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Northern Star (1837-1852), 21st July 1838, Edition 2 of 2, Page 3, Untitled Article

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    • THE NORTHERN STAR. SATDRDAY, JULY 21, 1838.
    • ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE.
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      Untitled Article

      jjEW POGB iAW IN "TODMOBDEN . Tothe Board of Guardians ofVieTodmordenJji ^ n . Gt ^ rvsxza , —The events of-tke last -week i&ve been of a kind altogether new in this hitherto peace-^ Yallev , and -will be long remembered . These Sents , and the answers -which 1 am informedjqvl Wp given to questions put to you by the deputations of shop-keepers and others , who thought , it then-4 utv to wait on you , nave convinced me that to perspire jcst sow in carrying into execution thai , of Sjjch I , on behalf of my brothers and myself , liBve JSe&tedly given you noSee , would hazard the lives $ SX « ent and unoffending ; and that it would JU noeSect in indnang you to y » ld to theen-& of an immense ^ majority rf 3 P 5 SSI iminr

      —. _ TTPBUcS vn ou . itpv ' ¦" P "" - ^ . <_ !_„ , 4 . 1 ,. ; iKW ^ ttriffs SE ^ wi ^ SS = SK ^^« khWW-opened our wiato this day . _ One of jour board , a newly duhbf ^ official , with the military at his call , on Monday last made this assertion , " that he thought the Old Poor Law better than the New one . Mr . Fielden could Jiot suppose , that they would be able to prevent the new law being nnt into operation—that it was the law of theland , ind it would be put in force , or half the troop 3 m the country wouM be concentrated " here to effect it" I nit ? this gentleman if be has consented to be a tool

      to ' introduce thislftw , and with such a force ; he iboold not forget the efforts made by two near relatives of his , along with others , to disunite the township in which he and I live , and in which our forefathers have long lived , from other townships , not yet forty Tears ago 5 and the general satisfaction that has always been expressed at those efforts having been successful Bis assertion on Monday last , coupled with the fact of a military force having been sent -to Todmorden that day , and on Friday the presence of the commanding officer of the district , ( who , according to the newspapers , was in London would to lthat there

      on Monday . ) seem impy were other and " higher authorities in the back ground , ready and willing to j-upply the force , and to introduce tLe law amongst us by slaughtering the people , has been done in other parts . To oppose force to force , we are . not yet prepared ; but if the people , of ^{<; ani the surrounding districts are to be driven to the alternative of either doing so , or surrendering their local government into the hands of an unconstitutional board of law-makers , the time may not be far distant when the experiment . may be " tr ied , and 1 would warn those who provoke , the people to such a combat , of the danger they are incurring .

      You , Gentlemen , say this New Poor Law is the law of thflano—that j-onaro opposed toils prirciples mi details ; buuthst asitis the taw , it mcstbepat in force , and you wDl be tlse instruments to do it . Suppose a law to have been passed , requiring you to cut off the heads of all the poor people who * app Bed for parish relief , —and such a law would have been a merciful one compared with that which starves them to death by inches;—might you sot have used the same argument for cutting off their heads ? And would you be justified in doing it In support of this , I would refer you to the letter of Mt . Babtox , the chairman of the Board of Guardians of the Havant Union , addressed to the

      Ediwr of the Morning Chronicle , and recently jsnb-Isaed in that journal . In detailing the sufferings of the poor , under the New Poof Law Act , Mr . Barton says . —^ A jangln case of destitution , close to oar own doors , affects us more than a thousand such cases dispersed in distant countryparisnes ; sriflless is our sensibility affecitfd , when the sufferings endared do not exhibit themselves in a visible form , is immediate consequences -Of a privation of the necessaries of life , if -we heard that a-whole family had been found dead in their bsds from starvation , T ? -should be struct with horror ; "but the suffering is not less , or less real ( it is even greater , because more prolonged . ) if thev are so debilitated , bv a

      confinned privation of needful food and clothing , as graduallv to fall victims under the attacks of fever , consumption , or dropsy . I do not hesitate to express my conviction , that many hundreds , nay . thousand * of families in the agricultural districts , are 42 ow suffering these protracted miseries . '" ZUr . Barton , it further appears , is well acquainted with the practical working of the uew law . and would praise it if he conld ; his apology for addressing the publ . c ear is thns stated : —* ' Itis not till after having repeatedly and eamestlyremonstrated with the Commisskmers in private , nil after having used my best endeavour-toobtain a hearing before the Committee of the Hnn . » e of Commons , that I thus appeal to another tribunal . But having failed in these endea-Tonrs . 1 cannot in conscience suppress the painful apprehensions that I entertain on this snbject : also

      & 11 the dread that 1 feel of the effect of the measures of the Commissioners , during the forthcoming winter . " 1 know myself ,- that many have been uecious to give evidence before the-Committee of fie Hocse of Commons , who deeply deplore the suffering ? of the poor under this new law , bnt who hate not been allowed to do so ; while the Committee hare admitted the supporters and workers of it . and prevented them answering questions which wonld have proved its cruel operation . Mr . Pearce , chairman of the Board of Guardians of the Woburn Union , wa $ thus protected when I would have inquired into the case of the Widow Deacon , of Wobum , whose relief had been gradually withdrawn , sud who . in despair , from harsh treatment of the Guardian * . drown »» d her « elf in the moat of tb *> clergyman , under the walls of Woburn Abbey . -

      Bat how is it we have two Laws ? The New Law * & ¦ pa » . «« 3 in 1 S 34 , and wt ? have hitherto camVd Cfl our parochial affairs npiier the law which was iii being before J ? S 4 , and which is still in being . YouT tkeEywlK ) are but at besl u ) J-e ] eeled Uuart&aM , have the choir * either to allow us to continne to act under the Old Law , or to resign , and not bring tie ratepayer-- under a law of which you disapprove . The New Law is so far weak , at any rate , that it cannot be put in force without Guardians . No one can be compelled to be . or to remain a Guardian j to be one is a voluntary act , and no penalty or Tnmishinent attaches to refnsal I blame the Legislature for passing such a law ; but on Ton rests the

      odium , the responsibilityv and the consequences , ' of pntUBjf this law in force here ; and I am sure all the people in this neighbourhood think the same . Your " saying that if you do not put it in force , we shall be united to other townships , is a mere subterfuge , and degrading to those who use it . It amounU only 10 this that yoa will be tools to do us wrong , lest others should do so if you do not . What better v it than saying we ourselves will reduce the wages of &e poor , and cause thpm to perish of want , raih « T than suffer others to do it ? On a par with ibis begging of the question , is your saying you will resign rather than treatthe poor unkindly . Recollect if you get ihe relief of the poor into your , hands as

      toardiaas under the New Law , you are to be snbjecr to the rules , orders , and regulations of the Poor Law ' Commissioners , whatever they may be . Head your ^^ tructicins , and see how often this is repeated ; and read also the instructions they sent forth toother Boards of Guardians , in order that you - may know That they have already done , and how unsatisfactory their doing ? have been found to all humane Guardians . Recollect , too . that your office is not a Permanent one ; that if you continue in effice , you Enistbere-elected . If others succeed you , you know ' not ^ hat the y will do ; bu-if yon be reflected , and find h ^ cause you cannot do what yon now promise you * 21 do , von will then resigm ^ what will the state of

