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COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH, Mat 3.
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THE ILLUMINATOR.
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Lebds:-Printed for tbe Proprietor, V***®L
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NEW CHARTIST PERIODICAT--THE MIDLAND COUNTIES' ILLUMtNA-. TOR , Price Three-halfpence , is Published every Saturday Morning , by Mr . Sg&t , Of Leicester , and may be had of Mr . Cleave , Shoe-lane , London ; of Messrs . Sweet , ( Nottingham , ) Skevington and Eveleigh , ( Loughborough , ) Neal , ( Derby . ) Yickers , ( Belper , ) Burgess , ( Hinokley , ) and all Booksellers in the Kingdom , by application to Mr . Cleave London , or to the Publisher , Leicester . " The Illuminator we hesitate not to pronounce infinitely superior in style , matter , and composition , to most , if not any , of the high-priced periodicals , written by and for educated men . '—Northern Star .
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EXTENSIVE 9 ISTXLI . ERIES , IN CLACKMANNANSHIRE , FOB SALE
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TO THB OPSBATITB CLASSES OF THE T 0 W 2 f OF KSWRY AKDIBELA . NI > GENERALLY . FEiLOW-StATBS , —Seeing anaddreu iath&Northern Star of last week , signed by Daniel OXkmneU , M . P ., ¦ which had been copied from an Irish paper , and 'which eonxMm statements the most __ J _ adon * , and unsupported \ ad dhnnnioos allegation * aid mlsrepreaeatattona of deepest die , concerning the Cnarti-tt of England An Ssotland , written with an evidently po-soaous and unjust intention to excite jronr feelings , and cause jealousy betwixt you , the working men of Ireland , and the working men at England : »« ,. who hare been appointed to watch over the agitation for the People ' s Charter , the ostensible object of which measure , when achieved , is to give the same justice and liberty to Ireland as to England and Scotland , are emboldened , for the sake of troth , thus to address you .
Brethren , Mr . O'Gonnell gives you eredit for honesty and shrewdness , which we read with pleasure . These * fore , we claim your attention to both sides of the ques tion , to give the subject an impartial investigation , as lovers of truth and fair play ;—at such a tribunal we are wiling to be arraigned-TMiile reading the address , we concluded the writer was something like Shakspeare ' s limner , that is when he wished to make the deril { n the play appear as frightful as possible , he painted him as ugly as he could to produee an extra degree of surprise ; and in reviewing Uts arguments in the address we will give him a sentence from the introduction to the . life of Jeremy Taylor , in illustration of the reasoning of them . The extract in question , is from "Agrieola . " It gives an
account of some spirits who worked under ground , and sadly frightened the timid people , and were a source of great plague to them . They were miners , they melted , they mixed , they coined , they wrote , they spoke , they reasoned , they argued , they discussed ,- they turned , they twisted , and performed various and wonderful exploits , dreadM and annoying in the Imaginations of the people . But , alas ! When the vessel which contair . r-d them was upset , to the great astonishment of the old women in the neighbourhood and the -bv-stauders , out popped nothing ! Just so it is in reference to the address of 0 'CannelL He has laid a foundation in imjLginatlon only , and reasened from false premises . His deductions , as a matter of course , are erronepni
Frllow Blares , —If we may jn 3 ge from the writer ' s pretensions , he , above all others , should- be the last man who could either write or speak one sentiment , either publicly or privately , which would have the U-ast tendency to disunite the people of England , Scotland , aad Ireland . We need not remind you that it is the same horde of tyrants who oppress both- you and us . The Iswb and circumstances which have destroyed the interest of one country , have operated alike upon that of the other . The working men of Ireland are branded with the slave-mark of inferiority—so are the working men of England . Poverty , slavery , misery , and destitntion are the lot of both the operatives of England
and Ireland . Property is exclusively protected in England and Ireland . Labour , and the life-blood of the men of both coa&tries are unprotected .- One class of society , who produce nothing , live in splendour , luxury , and extravagance ; "whilst those who produce all the necessaries and comforts of life , are living upon the coarsest of food , and elothed in rags . You , the working people of Ireland , are victims of the same slavery as the men of England are , which has been "tto-iuced by clasa-tegislatiou ; and we would wish you vfeear in mind , that you ever will be , bo long as yon . excluded from all participation in making the laws , hich will protect labour as well as property .
Then , fellow . laves , is it good policy lor him who profes&es to be the friend of the working classes , to endea-Tour to foster and keep up jealousies betwixt the people of each country ? Or , would it not be better for both to unite and bring their talents , influence , and energies to bear against the common enemy , which has been and is sow crashing both yon and us ? We have bad sixteen months of moral agitation , and no signs of aay attempt of a violation of the law . We have submitted our principles to public discussion , and , we Tfjoice to say , that thousands , who once stood aloof and
treated us with contempt , are now our most zealous snpportsrs . We think it unjust in Mr . O'Connell to persecute men for supporting the Charter , and endeavour to persuade yon , his countrymen , to reject those principles which he himself recommended to be carried out by the English people , more especially when we take into consideration the notorious fact , that he was one of the six individuals who drew up the Charter . He , it was , who told the committee of the Workingmen's Association in London , to agitate for the five points , and to be satisfied with nothing less .
}> 1 t . O'Connell calls us a faction ; to whieh we do not feel inclined to plead guilty . We cannot conceive how the most wily can show that a society of men who advocate a measure which will give the same privilege to all men , be their religion , dzss , country , or colour what they may , can be justly called a faction by any man .. The tree is known by its fruit . "' We believe , that by agitating for Universal Suffrage , we are endeavouring to attain that which " ^ n put the power int o the hands of the people -of Ireland , to mor £ speedily cbtain the Repeal of the IJnion . The National Debt , you must be aware , presses as heavily upon the industry of the English people as it does upon you , the people of Ireland . We are perfectly aware of the resources of Ireland ; ¦ Ed , at the same time , we are sorry to record the lamentable and deplorable fact , that thousands are
starving for want of the comforts of life , whilst the eggs , beef , butter , pork , &c * c , are exported in abundance to other countries . We are quite agreed with you relative to domestic legislation . But the question arises , how is the Parliament to be elected ? Here we have a Parliament sitting in London , who profess to be the representatives of the people of England , Ireland , and Scotland ; and the people of the United Kingdom are in ths greatest distress ; and , were the s&me to sit in Dublin , constituted as it is , the same results would follow . However , we feel disposed to be very pliable on this point * If the people of Ireland wish such s Parliament as we have assembled in London to legislate for them , we would gladly make them a present of the whole batch of Queen , Lords , and Commons , Bishops into the bargain , on condition that you would let us have one chosen by Universal Suffrage in its stead .
