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Northern Star (1837-1852), 15th May 1852, Edition 1 of 2, Page 7, Imycriat |)arltament _ » ^ _ _ _

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      Untitled Article

      • ^^^ CAL INTELLIGENCE ^ ( From wr oiwi C <> rr « ] X > n . ? cn « - } .- «« : m ? T 1 TF TFATH OF MAY—LOUIS t ffoLEof BU ° I / t !/ IfHGY AT KED-HILL , Sl the day tliat Louis Xapoleon w « masquerading b On - Lsuan « rhim up . and bnrnt him m effigy at Ited-^ f ' lhaSd a small house boilt in this place , and 5 % nJ " WPPea the chimnies , " I determined , in conjunc-^ flith Se master builder and car penter , who are tho-110 h Democrats , to eclipse the usual custom of hoisting r hfndkSef on a stick by way of flag . So we got three ? Sd flis inscribed " Liberty , " "Equality , " and fpSrnW ! " ^ d mounted them on the roof of " Mazzim tl > ' as mv new house is named-it being in pure Italian # « SdV , and we san ? the "Marseillaise" m glon-^ "Tvle en ding with shouts of the Republic , Democratic ^ Sah and cheers in the trae British style , after to the of the martm 01 uoerty ? . _^ ___

      ^ nt iinent memory fvn explained to the men our real principles as Red Re-«« £ «« contrary to the calumnies of our enemies . AU Fw-wOTt on infull view of Gattoa House , and other n-Joas tie residence of the Lord of the Manor , and » iy Sord / lord Monson . Tho men , with their wives and ftniilie * enjoyed themselves in dancing , Ac , till sunset , Svn we took down our flies , and marched round the mnnndi » and ended in burning Louis , tbe base , b ' cue , bur-Sarions ' and bloody ! in the midst of groans and hearty l ^ fces that all tvrants were at that moment participators in l ; s fier ? fate ! lours fraternally , - A EED-hiu Democrat . THE REPRESENTATION OF XOItTHAMPTOX .

      A contest will take place for this borough . The present members , the Right Honourable Ternon Smith , "War Secretary under the late Russell Administration , and Itiukes Carrie . Esq ,, a London Banker ; two Whirs , opposed to everj tbing in the shape of Democracy , will be opposed by ^ ad Jackson , Esq ., a complete Suffragist and Anti-State Ci . a « hman . A meeting of the electors tookp ' ace in the girn Exchange , adjourned to ' the Market-square , upwards of _ , WQ being present , to hear Mr . 3 ackson enunciate his M > li ' tieal creed . He declared himself in favour of the Exof the te bBallot Property Quali

      Vision Sufirage , Toy , No - fication , smora equal apportionment of members to pro * perty and population , abolition of pensions and sinecures , the redaction of taxation , separation of the church from ihe state , &c Questions were then put to Mr . Jackson by Mesas- Rynull , Bates , and others , with respect to the Suffrage , payment of Members , Laws of Primogeniture and Entail , Ac , to which he replied that he was in favour of jlanbooi Snffrage ;; against Payment of Members , as he considered the country too much taxed already , and undecided as to the Lara of Primogeniture and Entail .

      XQE GENERAL ELECTION . AND THE DEMOCRACY IX THE XOftTH OP SCOTLAND . Mr . Charles Gflpia , of London , ana tho Hon . Arthur ISmard are the candidates for tbeeityofPertb , at present vacant by the accession of FoxMaule to the peerage . Mr . Gilpin declares for a large extension of the Suffrage , Tote by Ballot , Ac . What a " large extension " means is left to the imagination . In Dundee there is no likelihood of any contest . Mr . Duncan , who ba 3 now represented the Iwroogh in two parliaments , will walk the course , and considering ihe constituency it is not probable that a hetter man conld be returned . Going further north , we come io JIontriBe , the district of boroughs represented by Mr . Hnme . At one time there was some show of opposition , but we believe that has been withdrawn . In Aberdeen provost Thompson has been put forward by the Liberals .

      in opposition to Sir Andrew Leith Bay ; Forfarshire is represented by Lord D . G . HallybartonJ the said representaaw , however , has not baen once in the Howe of Commons curing the session . Ca inquiring of one of our local newspipers what had become of him , we were told that a letter addressed to the Elysee , care of Louis Napoleon , would be Hire to reach him . He is to retire , aud Lauderdale Maule , brother to Fox Manle , is to be brought forward—such are the preparations of the electors . What are the non-electora doing ? There are numbers of sterling Democrats lsre , but they are not organised . Now , it seems to me , is the tune for an attempted rallying of the Democratic force ? . The elections are at hand ; let the Democrats attend all electoral meetings , question the candidates , and , irherever possible , have a good and true man on the hustings .