      " ® £ s wen be r Will you not have placed us in a poation identical with having no Poor Law at all , 222 thus confirm wist £ arl Fitzwilliam is reported kfely to have said in his place in theHeuse of Lords , ^ t&at the wfeeview to take of the Poor JLaw Amendment Act , is to consider it as the stepping stone to no Poor Laws at all . " If you be sincere in ycrar assertion , that you wish the poor to be better relieved , you have now more power to effect this by ^ regular attendance at the parish board than you * odd have when acting under the Cem-miaongrs * : — les * of yonr time too would be required , to secure oiore reKef to the poor . u"hen the New Poor Law f& » been pnt into operationhowever unsatisfactory

      , ^ workingmay be , I see no way for you to return to « e old law . It would be unwise therefore , on , Jour part , to hand over the poer and rate-P ^ ks , against their will , to the Commissioners of S ^ fcerset House , before you have secured those SBsfiiHiments in the new law , which you say are ^ JErei The new law was professedly given" *** & to the agricultural inteie ^ t : the boon was to ^ re a reduction of rates ; and the Noble Lord Jv ® offered it said , in answer to a question put to ias& * hen the Bill was passing through the Com-Sx " that no parish , whose affairs were managed T ^ need he under auorehension of being in terfered

      V ™ toy "the Commissioners . " - The principal criter ° ? ° * food management , Mr . Power , one of their ^ f * 11 ^ in his evidence recently given , says , is f lora e * , of the rates . Let Mr . Power then shew lsri U * can re 3 nce ^ rate's and , do what " gut to the poor , before ; -on become his slaves . Awi—?* ' wishing you may yet reconsider yonr gemination , and resolve that you will not be the prScSi P- to ™ 1216 the sound constitutional tkm t ? ^ " ^ ch requires taxation and representabr nL %° aDd - ™ tsnd ;—wishing you may do this , fC ^ ? " > act &a Guardians , and thereby allay / CST « i « arMaction which you know prevails , ^ 1 am , Gentlemen , Your ? , drc . . " JOHN FIELDEN .

      "awrnoe , July 16 , 1838 . S- I cannot hel p adding , as a point worthv of Lj ^ ° « serious conaderation , that your real dlffii » a mfT on ^ commence , when the period arrive £ T ™ erelief of thepoor being admimstered by tout wjT kL " ^ the" ofScen acting nnder it . Supplies knrf ft ^^ a J the rates will have to be collected ; ? " » «*» having diswarded the entreatiea o » your 'waer rate-payens thu may be ranch more difficult

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      to accomplish than you expect , eren with the threatened force at your back . Yon have h ^ ard that tithes could not be collected in Ireland , and if you pers evere , you may have the satisfaction of knowing , tnat rstes cannot be collected in England .

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      THE GREAT MEETING AT CARLISLE ., - Wehavereceired w many letters of disappointment at the omission in our last of the splendid speech , or Mr . O'Connor , at Carlisle , that we feel it necessary notwithstanding a press of other matter , to insert it below . '"¦ - ' ¦ " . ¦ ' , ' ' j A j Mr . O'Costjob came forward , and was greeted -with cheers and waving of ha , ts for several minutea . He gaid poor but honesty hard worked but badly paid , men of Carlisle , I thank you . He held in his hand a bill by which the meeting was convened , and by the concluding paragraph , he found that the committee had selected a subject for him ; it was the dependency of labour upon capital . ( Cheers . ) Though he was astranger , it appeared the committee

      were aware of his opinion ; for of allthe absprdiues in the world , the greatest was , an endeavour our jjreseiit Eyslem , to make labour . nflependent of capital . ( Cheers . ) He fcaew enough of Carlisle to know that there were 800 Hand-loom Weavers , over 21 years of age , and that , ont of that number , only 19 had votes , and consequently , those 19 were but poor make-weights in the struggle with the money-mongers for the complete dominion over their order . ( Great cheers . ) All , said Mr . O'Connor , tne people know to what I am coming : they are aware that if the 800 Hand-loom Weavers had votes , that the great improvement in machinery , which displaces them from their position , would be directed to the general comfort of man , and not to the

      advantage of those who trafficked upon labour , because : they had the protection of the lranchise . ( Cheers . ) Universal Suffrage , —( renewed cheering)—that , said Mr . O'Connor , is ike one , the great , the only balm for all your sores , and that you shall hare , said he , or with you I shall die in procuring it .. ( Uproarious applause . ) Now , said he , the Tory Patriot and the Whig Journal will denounce this on Saturday as extravagant whe r eas , the one would laud him if he preached the importance of a Town Councillor . ( Great laughter . ) What , said he , tken has the sop been thrown at one of your former Radical friends , andis he now either silenced , or hired to denounce him , Mr . O'Coanor ? ( Ch-ers , and aye you ' re right . ) These were th ? struggle * in which the people were

      courted . Thsy praised toe Whigs in pulling the Tory finger oui of the people's pockets , and , in return , they put in the whole \ V hig list . ( Great cheering . ) "W as it likely that if labour was in truth the only capital , that either Whigs or Tories would surrender any portion of that authority which turned labour to their advantage . ( Cheers . ) On Saturday , we shall hear that some few thousand raga-muflins assembled to hear the destructive Feargus O'Connor , but if tke Whig and Tory rubbish told the truth , and said that there was a strong sprinkling of soldiers cheering with'the people , — ( immense cheering , in which the soldiers joined )—If th- rubbish told thi > =. it wonld stagger those who reli « d upon what was called the discipline of the

