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Northern Star (1837-1852), 7th August 1852, Edition 1 of 2, Page 5, Untitled Article

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      ^^ THE FALL OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC . Bt Xavikr Dorrkw . ( Ttawlatea expressly for the * Stab orlasraou' ) THE REPUBLICAN CARGO PUT OS BOARD . We arrived at Havre at one o ' clock . At haU-past one we ttere on board the Canada , which had to take us to Brest , whae the Dnguesclin lay ready to carry us without loss of time to Cayenne , A narrow plank , which bent beneath the 00 00 r ~ nnTTt ? TAT . l . f \ J ? 'POP TTHKNiTri

      feet of the prisoners passed from the quay to an old rotten frigate which was unfit for use ten days after . The ^ ailors were on the deck , armed with their boarding-axes- ; everywhere were gendarmes , with p istols in their belts , menacing gait , and irritated Iook 3 . They foresaw that they also bad to put ta sea for Cayenne , and they-would ¦ willingly hare revenged themselves npon ns for an op inion as unpleasant as nnforseen . On the poop the Captain , Adolphe Bonet , himself hastened forward the preparations for embarcation ; he walked to and fro , cursing the sailors , too slow at their tasks , and the prisoners , too slow in crashing together .

      Arrived on the deck , we took different directions , according to the position of the little provisional gaols to which * e were destined on the square-deck , in the baiteries , in the smallest woiks , beside the steam engine . I was myself placed on the square-deck ; I entered one of two compartments , or rather of two cages , which had been made with the help of black and dirty planks into a sort of railing . It was a space of about twenty feet long by twelve broad ; but at least a quarter of it was taken up by a mass of rabbiah . In front five rays of doubtful and changing light pierced the wooden wall . These were the scuttles that they

      were obliged to leave open in order not to suffocate us altogether . \ e were atready smothered . Yet the black wave of prisoners continued to descend the shaking staircase . The ; entered unceasingly , and crushed into every corner . Tormented already by the sea the old frigate , as soon as the anchor had been lilted , pitched violently , then rolling to one side , threw us upon each other . It put me in mind of tbe winnowers , who , in order to get as mnch corn as possible into their sacks , raise them up and let hem quickly down again . When the shaking was over we were a hundred and four in a space where thirty could hardly be without being too much crushed !

      The preceding evening I read a t the fortifications of Ivry in he " Memoires de Philippe de Comines , " a description of the iron cage in which he was enclosed by his gracious sovereign , Louis XI ., and by the not less gracious Regent Anne de Beaujeo , the tutress of Charles , VIII ., Louis Bonaparte , distanced Louis XI . I thought of Philippe de Camines , but 1 no longer pitied him ; I envied his iron cage . THE STYE . We were long before remembering each other , and still lsnger before exchanging—not a ahake of the hand , for that was impossible—but a look ffith the friends whom we had not seen at the fortification . In the hold , I saw two of my old friends of the Constituent , and but lately members of the Legislature , Alexandre Martin , formerly Mayor of Orleans , and Michael Bautet , formerly a prefect , Pereira , and Auguste Tavernier , formerly chief editor of the "

      Constitution of the Loiret . They were surrounded by seventy citizens of theLo-ret , of Eure-et-Loire , and of Seine-et-0 se , brutally carried off like us the preceding evening ; this was the first razzia that had taken place in the prisons of Orleans , of Montargis , Cartret , and Corbeie . Besides the two representatives , the prefect , and the journalist , of whom 1 have already spaken , there were there a member of the Council General , the Mayor of Esconne , and three other mayors , three physicians , two netaries , and industrial and commercial men , and cultivators , all proprietors—all fathers of families . Such were the Jaqiies of the provinces from whom Louis Bonaparte pretends to have saved French society I These are the men , compelled by the sabre and pistol of gendarmes , and by cannon balls , to submit to the outrages that have been made upon them by the months of impudent pamphleteers—bj the wretches who have in Paris shed blood like water , and clad France in mourning !

      In front , in the other cage , near the machine , there was the same encumberment , the same stifling , the same torture . At last the anchor was raised , the steam put on , and we departed . Tbe confusion redoubled , and the uneasiness became so extreme , that I would renounce from disgust to decry it , had I not promised to leave nothing unsaid . 0 twenty priso ers , fifteen , perhaps , sailed for the first time ; sea-sickness seized almo&t all of us , upon w * ui > g from the road ; nothing was more heard but cries of pain and sounds of vorai iog . In the centre of the crowd there was one vessel for tfaat convenience , and lor all others ; bnt n » one hart strength enough to dreg himself to it ; in consequence there was vomiting everywhere alike , so that the cage itself , became a great receptacle of filth .

      It was amid these convulsions and that horrible smell that they made the first distribution of hard and wormeaten biscuits . Three hours after , we had brongbt to us the principal aliment of the voyage , consisting of some fiandfuls of gwrganes—a sort of blackish bean , which , although completely rotten , was as hard as a bullet , and which they had in vain attempted to cook with the help of a plentiful supply of potasse . As at Bicetre , we were obliged to eat in groups of ten , from vessels as disgusting as those in the prison ; but this time we had to eat without spoons , just as we could with our hands , or like pigs from a trough . I Relieved that I should get over these things here as in the casemates . Mere illusion ! My disgust this time was truly insurmountable . For three weeks I was obliged to grind between my teeth a few morsels of hard biscuit .