      MR . HOLTOAKE'S LECTURES AT BRADFORD . Hr . Holvoake has delivered three lectures at this place , which have created the greatest excitement known here for a loag time past . The subjects were : — " Jesu 3 Christ , considered as an example to modern Reformers ; " " The moral innocency of refuting Christianity where conscieniioaslj-disbelieved ; " and " Roman Catholicism , thetvne 01 the Orthodox Churches around us . " He had crowded sndi £ nces ; and some discussion with the parsons . Tbe Rev . D . Ackworth , principal of Horton College , challenged Mr . Uolyoake to a discussion , which was courteously accepted . _/ 3

      OPENING OP THE NOTTINGHAM ARBORETUM . me irboretum and Refreshment Rooms , formed and erected in a portion of the extensive ranges of land re-Ently enclosed at Nottingham , was opened on Tuesday last , tne 11 th wst ., by a public fete . The warehouses and shops were closed , and business suspended—in fact , it was a general holiday . The Mayor addressed the assembled thousand ? in a lengthy speech , in which "hecongratulated the pabuc on the possession of the noble walks , recreation ironnda . and Arboretum , which were to be opened to the pnWie , free of charge , three days in everv week , ami at . a

      small charge on the remaining four days ; the sums realised ojsnch admission fee to be expended in improving and beautifying the 3 e extensive and delightful grounds . " Sevelal £ rst rate bands of music were iu attendance , and ample seeommodation was afforded to those who wished to enjoy the " merry danee . " Five marquees , capable of seating 100 Each , were provided , in wnich those could enjoy themselves * itb "the cup which cheers , but not inebriates , " at their pleasure , all intoxicating drinks being excluded , and strictly forbidden . The fete concluded with a grand display of fireworks by Mr . GyngelL The arrangements , as a whole , irere highly satisfactory .

      MR . HOLYOAKE AT COVENTRY . Alecture in connexion with the " Mutual Improvement -ociety , was delivered on Monday evening last , May 10 th , « St . Marys Hall , Coventry , by G . J . Holyoake , of wndon . Subject : "Secular Education , the best for the Scholar , and the safest for the State . " Mr . Brawetr , member of the Town Council , was called to the chair . After aiew remarks he introduced the lecturer . It is but iust to ay that , however widely wo may differ with Mr . Holyoake a soma things , we cannot differ with him on the subject of tto lecture . The oration was delivered in a masterly style , asplaying great talent , at the same time exemplifying « W to all parties . The lecturer , in the first part , went fir * . ™* f natIoa t 0 be ha PPy . Prosperous , and SttV 7 p ! e mu - st be educated ; secondly ! he stated teAffc ed «< ation , m his opinion , would be best to £ ml j ° ? ^ ow t 0 acbiCTe the desired blessings of SHri ^ ^ Ppess ; thirdly , that religion edncltion crS * ° ? i \ bB ^ ht separately . We wish that such Sat fh be *** ered * the ears of all Sectarians , on tw , - * "& * Prodnce snen effects as was produced JS ^ d aT ' - ^ - the cloae > ^ - HoijUehad St \? T m hls mmd re ^ we to Secular Education , 3 ! S $ ! te co . nonrredln the opinions that had been £ Sir w aDdience w ^ nofc M ^ g 6 as we h " « n a we Hall , but was respectable and intelligent .

      Untitled Article

      MINES AND THE MISERS . l ke ^ ai ™ t je r 'JS ? tbe va 8 fc orifice of human life in ieVS-S ^ / B ! 001111 ^ attracting more than ¦^ a £ ae at * enwon of the owners ana viewers of collieries ^ there no doubt but that if the great bod ? 3 tt SaSS * 1 r UnUe t 0 1 W-W JSr « S ! ££ att 6 ntlon ' that S ^ g ° od wiU result from their

      tew ta wS ^ ff ^ S ^^ W yesterday mthia Ser ^ i a ^ Fl 0 h ? ! Wood ' eminent colliery & « f ? M f *^ addresa on tbe formation of thi wool of mines for this district . Mr . Wood ' s address S ! inS eCaple - ^^ We tine in deliver ^ was " >« S ? i ? ft h 6 "Sff" ^* " such an In stitution . He aseirV , ^ 6 ^ evitable em > rs Md mistakes which all S ^ W men had fallen into , and urged the imflttf tjT 4 to aU concerned in having a school where st aibM * and Practiee conld be combined , and both made toeoai the saving of human life and tbe property of viat , ? ? collieries . Mr . Wood fully explained Th « £ s 9 ° d CoUierv engineer sbonld be aennainted with .

      tains to «! e well versed in geology in all that apper-S 3 atiojj s -. r ossil remains of what constitutes the coal forseaas aillt ?** and lts varieties laying above the coal toted' w » . likelihood of the coal strata being impregtt » t inS i mmaWe s » &" clearly demonstrating ine aW » r Mcertain results must inevitably follow ThS ° - 8 nch knowledge . ibs * orkTfv ofa school of miners in this district is but a fe * inflnonl ??' foundation has been laid , and that by 10 btcomo ^ gentlemen in the town and district . It is Jorffled inVfr . ? * of the general school of miners now -Viples a ? * ' " ?* snPP ° rted by the government . The States ftp ^ L i be som ewhat similar to what contad which ha ™ l ofmin ' IDff engineers on the Continent , ?? geDoinI : r be | n s ? eminently successful in preparing t ^ s engineers for their difficult and dangerous nnder' ^^^ L ^* aa institution will be apparent when r * MBdS 2 I ' that ' aUhouga thousands of tho miners lil tl is « af a Pr and efficientmanager of the mines , ? *" H «« i ! f , "" 5 a lto 2 as a board of examinaUon , no ^ tinted vT ° Iiartle 3 to ascertain whether the individual