Mi . O'Connell , in addressing the tradesmen of Newry , ays , " We are your friends , your sincere , nay more , your enly friends . " This , we think , is begging the Question , and also has an evident intent to court their rapport , and for them to reject all others . " Actions speak louder than words , " and " facts are stubborn things . " We cannot think that any man is a friend who would act as he did in reference to the forty hfll ' ng txt -holders . Harinj taken a view of the introductory part of his address , we proceed to notice his reasons why Chartism , which means a vote for every man of sane mind , and who pays taxes , either by labour or otherwise , of twenty-one years of age , to have a vote in the representation of his country , should not be encouraged in Ireland .
We will now examine his reasons , one by one , and ire hope those who have read the original will read the answer , and compare them one with the other before they give their verdict First—In reply to this despotic law , we wonld just point out the cunning of the writer , in applying it exclusively to the Chartists . Is it not equally as applicable to the Society of Repealers , or any other Society holding correspondence with the people of Ireland ? Perhaps he will tell you that his influence is so great » t Downing-street , that he will save those in connection with his own pet measures . If so , let him speak out upon this matter , as plainly as be has is his address . He bus intimated that he will carry on the prosecution , giving a true specimen of his liberality to those unfortunate slaves who dare think for themselves , or cease paying the " rint *
Second—Will you believe that a certain law is upon the statute-book against the name of Chartist ? Ko ; this is only an indirect way of misrepresenting to you the views and objects of the Chartists , to excite the fears and worst passtans of the people , in order to put down , if possible , the true principles of liberty , and for the people to remain in ignorance Third—Is the old cuckoo cry of physical force to be continually wrung in your , ears ? Now has not Mr . O'Connell made use of stronger language than any other living man ? We will give one quotation which will suffice , although not the mildest At the Drogheda dinner he is reported to have said , speaking of the miseries of Ireland , " So help me God , I weuld rather
» ee ber green fields crimsoned with % gore , and her streams running with blood , than see her miseries continued . " Yet , do we wish to pin him to this distinct avowal of Mb feelings , because we say that the moral power of the whole people can obtain their object We could not consider ourselves meD , if we condemned the hallowed and sanguinary struggles of the brave Americans , under the guidance of the immortal Washington , against the oppressors of their country . Who will dare east aspersions « r calumniate the characters of Bruce , Wallace , Tell , ' Tyler , Rulla , Bolivar , and , though last , not least , your own beloved and patriotic Emmett ? Recollect , Irishmen , that success stamps revolution with ± he name- of patriotism , while defeat hands it down as rebellion and treason .
Fourth—We seek only to be connected with Irish Chartism in a legal and eonst-tational manner , each advocating -the rights of man , in-accordance with the laws of this country ; and insinuations to the contrary we used for the purpose of blinding-the working men of Ireland- Allusion has been made to that great and food mas , Jehn Frost , who could sot look upon the miseries of bis fellow coantrymen quietly , if ha was a true friend to the working classes ; and because this was the extent of his crime . And it is our opinion , that that Government which Mr . O'Connell supports so powerfully , sent Its paid minioni among the people
to goad them to insurrection ; and , we defy him to point to any people who ever rebelled agaio&t the Government until goaded on by oppression and tyranny . Fifth—With that casuistry , at whieh the resorters of the Dublin Corn Exchange are such particular adepts , they tell you that the Irish Chartists , would have no eontroul < wer the English Chartists , in case the latter committed . violence , or infringed upon the law ; we would feel son ; they should have such controuL Scotbad acts 1 » w independent of England ; the systems of organisation are different ; still , both have a proper vndentaBding , and ga alike fox Universal Suffrage . fc ^ ld not Ira-Wad do me same ? Is it treasonable for
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Irishmen to be men t We emphatically sale whether Irishmen should be considered Inferior , In point of intelligence or meeUl capacity , to " Rngttabmen cat Scotchmen ? Away with sach notions I for we are sure the working classes of Ireland have now begun to value themselves . They will not go for any thing sb « rt of placing themselves' equally in the eyes of the law with the haughtiest lowffing of the land . Sixth—This charge is false— . all the Chartists wish is , free discussion tad fair-play , a " free stage and no
favour . " We demand where the expression ot the public voice is solicited , to be allowed to speak the sentiments of our minds independently and fearlessly of conse quences . And , because we stand up like men for our right , we are treated as ' exelus-oni-ts . " The party who make this charge are perambulating the country , pretending to call pnblic meetings , but exercising the worst species of tyranny , by requesting the assistance of the police to lock our jaws . We had a striking illustration of this sort of conduct , in the treatment of Lowery and Murray in Ireland .
Seventh—As the seventh reason in the O'Connell address appertains , in particular , to public meetings , we proceed to explain the way in which a pnblic meeting ought to be called in any given city , borough , town , or district The meeting being assembled , then , it ought to choose its own chairman . On the moving and seconding of any resolution , before it is put , the chairman ought to ask if there is any amendment , and if so , he proceeds to take the opinion of the meeting , the amendment first , and then the motion , and that which has the majority is carried . Now , how did the Chartists of Glasgow act ? A publis meeting was convened of the inhabitants of that town , for eight o'clock in the evening , for the purpose of submitting resolutions in favour of Lord Mcrpeth ' B BilL Well , what did the parties do who got up the meeting ? Why , instead of waiting until eight o'clock , they issued tickets t * their particular friends , calling them together at six
o ' clock . A Chartist obtained admission to the meeting , and requested to be informed of the reason why the meeting was called at six o ' clock . He asked Dr . ilurdock by whose authority the meeting was not delayed till the proper time , to give the working classes an opportunity of being present On this being done , this party attacked indiscriminately all the Chartists in the room , and treated them very brutally . The Rev . Gentleman who was in the chair coald not preserve order . Captain 2 ! iller , superintendent of the police , had to interfere , in order to save the lives of the Chartists . This caused great excitement in Glasgow ; and a publio meeting of the inhabitants took place two evenings afterwards , when both Stanley ' s and Morpeth ' s Bills were denounced as unjust , and a motion passed , in a meeting of 6 , 000 persons , declaring that justice would never be done to Ireland until every Irishman bad a vote , by law , in the government of his country .
Now , why has not Mr . O'Conuell sufficient honesty to inform you , that when Hugh Stowell , of Orange notoriety , went to Bath to call a meeting , in order to establish an anti-Catholic Association , that the Chartists assembled in their might and majeaty , and far outnumbered the bigots ; indeed , there was three to one ot Chartists . Th « y told him to go about his business , and told him they would not allow him to abuse the Catholics , and passed a resolution in favour of the Charter ! No ; O'Connoll knew better than tell the truth of the Chartists . Eighth—Why should an appeal be made to our religious opinions ? We are the children of one Creator ; therefore , it is a duty ibcumbent upon us to bear with each other , U assist each other ; but not let that which ought to unite us in the closest bonds of union , be made the cause of separation .
Ninth—That the Chattists of England and Scotland are " exclusionists . " We deny the charge ; for we seek to place every man within the pale of the law . We say it is unjust tar any class of men to make laws for another without their consent As to the middle classes , have they not betrayed the toiling millions of this and every other country ? They are selfish in all their proceedings . We have no confidence in their professions . By whom are the producers of wealth robbed of their earnings ? Why , by the middle classes . We , the toiling millions are producing wealth for every class of society . How is this ? Labour is unrepresented . The laws protect the middle classes and their property , because they make them .
Tenth—Let Mr . O'Connell , if he can , but we defy him , point out where the Chartists have interfered with the religious opinions of any man . We do not do so , because we think it is too sacred an affair to be meddled with : we leave this entirely to man and his Creator . We , therefore , giro the right hand of fellowship to every man , let his creed be what it may ; and we fling back to Mr . O'Connell the charge that we wish to appeal to the religious feelings of tne people . Let us be men , and no longer tools in the hands of any man who would wish to divide the people upon such trifling differences .
Eleventh—The charge in this clause is entirely false , that Chartists have been hired by the Tories . The person alluded to at Walsall is not a Chartist , nor even a private member , consequently , be cannot be considered in the light of a leader . He has had nothing to do with the Association these last two years . How would Repealers take it if we were to charge the faults of men who did not belong to them upon them ? It is ruther too bad for us to be made responsible for men who are not members . We have publicly shewn that he was not a member , and yet these wretches , who are enemies to the liberties of the people , are continually harping upon this string . ' Nightingale himself has promised to shew that he did not belong to us , in order to prove that we are clear of the charge imputed to us .
Twelfth—This clause is unjust Every Irishman can be a Chartist and a Repealer at the same time ; indeed , he will , we are confident , have to become a Chartist before he can obtain Repeal . That the Irish Chartists are the true Repealers , inasmuch aa they are going for a measure which , if carried , would give the people the power of repealing the Union more speedily ; and , in reference to the latter part of this clause , we conceive that to be an act of the basest despotism , and to come with a very bad grace from him who accuses us of being " exclusionista , " because we will not be led astray by every factious clap-trap presented by the middle classes .
Thirteenth—It is said that the laws in regard to political bodies in Ireland are more strict than in England , and yet the Chartists are denounced by O'Connell , because they are endeavouring to place you in a position to repeal all such infamous enactments . It is also said , that " a Chartist society exist * in Newry , " which the promnlgators of the address say they did sot believe . Then why , we ask , did they write an address to impede its progress ? They know that the principles are going a-bead in Newry ; ' its members will
be imprisoned or transported before the expiratien of six months . " Bravo , Mr . O'Connell ! already have you let the cat out ef the bag . Have yon not said to " the base , bloody , and brutal Whigs , " ( do not start ; these are your own names for your pets , ) " Begin persecution , put down Chartism , crush the rising spirit of liberty in Ireland , and I will back you . " This is the conclusion to which everyhonest man will come . Yousay you are apprised of the parties who are propagating Chartism in Ireland . Bnt , Sir , why do yon not inform the Whigs and the public who they are ?
Fellow working men , —Do you wish to be free ? If so , adopt the principles contained in the Charter , and reject all who will not concede the same justice as they wish themselves . If , on the other hand , you wish to burst the bonds ef slavery , stand up in the intellectual dignity and majesty of freemen ; assert your , rights , aud bequeath to your children the eternal blessings of freedom . You have been applauded for your shrewdness and wisdom , and you have been told that during thirty years of agitation no person has suffered imprisonment But how many have sunk into the cold grave , through starvation brought on by class legislation ? Recollect , that hi England , some of the best men in the camp of liberty are Irishmen , vis .: O'Brien , O'Connor , ( two of nature ' s noblemen , ) Hoey , Doyle , Connor , White , Mortimer , Mahon , Murray , Shearer , Ashton , Donavan , Clark , and scores of others .
Operatives of Newry ! we have pointed out to you what we consider to be right , and likewise what we conceive te be wrong . Remember , that you are addressed by anxious and sincere friends , whose principles extend to the admission of every man , 21 years of age , to the franchise , and consequently , not only to domestic government , nationally , but individually . In conclusion , do not mistake us . We believe there are many of the hard working men of Newry who admire the holy principles contained in the Charter . We are quite certain that every rational and honest Irishman will go with us for full and effective justice for aLL Every real friend to humanity knows we have only these objects in view—the good , the happiness , and the liberty of all mankind ; and we sincerely hope the
Chartists of Newry , and Ireland in general , will not cease propagating these views , which shall ultimately secure the tights of every man in the United KiDgdom . We remain , Brethren , In the cause of pure and genuine democracy , James Lsech , President . James Caetledoe , Richard Littler , John Campbell , * Secretary . Executive Rooms , Manchester , April 27 th , 1841 . * An Irithman . [ This Address should have appeared in our last , but we were compelled to reserve it through lack of space . —Ed . ]
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Ths Gbbat Bbggab of thb Aob .. —Of all men under the sun , Daniel O'Connell is the person who ought to make his alla _ ioas to mendicity the most delicate . Is he not the leading mendicant of Britain ; the prince of beggarmen , whose wallets are open to all accessions , from a potato to a pound sterling ; who live * by begging , speaks for begging , agitates for begging , btufies , blarneys , and olasphemea for begging ; to whom begging is air , eloquence , life , hope—all ! Does tibia man accommodate his mouth to mention spoils , and peculation , and plunder , presumed to be perpetrated by Tories f Daniel O'Connell , and none-else , could have mustered impudence to do so . This , in fact , is one striking characteristic of a depraved and mined character , that such oan steal , and yet preach homilies against theft ; murder , and harangue about the Rathcoraae slaughter : rob the poor , and weep over their oppressions ; cry Liberty fer ever 1 * and the meanwhile add another nmL—FrmMtr ' t Maaum
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? - TO THB EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —Being one of those who signed the Lovett and Collins document , I did so thinking it would be an auxiliary to the Association already in existence , and relying on the sincerity of its cencoctors . Seeing it was for the Charter , I readily gave my name to it , never anticipating that it was intended to supersede the present one . I am , therefore , desirous that my name be expunged frem the list , tbe more especially as it is receiving the countenance and praise of that arch-traitor and barker of universal liberty , Daniel O'ConnelL
la a resolution passed at the West Riding Delegate meeting ( and at several others ) , all who signed the Lovett and Collins Circular are represented as aiding the " new move , " and , therefore , " highly consurable , and unworthy the confidence of all Chartists . " This i _ certainly very imprudent and premature , to say the least of it , to oil so harshly with unsuspecting individuals , by classing them along with the rest If we have been uii .-uspectiRfly led astray , we are not to be allowed to retrace our steps , but , 'Whig-like , tbe law musk at once be carried into execution and hurled down upon U 3 with a vengeance only to be equalled by that of the Attorney-General himself .
Whether I may be considered as opposed to the " old leaders , " or unworthy the confidence of all Chartists , " or be looked upon , as you have termed us , a " rat escaped from the trap , " I shall not withhold one farthing of mj contributions from tbe Association to which I belong , if they choose to accept it ; and if they believe that I wished to draw behind the curtain , let them at once erase me from their book , and never trust to me again us one of their number . I Lave been led to these remarks in justice to myself and some of those whose names were unsuspectingly put to that document along with ray own , two of whom you had letters of withdrawal from in last week ' s Star , I mean John M'Crea , of Eilbarcban , late M . C . for Ayrshire , and Alexander Davie , of Campsie , agent for tbe Northern Star , than whom two more genuine Radicals and upright men are not to be found in the Chartist ranks . I remain , yours respfctfully , A sincere Chartist , Thos . Baibd . Kbkintilloch , April 26 th , 1841 .
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HOUSE OF LORDS , Tuesday , May 3 rd . The South Australian BUI was read a third time and passed . The Marquis of NormaKby moved the third reading of the Drainage ot Towns Bill . The Duke of Wellington moved that Oxford should be exempted from tho operation of the Bill , on the ground that it had already local Commissioners for that purpose nnder an act of Parliament After some conversation , the motion was agreed to , and tbe Bill was read a third time and passed . Tbe Marquis of Normandy moved the third reading of the Borough Improvements Bill . The Earl of Kipon moved that Birmingham should be inserted in tLw schedule at the end ot the BUI , in order that the act might be carried into operation by the local commissioners . After some conversation their Lordships divided , and the motion was carried by a majority of G 9 to 36 .
Lord Lyndhuhst then moved that Birmingham should be altogether exempted from the operation of the Bill . The Marquis of Norm an by and the Marquis of Lansdowne opposed tbe motion . , After some conversation , the Marquis of Normanby declined to press his opposition , though he still objected to leave Birmingham out of a Bill intended to benefit every town in thu kingdom . The motion of Lord Lyndhurst was then agreed to , and tbe 1 U 11 was read a tLird time and passed . Thtir Lirdihips ttifn auionrned .
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HOUSE OF COMMONS , Tuesday , Mat 4 . There being only tbirty-fcur Members present at four o ' clock , tbe Speaker declared tbe Heuse to stand adjourned until Wednesday .
Wednesday , May 5 th . The House of Commons proceeded with the committee on tbe County Coronera' Bill , on which there were several divisions . The most material of them were on the clauses touching the right of election . It was decided that this right should belong only te residents ; and then , on the question for confining it to the present Parliamentary electors , an amendment was proposed by Mk Hume for allowing it to all resident freeholders assessed to the poor ' s rate . This being negatived , another amendment was proposed by Mr . Jervis , for leaving tbe franchise in all the resident freeholders of the county ; and this was adopted . The other clauses of this Bill were of no general interest , though they occupied the whole of the evening .
The question of tbe Danish Claims , on which it was expected that Ministers would have sustained another defeat , was thus prevented from receiving the consideration of the Bouse until a future day .
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ST . PANCRAS , MIDDLESEX . TO THE CHARTISTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM . Friends , —We are called upon to release Mre-FroBt from immediate and imminent destruction . How easy this ia to be performed ! True , we who address you are inhabitants of a parochial district , yet we cheerfully give onr £ 2 5 s . 6 d ., aud easily can the country raise the remaining £ 08 . Let Manchester give its £ 10 ; London £ 29 ; Leeds £ i ; L'verpcol £ 5 ; Glasgow £ 5 ; without mentioning other large towns , aud tie sum will be raised within one week .
Oh , friends ! do let us make the attempt : we feel convinced you can carry out your object ; and the widow Frost , and the orphans of John Frost , will , while they mourn their father ' s loss , know that his countrymen do not forget their father ' s efforts in the people s cause . We ask you , as brothers and as patriots , to assist us ; if you will act , you may reckon on our assistance , only calling upou you to exceed us in our efforts .
We are , in behalf of the St . Pancras Political Victim Committee . Thomas Smith , William Bird , Robert Marley , Herman Marley , George Marley , John Field , Jamfs Feakn , Thomas Wall .
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STOCKPORT . —Another Chartist Victory . — A public meeting of -he inhabitants of this borough was held in the ( Jour . Room , on Wednesday evening , convened by the Mayor , in compliance with a requisition signed by a number of cotton masters and middle-class Corp Law repealers , to consider the propriety of petitioning Parliament for a repeal of the Corn Laws . The meeting was called at seven o ' clock , ( an hour before the working classes can leave their employment in the factories ) in order to give the " broad-cloth" a favourable opportunity , which they embraced , of procuring the beaVseats , and prevent themselves from being annoyed utth being mixed up with " fustian jackets and unshorn chins . At the time appointed for the meeting to oommenoe ,
the Mayor entered the room , and was followed by the Town Clerk , the whole batch of Whigs , and his underlings , who are ever ready to do his bidding , let it be ever so mean and dirty . These are what the Chartists call back boned Coppooidtes . Mr . Ralph Pendlebury , ( we beg pardqn , he has been made a knight of for his feeble attempts to put down Chartism ) rose to move that the Mayor take the chair . Mr . Coppock objected to a motion , and insisted that he take it by virtue of bis office . The Mayor then seated himself by the direction of bis master in the chair , and called ut > on Sir Rat fa
. to move the first resolution , which was in favour of a repeal of the Corn Laws . Mr . Fernley , another cotton master , seconded it . The chairman was about to put it to the meeting , when Mr . Peter Cbappell rose and moved an amendment in favour of the Charter , which was seconded by Mr . James MitchelL A discussion then commenced—Messrs ChappeH , Mitobell , Davies , Wright , and Clarke , for the amendment ; and Messrs . Fernley , Plndlebury , Blackpawe , Coppock . and HeUstrap , for the resolution ; but neither of them said a word against the amendment ; but appeared to court the iaveur of the Chartists , After every speaker bad
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been heard get both , sideg of the question , and by this time the eapaoioui room waa filled to repletion with the bonny lads of Stookport . The chairman , bythe orders of Sir B . Coppock , rose to put the amendment to the meeting , requesting those who voted to hold up both hands ; in answer to which a forest of hands was exhibit , whiqh completely eclipsed everything elro , and there they held them for some time , to give the chairman an opportunity to come to aright eonolusionj after wbi ' oh the meeting commenced clapping , stamping , arid cheering vociferously , at the vast quantity of hands held up in faroor of the amendment . This appeared to paralyze the Chairman and tbe Whigs , whieh effect caused them not to put the resolution to the meeting . The Char lists hailed this as a complete victory . Hurrahs , and other marks of applause were ffiven in
aui ck suooe _ 8 ion . Three terrific groans were given for _ e Whigs , three also for Coppock for imprisoning the Chartists , which were responded to vehemently . Mr . Clark , an Irishman , proposed three groans for Daniel O'Connell , whieh were responded to warmly . He then proposed three cheers for Feargus O'Connor , Esq . —three long , loud , and enthusiastic cheers , were given for O'Connor ; three for Frost , ^ Villiams , and Jones , &c . &c .. and the meeting separated highly delighted . The speakers at the above meeting clearly proved to every man , who is not wilfully blind , that the Repeal of the Corn Laws , unaccompanied by other measures , will be no benefit to the working classes , and that the best way to repeal , not only the Corn Laws , but every other bad lav , is to give the people the power by granting the suffrage .
P IjTMOTJTH . —At a general meeting of Chartists of the three towns , Mr . Rogers in the chair , held , on Tuesday evening , May 4 th , the following resolution , moved by Mr . BlUht , seconded by Mr . Look wood , was carried unanimously : — " That we , the Chartists of Plymouth , Devon port , and Stonehou ^ f , hail with heartfelt joy , the sincere , manly , and patriotic letter of Henry Vincent , which appeared in last week ' s Star , m exculpation of his name-being attached to the ' secret move' circular , and deem it highly satisfactory with regard to his intent of sowing dissension in the Radical ranks ; but viewing the very different conduct of William Lovett , as evinced in his puerile , half-whiggish letter , in answer to the Trowbridge Councillors , published in tho Sun . We still adhere to our former resolution , that every real Chartist will treat such attempt at division with contempt , and do therefore fervently hop . that Henry Vincent will speedily follow up his noble
letter by a withdrawal of his name from 8 u « a circular , and thus again restore that barmoay and confidence bo necessary betwixt the people and their leaders which has unfortunately been shaken . " BUDDBRSFIEM ) . —The Chartists here have unanimously adopted the following resolutions : — let . "That we the Chartists of Huddersfield , in publio meeting assembled , do view with surprise and indignation , the base lying paragraph in the ' Great Liar" of the North , and his coadjutor the 'Little Liar , ' that we are dwindled into Corn Law Repealers . If they wish to know if we be so , let them call a public meeting , and from experience hear wisdom . " 2 nd . " That our most cordial thanks be given to Mr . L . Pitkethly , for his spirited and prompt attention to the call of the Nottingham Chartists to attend the election of Mr . Walters , and giving his powerful assistance , not to the man , but to the' principle , ' to the annihilation of the' base and bloody' oasiilecrow . "
MIDDLETOM . —A lecture was delivered in the Reformers' Chapel , top of Barrowfields , on Saturday the 24 th April , to & respectable but not a nnmerons audience , which gave general satisfaction . —The silk trade has been dull for a few weeks , but has revived again with the last week , and some of the masters have let out a number of new fancy reeds . But cotton is very dull at present , especially nankeens , — they aro not employed above half their time . BUTTON , nkar Keighley . —The inhabitants of
this village , with their usual spirit , while procuring signatures to the National Petition , collected 10 b ., one half of which they agreed to sent to Mrs . Frost , and the other half to the support of the Petition Convention . Few places have suffered so severely , through the distresses of the times , as this small village , nearly the . whole of the inhabitants beicg wool-combers and hand-loom weavers ; yet such is the good organisation amongst them , that many places , tea times as large , do not raise an equal quantity of money in support of the Chartist cause .
BLACKQUARRY . —At a public meeting of the inhabitants of this place , held here on the oiith ult ., after a pithy address on Chartism from Mr . John Gardner , the following resolution was unanimously agreed to : — * That we , the Chartists of the North West District of Glasgow , belonging to the Lanarkshire Universal Suffrage Association , take this opportunity of expressing our fall and entiro confidence in Feargus O'Connor , and other Chartists of Eugland , who have stood by ' the National Charter Association , and we denounce the conduct of Messrs . Lovett , Collins , and others , for endeavouring to cause dissensions among-t the friends of the people . "
Marylebo . nb and Paddington . —At a meeting holden here on Wednesday , the following resolutions were adopted : — " That , this meeting hail with delight the present opportunity offered of exerting themselves in the great national struggle of the working classes for the restoration of Frost , Williams , and Jones , Mid all Political Victims , and pledge themselves to labour incessantl y iu connection with the present Convention for their liberation . " u That we the members of the National Charter Association , residing iu the parish of St . Marylebone
and Paddington , view with indignation and regret the attempt made to cause dissension ia the Charist ranks , and fully pledge ourselves to abide by the advice as given by Feargus O'Connor , Esq . " " That a memorial be forwarded to the Marquis of Normanby for the liberation of James Bronterre O'Brien from Lancaster Gaol . " Messrs . Smart , Skevington , Ridley , Martin , Savage , Christopher , Scott , Hartwe ll , and G . Lovett , spoke to the resolutions . Three cheers being given for Feargus O'Connor , the Star , and the Imprisoned Chartists , the meeting separated .
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The Queen v . Waldegravb and another . —This case having been called on , Lord Waldegrave and Captain Duff stood up on the floor of the court , when the proper officer proceeded to read the indictment , and afterwards a number of affidavits ia aggravation . The facts of the case are already too familiar to the pnblic to require to be repeated nere . —A number of affidavit , were then handed in by the counsel for the prisoners , in mitigation of puni _ hm . « nt , which were also read to the court . That of the Earl Waldegrave pl eaded haviug been under the influence of wine at the time of the occurrence , and entered into a long detail of all the circumstances , for tho purpose of showing that the prosecutor had provoked the affray iu which
he had sustained such serious injuries , and denied having been actuated by any hostile feeling to the prosecutor , at the time of its occurrence . He also stated , that , in his great respect for the law , he had withdrawn his plea of not guilty ; and also his belief , that , had he stood his trial , the prosecutor would have had great difficulty in proving his identity . Tho affidavit of Cape . Duff was to a similar effect . A certificate was read from certain eminent surgeons , stating that they had examined the prosecutor , and that , although he had not yet recovered from the effects of the assault committed on him in June last , yet that a few mouths more would restore him to health . It also appeared , that the prosecutor , for some time past , had been on duty of an easy kind ,
at the station-house . Mr . Chambers rose to pray judgment on the prisoners ; and , in doing so , went into a renewed detail of the facts of the case . He said , the offence of the prisoners was serious at first ; but , from the melancholy effects produced it appeared to be more serious still . The prosecutors , who were the commissioners of the metropolitan police , had felt themselves compelled to trace out the offenders , and bring them to justice , These gentlemen had a most onerous and important duty to perform . They had a great number of men under their charge , whom they wereboand to protect in the discharge of their duty . Sir Frederick Pollock then
addressed the court on behalf of Captain Duff ; and Mr . Thesiger and Mr . Stuart Wortley for Lord Waldegrave . After a short consultation between the Judges , Mr . Jnstioe Patieson delivered judgment ; and , after dwelling at considerable length on the enormity of the offence committed , said that the court having taken into consideration all the circumstances of the ease , the sentence was , that each of the defendants be confined in the custody of the marshal of the Queen's Bench prison , for the space of six calendar months ; that Lord Waldegrave pay a fine of £ 200 , and Mr . Duff , £ 20 . The defendants were then removed , in custody of the officers of the court . . ¦ :. ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ ¦'¦ ¦ " . .. - ¦ . . ' :-. ¦ .
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w--. ~~~~ -. ~~ i ^ , ~ T TO THE EDITOR OP THE NORTHERN STAR . SIR , —Please excuse me for trespassing upon your raluaWe time , but being one that received a " new movement" circular , requesting my signature to it , I wish to record ^ iny utter abhorrence of the " new scheme , " therefore 1 feel assured that you will escwe
me , . . The moment I read the circular , I saw Oat if I signed it I should at once acknowlege that what oar enemies said was right and Just , namely , " that we were neither fit nor prepared to receive the franohlie , " Well , Sir , I did not r ign it , but instantly called the clan together that I belonged to , and laid it before them , when they one and all declared , that as they belonged to the National Charter Anodation they highly approved of my conduct in laying it before them , and in not signing it , and that they neither could nor would join or countenance any acheme until the National Charter AMOciation failed , and that they weuld " stick to Feargua O'Connor and the Northern Star , m > long a * they stick to the people . " Hopin you will record my detestation of the " new moTement , " I remain , youw truly , in the sacred cause , G . B . MabC Boathen Ville , Stoke-upon-Trent , May 3 , 18 . 1 .
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China Aim tas East . —We have reesi «_ t _* : following inteUi Kence in anticipation of KS |__ 5 mail ftom Indfc :-The Indian mail haBa -rW ^ town , bringing dates frem China to thn i 3 ? ^ February , Calcutta , to the 22 nd of'MarchImtL * b » y to the tot of April . The intemgence ' sSJ _! isnotsatisfaotory . The Chinese Chief Co-maSt * Keahen , in hi ., interview with UpffiSKte an intention to procrastinate , which , tddeHi wport thatwwllkeorders had been reeehSSftt * Pekm , produced an impression that hostiUtlw ££ be renewed . The accounts from India arTijSS an nnsatisfactorj character . In gcinde aadH $ Kbanistan considerable ferment prevailed . '¦ % £ of Kojuek waB nn 8 Ucce--fuUy attacked by oiirta _ 2 _ on the 20 th of February . Colonel WU _ o » ^ 2 _ mortally wounded , Lieutenant Falconer killed , 2 ? Lieutenants Shaw and Farqaharson wounded , r . , ,. .. ,. J ; . ., :...,
an engagemeai oeiweea some ttoops of the Bm ,-3 establishment and a tribe of KhytSnries tL uffi were defeated ; but two European officers Ca * t 3 _ Douglas andLientenant Pigou , of the BenallnS neers , weretailed . . It was believed thatthl PmSr * meditated another attack upon Herat / lYiSS ? still the scene of riot and bloodshed . Sit-rV ^? was stiUAe nominal King of the PanjaubTMj state of that unfortunate country was d « ni « i « kL ? and forbade all hope of its being - JSy 5 SS The Levant correspondence , which has come tohiX with the foregoing , contains no news of importtti ? Our Alexandrian letters of the 22 nd of AhSFSZ that the reply of tho Sultan to the tartttfiSS £ of M-hemet Ah had not yet been received ^ . !*? Dreadful Fire at Whitechapel . —Two Lit * . LosT .-On Tuesday morning , at about ten Wtf » 2
after twelve o ' clock , the inhabitants of theeMbZ part of London were thrown into the most 35 exoitement in consequence of a fire of a terrIMdescription , and involving : a lamentable sacrifi-arf human life , breaking ont in Church-lane , WMu . chapel , adjacent te the church . The cfremnrtaneconnected with the unfortunate calamity areni _ 2 deplorable , and occasioned throughout the w& _ £ day the deepest interest in the neighbourhood . Th _ premises in which the fire commenced were sftuai * on the West side of Cbdrch-lane , and ctrnprised ^ brick building three stories high , containing » A » at the basement , and five rooms above . They wen ! occupied b y Mr . Abraham Berlyn , slipper-nnS iand dealer in marine stores , who let a portion ^ tiS first and second floor to a middle-aged female a . _ o « d Wheller , whose children ( two boys , one sixteenv - SM
ox age , * n a me otner eight ) perished in the flaner Intimation ef the fire was first given by a persoa living in an adjoinine ; street , who , in passinir by 52 shop , became startled by a glare of light beamiM through the shutters , and on looking into the shoo discovered that the interior waa in a blaze of in ? Mr . Berlyn had both his legs broken by ' ragftbir out of the chamber window , and the inmaUw ' omfl . rally had a very narrow escape . The destrnctfin of the property was complete . The premises w _ m insured in the Sun Fire-office , and Mr . Berlvn wu likewise insured in the same office to the amount of £ 400 . The origin of the fire has not been discovered . Mr . Berlya states , that when he retired to bed the house seemed perfectly safe . The total 1 * 9 is said to be under £ 1 , 000 . In the evenhiz . at seven o ' clock , Mr . Baker , coroner , held an innnax
on the ; bodies of the children , Abraham WheW aged sixteen , and Edward Wheller , aged eight , it the Fir Tree public house , Church-lane , and after ! very lengthened investigation , the jury came to a verdict « f " Accidental Death . " ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
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Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , Mat 4 . —The arrivals of Grain to this day ' s market are luger than last week . There has been very little bonnes , doing in Wheat , and prices Is to 2 s per qr lower . Barley much the same . Oat _ and Beans continue iu very limited demand , and prices rather lower .
THB AVERAGE PRICES FOR THE WEEK ENDING Mat 4 , 18 . 1 . Wheat . Barley . Oats . Rye . Beam . Pm . Qrs . Qrs . Qre . Qrs . Qrs . Qn . 3637 1154 496 0 29 . 0 £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ t . L 3 3 7 . 112 1 1 3 7 . 0 00 118 6 i 000 Lekds Cloth Market . —We have rather more business doing in the Cloth Halls and the warehouseand on the whole the demand for goods haa increased . The labouring population , in the out-townships , complain greatly for want of work , bat we hope th . y will improve .
Bradford Markets , Thursday ., May 6 . —WW Market . —The accounts to-day are rather contradictory . Some of our friends say another week hu passed without a revival of trade , and both low ! tad short Wool continue dull sale especially Warp Hogi which now are to a considerable extent sapersedei by the introduction of cotton . Consumers us limiting their purchases , with an expectation « f buying at lower prices . From other soonei we learn that there haa been a Blight improvement , particularly in short Woob . Piece Market . —In this branch of our trade we halt had more doing , particularly in figures , botbplia and Alpaca . Merinos are more inquired for , u . < lur ! ng the week more sales : have been effected . Orleans Cloth and Saxonys are in steady Teqntd , Prices are generally firm . Yarn Market . —Wt Hanoi report any more doing , yet there is more inqoirr , and we trust it leads to more active business , a prices , no alteration .
Richmond , May 1 . —We had a tolerable supply of Grain in our market to-day . Wheat sold fros 8 s to 10 s . ; Oats 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . ; Barley 4 .. to 4 s . 3 d . ; Beans 4 s . 9 d . to 5 a . 9 d . per bushel . Hull Corn Market , Tuesday , May 4 . —The duty of 22 s . 8 d . was paid in this port on 10 , 882 qasrten of Wheat , leaving in bond and afloat from 20 , 000 to 25 , 000 quarters ; present arrivals are all entering for bond . The Corn trade during the week has continued limited and dull , which has been conBiderablj added to by the unexpected announcement from Ministers . ; that thev intend DroDosinff for
consideration an alteration of the present law , py Bubstitoting a moderate fixed duty . This startling proportion h » tt thrown the . fade here into sucb a state of confusion , that sellers and buyers are equally at a loss how to proceed , and this uncertainty will continue to embarrass the trade until something more positive is known of the Government measure . We do not alter the value of any kind of Grain , bond or free , but consider for the moment the price almost nominal . Rapeseed is more inquired for ; importers being unwilling to submit to present prices , are landing as U
. Newcastle Corn Market , May 1 . —Wehad t _« morning a good show of Wheat from the neighbouring counties , which , conpled with soma portion ox the recent arrivals of foreign Wheat offering dwj paid , caused the market to rule dull , and a decline of Is . per quarter must be noticed since this o » J week . The little Malting Barley here finds purchasers at previous rates , but the season is now about over with us . Rye meets with little enquiry , « m even the finest samples are a dull sale . In Bam and Peas nothing doing . There is yet no improvement in the demand for Malt , and even for the very _»_< 4 ** — ' ^ V ^ —_¦ W »«—• V _ 4 ^_ H | V « W _« —— " « ft —— «_» —^^»^_ - _ - — ' -. _— - . — ' - ¦ «
^ fiue 6 t qualities our quotations are difficult to roaiae . The supply of Oats from the country this m ° ™ " * was again liberal , but the demand being good , 1 *« week's rates were maintained . We have this wees a further arrival of about 2 , 000 sacks of Flour , » na the trade continues very depressed .. We again reduce our quotations Is . per sack , and even at tM » decline sales are with difficulty made . York Corn Market , Saturday , Mat l ^ --T ^ fine weather seems to have but little effect w inducing our farmers to bring forward ltf / F supplies of Grain , and though the millers are not » free buyers as of late , we do not alter onr quow tions for anything . .
_ Manchester Corn Market , Sat . May 1 . — T * J supplies of British produce from all quarters «»• tinue on the most limited scale : of Foreign «»» ports this week comprise 1958 quarters of wjm »* » nd 14 998 barrels of Flour . The duty on WW » has advanced la . per quarter , in anticipation , f r ~ some quantity of that article as well as of Floor v » been entered for home consumption . At our mwiw ^ this morning there was but little passing , w « * ° repeat the quotations of each article nomusuj — on this day se ' nnight . T inmmni Tabh Minllf MnWDAY . MAT * "T
Since this day se ' nnight the imports coastwue " from Ireland have been alike small of each arti cled the CorrfKide ; but there have arrived fromForei ^ ports 972-fqrs of Wheat , and 13028 brlsrf * Jj ^ Of Wheat , 6 , 448 qrs were released from . boW » w ™| the 22 nd to the 28 th- ult . inclusive , and it « «»«» that on the 29 , h ( previous to the re-advance m *» duty to 23 ^ 8 d per qr ) duty was paid on * bonM /^~ qrs , and 9 , 000 brls of Flour-of these the om ^ return has not yet been made . The qowU « T £ Flour offering for home consumptioni has aw °£ " increased by the arrival of 1 , 170 brls from H * W £ » N . S . Throughout the week the weather & « * exceedingly Ine . and the trade has ruled d « lt . ___
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O'CONNOR , Esq ., ef ___ B _ -me- « nil » . «*¦ ¥ Middlesex , by ^ OSHTJA HOBSON , at bto ^" ing Office ., No * 1 * and IS , MarketrtwJ . * J gate ; a « d PBblished by thesaid Jwnvi £ ©»» » ( fox the said F » a * OUI CCOhkob . ) at W » . J ^ JJ Ung-hooM , No , f . Market-street , Br *^ f , | lM internal CJomnHinieatlon existing betwn uj ¦ No . 5 , Market-a-ree ., and the salfl K <* " ^ 13 , Market-street , _| iigfaU , tbM eon-tltoW * whole of th « -aid Printlnfand P « Mi * WJ « -f ? ¦ . nePnaaiset- ¦ . .-kit * AUCommutdcatio-Ukmustbe addnawdi ( P * - ** P **' 3 . Bomok . No ' ' . then StatOffloe , Leeda iWurday . May S , I »« .
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MORE "RATS" ESCAPING FROM THE TRAP TO THK EDITOR OF THB NORTHERN STAR . Dear Sir , —I have this day sent to IJr , Lovett to withdraw my name , and others of Sudbury , who signed tbe hambug " movement" It being sent to me oh Saturday morning , and wishing me to be sure to em it to Bury St Edmunds , by return of post , I directly , without conrideration , signed it , and carried it to several friends of the Charter . I thought I waa doing my duty after I saw the names of Cleave , Hetberington , and Co . I hare thought several times since why that
d-spateh of returning by post ; it dearly ibowed all was not right . I am heartily sorry that such men should hava fallen out of the ranks to join that apostate Dan O'Connell nnd several of his crew . After I saw bis opinion upon the ¦ movement , " I condemned it directly . I am sorry I did not send and have niy name erased before . I neve , will step one inch from the People ' s Charter , nay , Universal Suffrage , and No Surrender . A long pull , a strong pull , and we must pull altogether . Union is strength . Yours , _ tc Joseph Goody , Baker , Cross-street , Sudbury . Sudbury , April 26 , 1811 .
Court Of Queen's Bench, Mat 3.
COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH , Mat 3 .
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THE CONVENTION TO THE PEOPLE . We , the Members of the Vlotlnr Restoration and Charter Convention of the industrious classes urge upon the working men of England , Scotland , and Wales , the' necessity of forwarding petitions for the above objects immediately to the Convention meeting , No . 66 , Old Bailey , London ;' A great number of petitions have been received . We thank you for your promptitude and patriotism . We earnestly implore of yoti to lose no time . Let an orer-whelming mass of signatures be procured .
In the number of petitions we rest onr hope sneoeas . Do not disappoint us . Agftate ! agitate ! agitate ! PetitionJ petition 11 petition 1 This movement will decide the al . im&to fate of Frost , Wiliiarns , and Jones ; and the prompt release of O ' Connor , O'Brien , and the rest of the incarcerated Chartists . If yon sympathise with them , then , agitate ; ii yon hope for their release , petition ; and rest assured that we , your faithful representatives , will use our untiring efforts to set the prisoners free ; and return the exiles to their home . ¦ . V
Morgan Williams , Secretary , pro tern . P . S . —Recollect the petitions must be sent off free of expenoe to 65 , Old Bailey .
The Illuminator.
THE ILLUMINATOR .
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In the Press , RICHARDSON'S BED BOOK , OB A PEEP AT THS PEEKS , ; Uniform with the BLACK BOOK , " 100 Pages . Price Fourpenoe , CONTAINING the Titles , Names , and Surnames \ J of all the Lords "Spiritual and Temporal , ' ' date of their births , to whom married , their connexions , the places , pensions , emoluments of office , sinecures and fat livings , of themselves , their children , and relations , in the Army , Navy , Law Courts .
Civil Offices , Church of England , and Colonial Departments ; their influence In the Commons ? House ; shewing the golden reasons for voting away the millions of taxes amongst themselves and their dependents . This little Book will solve the problem of the Peers " standing by their order . " Every reader of the "Black Book must have one of these companions , in order to contrast the splendour of the tax-eaters with the misery of the tax-payers , and work out the grand Bocial maxim— " Knowledge is power ; Union is strength !"
Now Publishing , POPULAR BLACK BOOK AND ALMANAC , FOR 1841 ; ; ' Which has obtained a higher eirenlation than any other kind in Britain . Also .
VINDICATION OF THE RIGHTS OP WOMAN ; By R . J . Richardsos , Price Twopenoe ; shewing their olaims to a share in the Legislature and Executive power in the State * London : J . Cleave , Penny GaMeltt offioe , Shoelane , Fleet-street ; Manchester , Heywood , Olditamatreet ; Leeds , Hobson , Star office ; Liverpool , Smith , Sootland-place ; Glasgow , W . Thompson , Cireviar office , Princess-street ; Birmingham , Guest , Stoelhouse-laue - Edinburgh , Duncan . High-street ; Hnddersfield , J . Leech ; Dublin , O'Brien , Abbeystreet : and R . J . Richardson , Id , Chapel-street , Salford ; Newcastle , D . Franoe j Sunderland , J . . Williams .
Local Markets.
LOCAL MARKETS .
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8 THE NORTHERN STAR . ... . ... ;¦ -. . .. ¦ . ;; . . . . . ¦ ¦ . '" ' : ' - '
Lebds:-Printed For Tbe Proprietor, V***®L
Lebds :-Printed for tbe Proprietor , V ***® L
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 8, 1841, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct378/page/8/
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