his weekly contribution , then he is to be considered a bonafide member . The members in each district to be the judges when a man is able to pay and ¦ when not . Each district to make such local legal regulations as shall conduce to the forwarding the Association in the best possible manner , for while our Association is one , yet in some districts they

      jnay be poorer than in other districts , and members thu 3 ficd it more difficnL * . to pay their subscrip-, ' Iion 3 ; it shall then be for the members to come to ¦ arrangements amongst themselves ( when a member ; ¦ who can pay , but who does not ) how many weeks it j shall be before such person shall be considered no ; longer a member . The circumstances of the Asso- \ elation are so different in different districts , " that it ; is impossible for the Executive to make a positive ; rule on this head , bat had rather leave this to the jrood sense of the officers and members of the Asso- ; elation themselves . !

      Thirdly , the balloting for the candidates for the j Convention will be holden on Monday , the 24 th of j January . In each district where only the required j number of candidates are in the field there will be ) no ballot , but where there are more than the j number that are to be returned , then the ballot shall he resorted to in that district . All the members of j the association to vote in such district ; the number of vote 3 to be forwarded by each local sub-Secretary I to the district sub-Secretary , who shall immediately ; forward to me the names of the candidate ? , and the f jnumber of votes for each candidate . All the-returns : to be in my possession by February the 1 st . Fourthly , pufcJTcf meetings shall be called betwixt t the 2 ad and the 11 th days of February , to elect the : members for Convention , the final decision to be i forwarded to me by Monday , the 14 th of February , j and a correct list of the names of the members of :

      the Convention to be published in the A orihern Star , \ National Vindicator , and Chartist Circular , on j Saturday , the 19 : h and 2 oih days of February , and \ the Convention to meet on Monday , the 28 . h day of } February , 1842 . Fifthly , the Executive ought to meet immediately , ; which they will do if the association will ody half : settle hi accounts with them , at all events every ! nerve will be strained fcr them to assemble in Bristol ; on Monday , the 7 th day of February . Those places that require cards must see that it is \ impossible for me to forward them just at pre . ent ; but I will endeavour to dispatch all the cards that 1 are wanted in the course of next week . \ Jons Campbell , Secretary . I

      Untitled Article

      TO THE PITMEN OF THE TYNE AXD WEAK Mes of the Collieries , —By reference to another i column of the Slar , yon -spill see that a delegate meet- i ing is called for the 22 nd of January , at Chester-le- < Street . - It appears that it is deemed advisable to call you " togttiier by delegation , to mate a stand against the encroachments of yemr coal viewers- The " note of ; preparation" -was stranded last "week at Thornier , where i the most intelligent men of the coal districts were ; assembled . . j Let every colljery obey the summons of that meeting . The inroads daily made on the pitmen tj their masters , i renders it imperative thai the standard of union should ; again be unfurled in the 2 sorth , and the rights of indus- try established on a basis too strong for local ue ? pots to subvert .

      To "work , then , like men ! L * t your yearly bonds no loiiger be the bonds of slavery . Prepare for the ' delegate meetiB / r- 1 * 1 Microft prepare the South Dai- \ ham district . There are plenty of warm hearts on * ' coaly Trne" who will not fail to do their dnty . Tfae ; Wtsr is already alive to its interest ; and the delegate meeting for this month will determine the question of i slavery or freedom . ' Totrt faithful friend , j Geoege Brxys .

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      TO THE EDITOR OF THE FREEil ^ K'S JOURNAL . Sin , —The follc-sring passage occurs in the Daily Freeman of the ' 29 zh xnt , and the JFceVy of the 1 st instant : — " A member here handed his Lordship a printed circular , which he said had been distributed among the coal porters . " The Loud Matob—Fanga ! is not it signed r-y Paddy O'Higeins , and does not everybody know -who Paddy O'Hirtjiiis is ? ( Loud cries cf ' Hear , hear , ' and laughter . ) He is grcatiy mistaken if he thinks he can have any itfiaecce among the honest coal porters . They understand him perfectly , and tiere is no fear that any of them will be get to foliow bis advice . ( Hear , bear , and cheers . ) I wish my recommendation should

      b-i perfectly understood . I announced it yesterday , and I repeat it to-day . Ltt the people bring any wretch "who attempts to csjole them intD taking illegal oaths before any of the magistrates who have been ; newly appointed , or before any of the old Tory magistrates , and 1 ¦ warrant they eould do nothing which would Tex their ¦ Worships more than their doing so . iHear , htzi , and laughter . ) Tee magistrate ¦ will be- exceedingly sorry to see his friend there . He . would much rather see him in ths witness-box , and he himself on the Jury -which -would cogticS the people whom he had de ' . nded , on his evidence . ( Hear . ) You well know how it woulil delight the Attorney-General and his satellites to see ths people convic '^ d of such Cr imes . ( Hear , hear . ) His . LoMship then observed that the Repealers could have no connection with any illegal Societies . "

      It appears , as reported , in a rather more offensive f jrm in the Register of same dates . To that establishment was sens what was deemed a demanded exculpation of the " Universal Suffrage Society , " in matter and foim nearly as follows , but which the editor 'not the t- -. ; , proprietor ; of that journal arrogantly , sapexciliously i ^ ii * . * , . , . sad contemptuously iefused to insert , on the ground - 9 k ' » - ~ ^* * - * % ** " i 6 C £ me Jrcui o'Hi £ § iBs . " Such an assertion on r- ^_ * - * r * " " ~ - "te « part was as gratuitously untrue as -wantonly imper-S ~ 4 l { - ^ ^ - ^ . - ^ cnt . It came from Iiiihmen who thought themsel ves * s . # * f rw - ^ % ;^ fc . ; t : ^ g ^ feved , and hs . d fse spirit to defend themseiTes . * % *> ^ 5 ^ * " ?¦ - " .. ^ JWJC it eTen did cozie from "O'Higgins , " evgn from Jg - ^^ kL * ^ - * '*? X- ^ P * Sdy 0 "fli | gi 2 S , " wly is he to be accounted an alien * |! k *|^ r- , ^ ¦ pi outlaw —» pariah ia his native Jatd ? Is the *^^* - ¦ - " - ' . : ^ le £ iker to insert every vituperation , evtry'Jenuncia-- ^^ * ' ^ oa ? Is Mr . O Higgins to be continually held up to ^ -T < * - ~ - - - - * the execration of his coniitrymen , acd yet to be refused jj | 3 ^ : f - ;^ . ' " jfien the privilege of an arraigned criminal —\ o be heard