      "" j , tLat hTp . f t er ? er 30 n or not - « > however , to be FM tbat in Jo ^ ation of schools under the system pro-S ° * ttdii . « f falI * ' -.. * u snch tadiridndB who aspire to ^ - tteto an iS ' wlUDOt h « e to arrive at the object > S 2 * 0 Kes of hnndre ^ of poor miners-S a-i . ^ zee ^ S "I 8 a ? d err ° neous judgment . S » eh 55 *» . I «« fitnfloii have very generonslv tU ? " » Pen | I ^ mission for the working colliers as 85 & £ ?? lectBre - which will enablo many of & pers ° naUv ^ 2 w ! ed . of a But J ecfc mt interests $ t "" tteiLiif * v ^ so enable thm t 0 dete <* 0 * nUTe 3 ari ' . and thus , ia many instances , save « s , and those of their fellow men . ^ tie-on Tr -., Tours lrol 7 . n »^ y 5 th . MARIIKJm , E :

      Untitled Article

      THE FLOGGING MAJORITY . The following is a list of M . Ps ., who , on the night of Fr iday , May 7 th , voted in favour of subjecting the mJitia to the punishment of flogging . I Miliiu Bill . bame Clause . —Amendment proposed , to add at the end of the clause the following proviso : —Provided , also , that notwithstanding the said , first recited act , or any other act , no punishment of any officer , non-commissioned officer , drummer , or private man of the militia , shall extend to flogging or other corporal punishment : —( Mr . Bright : )—Question put , "That this proviso be there added . " The Committee divided—Ayes , 92 ; Noes , 199 . ^ T ^^^ F ~_~^ ~ ™^^* _~ h _^ i ¦ «_ . . __ .

      MAJORITY—SOES . -Adderly , c . B . Heard , 3 . 1 . Archdall . Capt . M , Henley , K 6 . Hon . J . W . Arkwright , G . Herbert , H . A . B&ege , W . Berries , Rt . Hon . 3 . C . Bailey , & Hildyard , R . 0 . 5 alley , J . Hildyard , T . B . T . Baillie , H . J . Hill , Lord E . 5 aird » J . Hodges , T . L . B \ Mock , E . H . Hope , Sir-7 . Bankes , Right lion . G . Hotham , Lord Barri ngton , Viscount Howard , Hon . C . "W . G Barron , S ; r H . W . Howard , Sir R . Benbow , J . Hudson , G . Bennet , P . Hughes . W . B .

      Bentinek , Lord H . Inglis , Sir R . H . Beresford , Rt . Hon . W . Jocelyn , Tiscount Bernard , Viscount Jolliffe , Sir W . G . H . ? i J - Joces , Captain « Jair , S . Knox , Colonel Blandford . Marquis of Knox , Hon . W . S . Boldero , H . G . Langton , W . H . P . G . Booker , T . W . Lennox , Lord A . G . Booth , sir K , g . Lennox , Lord H . G . Bowles , Admiral Leslie , C . P . Bramston , T . W . Lewisham , Viscount Bremridge , R . Lockhart , A . E . Biteson , T . Long , W . Bridges , Sir B . W . Lowther , Hon . Colonel Brisco , M . LygonHon . General

      , Broidwood , H . Magan , W . H . Brooke , Lord Mahon , ihe O'Gorman Bruee , 0 . L . C . Mahon , Viscount Buller , Sir J . Y . Mandeville , Viscount Burghley , Lord Manners , Lord C . S . Cabbell , B . B . Manners , Lord G . Campbell , Sir A . I . Manners , Lord J . Cavendish , lion . C . C . March , Earl of Cavendish , W . G . Martin , C . W . Chandos , Marquis of Matheson , Colonel Chatterton , Colonel Maunsell , T . P . Chichester , Lord J . „ Maxwell , Hon . J . P . Christopher , Rt . Hon . R . A . Meus , Sir B . Clerk , Right Hon . Sir G . Miles , P . W . S . Clive , Hon . R . H . Miles , "W .

      Clive , H . B . Morgan , 0 . Cobbold , J . C . Mackenzie , TO . Cocks , T . S . Munday , W . Codrington , Sir W . Naas , Lord Colvile , C . R .. STapier , Right Hon . J . Corry , Right Hon . H . L . Ifeeld , John Cotton , Hon . W . H . S . Seeld , Joseph Currie , H . Newport , Viscount Davies , D . A . S . Noel , Hon . G . J . Dawson , Hon . T . V . O'Brien , Sir L . Denison , E . Paget , Lord G . Disraeli , Rt . Hon . B . Pakington , Right Hon . Sir J Dod , J . W . Palmer , Robert Drummond , H- Palmer , Roundell Drnmmond , H . H . PalmerstoD , Viscount '

      Duff , J . Peel , Sir R . Duncombe , Hon . A . Peel , Colonel Dancombe , Hon . W . E . Pennant , Hon . Colonel Dunne , Colonel Portal , M . East , Sir J . B . Powlett , Lord W . Ebrington , Viscount Repton , ( i . W . J . Egerton , Sir P . Sandars , J . Egerton , W . T . Scott . Hon . P . Emlyn , Viscount Semer , H . K . Estcourt , J . B . B . Sibthorp , Colonel Euston , Earl of Smollett , A . Farrer , J . Spooner , R . Fellowes , E . Stafford , A . Ferguson , Sir R . A . Stanley , E . Pilmer , Sir E . Stephenson . R .

      Fitzpatrick Rt . Hon . J . W . Stuart , H . Floyer J . Stuart , J . Forbes , W . Sturt , H . G . Forester , Rt . Hon . Col . Talbot , C . R . Jf . Freestun , Col . Taylor , Colonel Freshaeld , J . W . Tennent , Sir J . E . Frewin , C . H . Thesiger , Sir F . Galway Viscount Thompson , Alderman Gilpin , Colonel Tollemache , J . Gladstone , Rt . Hon . W . E . Trevor , Hon . T . Goddard , A . L . Trollope , Rfc . Hon . Sir J Gore , W . R . 0 . Tyler . Sir G . Golburn , Rt . Hon . H . Tyrell , Sir J . T .

      Granby , Marquis of Verner , Sir W . Greene , T . Vesey , Hon . T . Grogan , E . Villiers , Viscount Guernsey , Lord Vyse , R . H . R . H . Gwyn , H . " Walpole , Right Hon . S . H Hale , R . B . WaUh , Sir J . B . Hall , Golonel Wegg-Proases , F . R . Halsey , T . P . Weliesley , Lord 0 . Hamilton , G . A . Whiteside , J . Hamilton , J . H . Williams , T . P . Hamilton , Lord C . Worcester , Marquis of Harcourt , G . G . Wynn , n . W . W . Hardinge , Hon . C . S . Yorke . HonE . T . Tellers Hayes , SirE .

      Untitled Article

      BIRTHS AND DEATHS-HEALTH OF THE METROPOLIS . ( From the Report of the Registrar-General . ) Last week the births of 810 boys and 850 girls , in all 1 , 660 children were registered in London . The average number of seven corresponding weeks in the years 1845-51 was 1 . 374 . In the week that ended last Saturday the number of deaths registered in the metropolitan districts was 972 . In the ten corresponding weeks of 1842-51 the average number of deatha was SOS , which , if raised in proportion to increase of population , becomes 988 . The rate of mortality now prevailing , therefore , differs little from the average amount .

      The gradual decline of mortality which at this season accompanies an increasing temperature is shown aB follows : —In the third week of March the deaths rose to 1 , 208 ; in the second week of April they fell to 1 , 051 ; and in the first week in May to 972 . The mean weekly temperatures that marked these several periods were 40 . 5 deg ., 410 deg ., and 48 . 1 deg . Of the 972 persons enumerated in the present return , 493 were males and 474 ' females ; 451 died under 15 ycara of age , 339 at 15 years and under CO , and 176 at 60 and upwards . As compared with the results of the previous week there is a decrease both in the deaths caused by epidemics taken altogether , and those by diseases of the respiratory organs , the former having declined from 232 to 193 , the latter from 187 to ICO . In the respective weeks dropsy was fatal to 17 and 14 persons , cancer to 16 and 22 , scrofula to 9 and 15 , tabes mesenterica to 16 and 17 , phthisis to 131 and 130 , bronchitis to 86 and 74 , pneumonia to 67 and 62 . Last week six women died of puerperal fever , besides 12 Others who sunk under otber diseases incidental to child-bearing .

      Untitled Article

      "RESPECTABLE" ROBBERT . False Weights axd Measubes . —On Wednesday , at tho Court of tbe High Steward for Westminster , the following returns were made of persona fined for using false weights and measures : —Mr . Edshed , general dealer , 35 , Tothill-street , a scale half-an-ounce against the purchaser , 5 s . ; — Ellery , chandler , 19 , Gardner ' a-lane . a beam scale , imperfect and destroyed , 2 s . 6 d . ; John Croft , cheesemonger , 3 , Knightsbridge-terrace , a pair of scales against the purchaser , 10 s . ; Thomas Pike , coal dealer , 8 , Middle-row , Knightabridge , a coal machine 13 ounces against the buyer , and a coak measure very deficient , 103 . ; George Logsden , of the Life Guardsman , Enightsbridge , three measuring pots , very deficient , 15 s . ; James Hawkins , chandler , High-road , Knightsbridge , a counter scale five drachms against the purchaser , and a snuff scale imperfect , 5 a . ; William George , landlord of the Rose aud Crown , Knightsbridge , three measuring and three plain pots , very deficient , 2 o 3 . ; J . L . Street , the Trevor Arms , Knightsbridge , pots

      deficient , o . oa . ; —uacmt , grocer , 18 , High-street , Knightsbridge , a counter machine and two scales very imperfect , 53 . ; Mary McGhee , chandler , 19 , Rose-street , Coventgarden , a half-peck measure very deficient , 2 s . Gd . ; John IIill , baker , 13 , Mercer-street , a scale seven drachms against the buyer , 5 s . ; Thomas Carey , the Red Lion , Charles-street , sixpots very deficient , 15 s . ; Henry Broome , licensed victualer , 22 , Haymarket , two pots deficient , os . ; Charlton , baker , Marylebone-street , weightsdeficient , 23 . Cd . ; —Dodd , coal dealer , 6 , George-court , six weights and two measures deficient , and two coak measures deficient and destroyed , 7 s . Cd . ; James Campbell , Regent-street , two measuring pots deficient , 10 s . ; George Davies . licensed victualler , 15 , ConMVstreet , three spirit measures deficient , 153 . ; J . W . Wilcocks , licensed victualler , 40 , Maddox-street , two-and-a-half gills deficient , 10 s . ; Samuel Smith , the Portsmouth Arms , Shepherd-street , two pots deficient , os . ; — Holloway , coal dealer , Hanover-place , a coal machine four ounces against the buyer , 2 s . Gd .

      Untitled Article

      Fatal Revenge . —The conductor of the diligence which goes from Figeac to Limogne , named Lescale , having been aware for some time that improper relations existed between his wife and a tradesman of the place , named Vayssie , often warned them if they continued , fie would take vengeance on them , but they took no notice . A few days ago he left the town with his diligence as usual , but after proceeding a short distance , requested the passengers to wait for a short time as he had forgotten something of great importance . He then hastened homo , and finding the door fastened , entered by a window , and discovered the guilty pair taking a . bath together ; He at once struck . Vayssie on the head with a hammer , and afterwards drew a knife and wounded him mortally the wife took to flight . After accomplishing bis vengeance . The conductor returned calmly to his diligence , and continued his journey . The next day on his return he gave himself up to the authorities ;— Oalignani ' s Mcssenoer .

      Untitled Article

      MONDAY , Mat 10 . HOUSE OF LORDS . —Masters in Chancery Abolition Bill was read a second time on the motion of the Lord Chancellor , and ordered to be referred to a select committee . Lord ItEDESDALK moved for copies of the forms of Writs used for the summoning and prorogation of the convocation of the clergy for the province of York , and stated that tho object of his motion wa 3 to procure the same privileges for the clergy of the province of York with respect to convocation as were enjoyed by their brethren of the province of Canterbury . The motion was subsequently withdrawn , and the house adjourned at seven o ' clock . HOUSE OF COMMOXS .-Mr . Isaac Butt , Q c took tko oaths and his seat for Harwich . The bon . member was introduced to the house by Sir R . Inglis and Mr G A Hamilton . ' '

      ASSIGNMEST OP ME FORFEITED SEAT 3 . -The ClIASCKLLOB of the Exchequer moved for leave to bring in a bill to assign the four seats in parliament in lieu of St Alhans and Suubury . He observed that , although he had not defined all the measures which her Majesty ' s government had proposed , as being of paramount importance , to brine before the house prior to the dissolution of parliament and the house had been too generous to demand more nre ' cise information , he did , in the middle of March voluntarily express their intentions with regard to ' some of those measures . He lad then said that one of those measures which they deemed of paramount importance was in the event of the bill for the disfrachisoment of the borough of St . Albans receiving the sanction of parliament , the com . pletion of the constitutional number of the aecreeate members of tbe House of Commons , which , in the opinion of her Majesty's government , was highly expedient before the dissolution of parliament . It had been sueeosted that

      ine learned societies m the metropolis should furnish members to that house ; but these societies in the nineteenth century did not nocessarily consist of learned men and it would be difficult to draw the ltne ; for if the Royal Society shouldhe entitled to send a representative to that house , upon what prmaple could the Geographical , the Zoological , the Astronomical , or any new societies or scientific clubs be excluded ? Then it had been said that the Royal Collegea ? J > d Academies might be endowed with the franchise ; but it their constitutions were examined , it would be found thatj generally speaking they were Belf . elected . The nonrepresented Universities constituted another class of claimantB ; but thoueh their claims were extremely plausibk , iri the Scotch Universities the elements of a constituency were totally wanting , and in those of London ho did not find the conditions indispensable to such a concession . Another proportion had been urged with great lorce , namely , to concede ono member at least to the four Inns of Court , which could supply a laree and resnenfcahla

      constituency ; but he thought it would be a hopeless taik to propose to allocate a member to such a constituency whilst other largo constituencies wove denied the franchise ; and he knew , moreover that there existed a preludice , in which be M not share , against a larger infusion w ^ Tf Int 0 « h . ° ' « e . He , therefore , renounced reluctantly any attempt to form a constituency from those eements . The government considered that the claims of " mtiom of the constituency depended very much upon the relative degrees of representation they now posaesaed ; and . in this view , the claim of one constituency VnTii 0 Th * avamount ' ™ ffiel y > the WeBt ^ ding of Ji tf \ , fK POSed S th erefQre » that two of the vacant seats should be awarded to that country ; that the West Riding should be divided nto two nnrMnn * riofinn * w

      the boundary of the Midland Railway , the portion south and west of the line to he called the South Diviaion of the West Riding ; the portion north and east of the line to be called the Northern Division ; the constituency aL iS 4 vi 81 ° . w » W be 17 , 905 ; that of the former 18 , 78 o . Her Majesty ' s government had resolved to recommend tho apportionment of the two other vacant seats to the Southern Division of the county of Lancaster . There were details relative to these arrangements whioh he would not dwell upon ; and , in conclusion , he expressed a Hope that the propositions he had offered would be adopted and that they would contribute to the welfare of the community , and increase the strength and lustre of the House of Commons . Mr . Gladstone said he should confine himself to the question whether this subject was one into which the house at the present moment Bhould consent to enter , and it was his intention to move that the house pass to the order of the day . If Mr . Disraeli had shown that there was a constitutional urgency for a settlement of this niipstinn tho

      house should grant him leave to introduce his bill ; but if he had failed to show a constitutional necessity , he ( Mr . Gladstone ) contended that this was no trivial or optional matter , and that a strong constitutional principle called upon tbe house to refuse suoh permission . There had been an understanding , tbe substance of which was clear , that no measure not of immediate urgency should be submitted to the house before a dissolution of parliament . Great inconvenience attended the introduction of such a measure as this . It was a sound canon , that for all measures , except those of immediate urgency , the eve of a dissolution of parliament was the very worst moment . With respect to this measure , although the scale of the subject was small , it was one that deserved the most serious consideration , and which / should be approached and settled once for all when the Administration was in full possession of political power . He moved the order of the day . After a short pause , during which no member rose , the house

      divided—For the motion i 4 g For the amendment ... 234—86 The proposition of the government was accordingly lost . THE MILITIA . The house then -went into committee on the Militia Bill resuming at clause 7 . Upon the question that the seventh clause stand part of the bill .

      Mr . Waklet moved that the Chairman report progress . After a pretty long , but uninteresting , debate , this motion wa 3 , upon a division , negatived by loO against 85 . The committee then divided upon the clause , which was carried by 1 G 9 against 82 . The eighth clause , " Quotas of counties to be fixed by order m council , " underwent a long disoussion before its scope and the object of its provisions could be understood . In the end , Mr . M . Gibsos moved that the clause be postponed ; but this motion was negatived on a division , and , after some further discussion , the clause was agreed to . The Chairman then reported progress , and obtained leave to sit again on Friday . Several bills were advanced a stage . TUESDAYMat 11 .

      , HOUSE OF LORDS . — Chicoht . — Lord Redesdaie presented a petition from a respectable farmer , complaining that the Excise had interfered with his sale of a preparation of mangel wurzel or beetroot , called booka ; and praying that it might be placed on the same footing as chioory . The noble lord stated that the petitioner had been threatened by the Excise with prosecution for selling this root on the score of its being like coffee , whereas chicory was allowed freely to be sold for coffee . The Earl of Derby said the Excise had not attacked the petitioner , but he had assailed the Excise ; he had , in fact , put his head into the lion's mouth . ( A laugh ) . ^ Not content with selling the article , he must needs write to the Excise , telling them what an admirable article it was as a substitute for coffee ( a laugh ) , and begging them to let him mix

      a little coffee with it and sell it asauoh . ( Laughter ) . Surely , after that , he could scarcely complain of being told by the Excise , that if he did so , he would be liable in penalties for selling an exoiseable article without a licence , and also for selling a counterfeit article in lieu of a genuine exciseable article . ( Hear , hear ) . If the petitioner were content with simply Belling the article he grew , without either selling it as coffee or mixing it with coffee , he would not be molested ; but , otherwise it was his own fault if he were exposed to penalties for tweaking the law . A great number of petitions against the continuance of the grant to Maynooth , were presented by the Earl of Shaftesbury and the Duke of Argyll . Lord Montbagle presented a petition complaining of the practical exclusion of natives in India from superior official employments .

      On the motion of the Arohbishop of Casterbtjrt the report of the Colonial Bishop ' s Bill was agreod to . The house then adjourned till Friday . HOUSE OF COMMOx \ S . -The Matnooih GRAKT .-After the presentation of a great number of petitions against this grant , Mr . Spooner , in moving for a Select Committee to inquire into the system of education carried on at the College of . Maynooth , said it was his anxious desire , and w ould be his earnest attempt , to abstain from anything that could hurt feeliugs or wound prejudices . He charged the Maynooth system with being injurious to society , with creating immorality , and with being completely s ubver-8 ivo of the true principles of allegiance . Although he shonld limit bis argument to these points , still he main , tamed tbat tbe original grant to the College , was in itself

      bad in principle , and that all the forebodings of those who had opposed it , had been fully realised : that the system taught there was antagonistical to the Word of God ' , and a national sin , and as such , it was his earnest wish to see the grant refused . Confining himself , however , to the policy of the measure , he anticipated and combated the objections which might be offered to his motion , —that there had been already an inquiry , aud that the grant had been confirmed by aot of Parliament , —contending that the question of faith was not involved , and that parliament was at full liberty to repeal the grant , whenever the conduct of the grantees was known to be injurious to the public weal and dangerous to the monarchy . He then examined at much length the doctrines which appeared from books used at the College ' to be inculcated

      there , in respect to oaths and their obligations ; to morality and honesty , including the distinctions between mortal sins and venial sins ; to the supremacy of the Romish Ecclesiastic law above the Constitutional law , and its authority over even heretics ; to contracts with heretics , and to confession . In order to prove the encroaohing spirit of the Romish Church , Mr . Spooner contrasted the declarations made and pledges given by its clergy in Ireland previous to Roman Cathlic Emancipation—whereby many Protestants had been reconciled to that measure—with its recent pretensions , and he pledged himself if a committee were granted , to show that the disloyalty , and even rebellion which had appeared in Ireland , might be traced to the teaching and were in accordance with the doctrines inculated at Maynooth .

      The Marquis of Bundsord seconded the motion upon this single ground-that , if the facts stated by Mr . Spooner were true , thee could be but one inference—namely , tbat

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      the house was bound to concede an inquiry . He enlarged upon the proofs furnished by the Roman Catholio clergy of Ireland of the obstructive policy of theiv church in relation to the education of the people , and called upon the house to take measures for the repeal of an endowment which , he believed , was repudiated by tho peoplo of this country . Mr . Anstei moved , by way of amendment , a resolution , that the house will resolve itself into a committee to consider of a bill for repealing the Maynooth Endowment Act , and all other acts for charging the revenue in aid of ecclesiastical or religious purposes , arguing that neither Roman Catholics nor Protestants could , without a violation of religious liberty , be taxed for tho support of institutions connected with a faith to which they did not belong . The withdrawal of those grants would remove from tho house questions of polemics , for which it was a very unsuitable arena .

      The amendment was seconded by Mr . Scitolbfield , who , while opposed to tho original motion , did not moan to record his admiration of the endowment of Maynooth , to which ho was as little friendly as Mr . Spooner ; but he would not join in an attack upon a small endowment to a Roman Catholic college whilst tho large endowments of the Protestant Church were left untouched . Mr . Walpolk , on tho part of the government , wished to mike an early statement of tbe course they meant to pursue . All agreed that this question , whether regarded in a political or a social and moral aspect , was one of tbe utmost difficulty ; Under these circumstances , he approached tho question with caution and forbearance ; but approach it he must , fov the hold it had taken upon the public mind was such that the government could not and

      should not evade it . As to the amendment , it sought not inquiry , but the repeal of this and all similar acts , and the establishment , of the voluntary principle . So large a question should be brought forward , if at all , as a substantive motion . Mr . Spooner ' s motion , for an inquiry into tho system of education at the College of Maynooth , raised tho question whether the grant had or had not answered its purpose . There were two arguments against inquiryfirst , that tho question was concluded in 1 S-15 , and ought not to be re-opened ; second , that tho grant itself was so vicious in principle that it ought to be repealed at once . With regard to the first , since Parliament had made the grant , Parliament had a right to recall it . When tho grant was made perpetual in 1845 , Siv R . Peel stated two grounds for the measure—first , the povertv han » incr over the

      college ; second , that it would break up a formidable confederacy in Ireland against the British government and British connexion . There were three purposes for which tho grant was made—first , to secure a well-educated , loyal , and domestic priesthood ; second , to provide funds for their instruction ; and , third , to break up by generosity what Sir R . Peel termed a " formidable confederacy . " Then , had these , or any of these , purposes been answered ? This was a question which the house was bound to consider before it determined whether or not this committee should be granted . Had there been a well-educated , loyal , domestic priesthood in Ireland ? Up to a certain time there may have been ; but there were strong reasons for believing that many of the priesthood educated at this college were ' merabers of different orders who do not remain a domestic priesthood . Had not the character of the priesthood changed of late years ? He feared that , instead of confining themselves to doto the

      , as they ought , supporting of their own religion , they had , in fact , assumed an aggressive character . He alluded . to what had taken place since Dr . Cullen had come into Ireland . If the facts were so , measures should be taken against an application of the public money to any other than its legitimate purpose—to provide a well-educated , loyal , and domestic priesthood . The grant had been intended by Sir R . Peel as a messenger of peace ; it was made in a liberal and confiding spirit ; and he would ask any man if the system of education at Maynooth adh had the tendency designed by Sir R . Peel ? These were the reasons which induced the government to think that some inquiry ought to be made—namely , that the conditions of the grant had not been adequately fulfilled , and that the objects for which it was made no longer existed to the same extent . He thought , therefore , that the country had a right to ask , and that the house was bound to consent to an inquiry , and by tho results of that inquiry his own opinion would abide .

      Mr . Osbornb denounced this as a mean attempt to raise a " No Popery" cry with which to go to the hustings . Tbe hon . member for Warwickshire had quoted liberally from ThomaB Aquinas ; he would also quote from more modern productions-, he would quote from the past speeches of some of the Cabinet ministers . ( "Hear , hear , " and laughter . ) The right hon . gentleman the Secretary for tne Colonies , on the occasion to which he referred also coincided with the views of Lord Derby . The right hon . gentleman he did not see in his place ; but he Bhould be glad to know whether he had changed his views since 1845 , just as he had changed them on the question of the

      saccnarine duties . ( Hear , hear . ) These were the words of the right hon . gentleman , in 1845 : — " He did not think it inconsistent with his duty as a churchman to givo tho endowment of Maynooth his support-not a cold or hesitating support—not a reluctant support extracted bj party ties , but a cordial and willing Jsupport , founded on deep conviction-first , that they must nofc venture to leave Maynooth on its pvesent footing ; secondly , that . this measure was called for as a step in that wise and conciliator polioy towards Ireland which every government should attempt to carry out . " He would next quote an extract from tne speech of a noble lord who was supposed to represent the chivalry of the house ( Lord John Manners ) who waathoti "

      Ab free a man , and he supposed ho might add ,-

      As when wild in woods the noble gavage ran . ( Loud laughter . ) The noble lord said : —" The cry is msed ' The Church is in danger . ' I admit that it is ; but not from thu . grant to Maynooth , nor from the VaticaD , nor the Jesuits , that the Irish Church is in peril ; it isfrom herself ; from her own self-willed and disobedient laity Eoi 5 f \ l aDget l ^ hey who woul d have her isolate ; fK F n -J he re 8 h CathoIio Christendom fraternise with the Puritan , and denounce priestcraft with the Presbyterian ! I admit the Church to be in danger . I am irre-SftTEi ^ the dying worda of the wuvdeved Law ! on the scaffold . They may who list trace all the glory , refhn W n , f \ magnifi « en f <> f the old English monarchy to S . tS ^ COn ( lT ° f I 6 evim in & * P » l code and fi r ! tt& ? t foendancy , the saf eguard of the empire , but . for myself , I claim a liberty to mount higher , and to act in ' 15 S » ^ Ugh Wl 1 Iam m ' died Stadtholder of Holland . " The noble lord went on to

      say-The priests ; those gentle priests and good , Their fathers loved to hear , Sole type below , midst work and woe , Of the God whom they revere .

      " Acknowledge frankly , and at once , that power whioh you admit to be so great , and which hitherto , with a fatal obstinacy , you pretend to ignore . Accredit a minister to the Vatican ; receive a nuncio at St . JameB's . . . . With every feeling of confidence as a ' ch ' urchman , I am not acting disloyally towards the Church , in sanctioning this measure , and , as a statesman , that I am promoting the best interests of my eountry , I give my vote for the permanent endowment of the College of . Maynooth . " He could not underatand gentlemen talking of their love tor their Roman Catholic fellow-subjects , and yet usin ? terms with regard to their faith , such as those made use of by the hon , member for North Warwickshire . If wo wished to maintain the union between this nnnntrv nnri

      Ireland , we were bound to place the priesthood of the large mas 3 of the people on the same level as the clergy of other parts of the population , The noble lord who seconded the motion , had also stated , that he was opposod to the propagation of error . But he wished to ask the noble lord how he got over the propagation of error , as he called it , in our colonies—m Malta , Mauritius , Gibraltar , and Canada , in all of which grants were made for the Roman Catholic religion by direct vote of that house ? In' Ireland there were not fewor than 280 Roman Catholic chaplains for the workhouses paid by direct vote of that house . If he recollected rightly , the government of this country in 1833 , laid a foundation for a Hindoo college , and for a Mahomedan college m India . He wished to know whether the hon . member was acquainted with the peculiar rites of the

      ninooo religion i if he was , what must be thought of that odour of sanctity which strained at a Maynooth gnat , but swallowed a Hindoo camel—which pronounced the doctrines of Maynooth to be damnable , yet overlooked the very indecent doctvines of Benares . ( A laugh ) . Why was it that the hon . gentleman and his school so respected the Hindoo faith of the east , and so despised the Roman Catholic faith of the West ? The reason was , they knew that if we treated India as we treated Ireland , our empire would totter to its destruction . ( Hear ) . The right hon . gentleman the Secrotary of State had atated , that the character of the Irish priesthood had become changed , and had left the house to imagine that they had been counsellors of rebellion If the right hon . gentleman had examined the statistics of tho Co ege of Maynooth , he would have found that Archbishop Cullen was not educated at that college . ( Hear , hear ) . Was h

      » ngnt non . gentleman aware that during the late confederacy but one pnest bred at Maynooth had taken part K « nvnn ? Yo ; T par ^' tbat P * estwa 8 Father Si'fi " ' , ? P rle 3 t \ <> sympathised with Mr . Smith O Bnen were not members of Maynooth ; yet the « sate ; arttxvfe { s : famous * ong , " Who dares to speak ofWwS " witten by d il ™ L 8 e ' ° ! . WPta ? . to guide thff TntheSnt iu

      ww r jr uuu persuauea tne non . member for North War-Isi ^ fepi gSSipiilSs ?/ LTif ? k 1 ? Ir ( 2 and a PW * y * io would demand duffi . ? v S W between the two countries . He should glve his decided vote against the motion . ( Cheers . ) JSfcrJrv ^ ° t ? - ° PP ° sed wha& to termed a hybrid tat peraeit P ing t 0 aBk inquiry / breathed nothing

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      Mr . . Newdegatk supported the motion—a moderate and reasonable proposition , which could not , he said , be refused without treating the people of this country with contempt . Mr . Momeli complained that Mr . Walpole , in tho high position of a minister of the crown , had not uttered n word of reprobation of the statements so wantonly made by Mr . Spooner , the real object of whose motion , he contended , was not to inquire or dimish the grant , but to take it away , and diniinish the number of the Ptoman Catholic clergy in Ireland , and to that object Mr . "VYalpole had given his adhenn «; - Ie ( . Mr Monsell ) , speaking for himself should not S ?'" v : ! cause he believed that a fair inquiry would amply vindicate the character of the college . SS ^^ W ^ STSftSS igiwuvu _____¦ ~~~~~~~~—~ Mfc ~ " _—— ' _____— —¦

      wmen no pandered out of it «« faSoKSS tS ^ hff ^ vote ia portanco , and he differedIsn ? £ 2 ? w w ° 2 1 Uch " ?* speech , that he conlliIS reLT - f 1 ' 0 * ' S R ooner ' 3 lwdldU ^ teurttatiSSA SSft A ° s ^^ BBBFFi srj ^ -jRi- vsS 5 be withdrawn , tho parliament that withdrew II prepared to enter upon the whole subject of £ rtS tuction of ecclesiastical arrangements in Ireland . He did not say whether this would be right or wrong , but it was the pessary as well as the logical consequence of tie course upon which the house was entering . No serious case had in ms opinion , been made out to nrove M * faiim-n nf « , «

      ondowmont ; not a single student had left Maynooth since Srrf £ r ^ ? i the grant ; he ahould ' before , hwo preferred the delay of the inquiry until a later period . At nrro a i - ] « whe , motion of this kind was made , ho 32 , / 1 Ionse 11 ' that the friend 3 of Maynooth Miouid cast no obstacles in its way . Prudence and iustice MaT " 1 /*? 0 ^ be < 1 limits t 0 th 0 in ^ 'ry . The mover and Khi » J ° . ked u P ° < l ui > 7 simply as a means of es-SSf / taln chargea u P ° n which th « y 1 *< 1 madoup ^ i A " > - ste P t 0 fc ° "Pea' of the grant . But a Pvnrp «; mtmU f PP ° inted upon the motion of gentlemen W sVoh sentiments could not be entrusted with mtoZ ^ h lKms a national I " * " , ' ^ d in all * cases had been dealt with by the Executive gocond 3 ^ a he , Pr sed that this inquiry should be S !! lbtrf ^ r iinmediftte 8 u P ™ teUnce and re-EirvnSh ? S ? «™ government . