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Northern Star (1837-1852), 12th June 1841, Edition 2 of 4, Page 4, Untitled Article

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    • THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, JUNE 12, 1841.
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      Untitled Article

      TRIUMPH OF CHARTISM AT WALSALL . DISGRACEFUL A >~ D COWARDLY COXDUCT OF THE CORN LAW " PLAGUE " In accordance trith the -wishes of a few " gsod men and trae" at Walsall , the to ^ n -was posted with placai-. b announcing two l « teres to be delivered it the White Lion Ian , High street , by Mr . George White vi Birmingham , en the eveaings of W ednesday and Thars-lay the 2 nd aad 3 d of June , the first " \ he cause of tbe present miseries endured by society , _ ie second , sn the " real remedy . " _ At the time appointed ob Wednesday evening , a large number of working men were in attendance , and _

      Mr . ScHOFiELB , ft miner , was called to the chair . Be said that the meeting had been convened for the purpose of enabling Mr . White to explain his views \ rith regard to the evils that dfiicted society . He understood from ths placards , that discussion / was inTitedat the conclusion of eaeh lecture ; he therefore hoped that a fair hewing would be giren to ail persons . He then introduced Mx . White as a man-who "was well known amongst the working classes . Mr . White commenced by entering Into a statenifcEt of hia Yiews -with resptct to the existing Com laws , and then proceeded to explain the manner in

      • which Government had been originally constituted , and shewed that whether they had established ths preseEt system by force or fraud s it was quite clear that the great mass cf society frews not protected by it . He denounced the present Government as a curse to mankind , because instead of protecting society from the plnnder of indiviJtsls , they themselves -were the greatest plunderer * for they made use of their office to rob the workingifitsses , and to such a pitch had it been -carried that tie -wsrking man was reduced to the lowest 4 epth of porety , and iendered completely miserable . Hepointedoetthe manner in which the present Hoose < rf Commora were elected and shewed that they wer » a

      gang of « iurpers . He ten described tfceenormoBMams ¦ dragged from the people in the shape of pcoflu and reri * 9 f land , shewed up the hoUownesa and sophistry & those that represented the Parliamentary taxes - ** tb « sole source cf the aation ' s distress , sod ~ was « bost to describe tbe enormous power of -production - ^ nd means of hsppmess , whkii « xisted is . the country , U properly applied , under the superintending care of « -wise and hrawt GoverniBOBt , when be was inter-Tupted by the « ntr _ oe of a troop of -toinken anti-• Com Law mea , headed by a lawyer - -named Kettle , from Wolrerhaxnpton , and another sprig of the eame profession aimed Wilkieson , residing at WalsaU . They immediately eomsjeaced an uprsar , Mr . Kettle jumping np several times to interrupt tie speaker . 2 dr . Whitb asked tbea -what thay meant by their tumnltuouj conduct , _ 4 was told by Mr .. Kettle that they wished to oo _* eoce a diss&ssion there and then .

      Mr . White immediately agreed to the proposal , althsngh it wai oet of the order originally proposed , be not having wocJs&ed iis address . It was then arranged that each speaker should be allowed a quarter of an hoar to address the meeting . Mr . Kettle commenced fcy denouncing the Corn Laws as the sole caase of the nation ' s distress ; entered into a long tirade « f abuse against thelanded proprietors for the exorbittOBtrenttheyreceived ; warnedtSeworking men not to be deceived by men who were hired by ttte Torie * feo eivnie them on the eve of the forthcoming elections , as » d ¦ emled by & irothy piece of blackguardism , in which he told the meeting tliat Mr . White was a second XigSthsgale , who had come to Walsall to impoverish tfce working classtB , and hinder them from getting ebeap bread and -plenty of wotk , and that his sole object was to support the Tories .

      Mr . WattT * replied , and stated although a lawyer might be -expected to make out a good case , yet Mr . K = ttla lad iailed in doing so . He can | , ratalated him on his truly Chartist opinions , for every word that he bad stated against the system had been often preached by the advocates of the Charter . He perfectly agreed with trim thai tiie Cora Laws -wire an evil , bzt testeid of skewing that h » doctrines were false , Mr . K' ttle fead « Btered into a long tirade of personal abuse , which proved that he had * lame cause to defend . He thtn showed « g the glaring inconsistency of the men who were continually shouting " No monopoly , " whilst they monopolised the poor man's right , and although they were continually asking the working classes to attend t _ ek meetings , an-. i appealing to their judgments , jet when sn election took place they wonld not &Kow

      the working men to Tote , thus proving their hypocrisy , * ad sbowiDg "that their agitation for Corn Law repeal was merely intended to benefit themselves , without asy reference to the great body of the people . But supposing ttat they -trere really sincere in tieir praf «><* ions , and that a repeal of tfee Corn Laws would ^ better the condition -of tfce people , where , was their . means of accomplishing it ? They had not sufficient power in tbe House-of Commons , and none in the lords- ; they weil knew that the landholders would not consent to their repeal , and yet they aEked the -working men to cease urging their claim to perfect freedom , and consent once more to yoke , themselves in the harness cf tbssir bitterest foes . He therefore -was determined to agitate for the Charter , which would give the peoDle the power cf repealing all bad law ? . dlsall

      Mr . W 1 LK . ISS&S , a lawyer , of W- , jumped up and commenced a volley of abuse that would disgrace T » TijT 1 g , , tp _ He denounced Mr . White as an enemy to the working classes—as a hired spy , and raising his Toiee to the highest pitch , bawled oat that he w-s lite Judas , and would betray them for thirty pieces of silver . He endeavoured to incite the dracken gang . who accompanied him to acts of violence , but finding that be was over ruled by ths good sense o ! the meeting he * it down . Mr . White replied , amidst uproar and interruption , an 4 ait-r a stormy debate in -which about twelve took part , the business concluded at eltven o ' clock , Mr . White giving notice that he was prepared to renew the -discussion on tLe following evening . Jfow f ^ r a specimen of the Hhsralily and love of truth manifested " by the Corn Law repealing Liberals . On the morning of Thursday the town of WilsiU wa 3 posted with handbills conUinin ^ the following

      worc » : — " Look H ? re !—No farther discussion will be held ; with the Tory Ctartist Those who wish to strengthen 1 the bread txrers will attend , and they who honesti v i fietk the improvement of the condition of the people ; 1 the increase uf employment and ¦ wag-. s will not by their i presence , cructerance the absurdities of Toryism in its j new form . &o not near the ersemy ! He has heen bribed to bow tbe tares sf disunion amongst the peeple . "

      The above placard shews the real spirit of the anti- j Cera Law party and proves that they are nottiisg but i Whigs in disguise . As the lime of mettiEg-drew nigh , j groups of -wcik-Dsr men were to bo seen convereinz in ] Higb-stTfefct , and several drunken men who bad the j apteara . r-. ee of excavators were to bshcird shouting , I " We will fc&Vd s half loaf rather than n ^ &lzg . " Ir ; was ir ferrrd from this that the fair dealing " League" ' bad been ap to some of their dirty tricks , on a similar : eca ! e to their Manchester doings . I : wss therefore 1 determiEed that no drunken person should bs allowed !

      to enter the meeting . ( When tbe time arrived for con .-meseing tbe business , 1 Mr . William Phillip , a j , urr , eTmGji broshEiaier , was ] called to tbe chair , and oieaed the businefs in a very j clever a-d appropriate speech , ^ nd h--= p :-d that all j parrie-5 would be alloweil a fair and impartial 1 bearing . [ ilr . "White then commenced h ; s address ir showin ; ; up the gross inconsistency of tbe parties who had j isFstd th ^ p ' : i ^ iTds , ard exposed tt ; paltry ^ nl terfu ^ e !

      of caV / usg hi :: i a Tory , trhen ir was well known tta ; eo man could be more opposed to Ti-ryisin than he ¦ was . The very r = a ? on why he hated the \ Vh es was that they were Tories , and something trorsy . lie t 3 : ea ; procsfded to tUt--, tbit as the part ' es who had opposed en the prtviens evrnir . g wj re not inclined to ' bear a fcrtLer exposure of thrir trickery , be vronld ' enter en tbe snrj- ct for -which the meeting -had been ; ealletL He expiined the pnrcipks of the Chcrter , I and EBCWt-i the iu . ni- £ nee bt-ceSt it would confer on the I people—; nd tbe means by which it could be established , and concluded by requesting that any j person who -wished to a ± k qces : ions should 1 * 0 &o .

      Several -TCTkir-g men asked questions with regard to the Corn Laws—they had been led to believe that the ) could get them repealed very easily , and that thur ; repeal would confer an immense bent-fit on them . : Mr . White answered t ' .-em in a friendly rcanner— : informed them that he ws « opposed to the C-jrn Lavrs as ranch as them—but that the same agitation- that ; would t * cnre a repeal of the Cjrn Laws : wou ' id get i them the Charter , and then they coc ? d repeal all bad j laws , and make su'h as ' weald protect their labour , ; aid give ths-ia not only cheap bre ? .- \ but happy homes : < ood clothirg , and a rclesse f . jta all manlier of t ; - \ anny . i

      Mr . ROBEB . T TaLOISE tfcen moved the following : resDlotioc : — " That tbe pricciples contained in the j People's Charter are consistent with truth and justice , j and are capable of protecting tbe property and industry ) ct every mtn who is indired to live -hoaert ) y . ami , ' willing to do his duty as an honourable and npriah ? j member of society ; and as the National Charter Asso- j eiatioo has for its Object the establishment of those j principles , this meeting therefore approves of the same , and wffl joi-o it forthwith , " Mr . ii'HxBOir seconded the rwolotion , when it was j ¦ pv % from tbe chair and carried unanimously , with the j ^ xeeption -of two hands which were held up against it j Tbe 4 e « Uoa of tbe meeting caused three hearty cheers fat tfar Teeple *! Charter ,

      The C&AiCJUH then announced his readiness to take fee BSBe « of all persona wh # were willing to become nemben of the Hational Charter Association ; upwards of twenty person * then enrolled their names , and a large [ 1 ember expressed their willingness to do so at the next 204 < eting . It was then agreed to hold a meeting at the ' gjjj ^ place on the following Wednesday . Three btarty j cheer * " irere * £ * in ^^ { or tee Charter : afttr which , ¦ the rci ^^ S wparated . Walsall will soob occcpy a I p ^^ p . ^ siJion in the Chartist ranks . . , ¦ |

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      j ; ics 0 Lt , TicK of PiELiian . ! . —It i ? f . iEers :. T , 'i t « ct 4 her X 2 ^ * 7 ™ U Prorogue Par : ici 3 e : r ii ; p ^ on on Tc \ * c » y next , the 15 th iiustsiu , wo trr the Gazette of ' ^ e esme eveii ^ s will coui ^ in a ¦ {•• •" ckm&tion distOmcg ihe preset Jfg'slxicr :.-Slandard .

      The Northern Star. Saturday, June 12, 1841.

      THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , JUNE 12 , 1841 .

      Untitled Article

      TREACHERY OF THE BLOODIES ! MEDITATED SLAUGHTER OF THE CHARTISTS ! RASCALITY 0 ? SIR CHARLES SHAW .

      CHIEF 0 ? THE 1 U . SCHESTKB EPIES . IKYITATION TO THE STARVING PEOPLE TO EAT STONES AND M MEET THEIR GOD . " Thk Heralds have proclaimed the terms upon which the " bread war" is to be conducted . The people have been invited by their ma 3 tera to discussion , and they have been bludgeoned , in cold blood , in the presence of the hosts , and of England ' s new band of life-and peace-preservers , and by the desire 0 / thejnviters !

      If we can argue coolly upon this cold-blooded villany , we shall best serve the cause we profe 6 E to advocate , —the cause of truth and justice . We gave the mere outlines of the conspiracy in our last ; for further particulars and confirmation ofwhaiwe then asserted , we refer to our present number . The whole transaction must be made plain to every man in Europe . The Mayor of Manchester was applied to for the purpose of calling a public meeting , in aid of the " Bloodies ; " but , aware , we presume , of the tender mercies of the masters towards their starving men , he very prudently declined ; whereupon , ten of the " Plague " took the task upon themselves . The Chartists

      WEJLK IXVTTED TO ATTEND A 5 D DISCUSS THE MERITS OF the question . They , never shrinking from that open discussion , which , for years , they have courted in vain , accepted the invitation . This was made known to a rascally hired menial of the " Plague , " one Fixjtigaw , and this man put the question to Mr . James Wheeler— " Do the Chartistis mean to attend ! " " Yes , " was the reply , " assuredly ; yon have invited discussion , and that is all tee want . " " Tell them , then , " rejoined the /«* fer , "TO BE PREPARED TO MEET THEIR GOD . "

      Wheeler is an old man , and one who has drank deep of the cup of adversity , oppression , and treachery . In 1819 the breast of Wheeler ' s wife was cut off at Peterloo , in the massacre so loudly praised by the present Whig premier , Lord Melbockse . This fact naturally made poor Wheeler cautious ; and , after taking council , he communicated the circumstance to Sir C . Shaw , chief of police , and demanded protection . Surely that did not bespeak a determination upon thepart of ihe Chartists to commit a breach of the pecce . Having learned that admission lo the Whig hustings could be procured by ticket only , the brave Chartists built hustings of their own , along-side the "bloodies" sJaughier-boase , on Wednesday

      morning . On Tuesday , Djlxiel O'Connell arrived at Manchester , for the purpose of holding a Repeal meeting in the Carpenter ' s Hall , but was mortified at finding not more than a few scores in attendance , and refused , though money was paid for admission , to perfom to so thin a house ; he accordingly stayed outside , where he designated the Chartists as Orangemen and Hanoverians , and enemies to the Catholics ; bui he declinod attending the meeting of Wednesday .

      Wednesday was the first day of the races , and a day of general holiday to the poor htlf-choked creatures who have been pent up in hell-holes for a Jong and dreary winter . The Whigs hired a sufficient number to remain at home ; and thus , the preliminaries bein >; arranged , the tragedy was commenced by the bludgeon-men taking posses-ion of the Chartist hustings , to the number of about 200 , while an equal number were ranged in military array about tbe "Bloodies "' slaughter-house , and on guard at all the important aveiiues leading to the Square . In fact , the whole thing bore tbe appearance of the approach of battle . The

      epygeneral was housed vrith his staff ; and who do you suppose , moral-force Chartists and fair play loviiig Englishmen , "was the adjutant and commander-inchiefof the " bloodies " 1 Why no other than the paid pacificator and life-preserver , Sir C . Shaw !—yes , the modern Fouche sat in conclave with Lis hired blooi-honnds , and he , he , be , Englishmen , u was who issued the tickets for admission to the slanghter-hofise . Now what say you to that holy alliance ?— you who have preferred the open foe to the wily friend ? What , we repeat , do you say to that disposition of the Whig peace-preserving forces ?

      Well , the force 3 thu 3 arranged the battle commenced , Coebes was in the chair , and Tom Potter was at his elbow . Now of Potter we gay nothing . God fortid that we should mock even the frolics of dame nature . In a capricious mood she said , " Let- Minchester have a natural born idiot , " and behold , Tom PorrrE was produced . ' Potter is positively " clean daft , " so of him we ? ay nothing .

      But ur . forlunalely for Cobden , he has no such plea to a similar charge against the fickle dame . He is no fool , but is a d- ^ ep designing moneymoBgering villain , who knows that " cheap bread ' means a " wind-up , " for the present , of allbsd bysjones , and a dear ledger for inconceivable speculation in white slavery . He , we believe , meditated this onslaught ; and dearly shall he pay for it .

      Having proceeded thus far , the unwarrantable attack , which we noticed in our last , commenced upon the Chartists ; and now lot us see what the hired advertising pres 3 of the " Bloodies" say of the affair , and let us see how we can meet and refute their every calumay . The Chronicle e-timates the numbers present at ten thousand five hundred , and his hired penny-aliner volunteers a most palpable and easily refuted lie , in aid of bis employers . He says , the Chartists " exhibited a pike , " and that " one assaulted a person with a piece of iron , " and that

      " the Chartist 3 commenced the disturbance !" This fabrication the Spectator and other prints take from the Chronicle ; and the Examiner concludes a characterise pictuTe in these words : — " We shall hear no more of Chartist interruption to the Anti-Corn Law party in Manchester . " To that , for the pr « s 2 at-, vrc merely say— " Wont you , tb . 'U' . -h ? \ . ' " If ; he Chartists meditated such an attack , why apprise Sir Charles Siuw , and nquest that means should be taken to preserve the peace ! If the Chartists were the aggressors , why did Cobhen and

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      Tom , the fool , remain tranquil and delighted with the fan ! and why were the bludgeon-police , who stood with their stares in their hands , not ordered to make any , the slightest exertion , to arrese the Chartists in their wicked and premeditated * design ? Let those questions be answered ! They shortly must be answered ! Further , we assert upou the Tery besi authority , that not a single Chartist at the meeting had a weapon of any description . Indeed , the Chronicle reporter and _ ...

      Manchester reporters are compelled , ' . nougQ reluctantly , to let the truth slip out . They say that the Corn Law repealers took offence at a Chartist flsg which was raised full j a fr < mt of tJie " Bloodies , " % ud that an attack by the ruffians upou thkt flag , w /» j 3 tne caU 3 e of the conflict . A murderous attaok upon the invited guests was indiscrim . in * , lely commenced , the result of whioh , we ; r&fcret to learn , is likely to terminate fatally to many .

      But we havo yet more to say . The military were all within call ! and we have to announce a fact hitherto unknown to our readers ; the u Bloodies " of Manchester actually sent off to Darlington and other parts of the north , on Wednesday , for a reinforcement of troops I In obedience to the order about 310 dragoons were despatched to be present at the slaughter ! Let us now contrast the second Manchester projected attack upon the people with the famed Peterloo butchery . In 1819 , the " natural enemies" of the people not only did not invite them to attend , but cautioned them against attending ; whilst in 1841 the " unnatural friends" of the people invited them to attend , and actually had all the implements of

      death ready to provide them with " cheap bread " and " cheap lodgings" for the remainder of their days , and for all time to come ! In 1819 , the deliberations of the people were not appealed to by a Minister of the Crown against a majority in the House of Commons . In 1819 , we were under tbe influence of what was called " the rotten borough system ; " while in 1841 , we live under the shade of reform ! In 1819 , we had not a police establishment , appointed solely for the purpose of rendering military interference unnecessary ; while , in 1841 , we are cursed with such a generation of ruffians ; so that , upon the whole , the Peterloo affair , but for the good sense of the Chartists in 1841 , would have been a mere trifle to the Whig premeditated butchery of the latter period !

      We nave considered it our duty to make the most minute enquiries upon the subjeot , from all available sources , and unhesitatingly declare the Chartists to have acted with a manly and becoming prudence , forbearance , and courage , while the murderous Whigs behaved with the most brutal treachery and cowardly reserve . A correspondent at HudderBfield , who was present at the meeting on Wednesday , in Stephenson ' s Square , has furnished us with an account of what he saw and experienced on that day : —

      Myself and Mr . Mahon , a real Irish Chartist , left Tib-street , along with the people and the banners , to attend the meeting . Hustings had been erected by our friends for our speakers ; but on arriving at Stephenson ' s Square , judge of our astonishment to find them filled with policemen , and no admittance to be obtained . In passing the front of the hustings , an old man ( an Irishman ) pulled out a bludgeon , and held it in the face of my friend , and exclaimed , " You are a b y Chartist , and a Tibstreet man ; if it was not daylight , I would give it you , until you did not know who had dene it . " I turned round to reason with the man , or rather brute : when he informed me that he would do the

      same for me . At that moment , one of our banners arrived in front of our own hustings—the place where it was intended to have been folded , 80 as to canse no obstruction , when a party of the * hired ruffians' by my side exclaimed 'There ' s a b y Chartist flag . ' The rush at that moment was tremendous ; my friend was carried along with it , and at the same moment a blow was aimed at my head , but luckily came © n my Bhouldtr . I instantly grappled with the villain ; wo fitruggled , and I succeeded in wrenching the murderous weapon from him , but was directly pinioned behind , and tbe weapon was taken from me . There was one poor old man , upwards of sixty , with fire of the fiends beating at him at one time , the blood flowing in streams from his head . One of our ba . 11 ner-bpa . rArs

      exclaimed , * I can bear this no longer ; ' and , Btriking the pole of the banner across part of tho hustinga , broke It into five pieces , which wero instantly seized by four other noble fellows , who , iu the course of a few moments , cleared a space rouud then iu fine style—the hired villains giving way on all sides . Now mark ! the police were not five yards distant from the place where the slaughter was going on , out they looked on and laughed . One of them said in my hearing , 'They are serving them right , let them go on ? ' But the very moment they saw the five Chartist 3 making retribution on the heads of their assailants , they were ordered out upon the men vrho had thu 3 been defending themselves from * the bludgeons of the hired crew , ' and they were all takeu into custody , but not one of the hired band ; no , not one .

      Richard Cobden , the pet of the Anti-Corn Law League , was appealed to by the meeting , if he would see hisfellow-tevvnsmen murdered in thai manner ; but the cold-hearted wretch only turned round his head , and emiled . Remember this , yo men of Stockport . He be your representative i Trust him not . Friends , if the following does not look like a preconcerted plau , gay so . A Whig * gentleman' ( not a plebeian ) was seen using a bludgeon in a most cowardly manner on the heads of the unarmed people , who were

      making the best of their way out of the scene of blood , when a working man , observing his doings , struck him on the small of the arm with his walkingstick , which rendered his arm useless , and he deprived him of his weapon . Judge of his horror , 011 examining it , to find that it was what is commonly termed a life-preserver , with at least half a pound of lead lit in at one eud ! Will not this satisfy any unprejudiced niiud tnat it was a concocted plan from betiinuiug to eud !

      Since the general conflict , we have now to add the further particulars of Saturday ' s proceeding , which will speak for themselves , and which prove not only the existence of one plot , but of a deep-Isid and systemaiio conspiracy against the lives of the people : — THE SECOND BUTCHERY IN MANCHESTER , ON SATVHVAY JINK 5 , 1841 . Pursuant to a resolution passed at the Tib-street mcet . iig , on Wednesday , the 2 nd instaut , the purport of which way , that a committee should be elected , whose business it wou ' . d be to take steps to-provmt

      lor the future such outrageous conduct as was displayed by the Irishmen and the Corn Law repealers , in Stephens ™' s- ? qajre on that day . the committee met on Thursday , June 3 , in the Executive room , Whittle-street , and rpsolveci ro call another meeting , in the Carp ' tiUers' Hall , on Saturday , to give the inhabitants sf Manchester an opportunity to express their opinions either for or against such proceedings . Accordingly , , t > u the Friday , June 4 th , placard * were numerout-iy issU ' . d , calling a puhlio meeting in the Carpenter * ' Hall , at two o ' clock on ihe Saturday , for that purpose . The above notice cause , !

      great excitemnit 1 ... t' e ( own among all parties , ami more especially among the Curn Law repealers , whose wish it was , if possible , to prevent the meeting te ^ g held . To carry out their designs ' , they industriously circuJa-ed a lying report that the Chartists had called a public meeting in Carpenters' HalJ , at which it was their intfuifon to burn the effigies of Daniel O'Connel ) , and Father Hearne , the Citholic prk-st . S ' -outs wtre sent among the Irishmen , who told them that the Chartists were coming armed , and that they must come armed als" . On Saturday mnrning about half nine clock

      -past o ' , our correspoudetit was at Mr . Brown ' s Temperance Coffee Hou ^ e Great Ancoats-street . Tne town at this time wan ' in the greatest bustle and confusion , and much anxiety was being manifested as to the probable result of the proceedings at the coming meet ing . On seeing a gr ^ at number of peoplo runuint ta the direction of Oldham Road , ke went out to see what was stirring , when to bia astonishment , a crowd of Irishmen presented themselves , arined with bludgeons , pokera , &o . &c . ; and , by their gestures , gave onr correspondent to understand , that if he had any respect for hiB life , he must p « t aw ™

      He theu went iuto Brown ' s Hotel again and re maincd for a few moments , daring which time the crowd came back with a great accession of numbers . While the Irishmen were parading the streets in this manner , one of the police came bv mounted upon a grey horse . He rode off , as though he was going to convey information to head quarters When the streets were clear , our correspoudeiu went down to the Tib-street-room , where he found acreat uumber of people , who had assembled prior to Li , ' - to the meeting . He conveyed the iuforinaMon of what he had seen , ana urged the necessity of a deputation to Sir Charles chaw , requestine his

      asbistauce to maintain peace , and prevent the pco ^ lo from being butchered . Accordingl y , a letter wii > written by Mr . Doyle , but whether it was w-nt-w not , our correspondent never could ascertain . He the left the room , and walked round the town , and while

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      doing so , saw the Irwhaien wending their w * y , in large bodies , to the plaoe of meeting ; and likewise many , by twos and threes , all well armed with bludgeons . About one o ' clock , ihe Olaham band entered tbe town , accompanied , aa near as we can guess , by seven hundred peoplo . who made their way to the Tib-atreet-rooni , ^^ fcy t * ; tjme wa 3 inc&pableofholdinghalf ^ p ^ i ^^^^^^ At two 0 clock , t ^ Daad 8 ^ 4 and the colours were ^ noiBt u < when tho people marched in proces-SI 0 n .- <» wn Tib-Btreet , Oldham-street , Market-street , and Portland-street , until they arrived at Garratroad . In their way thither , they were met by individuals , who iiad been near the Carpenters' Hall and

      seen the Irishmen , and who wished the people to be upon their guard , aa they intended to use their bludgeons , to prevent the meeting . The band continued to play until the parties came in sight of each o » her , when the Irishmen gave a tremendous shout . Those who veto leading tbe Chartists , and tho others who wished to attend the meeting , gave tho signal to halt , which was done , and to save the instruments the musicians took them into an inn contiguous . The Irishmen all this time were brandishing their weapons over their heads . According to tho calculations of many who were present , the number amounted to 1 , 200 armed men , besides hundreds more who seemed to enjoy tbe sport . A number of

      respcotablo gentlemen came to the leading men in the Chartist ranks , reque sting them to remain where they wero , until assistance could be procured from the police . M'Mullen , one of the poliee force had seen all that transpired , came to our correspondent , apparently tery much agitated , and said that the police force muat be fetched , and gave orders that the people must not approach nearer to the Irishmen . He then set off with great speed to apprise Sir Charles Shaw of what was going on , and if pos-Bible obtain assistance . While standing there , several men came out of the crowd , who had been most brutally used , and were bleeding profusely . A report was brought us that they had caught

      Wheeler , a man above sixty years of age , and had nearly killed him , and that Mahon and Cairns were served in a similar manner . About half-past two o ' clock , a few of the Police arrived , headed bj Captain Sleigh and two other officers , all on horseback ; and on viewing the array-of Irishmen , he retreated till a stronger force came up , which was in' not more than five minutes . After the latter detachment had joined them , Capt . Sleigh took the lead of the Chartist rauks , aud marched towards the infuriated Irishmen . Upon which the Irishmen came running , brandishing their bludgeons , evidently prepared for an attack upon the police ; aud the peoplo seeing this , Capt . Sleigh

      and the two horsemen halted , until the Irishmen came up . Captain Sleigh then held up his hands , as though he wished to address them . All this time every man who approached the Hall was sure of having his head broken . A conversation took place betwixt the Irishmen and the Captain , in which the latter was heard to &ay " he would protect them , and that no meeting should be held that day . He was an Irishman himself , and would therefore render them his support . " Hearing this , groups of peoplo left the place , disgusted with the Captain for lending his assistance to stifle public opinion , and declaring it to be their opinion that the Irishmen had been set on . and were encouraged in

      their brucal and outrageous conduct . Ocher bodies of police arrived , and were marshalled in the street , and while standing our correspondent counted one hundred and fifty . A gentleman , who was said to be Sir Charles Shaw , came up , and told the officers to withdraw their men into the back streets , which was accordingly done . About half an hour elapsed while this manudevering was going on . The police were now all drawn off , and the peopio left at the mercy of the mob , who attacked indiscriminately every one who had not a small white riband in his button hole , which was a mark to enable them to distinguish their own party . By this time ( three e ' clock ) a great many had adjourned

      to the Tib-street room . One of the Irish scouts heard of this , and went and informed the army of Irishmen , upon hearing which , and fancying it was then too late for the meeting to be held ia the Carpenter ' s Hall , they cave a deafening shout of triumph , and immediately walked in procession up Garratt-road , ( at the top of which was Mr . Walker , the magistrate , who looked on with perfectindifference ) along Portland-street , across Market-street , down Lever-street , and Oldham-street , until they reached Great Ancoats , to Tib-street , where a number of Chartists had assembled . While they were coming along Portland-Btreet , oar correspondent sent a young man to inform the people assembled in the room , that the Irishmen were comiHg to break up

      the meeting , if there wero one . The messenger arrived ia time to clear the room . The Irishmen seemed more than ever exasperated , aud continued to run up and down the street for half an hour , threatening to kill every Chartist they could find , the police looking on and taking no notice . At tho Sherwood Inn , adjoining the Tib-street room , was assembled a lod g e of Foresters , whom the Irishmen took to be Chartists , and in order to convince them , one of the officers , guarded by the police , had to go and speak to them from the steps , assuring them that they were Foresters , and not Chartists . They then went several times up and down the streets , brandishing their sticks and ohouting . After which , finding no more Chartists' heads , upou which to exercise their bludgeons , they dispersed . In addition to the foregoing report we have received the following letter , amongst many others : — To the Editor of the Northern Star . Si a , —On Saturday , the 5 th inst , I along with three of my sons and two other friends , went down to Manchester for the purpose of seeing the clubs walk in proctaaion , particularly the Foresters and Temperance Societies . Having gratified ourselves for some time with this , and looking about us in the town , until we thought of making the best of our way home , for this purpose we passed over from Campfieid to Garrett Road ; and when going up Hunt-street , we were set upon by a number of Irish , who asked us if we were

      Chartists ? to which we replied , " we do not take with either Chartists or any one else , " and begged of them to allow us to paaa ; hut one of them more bloody than the reat , Baid , if you are not Chartists , you are Protestants , and immediately they began to beat us with bludgeons and tire-pokers . I was severely cut on the back part of my head , and while in this state , bleeding profusely , I called to two policemen , who were standing near , fur protection ; but they would not so much as speak to me—no doubt , acting under the orders of their superiors .

      At length , I was takeu to the Infirmary to have my head dressed . Tho Dr . asked me many questions about the affair , and particularly the number of the policemen , which , in the buatle , I forgot to take . Sir , I am not accustomed to write for the press , nor to take pa-rt ia public matters ; but if this b' the state of ' protection' of inoSending individuals like myself , the sooner we have a change the better . I am , dear Sir , Yours , &c . < Stc . Geo . Bradley . Hyde , June 8 th , 1841 .

      In this state of things our council is sought , and we give it as follows : —Wo recommend that immediate measures be taken for holding a great county meeting in Manchester , for the purposo of addressing the Queen upon this subject . We recommend that . sufficieut time be allowed for the arrangements , and that , in tho meantime , an " Anti-Slaughter Committees'' bo appointed in every town , village , and district throughout Lancashire—aye , throughout England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales , to co-operate with thn Exeoutive . We recommend that the opinion of each town shall be ascertained as to tha most convenient , day for meeting . We recommend that every man shall go to tho meeting , as Christians ought , in the words of Mr . Finnigan , " Prepared to meet his God J" We recommend that an immediate

      halfpenny subscription be entered upon for tho Executive , to aid them in the investigation which must and shall take place . We recommend sufficient time to be allowed , as the English blood will not cool , for the great Lancashire meeting ; while , in the mean time , the other towns should forthwith assemble and speak out . We recommend every town aud village to pass a resolution , declaring every man an enemy to his country and her industrious people , who shall vote for a " Bloody" of any shade at tho approaching election . We recommend Mr . Cobdea ' s return to the especial favour of our Stockport brethren . Aud so far from the villanous and treacherous conspiracy putting a stop to Chartist meetings , we must now have ttn for one , and not a Whig should be allowed upon the hustings .

      This bludgeoning is the Wbiganswer to the national petition , and a most characteristic one it is I This bloody affair will make a difference to a goodly lot of Whigs who hoped to sneak into the next Parliament . If judiciously managed , we have no doubt that it may be made "the beginning of the end" of our agitation ; and , that it will be well and prudently done , we hare aa doubt . In the meantime , the county delegates bhould meet the Executive on Sundays , at M&ucbester , and confer with them ; and if funds admit , a meeting of a National Provisional Council of thirteen , should sit for three days in Manchester previous 10 the grand couuty display . Those delcgates . to avui-i tituvy expencu of travelling , should be sent from tke iar ^ est towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire , aud 0110 from London , and should receive £ 1 eich lor the three days' services , thus imposing i

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      a tax of only £ 13 for so much of the machinery . Let it be borne in mind that all classes will subscribe to such a fuud , inasmuch as we learn that men of every shade of politics in Manchester are outrageous at tke d * ^ « ar < ily conduct of ( he Whigs ; while the hungry people declare thai men wha have MCOUrse to such moans for " cheapening" bread must have A GREAT , A VBBT GREAT INTEREST IN THE QUESTION .

      Thus have the , Manchester "Bloodies" put an end to all moral force meetings ; and ia conipUauee with the early suggestion of ths C ?/ o 6 e , they hate now placed the motto— " BREAD OR BLOOD" upon their banners . This rascally invitation , long since given by the Secretary for Foreign Affairs in his little print , we abstained from noticing ; lest tbe very mention of it should lead to the desired result . But now we announce

      that tho Globe , well-informed upon Ministerial tactics , declared , in . the outset , that the conflict would terminate in a call for "BREAD OR BLOOD . " The Globe is a prophet , with ths power of fulfilling bis own predictions ; and , behold ! the blood of the people has been spilled ! And we will have our SATISFACTION—a tame word to conclude with , but it is more appropriate in the mouth of one about to " meet his God" than Revenge I !

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      hunted from the presence of the out-and outers of t \ t Leeds Association ; bat he met with a far more fi ! mileiMeptioii , Fiwt spoke Sir . Hatton SrJt fed , and he . confiding man , said , ' He though ^ al event * , they would be satisfied now that fij Al was not a Tory . ' Then Alderman G oodman " t shining light of the Association , ventured a lmii further , and told his auditors that 'He had befb » advised them to suspend their judgments till tfce » hid seen Mr . Aldam . He was assured in hisowj mind that he would come out right , for , in some * » or other , years ago , he had understood tW vf ' Aldam was very nearly , if not all ouL aRacWJ And , la 3 tly , lit . Marshall , the relative 0 ? s 2 Rice , aud the great champion of the Household Suf frage scheme , informed the meeting that He * , sure he could congratulate them mostsincertW ' of having found in Mr . William Aldam a Whig an ? he thought they might say a Liberal Whig , aKdri « .

      in every respect well qaauned to represent thisim portant constituency at the present most momcntn « crisis . ' This is being easily satisfied , and we imS ? gine that such tergiversation would have provoW the wrath of Dr . Smiles ; bnt he , forgetting au ^ splendid theories , went home and wrote the < wk ing article : — 1 Off V . " ' On several questions his answers are ranch m favourable than his letter had led us to antici pate- v * opinions seem , however , only in process of £ * . »•!• 1 Ul

      , .. « k » l > . ll > . t « -V «> anffmin . an /) H , » ( 1 L . ' V H 011 on the Ballot , the Suffrage , and the Chorch quasi ; With proper drUiiag , he may , however , be rend f ^ ! sufficiently acceptable to the electors . On the m Zj of -Freei Trade bis opinions are sound , and that ifn * great moment in the present crisis . Should the rtnnsition which is now on foot , be signed by a large n ponderance of the Liberal electors , we shall conaid it the duty of all classes of Reformers to unite to supporting Hume and Aldara , and rcturm th triumphantly as their representatives te ParUanjenL '

      * ' Just think of ultra Radicals selecting a juven ) representative , whose opinions are ' only in \ rJ ! z of formation on the Ballot , the Suffrage an < T ^ Church questions ! ' Will Dr . Smiles ? wfi njj sometimes to edify as with his advice , inform nsin what particular Aldam differs from a Torv t » Dublin World . Jl - , What will the ° poor Doctor" say to that ! i ^ mauling of him is not by th « * fire-brand print w the Northern Star . Affected contempt will b m serve his purpose this time ! He mast meet the World , —and w hat can he say 1

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      IF " CRACK SKULL" IT IS TO BE , ~ « CRACK SKULL" LET IT BE J "They have cried , bnnab for the fight ; let raert hurrah for the resistance . "— Daniel O'ConntlL ^ Chartist blood has been copiously spilt in t } jft streets of Manchester . The drones have stung the bees in the very hive . The course of nature hw been perverted . Thepeor have been hired to shed the blood of the poor , and the rich looked on and laughed at the unnatural and shocking outrage . We have , in another ariioie , entered generally into the merits of the question , and now turn we to a consideration of some of the movers in the eid catastrophe .

      It will be in the recollection of our readers thai some thiee weeks ago , we cautioned Lord Johji " Russell against creating an agitation which nould assuredly end in tbe annihilation of his order . It will be borne in mind , that so lately as the week before last , in our remarks upon the effect which the projected reforms would have upon Ireland we predicted that fbe solution of the problem would resolve itself into the excitiBg conclusion of " 0 ! OUB

      RELIGION WILL BE ATTACKED BY THE TORIES ! " and that all consideration of the real fuestion beiDg lost , the poor Irish would actually b « incited to cut their own throats , with no prospect of any other result than that of strengthenfrtg the hands of the Whigs , to cut their country ' s afterwards . That we were right in our conclusions , is fnllj manifested by the conduct of the devil O'Coxkbu , at Manchester , on Tuesday , the day previous to the slaughter ; when lacking language to defend bimBelf against the charge of having so often Bold

      his own country and England , he had recourse to the old buggaboo ; u 0 , the Chamists are Orasqi men and Hanoverians ! " Thus has this hired minion of a despicable faction completed that work which has been the study of a long life . He hu systematically racked invention as to how thepeopk of the two coun tries could be most successfully arrayed against each other in open hostility . Whether the question was one of general policy or of mere individual comparison , he has never lost sight of the rent collector ; disunion , religious animosity , and bad blood .

      When administrative or legislative oppression ig complained of towards Ireland , the people of England are said to be the workers of Irish ruin , If comparrison is made , we are told that om Tipperary boy would beat seven Welsh men ; and if gorged and surpliced ruffians attack the Catholis faith and denounce its priesthood in Ireland , the English people are lugged in . Now , we tell the Irish resident in England to ponder over the foils * , ing facts : —

      . The English aristocracy and middle classes retain their anti-Irish prejudices to the present moment , and only tolerate the Irishmen ' s sojourn in ihe l * nd of strangers because their labour is of value in keeping down the market price of that commodity . By the first and second classes they have been designated as " aliens in language and aliens in blood ; " while those of the only order who are affected by their presence , have , of themselves , silenced the reproachful tongue of national inequality , and have taken the very competitors by the hand , and treated them , not as aliens , but as brethren . Yes , the English working people , much affected by Irish labour , have met the foes of Ireland ;

      and while the sneaking aristocracy and the wily middle classes have never hazarded a word in defence of the Catholic people of Ireland , the English workmen have , at great inconvenience , mustered thousands and silenced orange prejudice and protestaat slander ; and , in truth , the harsh treatment and just rebuke which a Manchester tramping Protestant proselyting surpliced ruffian received in Bath ,

      from the " English Chartist Orangemen" baa been Well repaid by the cowardly scoundrels who had not the manliness the honesty or courage to meet the same religious cock upon his own dunghill ! Yes , the Rev . Parson Stcweix preached ia perfect peace against the Irish Catholic 3 in their stronghold ; but when he went to Bath , where there are few , if any , Irish workmen , he was extinguished bj the " Chartist Orangemen . "

      • Now , we merely remind the Irish , who have arrayed-themselves in open hostility against t& « Chartists , of these facts , to prove their folly && ingratitude , and not with any desire to win them over by blarney . Suoh is not our object ; for , having taken an open and conspicuous part against the registered will of those very people who . have taken them i-o nobly by the hand , we now tell them that argument having failed , and as they have substituted " crack-skull" tor argument , thay must be prepared to take the consequence , as " crack skull" is & * game agreed upon . No doubt , we shall have a congratulatory address , from the mountebank to the Roval-Lojal pupp ***

      concluding thu ^ : — " HuiTahfor Manchester Wheeler ' s sknH iscracked ! hurrah ! , r Wbeeler ' a ttull is cracked ; tor Manchester hurrtfi Such must be the hi ^ h boast of the sp irited Irish Catholic * ; ihat the poor eld man , whose wif «'« breast waa cut off by the ProtostantB in 181 * . «** had-his skull cracked by the Catholics in 1841 ! ° i what a glorious triumph ! and what a great d » 7 Ia Ireland' '

      But , let us assure Mr . O'Cokkeix , the . Wwl le ^ alizad peace-disturber , that he will & »<* k * * not ouly mistaken , but disappointed in hiseadeavW 6 o perform hiu Irish farce of " rroUstant" " Oran * men , " and "Sassenach" on the English stage , tio . no i that day ia gone by . Enough has been iu » de bj to ° manager of the piece , whioh has had » n «» t successful run of thirty years ; but further it sb *" not go .

      Tue Charier is a national question ; and the Irish ' man , iho Englishman ,-or Scotchman who oppose * the Charter , declares for the worst of all mon opolies , fur a . monopoly of thought , and speech , and ¦ action , aud thwy art luo matter of what country ) enemies to the millions , and shall be met as such , and de *

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      LEEDS " LIBERALITY . " THE FOX AND GOOSE CLUB . We give the following excellent article at full length , from our able cotempcrary , the World , and from it our readers will gladly learn that those events which but a short time ago were confined to the narrow precincts of each locality , are now become mattor of national observation ; thus patling an end to all local hole and corner politics , and opening the wide field of national disputation : — " It will be fresh in the memory of many of many of our readers that last winter a political body was formed in Leeds , called the Leeds Reform Association , which we very soon discovered to bo a gross public cheat . This dishonest confederacy was stoutly

      opposed by the Leeds Mercury , which is about as unprincipled a Whi « print as any in the empireand the Northern Star , the able and indefatigable organ of the Chartists—and advocated by a strange sort of go-between " best possible instructor " y ' clepfc the Leeds Times , which in tho height of its zeal wished us all upon this side of the water to abandon Repeal , and make common cause for Household Suffrage , the Ballot , and Triennial . Parliaments . The firfct meeting of this Association left no doubt that its projectors merely wished it to act as a Whig engine for disuniting the Chartists , who were then becoming amazingly inconvenient to indolent and Palace-dining ministers . This scheme , however ,

      failed , notwithstanding that every exertion was made to insure its success , even to the sending down of that fiery Radical , Roebuck , to lecture upon the advantages of moderation , and proceeding at a slow rate for the achievement of political rights . The peoplo saw through the clamsy fraud , and would not be caught in the snaro of their adversaries , who even themselves wero as divided in their opinions as our own delectable Ulster Association . It was no fault of those who took a leading part in the affairs of this association that such was the case , as they endeavoured , from the commencement of its career down to Ihe great and motley gathering congegated at the mill of Mr . Marshall , to liave it believed that

      they wore ready to swallow everything with the exception of Universal Suffrage , and that they might even be induced to gulp down this unsavory morsel at no distant day . Now , when an election is about to take place , how do we find this Leeds Association acting , in choosing new representatives for its own locality , as Mr . Baiuee , the proprietor of the Mercury , and Sir W . Moleaworth , are about to retire \ Why , by bringing forward an unfledged barrister of the name of Aldam , with Mr . Hume , who are to oppose William Beckett and Lord Jocolyn , who had just been married to the niece of the Premier . This Aldam upon being introduced tj a . packed meeting of ihe Whig and Radical- electors of Leeds , commenced by excusing his father ,-who , if not a Convereative , must be something

      worso , as he voted for Sir John Bsckett , the Tory candidate , at the last election . This got over , he declared himself a Corn Law repealer , but horafusv-d to pledge for the Ballot or extend the Suffrage until the people wers educated , and , strai ^ e to relate , he who expressed his readiness to vote for so sweeping a change as a total repeal of the Corn Laws , resolutely declined to support the voluntary religious principle , stating that he thought the fix-rd church revenues could not be disturbed without causing a convulsion that would utterly shake society in this country . Touching the Extension of the Suffrage and Voto by Ballot , it is worth while to peruse the following tete-a tele which took place between Dr . Smiles , the Editor of the Leeds Times , and the Whig candidate : —

      "' Dr . Smiles—With their permission , he would put a few questions . The question he wished to put was with reference to Mr . Aldam ' s answer on the Suffrage question . Mr . Aldam had distinctly stated that if a measure of National Education were passed , he should have no objection to extend tho Suffrage . "' Mr . Aldam—I think it would be practicable and safe then to extend the Suffrage . I think no material extension of tke Suffrage is practicable and safe now , but 1 think that probably then a considerable extension might be made .

      "' Dr . Smiles—It happened that the Reformed House of Commons bad rejected every motion for National Education that had been brought before it : how long were they to reat satisfied with the present Suffrage T Would not Mr . Aldam then , at all , extend the Suffrage till a measure for National Education had passed the House of Commons ? " Mr . Aldam—He should use his best exertions to rapport any measure of National Education , but he thought before that was passed , he should not be fur materially extending the Suffrage .

      " 'Dr . Smilee—He had stated that he would not support a measure in Parliament for establishing the Vote by Ballot ( Cries of Nona ) It was well known that at present there was an awful amount of intimidation and corruption practised throughout the country , had Mr . Aldam any other measure to propose besides tbo 3 ; Ulot for preventing that corruption and intimidation » " ilr . Aldam—No ; the only measure was tLe Ballot The question with him had always been one of a balance of evils . The evils of open voting -were great . but the evils of secret voting alao appeared to hiiu great * " One would think that Aldam , after having made this confession of his political faith , would have been

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      TREACHERY OF CHARTIST LEADERS . Chartist policy , and Tory policy , being both opposed to Whig policy , and a brisk fire being kept up at the enemy from both camps , the slovenly leaders of the " Bloodies" begin to cry out ¦ ' 0 , foul and unnatural alliance J" — " treachery of the Chartist leaders 1 " — "hired by tho Tories !" Nothing can be more laughable than this hue and cry , which ia heard in the daily hedge-fire , and echoed by the heavy artillery on Saturday night .

      Even the Examiner , a gentleman living m a very precarious glass house , touches slightly upon the subjeot , forgetting that the pen whioh wrote the censure is a tool hireable for the job to be pointed out by the employer . Thus , whether the engagement be for a wooden leg for Whiggery , ordered by EASTHors , or a broken arm for Denman ordered by , the work is undertaken by the Examiner with equal energy , confidencs and principle .

      Mr . Baibstow has been honoured as their first object of attack ; but we assure our meddling friends that their shots never hit " point blank . " They fire wide of the mark . We look not to the enemy for approval of our friends , neither shall we arraign them upon their charges . Should a Chartist leader , with or without hire , attempt to inculcate the doctrines of Whig or Tory , the Executive would very spetdily submit his conduct to the proper tribunal ; and to acts alone we look . The "Bloodies" are furious that Chartist eloquence is not chained to one spot , and that it has now almost the charm and power of ubiquity . They are savage that they cannot hire a single man from bur ranks !

      Did the Examiner ever witness a shooting or archery match ! If so , we beg to asaure him that the deadly antagonists who fire at the same object , are not more opposed , in their respective good wishes for each other , than are the Tories and the Chartists . We do not court Whig approval , neither shall Whig slander injure our cause . So long as our leaders present a bold and manly front to the enemy , immediately before them , so long will we support them ; and we beg to assure Mr . Baibstow that the revilings of tho enemy will considerably enhance his value in the eyes of the people . To him we say , Go on , go on , go on ! Smash the " Bloodies " first ! _

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      THE FACTORY SYSTEM A 2 » D LORD ASHLEY . The Shoit Tbne Committees of the West Riding being anxious to ascertain tho present opinions of their old sad tried friend , Lerd Asnlcr , and also the pl&n he intends to pursue in case of a change of administration , recently commissioned Mr . Mark Crabtree to correspond with his Lordship upon the subject , in answer to which his Lordship sent the following reply which has given general satisfaction : — June 1 st , 1841 . Mr . Crabtree , —When you were in London , & few days ago , yon expressed , on behalf of the operatives of the West Riding , a wish to kcoT whether my opinions remained the same on the subject of a limitation of the hours of labour for young persons between the ages of thirteen and eighteen . I now stake again to you what I stated then , that I am more than ever satisfied of the justice and necessity of such a provision , and that I trill spare no efifjrts which , under God ' s blessing , may contribute to attain so desirable a conclusion .

      You added , likewise , a fear that the acceptance ^ an office in Sir Robert Peel * Administration might , to a great degree , embatrass my proceeding in this matter . I reply then , without speculating either on tbe probability of a Cabinet to be formed by Sir Robert Peel , or on the probability that I should be inTiVed to take any subordinate station in his Government , I will never place myself in any situation where I shall not be as free as air to do everything that I may believe to be conducive to the happiness , comfort , and welfare of tha . t portion of the -working classes -who have so long and so confidently entrusted to me the care of their hopes and interests . 1 remain , Your most obedient humble « errant , Ashley . To Mr . Mark Crabtree .

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      a THE NORTHERN STAR , '

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 12, 1841, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct383/page/4/