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      in Ma own defenoe ? This may be the liberality of the Register , but wa now appeal to the justice of the Fretstony and requfjst your insertion of tfae following : — With the bidividual censure conveyed ia the passage quoted , we ' n&y& nothing to do , further toan to regret that any cause should require , or any individual be found to make such abusive personal attacks , in an age in which iaanners , at least , have been Ameliorated , and in which , tbe progress of temperance justified us in believing that Christian forbearaocd , charity , and good will , were about to supersede the former substrata « f popular harangue , that practical good was about being Brosecated , and rhetorical artifice on the eve of baing abandoned . But as the card ( as it is in the Register the circular { as it is in the Freems ^ , is an emanation

      of tbe " TToiversal "SofiErage Society , " of which we have the nonour to be membera , and of which Mr . O'Htggins is the respected president , and as his lordship wm pleased to insinnate that Mr . O'Hijgiasnad adminiBtered to ns oaths ( of cowse illegally ) , and farther expressed a desire to see his ¦ " old friend" torn common informer- ; and farther bi « anxiety to " be himself on thejury , ihat he might oeovict the deluded . " ( How ^ laiitable fVe think it but just to ourselves to remove from his Lordship ' s mind any apprehension on the -subject , by declaring that we are boand by no illegal oaths , and repudiate indignantly the aspersion . We congregate for the purpose , as far as in us lies , of making , on Mr . O'ConneH ' s own ( adopted ) principle of moral might , Mr . O Connell ' s own draft of the People's Charter , the law of the land ; and ts do this we are determined totally co-operate with the English and Scotch Char tists . whoreciprocateoursssis tan ce by Advocating tbe

      Repeal of Ireland ^ nn just baneful TJekra . cannot sufficiently express our detestatisn of any miscreant who would dare to impose en Mr . O Connell ' a credulity , so far as to make him the instrument of such unj ust accusations , the author of such foul epithets , and the fnlminator of such mischievous denunciations ; nor can we at all imagine how so acute and experienced a politician could be made seriously to believe the ridiculous Btory of secret oaths , < fcc Many of us are members of the Repeal Association , and we are all the friends of the working classes , too long neglected , and the strenuous assertsrs of civil and religious liberty ^ in its mo&t unrestricted sense , all over the world . With pity and contempt , then , for the venal and man-worshipping Register , with thanks and respect to you , and with a confident hope that Mr , O'Connell will do us the justice to which we are entitled , by withdrawing his unmeat sured , unmerited , and , we trust , thoughtlessly-conferred

      censure , We are , Tour obedient humble servants , W . H . Dyott Patrick O'CouneU Henry Clark Edward Derapsey Thomas O'Brien Patrick M'Mahon Patrick Rafter Patrick M'Cartea Johii Norton James Dillon John Keegan Patrick O'Connor Patrick M'Mahon ( For nearly six hundred K . Donne men . ) P . S . —Ih order to avoid all further misrepresentatien , we enclose with this a copy of eur objects , and the reasons for advocating the measures here enumerated : — Universal Suffrage , Eiectoral Districts , Tote by Ballot , Annual Parliaments , No Property Qualification for representatives , Payment of Membera of Parliament , and Repeal of the Legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland .

      The Northern Star Saturday ^ January 15, 1842.

      THE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY ^ JANUARY 15 , 1842 .

      Untitled Article

      WAGES OP LA 30 UR AND " EXTENSIONS " OF COMMERCE . The articles we have recently devoted to the examination of this subject have , we are glad to say , excited considerable attention even amongst the manufacturers themselves . In several instances have our statements been confirmed by those who have , for more than half a century , been engaged in the leading departments of our staple manufactures More than one case have we heard of , where the

      workman has taken bis Northern Star in his hand , and requested his employer to read what we have had to say ; and the paper has been kindly returned with the observation , that our " statements were but loo trae . " We are bound to say , however , that we have heard of this occurring only with tbe small masters . They are approachable . They do not turn up their noses when Bjll comes near them . They have a little fellow-fesling with the operative whom they employ .

      We have heard , though , of the observations and conduct of one who once ranked amongst the " greatest" millowners in the West Riding of Yorkshire . He is a man who is well known both by masters and men . To him the woollen factory masters of Yorkshire are more indebted , than to any Other person or cause for the immense sums of money they have been enabled to rake together by the employment of machinery . Perhaps no one in the entire woollen trade knows so much of the operation of our commercial system as the man does we Epeak of . Perhaps no one has had such

      opportunities of seeing and experiencing so much of t as he has . He knew Yorkshire when the woollen trade was entirely in the hands of the domestic manufacturer . He remembers the time when the clothier was enabled to go to the woolstapler , and buy his " piece-wool , " and manufacture his own piece , the major portion of the work being all done on his own hearth , as it werein his own house . He knew Yorkshire when the fulling was done by the Master Fuller ; and the finishing by tbe Master , Cropper ; and the dying by the Master Dyer ; and when all

      these got good living profits for their work , and paid good wages to their workmen . He knows , too , of the introduction of the " swape shears , " or " cropping frames . " He knows of the prognostics of the men engaged in the finishing" department , at the introduction of this first machine to compete with , and supercede their labour . He knows of the time 3 of " General LrDD . " He knows when a confederacy existed amongst the workmen of an entire district , more formidable than any thing of the sort ever known before , or since . He knows of the fight at

      Rawfold's mill ; and he knows of the York Special Commission , and the hanging of seventeen men on one day ! He knows of the inefneacy of such confederacy to stop the progress of tie system then just begun . He knows of the introduction of the " Raising-gig , " and of the " Lewis , " and of the "Perpetual . " He has seen the system gradually take root , and " extend" further and further , wider and wider . He has seen the *• Master Weaver , " tbe " Master Fuller , " the " Master Dyer , " and the "Master Cropper , " all drop off , one by one , until there is scarcely a single one in some of

      these walk 3 to be found ! He has seen their several businesses monopolized by one man , and all performed under one roof . He has seen the woolsorting , the carding , the slubbing , the spinning , the weaving , the dying , the scouring , the fulling , the raising , the drying , the cropping , the burling , the fine drawing , and the pressing , come to be done all by , or under , one man ; when nearly each separate division used to be a walk for master and man distinct to itself . He has seen monopoly raise itself on the ruin of thousands . He has seen men enter the business with " capital" procured from a banker , and by hard-driven bargains in buying in , and

      by keen competition in selling , drive their less" fortunate'' brother-tradesman to the dogs ! He has known many , who , forty years ago , had not a shilling to bless themselves with , become , by these mean ? , to be worth their thousands ! He has seen the comforts gradually leave the cottage of the workman , and the man's labour superceded by machinery so contrived as to drag into the factory the child of bis heart , to earn a livelihood for its workless parent . He has seen and felt the operations of the entire system . No one in ; Yorkshire more so . No one better qualified to judge . No one whose opinion is of eo much value .

      What then is his testimony ! Is it that we have overcharged the pictnre we have given of the happy home of the workman , when the eight-days' clock , the flitch of bacon , the load of flour , the £ ood bed , and the " meal-kist . " were dwellers in his cottage Is it that we are wrong in saying that the operations of our present system have fetched these out of the cottage , at tho same time that they have seat hundreds of respectable and worthy masters into the ranks of the driven-down workmen ? Is his testimony against us ia these respects ! No ! He avers that our statements are true ! The paper containing our first article under the head " Wages of Labour , " was placed in his hands by a workman ,

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      and his attention directed to it . His answer , when he returned the paper , was , It is true I It is true !" Apropos of the circumstance of a workman daH ??^ to approach his master , to ask him to read the Northern Star ! The reader will readily believe that the master was not like the major portion of our ** great" masters ! Perhaps nothing that could be adduced , so forcibly shows the bad working of our present system , as the difference in the bearing and conduct of the employer towards the workman in past times and present . The terms upon which

      master and man formerly associated , showed that a healthy feeling subsisted between them . English independence actuated the one , and purse-proud arrogance did not actuate the other . How is it now ? Do master and men now associate 1 Does Bill and Tom go to crack their joke , or join in the sport , with Mr . Marshall ! Doea Mr . Marshall treat Hab&t and Jack as if they were fellow mortals ! Do the employers and the employed meet to coasult with one another , or to advise with" . one another ! Is that feeling of mutual respect and kindness which formerly animated both , now subsisting ! The very question is a mockery ! Go

      into the factory-yard and the counting-house now / See the puffed-np pride and overbearing arrogance of the " master , " and the timid , cringing , sycophantic , slinking manner of the slave ! This alone tells us the present commercial system is wrong ! If it had more of attraction in it ; if it drew the two parties closer together ; if it knit them in one bond , so as to make them like members of the same family , it would show that there was some good in it somewhere , which worked for good . But it does not do this ! It drives them further and further asunder It is totally and completely repellant ! This alone shows that some " organic change" is needed in the system !

      During Christmas week , a middle-aged journeyman cropper called in at our office , to thank us for what he called our " meal-kist" Articles . His joy was great , he said , to see the cause of the workman taken up bo spiritedly , so truthfully , and so homely . ' The Articles , he avered , had taken him and his fellows back to the old times , when the " meal-kist" was filled , and the bacon and beef were found in their larderB , and on their tables . " I waa apprenticed i n Hudderefield , " said he , " and have been in the trade ever since . I know that what you have

      said is true , both as to the past and present condition of the operative . When I was still an apprentice , I , many times and oft , earned a guinea a-day ! No journeyman cropper made less than £ i or £ 5 a-week . Now I would be glad to work a week for 15 s . ! When we made good wages , and were consequently well-off , the masters did not disdain to speak to as ! They would come amongst us , converse and joke with us , join us in our frolics , —( and we had many !)—and were not above taking a meal with us , nor asking us to their tables .

      So many years ago , this Christmas , if a master had not asked his workmen to go into the house , and partake of his Christmas cheer , oake and cheese with the other el ceteras , his conduct would have been a whole country side's talk ! But those days are gone . ' and they have gone just as our wages have decreased ! As the latter got less and less , the conduct and bearing of the masters became more stiff and haughty ! A workman now dare almost as soon take an asp in his hand , as speak to his employer . The feeling that onco existed between us is gone . Neither of us 'like' one

      another . The masters look upon us as degraded beings , and treat us as if we were thieves : we know them to be upstart tyrants and purse-proud oppressors . I will give you an instance of their dealings with us . Since the ' shearboard" was done away with by the * new and improved ' machines , I have been glad , as you happilyexpress i t , to ha ^ e permission to roast myself in a' stove , ' or dance attendance on a' Gig' or a' Lewis ! ' Since I left HuddersfieldI have worked in Leeds , at old Sizeepshanks ' s , for eight years . And when at the end of that period of service he had no further occasion for me , and I applied to him for ' a character , ' the old lisping d—1 said * I 't ive chaacktor I

      , cang you a - : never give cha-acktors . ' And the old scoundrel will not set a new man on , unless he can produce a character from his last place I I ha ^ e for the last eight months been totally out of work , living as I could ! I do not know what the present state of things will end in : but this I know , a change must take place . Whatever that change is , 1 hope it will not be another downward step in the road we have been going ! Let me beg of you to keep on as you have begun : tell us , working men , wkat tho effects of our past conduct have been upon wages and living ; speak plainly to us ; come home to our understandings : and then we shall be prepared to act a right part for ourselves . "

      Such in substance was the language of a man who may betaken as a sample of his class . We have given his words as nearly as we could , that the masters may see that their haughty , overbearing , and oppressive conduct is not without its effect ! This man loved and respected his first and early masters ! he entertained no such feeling towards his later ones ! Let the " great" masters ponder over this ! It speaks volumes to them !