      traops . ( Cheers . ) Look at them ( continued Sir . O'Connor ) are they not very like mea , and very like yourselves ? May they not have fathers and mothers , and cousins , and friends among you ? Bnt should they not , are they not quite sure to have hearts of freemen , in which neither red coat nor blue coat can stop the free course of the free blood of the freeman . ( Repeated cheers . ) No , no ; he was . not afraid of the soldiers ; but no matter , he hoped the time never would arrive when the people and the soldiers would be opposed to each other ; but ,-if it did come , he ( Mi . O'Connor ) woull fight upon the side of the people . Manv were the

      struggles which took place on that spot for a choice of evils ; and let the people , after all , thini fw a single moment that so general is corruption , and so rife is hypocrisy , that it make 3 no difference whether they sent a devil or an angel to the House of Commons . ( Cheers . ) What good is one white sheep iimong the black sheep ? And if they sent an angel , the rest would soon make a devil of him . ( Cheer < . ) The very first familiar word , "And will you give me the honour of yonr company at dinner in Downing-street to-morrow . " ( Cheers and laughter . ) There was the rub ! The night is spent in breathless ansietv to kiiow bv what means ftp

      representative can best discount his constituents , arid not onlv them , for the fools would deserve it , but how he can also discount your industry at the shrine of ambition . ( Cheers . ) Let us therefore , said Mr . O'Connor , give up , and forever , ihi' notion that a Whig L > better or worse than a Tory , or that a Tory is better or worse than a Whig , bnt tint both are privileged , when in power , toapariato all your money , and -when out of power , are interested in preventing you . at all events , from having any share in the distribution of y . > ur own wealth . ( Cheers . ) Now this meeting would pnzzTe them , for thev were in hope that the coronation pantomine would have served for a prop during the recess ; but thev are mistaken , as the people

      would take care to turn the holidays into iield-days for marshalling their forces . ( Immense cheering . ) Mr . O'Connor never did , never would condescend to address mem upon any substantive wrong ; nor indeed could they expect ihem . ^ lves to aid in the r ^< lress of a ^ :: ) ^ le gr ; evaiitv , or in the formation of an entirely ii ? w constitution , —( cheers)—and for this reason , the j » r «*? ei > t sy > u-m oppressed all , while the act of removing a single gr ievance might but benefit a small body of the community . ( Cheering . ) Then up like free " men . and let us throw off the whole burden with one gigantic struggle . ( Uproarious applause . ) What have the people to expect from the Whigs ? A tree is knuirn by its fruit—( chrer . -O—and let us not judge of those farmers of

      our rishU by one sample of legislation ; it would be unfair ; let us judge of them , as corn buyers do , by tops and bottoms . ( Laughter . ) At the top of the rank , then , we find the suspension of the Irish constitution , such as it was —{ shamn and cheers)—we find the coercion bill —( groans for them)—and at the bottom , we find the t-Tispenrfon of the constitution of Canada . ( Cheers . ) We learn that Lord Durham has taken into his own hands complete authority there , lest 3 fter consideration should attach odium to those acts which might be thought necessary . - ( Cheers and laughter . ) Now , this he thonght a most wise provision for indemnifying himself , but treason against the people . ( Cheers . ) Bat ( said Mr . O'Connor ) look to the press . The

      very journals who poured forth their execrations against the bloody Cumberland , for suspending the constitution of Hanover , laud the pigmy Durham to the . skies for slaying the constitution in Canada . ( Great cheers . ) Here is even handed justice ~ , and ibis from a Radical leader . ( Laughter . ) From such leaders , good Lord deliver us . ( Cheers . ) Mr . O'Connor then informed the soldiers and the people of the attempt to disturb the meeting at Newcastle , and assured the soldiers , that had the ha : r of a man ' s head been hurt , the barracks and the town -would have been in flames . ( Hear , hear , and cheers . ) He then addressed the well-dressed classes who skirted the meeting , and were in the windows , and showed the utter folly of endeavouring

      to withold the rights of the people . ^ He spoke at considerable length upon the Five Radical Principles , and the necessity of making a grand struggle out of the Hocse , since the right of petition had been destroyed . He complimented the trades upon their jtmction with the people , and assured them , that the interests of the tradesman and that of the humble labourer was precisely the same . He read a most cntting lectare to the fermer Radical * , who were silenced by a place in the council , and , above all , cautioned the people against reposing any confidence in the Alnxdcipal Reformers , who would , cut off the King ' s head -when they -wanted power , but who ¦ ¦ wonlct cut off the people ' s heads rather than share the power thev had secured for themselves . ( Great

      cheering . ) Here are thousands of hand-loom weavers , whose duty and allegiance , they are . told , is to fear God and honour the Queen , and all that are put in authority under her , while they find this allegiance and duty consists in sanctioning the enormous sum of £ 15 , 000 a year being takan from the wretched weavers and given to the idle Archbishop of Canterbury , the key-stone of the law church How many at 2 s . 4 id . a week woald that support ? Why , nearly 1 , 500 men and women and their children . ( Cheers . ) But he is pious , and loves God , because he partakes of the good thing € ; while you are called Infidels , because you do not believe " that God created 1 , 500 men and 1 , 500 women paupers , to bring up thousands of little paupers ,

      aDof whom , everyone , went to support one great Infidel , who believes in tidies , but does not believe in God , or he could not join in the oppression of his creatures . ( Repeated cheering . ) He could not conclude without expressing his great delight at having thus perfected the great chain between London and Edinburgh , and Glasgow . All the links- were now perfect . London , Birmingham , Sheffield , Manchester , Leeds , Newcastle , Carlisle , Glasgow , and Edinburgh , had now become forged as it were together , and although the wages of corruption were taken from the provinces to support the idle in the metropolis , yet a spirit was now growing up which nothing but justice could put down . Night , he said , was now about to close the glorious scene ; and as he had not breakfasted , he

      would conclude with this one observation . All men who advocated Democracy were called spies and hired mercenaries ; there were many such : but a * for himseifi he had never travelled a mile , or eaten a meal , at the expense of either Whig , . Tory , or Radical ; nor would ^ h * , as p ledged to his constituents , ever accept place , pension , or emolument from any Government save that which was chosen by I ' niver sal Suffrage . ( Load cheering . ) He was the really unpaid , underiating , unpurchasable rnend of liberty and sernint of the people . Mr . O Connor then retired amid w » nn £ of hats , and cheers that madB the bmldingB tremble , and the soldiers were not backward in their expression o \ gratification . Mr . OCosNDB again presented himself to acknowledge thevote of thanks which had been soenthusiasn cally carried . He returned to hear Hanson congra-

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      wate them npon their approach to the Town Hall . They werevupoiv the thresholdl The building , the whole buildiiw belonged to them , and he hoped soon to seethem id possession of the interior—( cheers > -for in truth since the Whigs had got there , the people had to pay even more toUs , and customs , and dues , to fatten the lean rats , than to keep the fat rats in good condition . ( Great laughter . ) All Had done him the honour to express satisfaction , Words are but wind , . . ¦ --:-: ' . _ ¦ - Actions speak the mind . So let . them suit the action to the word , and this night form an association , a Radical association . ( Cheere , and Daniel o'Cdnnell will put us down . ) This was the signal for Mr . O'Connor , who seized the opportunity , and turning to the man who made

      the observation , he said , wifi he ? He has run the length of his tether ; the force which he dared to oppose has put him down—he kicked down the laduer before he reached the snmmit —( loud cheers ) and if he ( Mr . O'Connor ) stood alone , he would put him and his servile tail out of joint , or make them do justice , real justice , to Ireland . Mr . O'Connor then entered at considerable lengthy by moonlight , into the question of Trades' Unions , fully justifying their proceedings , and making it appear that all other Unions ^ were monopoly , forestalling , usurious , and unconstitutional ; while an Union , to protect labour was a sacred daty , and constitutional . He drew a picture of O'Connell sitting between Barny M'Cleary and the Lord Mayor , in their battle

      . against . the Irish Unions , while Canada was mourning his absence , which drew tears from the meeting . He followed O'Connell through his whole career , showing him to be the veriest hypocrite in existence , and closed the scene with a picture of Ireland—her sufferings and credulity which never will be forgoUen by the hearer * . Mr . O'Connor then gave a specimen of a Tory and of a Whig addressing a constituency at a contested election ; and drew the picture so near to life as to convulse the whole meeting with laughter , so that it was impossible to give anything like a correct report . He again returned thanks , and concluded a speech which has given more thaa satisfaction , and , which is still better , has been the means of

      formnig an Association of the unrepresented . The market-place "was crowded to the last ; * the most perfect order was observed , and Mr . O'Connor spoke in a tone of voice , capable of being heard at a distance beyond the meeting , from the stillness of the night . He came forward for another moment and said , working men , tbe press has been your bitterest foe . The servility of the press has made such demonstrations as the present necessary , and when ! discovered this fact , I armed myself with its power , and to day I have not come alone . I was not fool enough to leave my address and your response in the hands of either Whig or Tory ,. so . 1 have brougat a reporter at my own expense , and your meeting shall go to the world through the medium of the Northern Star . Mr . O'Connor then

      retired amid cheers and blessings which followed hiin to his hotel . The most anxious admirer and cr itical reporter can givf » but a faint idea of the effect of Mr . O'Connor ' s address upon the meeting . It was one continuous and uninterrupted strain of eloquent invective , and argumentative denunciation against the opposers of free institutions , and what most astonished his hearers was , the correct knowledge which he seemed to possess of all local matters , even to the names of the local parties and their former professions and present opinions .

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      THE LONDON DEMOCRATIC ASSOCIATION TO THE DEMOCRATS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND . Fellow Citizens , —During the last few weeks , we have addressed you on subjects of momentous importance to yourselves—of vital interest to the working classes generally . But before we can reasonably expect any generally response to these appeals , it is absolute necessary that you should be tolly . informed-as to who and -what we are ; our object ! as ay association , and the means whereby we purpose to achieve these object * . Briefly , we state that we are working men , who , having devotd the flower of our youth—the morning of our days to the sacred cause of our country ' s regeneration , onlv , hitherto , to meet with

      disappointment , to see our brightest hopes blasted , aud the visions of by-gone years vanish as the mist of the early dawn , have resolved to concentrate our energies into one great , united , unceasin ? effort for the . attainment of our rights ; firmly resolving , that our Association , once established , shall be maintained through all future difficulties and dangers unt il the object ? , for the attainment of which it has been founded , have been achieved , the tyrants of our conntrv punished for their crimes , oppression for ever cast down , and the sovereignty ot the people established by the victorious triumph of the great principles of democracy . In accordance with these our heart-felt sentiments ,, we proclaim to our countrymen the following as our objects , to obtain which , we are united heart and hand .

      First . —Tbe objects of the Democratic Association are , to avail itself ot every opportunity in the progress of society , for practically establishing the princip les of Social , Political , and Universal Equality . Second . —To this end , they desire to unite the unrepresented of all cla .-ses into one bond of fraternity , for the attainment of Universal Suffrage : this Association being convinced that , until the proletarian classes are fully and faithfully r < presented , justice in legislation will never be rendered unto them . Third . — To obtain , in addition to the extension of the . Suffrage to every adult male : that the country be divided , according to the population ,, into equal electoral districts . That the elections of the Legislative Assembly be taken annually : the Legislators

      to receive wages of at ; endance : and the only qualification required , to be the confidence , ol the electors . In other worfls , to obtain an effectual Reform of the Commons' House of Parliament , the the basis of which shallbeUniversal Suffrage ; equa ] Representation ; Annual Parliaments ; No Property Qualification ; and Payment of Members . Fourth . —To devise every possible means and to make every exertion to remove those oppressive , odious , and unjust enactments that . prevent the free circulation of thought through the medium of an untaxed and honest press . Fifth . —To procure the totalandunqualified repeal of the infamous New Poor Law Act , and a restorat ion of the spir it of the 43 d of Elizabeth , with such improvements as the circumstances of the country

      may require . Six . ' —To promote an abridgement of the hours of labour in factories and workshops , and the tothl abolition of infant labour altogether . Even in the present artificial state of society no adult person should be required to -work more than eight hours per day , especially while so many thousands are without employment at all . Seven . —To support , as circumstances may determine , by all available ineans ,, every rational opposition made by working men against the combination and tyranny of capitalists , whenever the latter shall seek to reduce the wages of labour , extend the hours of toil , or institute proceedings against the labourer , the character of which proceedings in the estimation of the association shall be deemed vexatious and oppressive . Eight . —To promote public instruction and the diffusion of sound political knowledge .

      And finall y the great object , end , and aim , of this association is the destruction of inequality and the establishment of general happiness . Feliow-Countrymen , these our objects cannot fail to be well understood by all , and require no comment from \ is—except thatas will be seen , we have chosen to adopt all that we considered to be wise and good in the objects of associations , formerly or at present in existence , rather than anynew worded list of our own having the same meaning . We reserve for another address the exposition of the means by which we hope to obtain the objects here stated . Yours Fraternally , The Members of the London Democratic Association , ( Signed on their behalf , ) JOSEPH FISHER , Chairman . GEORGE JULIAN HARNEY , Secretary . Market Coffee Rooms , Smithneld , } July 2 nd , 1838 . S

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      EMANCIPATION OF THE PEOPLE . The first , and by far the greatest , difficulty in the way of emancipating the people , and setting on foot a society founded on a truer basis , was the want of funds , but means have been found to overcome this obstacle by means of extending throughout the kingdom associations similar to that . -established at Wisbech , under the name of the United Advancement Society , the nature of which is as follows : — The organization and constitution of this Society contain * the germ of that which by expansion and extension may emancipate the labouring classes everywhere from their present position .

      . It consists in laying aside from their earnings sixpence per week to form a fund with which to purchase land , so that the working classes may become landowners , lords ot the soil , collectively if not individually . And by the contribution of tbe weekly deposits after thf land is boognt , to construct , for themselves spacions , healthy , beautiful habitations , in lieu of the small , unhealthy , wretched cabins they at present inhabit , and thus to bring about a state of Society , that those by whose labour the food is produced , the habitationsraised , and the clothing manufactured , shall , themselves be well-fed , welllodged , and well-clad , and their children be welleducated . Now , although many af the labouring classes may be unable to set aside sixpence per week , the fact ,

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      thatsb many of them ; spend wasterajly and injuriously to themselTCs a considerable sum in the purchase of beer , proves that they might do it if it were shewn to jnem that by so small a sum such beneficial resulfe would he accomplished ; Then , can they- be accomplished ?— that is the question . 1 know many at a first glance , will say , the means are too small to accomplish the end . Just let us see . Five hundred persons forming such a society , and depositing sixpence per week , become possessed of six ^ hundred and -. ' thirty pounds in the short space of twelve months ^ Five thousand persons accomulate between six and seven thousand pounds in the same time . : Five hundred thousand

      persons ; nearl y seven hundred thousand ¦/ pounds . Fire million persons nearly seven million sterling per annum ; and so in proportion with a larger of smaller number . ' The constitution of the society is that of universal suffrage and vote by ballot in the choice of its officers . The security to the members ; consists in the appointment of five or more Trustees ' , chosen by themselves , in whose name the money is vested on behalf of the society , which being enrolled under the law which regulates Friendly Societies , is protected by Act of Parliament .

      If from change of residence , want of employment , or any other cause , a member wishes to withdraw , he or she receives back the whole sum deposited by him or her , "When a purchase of land is made some modification : of this rule may become necessary , bv ^ t to effect an alteration a general meeting niust be held , up to which time it is quite right there should be the power of withdrawal . The Society in Wisbech haying now been

      established a few months , and having acquired property to the extent of nearly Two Hundred Pounds , are desirous of seeing the princi ple carried out . They therefore recommend their fellow labourers in other towns to form branch Societies . It is thought wise that each tpwH should choose its own Trustees , and thus have charge of its own funds . Nevertheless , when , from the multiplication of societies , a large sum is .. accumulated , all , or several societies , may uniteifenr"ifund 8 for the purchase of one or more

      estates of magnitude , instead of several smaller ones , for the best members from each Society may be drafted out tobe the first occupiers of the Promised Land , " or the Land of the People , until , by the superiority of the arrangements , and continued accumulation , the whole population may be placed in circumstances equally advantageous . —Star of ( lie East .

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      The Editors of u , The Northern Star" wish to be distinctly tirulersloodthat in affording a vehicle for the discussion uj areul Public Questions , they are not to be identified with the Sentiments or the language of their several' Correspoiidents ,

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      TO THE EDITORS OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Gentlemen , —I was not a little surprised to find myself the object of fierce personal crimination in the Star of Saturday last , not being aware that I had committed any offence at all calculated to provoke this proof that you are capable and not unwilling to " return rniUng for railing . " I shall abstain from remarking on the moral characterit indicates , being free to believe that it * symptoms were induced by transient and mistaken causes , and which only need explanation to obtain from you a full and frank acknowledgment . I content myself , therefore , with most emphatically denying having employed any such language as that you attribute to me , ai ) 4 which occasioned the article in question . The only reference which I made to the Star was in consequence of an- assertion made by a Socialist tO the effect that , in the course of my lecture , I had denied principles which he had obliged roe to admit in public discussion at Leeds ;

      winch admission , he affirmed , was inserted in the Star by Mr .- Hobson , who wa « present on the occasion referred to . In rebutting this charge , Iremarked that if any such statement had appeared in theStoi" , it should be received with caution , inasmuch as Mr . Hobson is himself a Socialist ; and tor my own part , in this particular , I regarded the Star asno authority . This is positively the wkole amount of my *' attack " upon your journal ; and 1 appeal to your candour , and to * the candour of your readers , if it be sufficient to justify the serions assault which youhaveinade against nay personal character . If an } ' such admission as the one referred to above ever found its way into your coluttms , I have no doubt that you inserted it as news ; and , therefore , I most cheerfully acquit you ot any intentional misrepresentation . Haa 1 designated the ivriters in the Star as "Infidels , " 1 unhesitatingly grant that I should have been consciously guilty of " base and mulicinus falsehood . "

      In reference to ' th <» Leeds Temperance Society , I beg to iuform -you , ; that the transactions to which yon all tide were of a strictly private nature , and that none of the parties ' most concerned ' ever accused me of the charge you wish to convey . I desire also to inform you that what I stand indebted to the . Workin ! . ' Alan's Association is the fulfilment of a voluntary promise to contribute to its funds , which 1 shall nave great pleasure in discharging so sooti as circumstances will allow There are some other remarks of an exceedingly uncharitable , impertinent , and puerile character ,

      which 1 regard as the offspring of ' . passing excitement , and . therefore undeserving of reply . J may state , however , in conclusion , that when your correspondent charged me with asserting that " the Owenitfis ought not to be permitted to go into community without giving security for the public morals , " he palmed upon you a base fabrication of his own fertile fancy . 1 most strongly deprecate all coercion in such matters ; let them be put down by fair argument or not at all . , Relying upon your general candour and love of fair play for the insertion of this communication , I remain yours resDPctiullv ,

      WILLIAM PALLISTER Leeds , July 18 th , 1838 . [ We have great pleasure in giving insertion to this letter , because we think every man should h » tv « fair play . 'The statement of Mr . Pallister's attack on us was made by several parties on Whose veracity we placed the most implicit reliance . And us Mr . P . admits that if he had made such an attack he mu .-= t have been consciously guilty of "base and malicious falsehoods "—rhe cannot be surprised that we , believing the fact to be so , thought it necessary to shew the public that he who was capable of making such an attack , was unworthy of credit . Tin statement of our informant , and Mr . Pallister's denial , are now before the public ; and those who were at the lectures must decide on their relative accuracy . Fully desirous of injuring no man unfairly , we think it right also to give , the following letter received from a respectable Socialist , in Halifax , since the above was written . —Ed . Northern Stau . ]

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      TO THE EDITORS OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Halifax , July ¦ , 18 th , 1838 . Gentlemen , —! feel bound in honour to state that the report conveyed to you respecting Mr Pallister and the Northern Star is not Ktrictly trueV . whoever has been the reporter ; for I was present during the whole of thp three lectures , and must have heard something of ic had it buen . such as it is represented to be . Mr . Millington was more the aggressor a great deal than Mr . Pallister , for it was him who brought forward the two Leeds papers , as it respects the articles which have appeared in them wrote by Socialists as he stated , and which they lavishly declared to be

      Infidels ; but on the second mght of meeting , he came forward and . stated expressly that he wished riot to be misunderstpod -with respect to the remarks that he hadmade on the Leeds papers ; for he believed that neither the proprietors nor editors were Socialists or Infidels . The worst remark that I heard Mr . Pallister make was tins , " why any body knows what the Northern Star is , " which was said at the spur of the moment , when his friends were doing their best to backhim out ; had worse been . said 1 should have noticed it myself . The chastisement for all that , may perhaps do him good , for 1 must say that his impudence was unpardonable in some respects . ¦ I remain , Gentlemen , Your obedient Servant , R . T .

      Untitled Article

      TO THE EIGHT HONOURABLE LORD

      brouqham : and vaux . My Lord , — -Inreading one of the public journals the other day ,, ! perceived that your Lordships have been engaged in areview of the conduct and expressions of Joseph Ray . ner Stephens ,: in reference to that abomination of desolation , yclept , the , Poor Law Amendment Bill . You , my Lord , as its father , wishful to protect your own oflspring , even should that offspring be a personification of the devil ; , are said to have stood forward conspicuously . But what I have to call your Lordshi p's attention tomore particularly on that occasion , is an assertion made by

      you , in reference to your own language , used while canvassing for the representation of the county of York . You are there made to sayy that you never did give utterance to the following expression at Birmingham , u That the heads of Kings would , at tone day , become playthings for little boys to kick along the streets . ;" , in proof of which , you declared , that you never stayed at that place , except to change horses > This is all very fine , my Lord , and strikingly depicts the powers of quibbling in that class of men amongst whom you rank , so high , whose trade is based on fraud , tergiversation ^ and falsehood . Wereyou aware ,

      Untitled Article

      mj j ydrd , thatfiirmingham was not in the sotmty ot ; York , orhadyouany recollection of having used the expressions at Sheffield f Just tax those great powera ^ of : meajorjryon possess , aiid honestly de ^ : Q f , y ° ^ make use of them , ) thatit was at Sheffield ,, in the ^ est Riding of the county of York , and that it was then yonr undisguised opinion . You snow , my Lord , men's opinions change by circumstances ; and if your elevation to the situation you at present occupy , taking into accouni the strange conglomeration of circtinutances by which yon are surronnded , hOtye wrought this extreme ( RhangemyourLordshi p'sppinions , be honest , as Was Archbishop Granmer , in avowing ; the change you on that occasion are said to ^ have appealed to their

      lordships to know if that was your general mode of expressing yourself , and it is there stated that the answer yon ; received was a laugh . What a comfortable maniaer : noble lords appear to have of answering very important questions . This alOne is proof sufficient that you have emerged ou » of one atmosphere into ; another , as you used to be wont to compel answers from those you appealedW But , my Lord , your lite presents one continued scene of shuffling and change . Did you not in 1814 , when a vacancy was likely to take place in the representation of Westminster , in consequence of Cochrane ' s impeachment , declare to Major Cartwrjgbt , that you were an advocate for Universal Sufirage , Annual Parliaments , and Vote by Ballot ? and did you hot

      immediately afterwards , when that question was brought before the House byLord Cochrane , give your opposition to it ? and did his lordship produce your own hand writing to prove your advocacy of the principles in question ? Did you not then change and endeavour to quibble away the meaning of your own document ? but passing over agreat portion of your Lordshi p ' s public life , did yon not , after your return for this countydeclare , in the House of Gommoiis , that you had arrived at the summit of your wishes , as representative for the great county of York ? and did you not , in the same place , a short tinie afterwards , declare , thittyou -were reaily at any time , to sacrifice your life in defence of the Aristocracy of your country : and were you not , almost

      immediatelyvelevated to the peerage ? Did you not , in your famous speech on the Reform Bill , —I mean , famous on account of its length , —declare , that the man whose house was not worth a shilling had an equal " right to a voice in the represehtation , with a man whose house was worth a thousand pounds ? Did you not in the same speech , in reference to the Ballot , make use of the following words ? " Who has ever conceded less to the mob or the rabble , or the populace , than I have done ? Have not I shewn them the delusion of their favourite Ballot ? " And in the same speech , did not you say , " I now come to speak of the people , not the mob , or the rabble , or tae populace , but the respectable ten pound renters . ' " Thus drawing

      a complete line of demarcation through the great body of the people . These , my Lord , are a few of your Lordship ' s own expressions , which fully carry out the idea that men are given ' to change . I now come to one of your Lordship ' s tr icks ' ot more recent date , repotted in the public press of last week , where you are made to say , that so convinced were you of the baneful influence of the beer-shops , and the encouragement they afforded to vice [ of every description , that you would present to the House a bill to repeal that Beer Act , and concluded by laying your bill on the table , which , if carried into effect , would put an end to the operation of the Beer Act after the 1 st of April next . Your ally , the Duke oi Wellington , is next reported to have

      risen changed , like your Lordship , by disowning his own child—^ the Beer Act—and standing godfather to your Lordship ' s bill for starving the people . What a strange being this noble Duke must be ! When he has not the privilege of . shooting the people , he is determined to assist you to starve them . You , my Lord , have now both agreed to join in the cry of " Blood , blood , blood ! " Beware , my Lord , lest you engender this cry in the people . You may goad them on to the sticking point ; but mark , it ' you do , there will be terrible work ; and perhaps your Lordship would not be able to escape to your nice villa on the Continent . But . to the subject . You are reported to have said in reply , that you have listened with great delight to the

      observations of the noble Duke , and that you considered that the sentence of death had gone forth against the beer-shops , that it was only respited for forms which must be complied with before it could be finally executed . Really , my Lord , after this I shall certainly be led to question your sanity .. The mandate has gone forth from the Duke of Wellington , against one of the laws of England , and it is virtually repealed . Why , reall y my Lord , I can scarcely believe that your lordship did make use of the words , but if you did the people can require no stronger proof of your madness , and , therefore , I should recommend your relations to remove you to some place of security . Yes , my Lord , when you declare the people of England , to be under a military

      despotism—that the laws of this country only require the sanction of that military despot , " ( with whom you appear to have formed an alliance . ) for their repeal , is one of the most strange assertions ever made in any legislative assembly . ls ow , my Lord , you have been and still continue agreat stickler for vested interests , this being the case , I want to know from your Lordship , if vested interests are not granted and protected by Act of Parliament ? If they are , and we . have no other protection be careful how you begin toplay with vested interests . You , my Lord , may reply and say that you always take care when tbe vested interests of the rich are in any degree assailed by the voice of the people ; that you make a provision for the loss .

      by an- enactment granting compensation . The £ 20 , 000 , 000 to wit , granted to the aristocratic slave holders , but the beer-sellers are a set of plebeians . This , certainly makes a great difference , but let me ask your Lordship and other Noble Lords , if you possess property in this country , do your Lordships ever play with each other's property by making Acts of Parliament to render it valueless ? No , my Lord , yoa are a privileged order , which appears to to give you a license to induce men to embark their property in a line of business , after which you exercise such license by defrauding- them of the property so invested , and which you pledge yourselves by act of Parliament to protect . Do you think my Lord ,

      that the people of this country will submissively continue to be mocked , insulted , bullied , and robbed , by an irresponsible faction tor ever ? I tell you no ; and should your robbery bill pass into a law , thousands in this country will make it an act of kindness , by still continuing the business and saving the expense of Licenses . Your present correspondent being one of the number engaged in the trade , thus informs your Lordship that he for one will , if you rob him of his property by law , continue the sale of the articles in which he deals contrary to law . I remain with all the respect I possibly can have for your Lordship , Your Lordship ' s humble servant , PETER BUSSEY . Bridge-street , Bradford , July 10 th , 183 S .

      Untitled Article

      MEETING OF THE NORTHERN "UNION AT LEEDS . The progress which the Northern Union is making in this foatas of / t'higgery i » indicative of the speedy overthrow of that system of delusion , for which the town of Leeds has been so long distinguished . The working classes have too long been led astray by a knot of pious , long-faced , canting political charlatans , who , in saint-like slang , spoke of their attachment to the cause of reform , wnile they would not asmuchiui lift one of their fingers to remove the least particle of that onerous load of oppression which' --sinks' honest industry to the dust . But this cheating is now become too notorious to succeed in

      future . Such pseudo-reformers never come forth to aid the operatives in the attainment of their rights , —for aught these creatures care , the operatives may be ground to ppwder , and their children murdered with impunity in Moloch ' s cursed dens , —all this , and more , the working men know , and they are acting wisely in casting faction and its agents aside , and in determining to do their own work themselves , —this they must , if they would have it done well . ' ' - At ameeting of the Union , held on Monday evening last , at Mr . Standing's Temperance Colfee-house , a little above Kirkgate-end , Briggate , the follovfing resolutions were proposed by "W , Rider ; seconded by Mr . John PeacocK ; and carried unanimously .

      L—That the members of this Union are resolved , steadily and zealously , to persevere in their endeavour to obtain their natural and imprescriptible rights ; and are determined not to become the panders of' party , nor be the willing tools of any ambitious political adventurer ; yet , they will , at all times , cooperate with every man , or number of men , whose object is to effectuate such a change in the laws , and the administration thereof , as shall secure , to every man , ixi the British dominions , the full enjoyment ot tliose rights which nature , reason , and justice , aer clare to belong alike to all . . ¦ -.- " ,. , Union tend

      2 . —that the mtmbers of this , con that A Nnuax PARtiAMENTS are essentially necessary for the maintenance of an honest House of Commons —that as all men are born equal in respect of their rights , and as that which is the right of one individual , as a man , must be the right of another , this meeting is , therefore , of , opinion that ^ UiyivERSAi . Suffrage is the only foundation on which government ought to stand ; and it is the only one on which good government can stand—that Voting bv BAtLOT is necessary to prevent corruption at elections , and to protect the humble ; voter from the unjust influence of those on whom he may be dependant ; and thatvirtue and talent are more requisite ctalifications in Members of Parliament , than the possession of wealth . This meeting , therefore , de-mand the adoption of those principles , and declare their determination never to rest satisfied with

      any less extensive measures of Reform . 3 . —That this Union being convinced that . the miscalled Poor Law Ajiendment ( . ' ) Act , " « 3

      Untitled Article

      direct alid w holesale robbery : < jf the ^ Poor ; that iti » unconstitutional , inhuman ^ unchristian , and inmlttegto the Author of our Beirigf now declare lha * they .: vilt ( in ^ conjunction ^^ mth tfieir fellpw ^ conntrjrmen , )' oppose evory attempt to enforce ite provi sions ; and if our tyrants ' assay to enforce itbfUha point of the bayonetvwe will resist it with the same . The . ineeting having been prolonged to a late hour , it was proposed by Mr . Jones , and seconded l > y a person whose name was ; not ascertained , "That the-principles contained in the resolutions should be further commented on at the next vreekly meeting , which will be holden at the same place , oa Monday-evenmg next , at eight o'clock . As the proceedings will commence 1 ar the time specified ( eight p clock ) , the membera are reqnested to b& punctual in their attendance .

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      _ False Alarm . —On Saturday last , the town of Barnsley was thrown into a greater ; consternatioit than when , the 26 unfortunate beings Were called from hence into eternity , by the thunder storm / at Silkstone . A person came into Barnsley from the collieries of Messrs , Field , Coopers , and Co . at New Silkstonej , galloping down the town as fast as possible , and making his way to the surgery pi Mr . G . I ! , Satiph . An alarm was at oHcegiyenj that a large number had been killed by an explpsipn of fire damp . In the end it was affirmed that 150 persons had lost their lives at the above collieriesi This caused hundreds to repair to the place , but on arriving there , they were gladly disappointed in learning that only one person had been hurt , and not very materially . '

      Hibernian Society . —At a meeting of the Hibernian Society's Committee , held on the 5 th instant , at the house of Mr , Patrick Fitzsunmons , ' Head : of the Tide , Newcastle-on-Tyne , it was resoiVed vinanimously " That the thanks of this Society be presented to Feargus O'Connor j Esq . for the invaluable services which he has rendered to the people of these realms— especially to his manly opposition to the Irish Coercion Bill , and his Stem and unflinching opposition to the " Whig Poor Law . AmendmentBili ' during the progress of that

      infamous ' meagure in the syepphautic House of Commons , for the establishment of the Northern ; Star ^ and for his praiseworthy conduct at the great . meeting lately holden at Newcastle-on-Tyne ; with all the other unpaid services which he has rendered to our unhappy and oppressed countrymen . Accustomed as we have been to be deceived by , those whom we have both raised to power and paid to support , no man , in whose veins flows Irish blood , can be unmindful of the mighty sacrifices which , the family of O'Connor have made in the attempt to emancipate their country .

      Effects of Lightning . —A very fine oak tree , in the Park of the Duke of Buckingham , was shivered into shreds by lightning , lately ; every particle of the outer bark was torn off the trunk and larger branchesj and scattered to a . distance of sixty yards from the tree . The fibres of the wood itself were separated into fragments like thread . A partridge was found dead within forty yards of the trunk , and had evidently been killed by the explosion .

      The Northern Star. Satdrday, July 21, 1838.

      THE NORTHERN STAR . SATDRDAY , JULY 21 , 1838 .

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      LOSS TO THE PUBLIC BY CHANGES IN " THE FORM OF GOVERNMENT ; ESPECIALLY WHEN THAT GOVERNMENT SO FAR LACKS GENERAL CONFIDENCE AS TO BE COMPELLEB TO SUPPLY THE WANT OF VIRTUE BY THE USE OF GOLD . When tbe Government of a country represents , not only not the whole people , but not even the majority of'tne constituent body , who . should be the trustees of the people , some means , beyond what

      prudence suggests , or justice sanctions , must be resorted to , to preserve power in the hands of the ruling party . Hew those means may vary in amount , has been sufficiently made manifest , by the continuous increase in our general expenditure . Under any system of Government , by which the whole people are not represented , funds beyond those necessary for the mere exigencies of . the State

      must be raised , either directly or indirectly , as the wages of corruption ; and the required amount must at all times depend upon the strength of the dominant party . Should that party be sufficiently powerful to beat down opposition , with the mere support which constitutional appointments furnish , no great experiment in the art of corruption will be required in order to strengthen the hands of such a Government . The Members in such eases

      content themselves with what is considered a strict adherence in their appointments to old and recognised abuses ; but when two rival parties in a State are so nearly balanced , that a single vote becomes a matter of consequence , then does a vote rise in price , just as . any other marketable commodity becomes more valuable as it becomes more scarce . Such is precisely our present position . Under the old Tory rule , that party had sufficient support from appointments which" fell to their disposal in the usual way of business . Borough patronage , Corporate influence ,

      Army and Navy appointments , together with Civil appointments , and the Civil List , the Pension List , and Secret service money , the Church , Excise , and Customs . Prom these sources the Tory party derived sufficient patronage to hold their enemies at defiance in ! England ; while the appointment of Sheriffs . alone made them omnipotent in Ireland . The Sheriff had the nomination of grand jurors , who had at their disposal the entire road-money and county rates , afi'd other funds and appointments throughout the kingdom , which insured to tbe partisans of the

      system a ready support from those who lived upon its abuses . The long and almost uninterrupted reign of Toryism gave to that party all the suppert which those appointments were capable of creating . The Judges are appointed for life , and will not die or resign to please either Whig or Tpry . Officers in the Army and Navy purchase or receive their appointments for life . Tenure under the Civii List is ; in general , a good title , and the Pension List one for life . In the Post-office , Horse Guards , " Admiralty , Customs , and Excise , there are many places

      which , if not altogether independent of Government are sufficiently so to make the whole patronage which legitimately falls to the lot of an experimental administration , , insufficient , for the purposes of a Government struggling for existence ; and attachment , to which , from its want of stability , must be dearly purchased . The firm position of the Tories made them so far independent , as to enable them to meet the . demands upon them , by the expectancy of what might fall out , and their rule being considered permanent , the reversion was good security

      for present support . The Reform Bill , however , created a new description of franchise , and consequently new patrons , and with them new applicants' , who from great and recent service upon the one hand , and the instability of Government upoa the other , were not satisfied with the windfalls which fell in the usual course , and consequently a completely new order of patronage was established , as extenswe in-its nature j as were the Reform locusts la number . It was accomplished by the creation of an . ' . " imperium in imperio , " of a nature sufficiently sweeping to leave the Tories in undisturbed possession of Tory appointments , while

      new ones were created with an unsparing hand for Whig supporters . Thus have we two expensive establishments , the one which the Tories , though out , are sufficiently powerful to defend for their friends in ; reserve , and the other a substitute for the weakness of the Whigs , they not being sufficiently powerful or honest to make a general , assault upon Tory abuses . Ih out next >; we shall point out the hew and constitutional appointments ,, both at home and abroad , which have been resorted to as substitutes for Whig inability— -through duplicity—to possess themselves of the usual modes of corruption .

      Original Correspondence.

      ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE .

      Untitled Article

      July 21 , 1838 . THE NORTHJ ^^^^^ , ; , ^ . :. ., ,. ' ; ^ : ; ^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 21, 1838, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct352/page/3/