      NIGHT AT SEA . Hight arrived , more intolerable than day , a horrible night that was followed by seven others without bringing us a moment ' s repose . There was not room enough , not for only lying , but fur sitting . "We Bat down , nevertheless , vanquished by fatigue , and attempted to Jie on the hard and dim planks . A single sentence is sufficient to express tbat Jong martyrdom . We were piled upon each other ! Piled like cattle in tbe cart that carries them to the slaughterhouse ; like carcases in the os ' . uary ! At every moment we felt ourselves trampled and crashed by the slightest moveminis of oar companions in misfortune , and by continual lolling of ihe sick . Oh ! cursed as were the casetnateB the

      eveniug before , they now appeared to us spacious and comfortable ! What a place of happiness and repose ! How we regretted tbat unhealthy straw , filled with vermin , wbere lie could , at least , sleep one hour out of the twenty-four 1 How ne would have blessed the gale that would bave carried us , with the rapidity of lightning , to the barrack * of Cayenne ! We would all have willingly accepted even Siberia or the Mines , a few feet of earth , cither of ice or of fire , providing that we cjuld have had the inexpressible happiness of ih-re extending our wearied limbs . This is the principal chartctt-r of Napuleonic barbarity—it not only tills , it degrades . And it is principally because it degrades —not beciuae it killi—thai it has lett a feeling of inflexible resentment in the hearts ol tbe men who ha « e been

      subjected to- its persecution , and in the hearts of those who have taken their parts through compassion and sympathy ! Incapable of longer resitting so intolerable a position , I Climbed like many others , and lay down upon the rnb ash ¦ ndcupes , that lay along the scuttles—a true resting-place Of the ieroiita of the middle ages . We bad almost slept , tint were iuimt diately awoke and hurled to the floor , our Clothe > jwap ^ etely soaked . Tue sea , already tempestuous , struck tbe sides of tbe frigate far above our heads , and the waves ashed in at every scuttle . It was necessary to cloie the scuttles even at the risk of suffocation . I painfully dragged mjaeif to the railing which separated us from our guards . Gppusite I 6 aw my broib « T , who attempted , like me , to obtain a breath of air , horrified by S £ many fee-id exhalations , and by the aspect of the gendaimei ! THE FLOATING HELL .

      At daybreak , a brigadier ot gendarmerie descended and read to us a decree ot Ducos , that light of the liberal Odillon-Birroi gallery , Marine Commissioner of Louis Bona-J lrte , frhictt regubttrd * the rations of the voyage : the bs-Crnti or the bread of the forqats , and thm , the gowrgaaes daily , except once a week , wlien we had a H"le meat , or Cad , raucid and hard as a piece of parchment from the Biblioth ^ q . e des Cutries . Sush was the ordinary sf the friscmert of voar as we were called in the decree . Ai ¦ Brett , tMvfecer , we had officially given to us our true fc He of depories . The compassionate minister allowed us * pint oi nine , but only « i s-a . But , as we had been onl y one day at aea , from Cherbourg to Brest , and as the «» t o ! ths time was passed in the roads , the result was , * bat during three mouths , we had nothing to drink bui fte corrapt water o : the Cbarnier . It will afterward * be Badersiuud what is m » nt by that ignoble word which 1 aow write lor the first time .

      With the decree , the brigadier had brought us a piece of aeitt bv which we were consternated . We believed our-« l * t » arrived in tfce road of Biest , when we were fifteen le » 50 tk or more iroa it . Tne sea itself bad barred our ?**» ie ; driven back by the winds more than fifteen k goe * , we bad re-entered the harbour of Bret ; and it **> impossible for us to foresee when we shuuid be enabled to at last escape from this floating bell . The tix jctfois firmed in the Jrigate were opened one 4 < fer ihs other , and we mounted on deck in turn . The * inil ble * violrn lj , and our thin clothing was insufficient 10

      protect ns ! rora the sreez ng cold . The frigate Tvas Burbunded by a m untamou * hnnzoa o » waves , which broke ° J r the vessel , a « d descended in torrents on our heads . " J Waeovere me with fatigue and illness . Tbe surgeon « tie nip appraKd it-ran instant among us with a untie J'Poa bh lipSj and an almost icsulung louk .- To those who fought ol complaining to him , he tinlj replitd by indecent P'JlUnintj anil ir-uicai enourasfcmen ' . s . He already pe * tb » t we were noi formats ; it i » even asserted that on 'toning ihe true na-ure at his cargo , Captain Buiet us ~ j | ged at the i-ditnr . y the M nisti-iial instructions h » u Wt upon him . "Very discreet indignation , 1 uiaj add ; for

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      from that moment we saw no more of the captain , or any ot his officers . The marine officers disappeared before the gendarme . Was this part he was made to play humiliation , or only indifference ? Both , perhaps ; but certainly the last . I was not so with the sailors—those noble children of the people , whom governments have not had an interest in depraving , thank God ! in order to make instruments of oppreuion , and whose native goodness is sustained by hard labour and constant perils . The sailora testified to us , notwithstanding the more severe opposition , under brutal turveillance of the gendarmes , a generous sympathy whioh they never denied . That proud and independent heart , indignant at oppression , and open to every generous sentiment , which we found in the seamen of the Canada and the Duguesclin , beats , I am sure , in the breasts of all the seamen of France . May they here receive the expression of deep and thankful sympathy from us , the Republicans , whose woes they have so often consoled ! IfODl thftfc mnmanfc ba hb iia mnra nt i \* a nantain nr onv

      Adverse winds kept us eight days at Cherbourg—eight days of misery to which we can find no term of comparison , unless it be in the details of the tortures of the press in the archives of ancient Chatelet . Ah , well ! I declare—and I do not fear that tho police , so ready at every basenesss , will dare themselves to affirm tho contrary—almost all accustomed to live in comfort amongst so many poor country people , whose lives , till then so peaceable , were suddenly exposed to every mental torment , to every horror the body could suffer—to a veritable tempest of eight days' continuance—not one , on the Canada , showed any weakness—not one Ehowed any desire to yield . There had not yet been time to shake and break down the firmness of tho old men and tbe fathers of families , or to work the grief of wives and children . On the Canada the steadfastness of the Republicans has been perfect . They there formed an atmosphere of resignation

      and courage , where the hearts , at least , of the victims respired and dilated at easo . Every night , to fortify each other in the trial , we recounted the persecutions constantly unchained under tho old regime against the men of faith and devotion , the dungeons of Paris the cells of Doullens , the long weariness of the double-barred loges of Mont Saint Michael , so energetically described by my friend Martin Bernard ; the most convinced pointed out the future , and succeeded in re-animating the hopes of all . Ev . ery evening , notwithstanding an absolute interdiction , and , in spito of the insults of tho guards , we sung hymns of the Republic , and of Socialism . When we sung on the larboard , tbe prisoners enclosed opposite us kept silence , and when we had ceased the hymn ro-commenced on the starboard . The sailors braved their orders , and , mingling with tbe enra ged gendarmes , listened to us with visible emotion . Lacham-beudie repeated those fables which breathe at

      once a sweet charity and an ardent faith . Other poets recounted tbe miseries of tbe European peoples , and denounced the cynicism ^ of their oppressors . One of them , a young man , who will one day be celebrated , if he be not carried off by tho 3 onapartist reaction , recited to us a brilliant 6 atire , with which the massacre of Naples and Sicily had inspired him . Ho denounced to the indignation of Humanity the Royal perjury of the loth May , 1818 . Each of his verses was a crushing allusion to tho massacres of Paris and tho provinces , and to tho

      Presidential perjury of the 2 nd of December , 1851 . The son of Queen Hortense stood in the same pillory as the son of Queen Caroline . Louis Bonaparte was crushed as Bomba . The rage of the guards reached * its paroxysm ; the best instructed amongst the gendarmes cried : — "Ic is in vain that you use ancient historical names ; we understand it all . Silence , or I will fire ! " The mistake was laughed at , but it was necessary to be silent . So historical or literary opiuon can be otherwise than respectable when supported by a pistol shot . ( To le Continued )

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      LETTER OF ODILLON BARROT . The Communal elections are over , and decided in favour of the government , of course . France is now thoroughly sick of the " election" farce , so mnch so , that notwithstanding the government exertions , it was with the utmost difficulty they could got so many persons to record their votes as would suffice to render the elections legal . The electors of the Aisoo desired to bring forward tbat precious piece of " liberal" humbug , Odillon Barrot , who declined in the following letter which was published in the " Independance Beige . " Bougival , July 23 . Gentlemen and Honourable Friends , —I am sensibly touched at the steps you have taken with reference to myself , but it adds still tnoretomy pain . I had contracted the pleasinghubitof living with jou and our other friends of © ecy in a perfect community of sentiments , ideas , ana opinions . Revolutions had in vain convulsed the State , but they made no change in our reciprocity of good feeling , I was on as good terms with our honest operatives the day after the revolution of the 24 th of February , at that meeting , so numerous , go solemn ,-which t <« k place in the Church of Crecy in presence and rmier the sanction of religion , as I had been previously with the

      electors of 200 f . in onr electoral councils . The reason is that in our department , unlike what takes place in others , we are not party politiciitne ; we do not aim at satisfying individual or local "elfishness , and the aim of our efforts is the moral and material wellfare of all withom distinction of rich or poor . Thus the Revolution found tts very nearly unred by the same sentiment , and we hut slightly felt those cla « g hatreds which in other parts of France have left such profound traces . There is no doubt thatthe Revolution of 1848 , by giving to the country institutions lor which it had not been sufficiently prepared , exposed it to anarchy , and was destined to produce the reaction which we now behold . But , in fine , that Revolution had remained pure from all violence again-t property or persons ; it was nothing more than the imprudent exaggeration cf our old Liberal principle . I have not , then , considered tbat I ought to refuse the mi stun you then entrusted to me to ngulate , if possible , the course of that devolution , to conjure the dangers it brought with it , and to extract the good whose germ is always in sincere and free institutions , however defective they may otherwise be . I employed , as depnty or as Minister , all my faculties and energies for that object . Ton were pleased to acknowledge my efforts , and to applaud them . It is not my fault , you know , if ihe vices of the constitution have notbeen amended by legal means , and if once more an opportune reform d d not prevent a violent Revolution .

      But now that on the ruins of the constitutional and Parliamentary government of my country is founded , not in the form of temporary and incidental dictatorship . but : i « a permanent government , the most absolute twwer that perhaps exists in the world—now that France , traversing the fatal circles around which she ha * been turnins for sixty years past , has again p ssed from the m « 3 t excessive liberty to authority the most concentrated and the moat devoid of all serious control—when the deceitful forms of universal suffrage and of popular sections , with theabsenceofall free discussion , of all pos . sible assembling , of all previous concert between ihe electors , leave to the candidates indicated ly the authorities the secure chance of success , and do nt . tseein to have been maintained but only to mark the false semblance nfliborty , the sad and humiliating realities of despotism—what co-operation can you require of me tor tuch a government i What good could 1 do ? The implicit adhesion which I should give by my oath to the destruction of onr dear and old liberties , would it not effect ten times

      more evil than any pond resulting from my presence in the Council-General ! I appeal to you . mj dear fellow-citizens . Habituated , as we are . to think very nearly in the tame way , to consult each other , m it were , say if , by ihe determination I adopt , and which pains my heart so much . Id » not render to our liberal cause tbe last and only service I can render to it . The good that we have commenced in the cinton of Crecy has made sufficient advance to make it almost a matter of indifference , so far as regards our material interests , whether I remain ordo not remain jour representative in the Council General . Aad as to the public and moral interests , believe me it is much better for us all that I should maintain our faith in liberty , and fidelity to our liberal banner . It is much better when it is everywhere proclaimed that France is not worth y of tbat liberty she has follow d ami st so many vicissitudes , earned by !> o many sacrifices , that there should still be men who persist in believing her worthy ot it , I OHght . and I desire , to be one of those men , stumld I die before I see my hopes realised .

      Pardon rne for tins long letter ; the situation is difficult , and with the rem « HiiTance of theruties of gratitude which attach roe to sou I feel the wantofopening . ^ sStvrere , before yon my whole soul , and of toying before on the real m-. tives which Induce me to answer to jonr prPB-tng invitation by a refusal which catuei me much pain , trat which , I hope , will not deprive me of your esteem nor ol your fnend-nip . Receive the assurance of my wofound consideration and of my inviolable attachment . ( Signed ) Odilion Babrot .

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      TO MR . WILLIAM NEWTON . —THE ADDRESS OF THE OCCUPASTS OF O'COSNORVILLE , HERTS . Hokoured Sib , —We , the allottees of the people ' s first estate , beg respectfully to approach you todo honour to those principles of truth and justice you have expounded , and which thanks to the growing intelligence of the age are making rapid progress in the rainds of the thinking portion of our fellow-men . It is , Sir . with the most profound respect and admiration for the talent you hare evinced , that we tender our grateful acknowledgments for the noble stand you recently made in tho interests of labour , as the candidate tor the suffrage * of the To * er llamiets , and the position you so manfully maintained to the close of the contest , notwithstanding the gross and inconsistentiuequalities in the representative system .

      Be assured , Sir , your position is pre-eminentl y a proud one . When we consider the enormous power wielded by wealth , and its command of intimidation and falsehood , bribery and corruption , also the magistrical and parochial influence against which you have had to contend , every man must conclude with ug , that you fought the battle bravely . We venture to hope that at no very distant period you are destined to become the parliamentary represt-nrative of the large and important borough in which you reside . Sir , we regard thel , 095 honi'Mtvnt"srecOided in your favour as a glorious triumph for pur * D mocraty and * the toiling masses . We look on tins ev < m as the drawing of a nrw era in the political hemisphere . It is a " great fact , " which the Maromonites opposed to the rights of labour will contemplate with dismay .

      Sir , your political and social sentiments being in perfec " accordance with our own , we cannot wi'hhold our smai need or praise for the part you have so nubly played ; an-i we earnestly entreat you to continue in the same course till you arrive at a triumphant i-sue . In the nest 6 t'U ;; yle Our roost fervant aspirations will be zealously ife-cd up for your comp lete mccess ; and we feel assured that every industrial pu ' se throughout the country will throb with delight at the elevated station to which an upright and honourable son of labour has arrived to advocate the just rights of bis oppressed felow-men . We are , Honoured Si ' , your Admiring Br-thren in the cau = e of human redemption , the allottee : * of O'Connorviile . Signed <> n their bfhaif . ( tKlrg * Wiuiam Wheeler .

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      Asiatic Cholera . —By letters revived from a correspondent , wo learn that cholera has ngaw broken out in a most virulent form on the frontiers "f the kingdom of Warsaw , and that between forty ami fifty ca . « es have oc « curred within the spnen of two « ays in the city of Warsaw , It i * further .-rated , that meni-al amngeu . ems have been made in all parts ot" the country , wiili a view of being prepared for th- calamity , should the epidemic uuhappily again beceme general throughout the knijjt ' om . lin- cholera broke out on the 10 th ult ., at Ficclion , in the G and Dachy of Po # en , and m ten days it earn * d off seventeen person * out of twenty-two wlio were attacked .

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      ftr Our Friends will oblige by forwarding reports of Chartist meetings , and other Democratic pro * ceedings .

      LOUIS BLANC . TO THE EDITOn OP THE DAILT . SEWS , Sib , —I read in the " Daily News " : — ' « It is given out a » certain that Louis Blanc has made his peace with the French government , and will be allowed to return to France by the intended amnesty of the 5 th of August . " Of all calumnies with which I have had to contend in my life this ia one I could never have expected . That which is given out as certain is a gross and infamous falsehood .

      spread by the French government , for the purpose of deceiving the people of Paris , who shall not on this point be deceived . I can affirm that . Therefore , if I stoop to give the lie to such an imputation it is only with regard to those who do not know me , for those who know me will shrug their shoulders every time they are told that I am capable of making my peace with the tyrant of my oountry . I cannot say whether an amnesty will take place or not ; but when I return to France it will be with liberty , not otherwise . Amnesties are for the guilty . I am , Sir , your moat obedient servant , London , August 2 . Louis Blanc .

      Kossuth ' s Financial Affairs . —The following appears in the New York " Daily Times" . — " New York , Thursday , July 15 th , 1852 . —Governor Kossuth having sailed for Europe , after giving a month's notice of his intention so to do at an early day , and inviting all persons holding claims against him to present them for liquidation , it becomes my duty to state to the American people , that every such claim has been settled , and that all tbe Governor ' s pecuniary engagements were adjusted to his entire satisfaction , and , it ia to be hoped , to the satisfaction of all who had such transaction with him . —Paul Hajkik , Treasurer of Governor Kossuth . "

      Halifax . —A meeting of the Democratic Association of Halifax was held in the large room , Labour and Health Inn , for the purpose of bringing the society into better working order . A lengthened discussion took place on the best means to he adopted to bring our principles to a successful issue . "Physical Force , " " THe Antagonistic Policy , " and the system of " Individual Dictatorship , " were each in its turn examined and discarded . It was finally agreed that argument and persuasion should be our only weapons . It was therefore resolved : — " That a code of rules , in accordance with a strictly conciliatory policy , be prepared before the next meeting , which will take place next Monday night . " At the close of the meeting a guarantee fund was entered into , for the purpose of defraying the expenses of Mr . Harney ' s intended visit to Halifax . The utmost good feeling and unanimity prevailed during the whole evening .

      Nottingham . —Secular Hall . —The two leading papers of our town—the " Review" and " ¦ Mercury "—have reported Mr . Broom ' s leotures , which shows that they look upon us as an important Society . Mr . Broom has leotured in the Market-place on " Political Teerotalism ; " Last Sunday morning , on the Forest , on " England , France , and Amerioa compared . ' He sho ved the superiority of the American over our government . He dwelt at considerable length upon the conduct of America and England upon foreign questions . Our wooden walls , he said , had become rotten , tainting the atmosphere of duty , and diseasing justice and integrity . He detailed the sufferings of poor Mr . Murray , which aroused the indignation of the audience . The subject will be continued on the Forest , at half-past ten o ' clock next Sunday morning . In the evening , Mr . Broom lectures in the Hall .

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      NORTHERN POLITICAL UNION . A public meeting called by placards , headed as nbove , was held in the Democratio Lecture Hall . Ram-street , Aewcastle-on-Tyne , on Monday evening , August 2 nd , at eight o ' clock , Mr . Mwtin Jude was called to the chair . Mr . James Charlton moved : — " That in the opinion of this meeting , the principles contain ^ in the programme of the Northern Politioal Union—namely , Manhood Suffrage , and the Billot , with the extension and consolidation of the Reform interest in this borough and neighbourhood—furnish a scheme of reform entitled to the confidence and support of this meeting . " Seconded by Mr . John Cockburn . and passed unanimously .

      Mr . Peter Murray moved : — " That the prominent objects of the Union be to take cognisance of local and parliamentary elections , to secure men to the counnil board and the House ot Commons , who will represent the interest of the entire people . " Seconded by Mr . John Kane . : Mr . James Henderson moved , and Mr . B ' mnis seconded : — " That the following address bo adopted , " which was unanimously agreed to : — The following were appointed a Committee to carry out the objects of the Union . Mr . Johnson , Josiah Thomas , Martin Jude , James Clmrlton , J . Cowen , John Cockburn , Angus M-Leod , Mr . Thompson , Peter Murray , John Reed , John Kane , Mr . Glendinning , J . Henderson , Mr . Woodger , and R . Warden . Jauks Charltoh . Seoretary pro tern , 4 , Angus-court , Newcastle-on-Tyne .

      ADDRESS OF THE COUNCIL OF TnE NORTHERN POLITICAL US 10 N TO THE MEN OF THE NORTH . Fellow Coontrtmbn , —Circumstances whioh have transpired during the late elections exhibit , in a most painful manner , that the wealth producers have not that political power to whioh they are justly entitled by their numbers , and the value of the services which they render to the nation . They also show that the so-oalled Commons House of Parliament is not composed of the Representatives of the Commons , but is , in a great measure , composed of the nominees of tbe Landed Aristocracy and the Factory Lords of the Manufacturing Distriots . And , moreover , the result of the polling at the various polling places in thi-i district —notahly the number of votes polled for Beaumont , : > t

      Allendale , and the number polled for the Tory Lords in North Northumberland—show that other influences decide elections , besides agreement in political principles and esteem for the character and past actions of the " candidates . Nor are we at a loss to know what those influences are . Men vote according to the dictation of a landlord , an employer , a mortgagee , or a good cu .-tomer . And although these parties may not directly threa'en the electors with a notice to quit , a demand for immediate payment , or the loss of employment or custom , yet , as we know , that a wink is quite as convincing as a nod to certain animals , so we know that men dependent upon the continuance of these favours for the means of living , will very seldom vote in open opposition to the parties who have the power to crush them .

      Tnese things are wrong , and must not continue . But without organisation the people are powerless . " We are a numerous people , yet we w . ins strength . " We want strength , because we do not net in concert—because we cannot concentrate our forces on a given object , and pursue it steadily till it is accomplished . To meet this necessity a number of men , belonging to various classes in society , including manj of th old and tried Reformers of the distrie-, with others who are yet young in the political arena , have formed an Association under the title of the Northern Political Union . " The objects of this Association are : Firstly , The securing to the

      people of Manhood Suffrage , with only the moral restrictions of a suspension of Electoral Rights in ca « es of conviction for crime or misdemeanour , and in cases of proved imbecility . And , secondly . The protection of the Btllot These measures , by greatly increasing the number of the electors—by striking off the register the names of known bad characters—and by giving the right of secret voting , will do away with all bribery , intimidation , and other unconstitutional influences at both Parliamentary and Municipal Elections . Tnus making the members ot the Lower House of Parliament , and the Councillors in our Municipal Boroughs , what tliey were really intended to be by the constitution— Rspresentativea of the People .

      As the objects of the Union are perfectly legal and constitutional , so also will be the means used for their attainment . They will consist of—1 st . The dissemination of sound political information , by mean * of-teptures and public meetings , tracts and newspapers . It ia also intended to estabiiab , as soon as it can be done with safety , a small monthly periodical , givinp correct statements of the progress and tendencies of political movements , particularly in our own districts , wiih reports of the condition and prospect * of the Union . 2 nd . Tae appointment of a Registration Committee , to ittond to the Registration of all such members of the Union , as are entitled to vote either as Parliamentary or Municipal Electors ; but who from ignorance of their rights or other causes have not effected tbeir own registration ?

      3 rd . The appointment of Election Committees , whose duf . es sliall be to w « tch over all the elections in the district ; to induce popular candidates to come forward , when ever there is a reasonable chance of success , and to solicit support for those candidates . These Committees shall also keep a correct list of the votes given upon questions of public importance b y the Members of Parliament , Town Councillors , Poor Liw Guardians , &c , of the district , so that when they offer themselves for re-election they may be tried by their past cenduct , and not by their present professions . 4 th . BraMes the means alread y mentioned , it will be the duty of the members of the Uuion to meet at stated tunes for Conference or Political subjects , and matters of business . To uvport the principle' , of the Union at all public me « tings , wnere it C : tn be done without a breach of courtesy and good feeling . And also to lend their hearty co-operation to other Associations having the same or similar oujects in view .

      Such , friends is a plain statement of our principles and mode of action . We place it bufore you in confidence , aud ask for jour assistance . Of cour-e funds will he required to carrv on the work , lhese will be r allied by a very snail weekly subscription from uacu nv-inber , aided by the larger donations of those in more affluent ciicumst m-es . Believing that the spirit of sturdy independence which animated tour faihera in their struggles for freedom still lives in you . we feel sis-ured of jour support in tuis riehieous endeavour to make the government of the United Kingdom an expression of the will , and the laws a reflex of the intelligence of t . h » n"O * tt » .

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      Dsitii of a Sp / i ish i > ui . LFiGiiTKu . — The " Heraldo " ana . u . ices the d all . o a proiessioual bull-tighter nativd Jiraenna , m ,, i j -ei . e ally known under ihe name of C * no , of h * o » nd ! j wuicli liemstrivod m tho lasi bull-fight at Madrid ,

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      MT We shall be glad to receiye Reports of Pro « e « . from Manager * or Sectaries of Co-onerE

      CO-OPERATIVE LEAGUE . At » meeting on Tuesday , July 27 , William Conincham Esq ., in the chair , u K"am , Mr . Llotd Jonbs read a paper on Co-operative Stn n and Co-operative workshops , and their value in the soniai movement . He noticed it as a distinctive feature nf th Sooial Reformers that they did not attach so much imnnr ° tance to what is called political freedom , althou gh he dM not deny its necessity , as they did to the develo pment nf the self-oontrolling power to the individual members of th commonwealth . At the same tinw there were great differ ences between them as to the means of effeoting this object Now , in every end there must be a proportion between tha means , and the end and the means whioh we had to use for effecting the ends of Sooial Reforms must bo founded unnn

      tnat wmoa exist in the world as it is . t ' o-operativo Store ? and Workshops appeared to him to be one of the best instru ments hitherto devised to aid the masses of the communitv in working out their deliverance from the tyranny now er ercised over them by the evil actions of the material forces of the world . The Co-operative Workshops gave the working man tbe control over his own work , and all profits sub ject to any paymenb whioh he might agree to make for the use of capital . It did not follow that tbey would materially inorease tbe demand for labour , except in so far as they might lead to the consumption of the profit which would otherwise be only accumulated . Co-operative worksho ps beoame much more important when conneoted with tho Co-operative Store . The essential idea of these institutions was the union of a number of persons for the purpose of supplying themselves with artioles of ordinary consump . tion . This gave the benefit of greater cheapness and of

      freedom from adulteration , advantages not to be despised . But itgavealso an opportunity of controlling and directing it and the profits arising from it , an immense souroe of power , whioh might be used to attain any of the higher ends which we might have in view . Some looked down contemptuousl y on trade , which it was the object of these institutions to carry on . But the nobility of the art depended upon the spirit in whioh it was done ; and all the influential powers now in the world arose from tbe U 9 e of such means as those which these Workshops and Stores placed in the reach of the working body of the population . Mr . Stilus gave an interesting account of the progress of a great Sioie formed in Westminster more than twenty years ago—of the great zeal displayed by the members for the education of their children—of the immediate oauso of the failure of tho Store in the want of business habits in the members , and in the absence of any organisation like the Central Agenoy , for the supply of trustworthy material . '

      Messrs . Jennison , Coningham , Saull , Furnival Woodin Foreman , Arnaud , R . Cooper , and Vansittart Neal also took part in the discussion , Mr . Jonbs , in reply , noticed the great difference in the constitution of tho present from that of the former Stoves : namely , that the profits were dividei among the buyers in proportion to their purchases , paying a good interest to oapital , whilo in the old Stores the profits went only to the capital .

      CO-OPERATION IN AMERICA . A small association of sixteen persons left New York a week or two since for Wisconsin , with a view of carrying on agriculture and mechanic arts in some part of that State , probably in Washington County , upon cooperative principles . The members of this little band were mainly of French and German origin ; and they go out to mnke a beginning , with the idea that others will join them as they advance . Of the sixteen , eight were men , four women , and four children ; they carried with them a good supply of tools , and a small capital ; each will retain his private property ; and they hope by combining their efforts and hy the greater economy of living as one family , to show > omething handsome as the product of the first year ' s exertions The profits they will divide equally , and the care of the sick will be borne by the community at largo , which they call la Grande jam . HU [ The Groat Family . ] '

      BiNGLK y , August 3 rd . —My Dbab HARNEY . -Some unknown friend present * d me with a copy of the " Star " last Sunday morning which reminds me of my duty . I , therefore , enclose to you , in postage stamps , my subscription for the next quarter ' s " Star of Freedom . " As I am engaged as agent of tho Grocery and Drapery Store of the Industrial Co-operative Society , Bingley , 1 shall be Mad to send you occasional reports of our progress and proceedings . Perhaps our society differs some little from a « reat many now m existence . Our funds have been raised in kfl shares ; that suui has never been exceeded . Each share may be paid by instalments of sixpence per week ; one-half of the profits is divided annually , according to tbe amount of money each has expended at the society ' s stores ; the other half forms a common fund , which is never to be divided , but goes to extend our operations to other branches of business . On Saturday next we intend opening a butter ¦

      mop , rar . i . uooper is appointed agent . This is not a very good time to commence what < he Sootoh term the " fleshing business , but it will be Bingley Feast on August 29 , and we think that will help us , it being notoriously a beef eating time . We have all ' some friends or relations coming to see us and taste our beef . Therefore , we have resolved to kill two or three good fat Scotch heifers , perhaps a lamb and a calf , & „ . This will add some little to our income , which now amounts to £ 36 a week . We think we have done and are doing very well , for it is not yet £ lWl ' 8 inoe u marte the first purchase . £ 10 was all we had to purchase weights , scales , and stock our shop with , now we jiavea good stocked shop , and will soon ™™ i ? o ?' y trad

      r ., , . ,. , 27 , Chapel Lane , Bingley . nil y ! A U 8 fc 0 Ur friend wil 1 kee P hi 8 promise , and communicate the experience of himself and friend ; not forgetting rnnnl , Hr ° / J 8 Of L PrO « re 83 - We trUSt > tW > ^ tOW to-operative friends throughout tho country will do the « ?«?! 6 ar l e ,. m 03 fc anxious to give the fullest informaffo ^ ttJfSJT ' * principles and prosre 8 s of Act to Legalize the foumaiioh s of Industrial and Prmvidbnt Societies— We perceive that tl > e Co-operative League has reprinted this valuable Act with some exp l anatory observations , as the second part of the appendix to the 2 d . number of the League ' s Transactions " The !« ct with tbe explanations may be had for two-pence at the publishing office of the " Star of Freedom . "

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      GUIDE TO THE LECTURE-ROOM , Social Institution , Chnrles-street , Old Garratt , Manchester . —Auk . l » t ( 11 a . m . ) , DiacussBon , ( 7 p . m . ) a Lecture . City Forum Coffee House , 60 , Redcroas-street . —Every Sundav Monday , and Thursday , jSJ ) , a Lecture . Commercial Hall , fhilput street , Co nmerciai-road . east , —Theological Discussions ever / Sunday morning ( 11 ) , Sundavevenine ( 71 Tueiday ( 8 ) , Thursday ( 8 ) , and Saturday ( 8 ) . _ Temperanco Stnr Hotel , Swan-street , Brigeate , Leeds . —Even TTtrtneidsy ( 8 ) , a Discussion . ' Working Men'n Academy , Edgar-street , Pmton . —Lecture every Sunday at I 0 J a . m —Discussion every Sunday evening . Areopsiisus Coffee and Reading lloom , 59 , Ohurch-lane , White , chapel . —Every Sunday , Monday , and Wednesday ( 8 ) , a Lecture or Discussion . City Forum Coffee House , GO , Red Cress-streot . Every Sunday . Monday , and Wednesday ( 8 ) . a Lecture or Discussion ,

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      New Universal Coin . —We have now before us a specimen of a new univerval coin , designed to facilitate the » y * t « m of exchanges among the different civilised nations of the world , and which , if adopted , would certainly tend materially to put an end to the confusion about the curn-ncy of various plnces , of whioh every traveller has had such annoying experience . The desi gner of it is a gentleman well known in the scientific world for his politicoejmomtc _ essays on many important subjects , Professor neiloon Hanccck , and the coin is executed , with very great taate and skill , by Mesm . Allen and Moore , of 35 and 36 . at

      GreHampton-row , Birmingham . Without diagrams it is not easy to give an exact idea of it , but the description may be thus jjiven :-The coin is of silver , containing 37 parts of that metal to 3 parts of copper . Its weight is one ounce troy , and its value iiVthecoin of Great Britain and Ireland , is 6 a . 2 d . The wei ght U expres-ed in English , German and French , on one side , and on the reverse the proportions of the two metals in the same languages . Its value , in t ! ie existing currencies of 12 cnuntrieB , i » likewise stamped on iti thua i-Enaland , 5 s . 2 d . ; America , 1 dollar 19 threehftn cents ; France C francs 30 centimes ; K . iptes , 1 ducat 50 grani ; Austria , 2 florins 27 ihree-fifth kreutzer : Prussia .

      l thaler 21 two-third silber grosschen . On the reverse : — Spain , 1 dollar 5 reals , 28 maravedis ; Portugal 1 luilroi 7 Urei *; Russia , 1 rouble CO copecs ; Holland , 2 gulden 99 cents ; Hmdos'an , 2 rupees 10 annas 10 nice : China , 7 mace 8 candar ^ ens 4 four-fifth cash . There is no device of anyuort , ifweexcenta very minuto representation of the terrestrial globe , which hardly deserves the name : and it is a plain , unpretending , but tlioroushl y useful piece of money , and well calculiied to serve the purposes for which it has been designed . On the continent of Europe , especially , it would be very . lesirable to have such a coinage in lieu of the miserable deprecated currency now so general there .- Cork ^ southern Reporter .

      Frightful Suicide on tub Great Wbsters Railwav . — On Saturday aft-nioon the village of Cholsey , Berks , closely ai'jicent to the W . iHingford station of the Great Western Railway , was moat painfully excited in consequence of a determined act of suieiiic by a man in the employ of the company , named Thomas Watts . On Saturday nv . rning Utx he left home to see , as was his custom , where his or hs men ' s services were needed , and abouc twelve o clock was observed to t . e standing , apparently in a thoughtful mood , near to the Wallingford station . Shortly aftor that hour au express train was soen coming up , and on its approach towards the station the deceased ran forward and threw himself across the rails . By the engine he was struck and knocked forward at least ISOy . irda , and the whole of the carnages passed over him , mutilating him in a Jreanful manner , Tue renvtins of the unfortunate deceased being collected together , were conveyed to the nearest tavern , there to await an inquest .

      Eahtrquake in AvuBHiftt . —nie "Ayr Observi r " ¦ tates that a severe shock of . anh quake was felt at Kiluurbook , oij Mgudey slight week , about ten o ' clcofe .

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      W The Secretaries of Trades' Unions and other bodies associated to protect and advance the interests of Labour , will oblige by forwarding reports of Trades' Meetings , Strikes , and other information affecting the social position of the "W orking Classes . NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADES . 259 , Tottonham-court-road , London .

      " HAT JUSTITIA . " " It it were possible for the working classes , by combining among themselves , to raise , or keep up the general rate of wages , it need hardly be said that this would bo a thing not to be punished , but to be welcomed and rejoiced at . "—Stuart Mat . We alluded in our last article to the wide-spread popu . larity of tbe idea of a National Union of Trades , as exemplified at public meetings hy Trades' circulars aud addresses , and in numerous platform orations ; " and also to the singular failure of all parties , by embodying this erratic mental image into a veritable existence .

      Is this attributable to any presumed insurmountable difficulty in working out the idea , some collision of sentiment as to the principles upon which such an institution should be based , to the nature and character of the machinery by which it should be set in motion ? Or , is it to be ascribed to a want of earnestness and sincerity in its ostensible advocates , to whom has been entrusted the very important duties of inauguring a great National Labour Movement ? Never in the annals of Labour , was the necessity for such a movement more strikingly manifest ; and never was that necessity more universally acknowledged . The Satraps of Bucklersbury have issued their decree , and maintained it to this moment with pre-eminent success , and labour crouches meanly and basely to lick the hand that chastises it . The chivalry of honest industry lies paralysed .

      The Sidney Smith nkase , prohibiting union to the working men of England , upon pain of starvation , is stereotyped by its authors , dedicated and recommei . ded to the employing class of this land of boasted freedom . And who can doubt that this free and easy mode of dealing with labiur will have its admirers and imitators ? When Lord Derby and his friends threatened to disinter and re-animate the dead and putrid body of Protection , Mr . Cobden rushed to Manchester , and , as if by magic , ca"ed up into life and action the Anti-Corn Law Leagre . His invocation was promptly , vigorously responded to ; nearly £ 80 , 000 was subscribed in a few hours , and a return to the taxed loaf became an impossibility . It may be thus seen that Capital knows well how to protect its interests , and thoroughly appreciates the use and power of combinative action .

      > What a Bad contrast does the apathy and tame Eubmissiveness of Labour present to the sensitive activity and untameable ambition of money . The one—jealous of the sli ghtest encroachment upon the least of its most questionable privilegpsj the other—aljectly indifferent to the most barefaced violation of its dearetfantl most invaluable ri ghts , and jealous of nothing and no one but itself . It is true , the working men of London , Manchester , Birmingham , and other places have had their gatherings ; their speeches , numerous and eloquent , iu favour of the popular sentiment ; they have shouted and huzzaed , and voted by acclamation its adoption ; have appointed their delegates to give effect to their will—and what is the result ? They have either been faithless to their duties , or have

      shrunk back , overwhelmed with the difficulties of their task . And what can be the monster difficulty before which so much talent and apparent devotedness turns back amazed ? What the nature and character of the mi ghty bugbear that blocks up the road to national action ? We know of no difficulty but such as zeal , fidelity , and euctgy can conquer . There is not a single principle or condition which we have heard or seen advanced as necessary features in a National Labour Movement , that is not to be found embodied in the constitution and laws of the National Association of Trades . The organisation and entire machinery for working an extensive movement is in existence ; the result of much ex perience , and having passed through the ordeal of dangers and oppressions , to whioh the last , few years has subjected

      the labour interests of this country , with advantage to its members , and with credit to its executive , it is presented frankly and unreservedly to the working men of the organised Trades as ih * desideratum they are seeking ; the very thing which their delegates have been commissioned to originate . We invite them , therefore , to resume their labours ; to summon the Executive of this Association to assist them in their deliberations ; to investigate , unprejudicedly , the fitness and applicability of our principle and constitution to their ideal of what is requisite fora national organisation . Let them , in a fair and liberal spirit of inquiry , examine , and , if necessary , enlarge , amend , and improve ; hut let them , at all events , upon a princi ple of honour , fulfil their mission , and , at least , strive to realise the expectations which bave been formed of their sincerity and intelligence .

      The Executive of this Association have no mere personal motives to influence their conduct . They have been generously and trustfully charged with the carrying out of an important experiment , and their highest duty and ambition i 3 to promote by any and every means at their command the success of that experiment . They would , therefore , hail with delig ht the accession to the rank of the National Labour League men of experience , influence , and talent of a superior standard to any they can lay claim to , and will be , at any time , ready to surrender , cheerfully , the honours ard responsibilities of their position into more competent bands , contented with what they believe to be an honour to them , of having maintained the princi ples of the Association unimpaired , amidst difficulties of a must formidable character . August 5 th . Wm . Peei ,, Secretary .

      BRADFORD-WOOLCOMBERS * MEETING . PROCEEDINGS ( IF COMMITTEE . Another large open-air meeting of this bod y was held near Philadelphia chapel , Bolion-road , on Monday last . Mr . John Clayton was unanimously called to the chair . He exhorted iho * e present to ( five a patient hearing to all who might address them and stated , that if any of them had any objection to make to the proceedings of the committee he hoped they would do bo publicly , ao that their business might be conducted in a satisfactory manner . Mr . George White secretary , then proceeded to report the proceedings of the committee for the previous week . He first read the form of application to the manufacturers for an advance ol wages , and then read over ' the names of those who hac

      been visited by the depuiation , together with their answers The report was highly satisfactory . The following employers consented to give an advance of wages , and some oi them have already done so : —Wood and Walker , Titus Salt G . H . Leather . Tremel and Co .. Wilkinson and Bottomley " Thomas Wilier , John Wade , Swithcrn Atiderton , Daniel Illingworth , Mr . Hartley , He . nr . Mason , Mr . Ramsden , Cowling Aekroyd , George Turner , Mr . Spiro . Christopher Wand and Co ., Mr . K rshaw , and others . The secretary then proceeded at great length to address the meeting in explanation of the business i ansacted hy the committee . It was then resolved to send deputations to Halifax and Keighley to procure samples , and the meeting was adjourned to the f ollowing Monday . AH pres-. nt . expressed themselves highly satisefid with the proceedings of the committee

      THE TEN HOURS FACTORY QUESTION—MEETING OF DELEGATES . On Sunday last a meeting of delegates from factory ope ratives was held in the Cotton Tre * Inn ( Mr Wm . Fair ' s ) Great Ancoats-streets , Manchester . After considerable discussion , a delegate from Ashton-under-Lyne moved the following resolution : —'' That our endeavurs during the pre sent year to vindicate the present factory law , and to secure the necessary improvements , have the approval of a majority of the factory workers represented at this meeting , as evidenced by the reports of the r delegates here assmbled we therefo re pledge ourselves , should any further agitation be necessary to accompliahnhe above obj cts , to urge upon our respective consiituencies to provide such funds as mav be necessary , and thus make the present Factory Act eff c tive for its intended purpose * . " The Blackburn delegate seconded the resolution , which was carried

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      The Co-WiCT Mary Uobins . —Wouokhtkr , Monday . —This unhappy woman , who now lies umier neutence of d . -uth for the murder of her child nt . Q dsamford , in this county has confessed the justif : e of her -eritence . She admits that she threw her infant into the coal-pit , but states that , at the time she was in a state of distraction , tho child ' s father doing nothing for it , ana her own father refusing to admit her into his house . A petition has bren sinned hy tl . e IIi « h Sheriff of the county , Sir E . H . L ^ hmere , and b y other magistrates and clerpy , pmyin ? that her life may be saved , and the Hi gh Sheriff 13 about to present it to the Home Secretary .- A singulnr case of suicide by a boy hns just oocurred here , which ia attritiute > to U \ o lact . of the prnding execution of this wretched woman , A voutb , named Ward , hung himself to a shelf in his must t ' s ( a pawnbroker ) warehouse , tying him ^ lf up with ; i cor . l , and swinging himself off from a pair of strpa . lie was ta'Rmg about the execution an hour or two before , and some p . sopio thintt he was trying iin experiment in hanging , wuen tie iost Bis footing and was strangled .

      " Ma ^ a Hays you must saruiii pay : ho bill to day , " said a negro to a New Orleans shoH-eeper . «' Whj , ., e iaa t a f raii I ' m going to run awny , Is he ? " was then- ly , "Not xaotly dat ; but look heah , " said the durky , slyly au . t ' u . ysieriously , he ' s goine to run away desalt , , u ,. < i . i . * , ita to make a big ra se . " Thb Potato Disease in Sc . tland . —In gome J « K 8 0 the LuUrtu * lite uouw ( liwKw tint reappeared ,

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      AUGUST 7 , 1852 . . THE STAR OF FREEDOM . I . . '' ' ^^^ nT *'" ** " ^^^ ' — " **^**""^"" -wiii ¦

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 7, 1852, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1690/page/5/