      In our paper of January ls ( , we gave from the Nottingham Review a short article descriptive of the present condition of both masters and men in the town of Mansfield . That itatement met the eye of a gentleman who has formerly been extensively engaged in the manufacture of that town and district ; and he has furnished us with particulars of his own knowledge , as to the state of trade , and of those engaged in it , forty years ago ; and of the causes which have produced the horrible state described in the following article , which we again insert : —

      " Never , we believe , was the condition of the poor at Mansfield so bad as at present . Starvation is doing its work , and , as it is naturally to be expected , is fast reducing tie middle classes to the verge of ruin . How harrewing is it to the 1 eel ings of intelligent , honest , industrious , and onee-respectable parishioners , to be obliged to submit to the embarrassing alternative , of either applying to the Union House for relief , or actually perish in a land of plenty . But , is it not still more distressing to be told by the minions in office , that they have no right to relief while their homes possess a remnant of furniture , by which they could supply their exigencies ? W © know men , whose lives

      are in . every respect irreproachable , living in such a state of destitution , as to express , in the intensity of their sufferings , a wish that tleath might at once put an end to their struggles . We could ennmerata instances of the most appalling destitution , in Mansfield—where fatheTB are traversing tbe streets in mental agony ; uuable to bear the sight of their unhappy homes—whilst the mothers , Bunounded by their famishing offiipringi have scarcely a morsel in the ¦ world , to appease their craving appetites—with scarcely any other covering to shield them from the inclemency of . a winter's night , than the scanty and tattered apparel which they have worn in . the day . "

      Nottingham , Mansfield , Sutton-in-Ashfield , and their surrounding districts , arewell known asbsingthe principal seats of our lace and hosiery manufactures . It is well known too , that those formerly engaged in those manufactures , both masters and men , were « ' well to do" !! It is well known that the master could make a competency , —not in a few years , as the ' great" masters in the cotton and woollen districts have lately done—but in a legitimate manner , by ordinary business-like attention to his calling ; and the workman earned , andreceived , wages which made him comparatively comfortable and happy . It is well known , too , that machinery has been extensively

      introduced into these districts , to aid ia the manufacturing operations ; and it ia equally as well known that ihe men resisted that introduction , some of them with their lives . "General Ludd " tried his hand in Nottinghamshire , as well as in Yorkshire ! The rememberance of this struggle between sinew and iron , flesh and steel , will be perpetuaied so long as the works of Bybon exist to record his eloquent pleadings for the men , against the iron-heart of the legislator and the halter of the hangman ! But" General Ludd" failed ! The "frames" wero introduced . Then began that race of competition , and underselling , and producing " cheap , " and making trashy goods ; and along wiih

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      these things , reduqtion after reduction , —reduction after reduction , —of the wages oiF the operativea ; until at last it has ended in bringing all concerned into the awful situation above described " Thirty or forty yeara ago / ' says the gentleman we have before alluded to , ( and who has been extensively engaged in the Hoisery Trade , ) " stockings could could not be made good enough . The manufaoturer then could only secure custom by serving the merchant and shopkeeper with the very best made goods ; and the retailers could only give satisfaction ; in their dealings by supply ing such as , they could higbjy recommend , Then confidence was mutual , and dealings regular . The manufacturer had a certain business . There were ' Black' times and

      ' brisk times , to be sure , just as the seasons came round ; but then the manufacturer could take advantage of the one , and get his stocks of the best made goods ready to meet the other . No turning off of hands then ! The master could depend upon his custom too well to require that . Bat then he made no Vpatched-up-cuts , ' nor any ' thick-and-thin-courses . ' His stockin ' gB were made well . Every inch of every

      stacking alike . All the > narrowings ' , regularly made . The ' * bihdiqgs-in- in the heel , foot-bottom , and toe , duly attended to . Each 6 ize so arranged in these particulars , ag to ensure ' a fit '; and the whole made of 'double cotton '; and doubled again at the heel , foot-bottom , and across the toes . / well remember those times ! Then there was some credit in being engaged in the trade : now it is a mass of oheatery and roguery from beginning to end ,

      "I well remember the years 1808 , 9 , and 10 . About that time we ; had a considerable trade in a sort of lace , called 'Spider ftett ' . To make this , a , considerable number Of wide frames were prepared ; and a great number of ' 30 gage , 30 inches wide Point Nett' frames appropriated to the work . At the same time was also brought out a new description of stocking , in both silk and cotton , with this new lace work round tho Jsmall of the leg and instep . They were called ' Spider Nett Hobo ; and were made of' fine quality' and 'best manufacture . ' I had none made lower than 36 gage ; and 1 paid

      36 s . per dozen for workmanship alone , for womensized hose . This article took well , both at home and abroad , particularly with the Spaniards and in the WeBt Indies . I have a firm and satisfied opinion , derived from my travels abroad , and other circumstances , that had the trade continued to make thi 3 'article" in a proper manner , it would never have been out of demand . But as the Spider-Lace trade began to slacken , those who had frames applied them to the making of these ' Spider Nett Hose . ' Some of the frames were adapted to maie two stockings at once ; others Mm ? at once ; and others even four at once ! All these were ' cut-ups . ' Considerations about shape

      were quite out of the question ! The 'Seamer ' and the scissors had to form that ! Sutton-in-Ashfield had the honour of commencing this kind of game ; it was quickly followed by Others ; and Nottingham was soon filled with cart-loads of 'Spider Nett Hose , —material arid workmanship altogether for 21 s . per dozen !! The manufacturers of this trashy stuff were termed 'Bag Hosiers . ' The system they had entered upon soon found their pockets ; and when they came to Market , they , in a very little time , found themselves compelled to sell . They could not return without money . Prices , ' ruinous as they were , were thus again beaten down . A very short period saw these manufacturers compelled to sell for 12 s . per dozen , and even ; lower than that !

      "This had its certain effeot upon the other portions of the hosiery manufacture . It induced the like practices and the like results throughout all its branches . Plain stockings were soon made in the same isfamoua manner , and for the same infamous prices ; and this desoriptioh of goods were significantly named' blind spiders . ' "So extraordinarily low has this system reduced

      this apecies of manufacture ^ that , when passing through Nottingham six months ago , I was offered women-sized stockings , made of 30 gage frame , material and workmanship altogether , fob 4 s . per dozen pairs ! { My price to my workmen alone , for the same description of article , made the old way , was 21 s . per dozen ! and I never sold them for less than 36 s . per dozen , even though fifty dozens weie taken together" !!!

      Aye , there it is ! There is a picture , in miniature , of the whole operation of our commercial system Look at it ; " lads" !! Say , would not an "extension" of it < do you all good !! See the end ! Is it not desirable ? Look at it well ! Mark its progress through all its stages ! It shows , at one view , the operation of the whole system from beginning to end . You pee it commence with the trade in a good and healthy state ; when all concerned in it are well-cared for , and well paid . Then commences the march of unregulated machinery , producing a tremendous , but inefficient , struggle against it , on

      the part of the men . Then follows keen competition amongst the masters , and in its train the system of trashy goods , to supply the rage for " cheap , " " cheaper still ' | producing " embarrassmeiifc" and " difficulties '' amongst the masters , whose necessitous situation is now taken advantage of by the " great" buyers who have " capital , " and who thus sink him lower and lower I At length the master ' s capital and workman ' s wages are . gone Both are done up ! Ruin is their portion 1 . See their condition ^ as described by the Nottingham Review ! . And who has beriefitted by all this ?

      ' Has the master ? No ! He is ruined Has the workman \ No ! He is beggared-T Has the consumer of wearer ! No !! He is provided with trash , —dear at a gift ! Who , then , has benefitted ? No one ? Yes ! --the " great" capitalist He , &nd he only , has made his thousands by screwing the poor necessitous maker down below prime cost , when he came compelled to sell before he could feed his family ! Yes , this is he that has gained by all this ! and this is he , and only he , who bawlsrout for an *' extension" of the system 1 What say you , lads I IS HE TO HAVE IT 1

      Untitled Article

      THE REJECTION OF THE NATIONAL PETITION BY ONE HALF OF THE SCOTCH CONVENTION . We refer attention to the manly , sensible , and dispassionate letter of Dr . M'Douali . upon this subject , elsewhere .. inserted * We ^ had purposed to make some comment upon this extraordinary decision ; but we doubt not that this letter , and the succeeding ones to which it is preliminary , will save us the trouble . Meanwhile we do hope that no absurd fastidiousness , will prevent the

      Scottish people generally from joining m the national movement . " We cannot afford to have the cause suffer in its most vital points because of the morbid sensitiveness of some few thin-skinned individuals . The idea of a > vhole people taking fright at three lines on the Repeal of the Union , and fifteen lines on the Poor Law Amendment Act , is a little too rich ! We give the Scotch people credit for more sense than to permit that unity of action which is the very life of bur agitation and soul of our success , to be thus paltered with and destroyed .

      ¦ The Late " Slave" Meeting In Leeds

      ¦ THE LATE " SLAVE" MEETING IN LEEDS

      The result of the late slave" meeting m Leeds ha 3 chagrined the "humbugs" most woefully . The unexpected attendance of the " slaves" at the meeting upset all the ( qoanimity ofrthe "kid-gloved gentry "; arid they have riot yet recovered it . They had intended to have had a snug little gathering of their own , under the colour of " a public meeting ^' to which " everyf friend of humanity" had been invited ; and the attendance of "the public , " in answer to this public invitation , disconcerted the

      project of the paltry gang . Perhaps the ; most ludicrous evidence of their woe-begoue condition is contained ' . in a lachryriiose epistle inserted in the Leeds Mercury and Leeds Intelligencer of Saturday last Tho writer there declares his intention of "taking the law" upon those who attended at this " public meeting , " and took part in the proceedings ! But , unfortunately for him , he does not know vihat the law is ! and he implores ot ' the people of Leeds to fcnbscnbe a sum of money to enable him to learn III

      Untitled Article

      Some kiiid friend of hia hag also published " another appeal" to the public to the Bameeflfect , which has excited much more attention than the orij ^ nal one . The latter appeal appeared in the for m of a placard , posted in the public streets ; and crowds of people were to be seen at every street corner , on Wednesday and Thursday , cbrinmg it over ! We hope it will have its intended effeot ! A knowledge of the" law of public meetings" wants extending , " whether our commerce does , or . not ; for had thai "law" been generally understood , and strictly enforced , we should not have Been such strange vagaries

      and anticsplayed by Magi 8 tenal Chairmen » Mayors , arid High Sheriffs , as we have seen ! By all means let a knowledge of the " law of public meetings" be " extended ; " arid we shall hear no more of the " humbugs" daring to insult the public , by inviting them to attend " a ; public meetings" and then threaten to prosecute them for accepting the invitation HI To aid in accomplishing so desijrable an object , we willingly give insertion to the following appeal ! and commend it to the best consideration of all interested in the settlement of the question : —

      WANTED , by Young Jabez Bunting , a sum OP money , to enablo him to finish his Education . ' The Law Staff of Leeds has latel y . received a most valuable accession in the person of Mr . Jabez Bunting , Jun ., son of the Methodislxc Pope . H ; s attainments are beyond compare ! and his demeanour aa modest as that of a' maiden of coy fifteen . V The Rev . G . B , Macdonald desoribes him as ' an eminent legal gentleman . ' True , his education has cost much money . True , the poor penni es of the Methodists have , many of them , been put in requisition ; True , the' Paternal Fund' has had : to sweat 1 What of that J Have we not the worth of our money 1 ATe not hia ' eminent legal Jattainmenta ' iriorethau ah equivalent ? We do not often meet with . Vennnence '

      so great in lawyers so young ! We have a ¦ ' * prime pennyworth'for our penny ! Jabex , however ; labours under one defect—only one . He has ' . * studied the law , ' and his ' legal attainments ^ are ' eminent / Yet * he does riot know the law of ^ Public Meetings / ' He wants to know this law . He wants to ask the Judges . He wants perfecting . But he has not ' pennies' enow ! The * Fund' is low , or is not now come-at-able ! It is important that Jabez should find the bottom of this intricate question , therefore he is compelled to appeal to the public for means to enable him to put the finish to his education . A penny subscription

      will do ! None of the Jabezes ever turned up their noses at Pennies : therefore , good folks , do read Tail ' s appeal to your pockets in last Saturday ' s Mercuryr and Intel ., and fork out the blunt I It will not do for Jabez to be deficient I He must learn the law . Do afford him the means . Stump up ! in good earnest . Let Jabez ' have the brass , ' for he is totally devoid ! Do , good folks , let him thorfjughly learn the law I Ho must know aU about it , or hia ' eminence will not be satisfied . He cannot fathom this deep aubject till you afford the ' means ;' 60 , good people , make haste ! Jabez is extremely anxious to jget hold of the money !

      Meanwhile , he ia Conferring with , and receiving excellent preparatory instruction from , Mr . Gillyabd ScAHtH . Jabez has already learned from that gentleman , that it is lawful , when Dr . Waeren takes and pays for the Music Hall for a , private meeting of his own , to conspire , beforehand , to fill and pack the Hall with creatures of your owni to ' violently and tyrannically interrupt' the intended proceedings of the evening ! Jabez has also learned from Mr . Scakth , that tiiB lawful , when Dr . Warren ' s friends proposed a Chairman Of their own , to preside over their own private meeting , to so arrange , beforehand , that he Mr ; ScARTHi shall be proposed for Chairman , as an ' Amendment . ' Jabez has also learned from the same teacher , that it is lawful for

      Mr . Scarth , under such circumstances , ; and without the putting to the vote of either Motion or Arirerid ment , to clamber over the railing ia front of the Orchestra , and take possession of the Chair , and ' violently and tyrannically' and forcibly kept possession of it , until two distinct votes of the meeting hare been taken and recorded that he shall not preside ! Jabez has also learned from Gill yard that it is lawful , when you are thus foiled in one of your objects , ( obtaining the presidency of a meeting ) , to ' violently' and ' tyrannically' interrupt the speakers not on your Bide , so continually and in such earnest , as to make it necessary for * Brother Burton , * of

      Roundhay , to hold you , to prevent you from tighting I Jabez has also learned from Mr . Scarth ; ^ that it is / aw /«/ , when you have no other means leff of defeating the object of those who have taken , and paid for , the meeting place , for a meeting of their own , " to move a resolution totally irrelevant ; arid when the Chairman declines to entertain it , because of its irrelevancy , to usurp his functions , and insist upon pritting it yourself . All this has Jabez learned from Gillyahd Scarth ; for Mr . Scarth has assured him that he knows it is lawful so to act ; for so he acted towards . - -Dr . Warren and his friends in the Music Hall , Leeds , on the 17 th of Dec . 1834 .

      But then this lesson of Mr . Scarth s does not meet Jabez " s wants . This was only a private meeting of X > r . Warren ' s own ! which Mr . Scarth thus ' violently and tyrannically * interrupted and broke up . It was not a PUBLIC Meeting , to which the Public had been invited by public placard ; and where , when they assemble , they have a right to deal with the question they are called on to consider , as a majority of them think fit . It is the 'La # of Public Meetings * that Jabez has yet to learn . The 'law' and' experience ' of Mr . Gillyard Scarth only applies topriiate meetings , not to public ones : so Jabez is still as fast as ever ! He cannot gain his end , unless he gets the Pennies ! It is the money he is fast for . He knows it is that which makes the Mare to go . Let him have it then ! HASTE J HASTE ! WITH THE RHINO ! ' Down , down with your Dust , ' and *• finish ' Jabez !

      Untitled Article

      THE "RIVAL DISSENTERS" AND THE " RIVAL EDITORS . " A very edifying squabble has , for the last few weeks , been raging between those two " organs of Dissenters , " Mr . Edward Baines , of the Leeds Mercury , and Dr . Samuel Ssiiles , of the Leeds Times . It is not our purpose to interfere in the quarrel . God forbid ! The two may belabour one another as often and as hard as they like ; and no interference 6 hall they have from us . Our mentioning the subject at all is for quite anotherpurpose . InlastSaturday'sAfercurj / , Mr . Baines gave some lessons , and laid down , some principles of '' civil and religious ' liberty , " which we deem

      worthy of being generally circulated , with a view to their being geuerally acted on . If they were so , we should have less of " toleration" in the world than we have ; for we should have perfect freedom of thought , and perfect liberty of expression ; a state of things as much opposed to " toleration" of every sort as light is to darkness . To aid , then , in the promulgation of these principles is the object of our present notice . Oar paper circulates where the Leeds Mercury is never heard of , sa , ve when we happen to mention it : and this proceeding of ours will place Mr . Bainess lessons in the hands of tens of thousands who would otherwise never ha , ve heard of them .

      Wo must premise , as a sort of key to the due understanding of the matter , that we have lately had a sort of contest about a new burial ground in Leeds . The old ones are just filled ; and their state is suah as to threaten a pestilence in the town , if some speedy means are not taken to remedy the existing evil . The burial grounds attached to churches , and in which alone an interment can be forced , ate generally purchased by means of a church-rate laid in the usual manner by the rate-payers . Ia this

      particular case , Mr . E . Baines saw no objection to the laying of a rate for such a purpose , Dissenter though he be ; and , thinking so , he gave expression to his opinion . Dr . Smiles thought differently ; and he not only gave expression to his opinion , but very roundly accused Mr . BaInbs of desertion from the camp of Dissent , and of betrayal ot the cause Of the Dissenters . Hereupon followed the " stock" epithets used on all such occasions . Not one of them was a-missing . It has been a reeular quarrel I

      Out of it , however , we shall be able to pick one or two good things—things worth prbserviivg ! They will be useful to refer to another day , should . \ ve ever find Mr . Baines forgetting his own lessons . Mr . Baines , then , ih his last missive , thus discourseth : — "Thereisone particular feature ^^ about Dr . Smiles ' s zeal for the rights of coBScience , which the Dissenters would do well to note , as it may turn out t © be of consequence to some of them . No one , so great a stickler as he for conscience : but if it should chance that any other person ' s conscience does ^ not scruple and boggle at the same precise places with what he ealls A »> conscience , then that other is forthwith to he denounced as void of . all principleand a

      down-, right traitor to Dissent 1 This ; we say , is a peculiar feature in zeal for the rights of conscience : and it might not be amisa for the Dissenters to inquire how far arid how long this kind of zeal for conscience will square with their principles or serve their cause . For , if we mistake not , this wMwiVnttous despotism over conscience , this intolerant support of toleration , this tyrannous zeal for liberty , are nearly akin to the spirit of Holy Inquisitors , and ate mote likely to light tip the the flames of iiersecution than to render service to the cau ? e of Pisaeut . DissenterSj abovo all men , are bound both

      by their principles and by their interests , to regard conscience as a sacred thing , —never to be coerced or atclated io , —AVT > never to be prostituted as a plea FOR THE INDULGENCE OF ANY UNWORTHY ! PASSION , " . ' Werespkct , nay we ADMIRE true sensitiveness of conscience in o / Aersj-r-especially in the Editor ot he Leeds Times ; but we might have hoped that foibearance would hare been shown us , if with out inferior light and less ' exquisite sensibility , wq had not felt the same insurmountable objections on such an emergency . We endeavour to follow our consciences > s far as they leadus ; biilifanymanielLsusthat we ought to follow ms conscience , and Hot ovu own ,

      Untitled Article

      then we must demur , and say that we have net so learnttheprinciplesofreligiousUberty " Now these passages , we repeat are gflbd , excellent ! If they were reduced to praotice we should enjoy universal freedom of thought and expression No one would be so presumptuous or so impious as to arrogate to himself the power of " tolerating" hia fellow manl Civil and religionsliberty worild indeed universally prevail . ; , . ,. / . . True , in reading the above , the nund is irresistibly filled with recollections that seem to favour the idea that Mr . Baines ' s conduct has not always been in keeping with hia teaching . True , we are compelled to remember that Ae has not always paid that

      " respect '' arid " admiration" to ' sensitiveness of conscience in others'V whioh he here claims for his own . True it is , that the mind ia filled with suspicion that Mr . Baines has not always regarded " conscience as » sacred thing , never to be coerced or dictated to ; and never to be prostituted as a plea for the indulgence of an unworthy passion . " True , the recollection of Mr , BArNEs ' s conduct towards some of his Dissenting brethren , whose " consciences did not scruple and boggle at the precise places with what he calls Am . conscience , " risfe uppermost , as we read his now admirable teachings . True , his commendation and open support of the rufiian BRiNDLfcY ,- in his crusade against Mr ,

      Baines ' s brother Dissenters , the Socialists , is irresistiblyrecalled > to ' memory . ; True , the turninga way from their work , through the instrumentality of f Messrs Brindley and Baines , of scores of upright arid worthy men , merely because their " consciences did not scruple and boggle at the precise places with " the consciences of these two gentlemen , forces itself upon the recollection . True , bis designation of Robert Owen as a ' * beast" and his followers as a " society of beasts ; " and his invention of a lie that Mr . Owen had besn excluded from the Commercial Room of the George Inn , Huddersfieid , as a sort of cover arid warranty for his foul ^ attacks : true , the recollection of all these things , arid many other such like , irresistibly rushes upon the mind , as we read the teachings of Mr . BaixeS i respecting the rights of conscience and their sacred

      nature ; and involuntarily force the questions , — "has this man ' s practice been anything near a hundredth part like his teachings ? " " has he ' endeavoured to serve out to others a modicum Only of what he claims for himself 1 " True , all these thoughts pass io the mind when we read Mr . Baines's admirable definitions of the rights of conscience : but no matter : we endpavour to repreE& them with the hope that the gentleman has seen " the error of his ways ; " that the attempt , or fancied attempt of others , to " coerce his conscience ; " the denunciations , and scorn , and obloquy to which he has been subjected , because of his difference of opinion with some of his brethren ^ will have had the effect of shewing him the wrbngfulness and sin of a similar course of conduct by himself towards others . We endeavour to drbwriallrecbllections of Mr . Baines ' s conduct in the past , in a bright and beaming hope of an altered future 1

      . We do not file the Leeds Mercury . The last week's number , however , is too good to be lost , We shall carefully preserve it , both for the purpose of refreshing our own minds , occasionally , with the excellent teachings of Mr . Baines . ';¦ -, and of reminding Mr . Baines himself of those teachings , should he ever happen to forget them ! We know not that the Socialists could do a better thing than adopt Mr , Baines ' s own definition of consoience-liberty . This would secure them , at least , from any attempt on Ais part , to again trample upon them . We advise them to place over the doora of their " Halls of Science" the following motto : ¦—

      "We endeavour to follow our consciences as far as they lead us ; but if any man tells us that we ought to follow his conscience , anrf not oub own , then we must demur , and say that we have not so learnt the principles of religious /« 6 er / y . " -r-EDWABD Baines . ' ¦ ; - ¦ " ¦" . ¦'¦'¦ - : ! . ' ; - - " ¦¦ ' .

      Untitled Article

      Brief Rules for the Government of all wh « write for Newspapers .- — Write legibly . Make . '• - . as few erasures and intsrlinedlions as possible In writing names of persons and places : be more particular than usual to make every letter distinct and clear—also in using words ¦ not English Write only on one side of the paper . Employ no abbreviations whatever , but write out every wtord in full . / Address communications'not to any particular person , but to " The Editor . '' Finally , when you sit down to write , don't be in a hurry . Consider that hurried writing makes slow printing . ; ;

      Tbe T ? OETS .--Our poetical friendshave been as usual exceedingly bounteous ' . tee have so large a stock of poetry and apologies for poetry , on hand , and pur friends supplyusconstantly so liberally , that we shall not henceforth particular !}/ notice this department in pur "Notices to Corres-. pondents . " We shall select from the mass sent us as much as : we have room for , with , as much impartiality as possible . Accepted pieces will , therefore , be known by their appearance in the paper ; andauthors ' whose communicationsdo not appear will not , therefore , conclude that they are rejected because of demerit ,, as it would be impose siblefor us to find ' room for half of even the readable poetry that comes to us .

      An Operative , at Wakefield Outwoop , recommends the friends of Dewsbury to visit East and West Ardsky , Kirhhamgate , Alverthorpe , and Pptpvens , at which plttces , lie says , a great number of signatures to the petition might be obtained . Wm . Wilding , VfiGkK .--rThe paragraph he has sent us cannot be inserted except as an advertisement Mr . Wit . Martin , op Chesterfield , & « # « to acknowledge the receipt of % s . 2 d . per Mr * James Sweet ^ of Nottingham , for Mr . Samuel Holbefry which will be forwarded te him in the next tetter . Wtri . Martin , wishes to press the attention of the Chartist public ' to / the case of the suffering patriot , Holberry ;\ and : any donation , however

      small ,- will be thankfully received and duly acknowledged . Address , care of Mr . Edward Pendleton , Maynard ' s' Rowi Chesterfield . Georg e J ulian Harney acknowledges the receipt of six postage stamps for Holberry and others , jrom ¦ " A Poor Man , Bristol / '' ( being his second donation . J G J . H . has handed the same to the Sheffield Victim Fund Committee . Our friends in Knightsbridge , Chelsea , Brompton , Kensington , and Hammersmith , who , complain of not obtaining the \ S ar , are informed that they can be supplied at their own houses with the Star , Charti 3 t Circular , $ c ., by giving their . orders to the folldwing news-agents : —? Mr . C . Westerton , Park Side , knightsbridge ; Mr . C .

      Willis , 1 , Ling-street , Kensington ; Mr . R . Doughty , Young-sireet , Kensington ; Mr . F . Barker , Dorcas Terrace , Hammersmith . Mr , John Cleave , proprietor of the English Chartist Circular , will give 10 per cent , upon ail orders obtained for the Circular , in support of the Executive Council of the National Charter . Association and the Missionary Fund . Will those who wish for the Political Regeneration in Ire / and , send as many of the forthcoming St&ra as possible , and a few of the 2 ith ult . and 1 st inst .. to P . M . Brophy , No . 14 , North Annestreet , Dublin . We did not receive Mr . O'Connor ' s letter on the / Scottish Convention in time for publication .

      W . l > AiviELLS . —W'e are extremely obliged to him for the tables he has sent us , of the wages paid to the carpet weavers in England , Scotland , France , and America . They seem to be prepared with great care ; and the accompanying observations are valuable . We shall use them in our ariiclei . on " Wages of Labour , " as occasion serves . Mb . John Hall has our best thanks for his tab ' esof wages paid to the Jiax-dressers . Can he supply us with another , showing the relative numbers of men engaged in hand-heckling at the different periods embraced in the return ? If he can he r ~ ™ ' 1 obli 3 e us , and serve his ' trade . ' J .- .. W . Parker . —Nextweek . ' " ¦ Qxwwus dissents from the opinion of "A Woolwich Caaet , " that it is advisable for

      Chartists to wear the O'Connell Medal by a ribbon , and he deems such a practize an evidence of leadership , and a "badge of voluntary _ slavery . " We cannot answer his queries . Timothy Falvey , of Macclekjield ; writes to deny emphatically that part of our report of the Manehetter Ann Corn-Law meeting last week , which makes him to have spoken disrespectfully of Mr . West , of Morn he declares that he said not one word in disparagement . We have * letter from Mr . West in reference thereto , in which he undertakes to support the affirmative of the following proposition agaimt Mr . Falvey or any other gentleman whom the" League ' may think more ^ qualified for the iask ^ - ' TAat - . the causes which have produced the present distress were in existence before the enactment of the Corn Ldwsiaiidthat their mere repeal would not remove them ; ahd therefore to agitald for

      their repeal is a useless waste of the people * energies , which might ' be more beneficially em ployed in seeking the establishment of the People s Charter , which measure is alone calculated lo resto e peace , happiness , prosperity , and security to . all classes of the community . An , Old Reformer - ^ -Received : James Marshall . —We . are not aware that any - change has been made in the Editorship of the Dundee Chronicle since the accession to that paper of'Mr . j .-R- . J . Richardson . We presume , therefore , that Mr . R . J . Richardson is still ¦ E ditor of the , Dundee Chronicle . We shall not ¦ publish his letter . It would look invidious in us to do 'io .. The proprietors oj the ' Dundee Chronicle are the prdper : parties to whom it should be addressed . An iRiSHMAN . — We have no room . A . H . O . — We cannot give him Mr . Martin ' s address ; we do not know it .

      ©Or Ift*A.Wj3s Anir Com#Aottheut$

      © or ift * a . wj 3 S anir Com # aottHeut $

      Untitled Article

      . 4 - - . - . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ " ¦ " -: THE-: N . Qft ; THE ^ :. " ; .,: v ,, ? . -y ^ - v 0 : V ^ : . ; kJ ^ -

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 15, 1842, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct582/page/4/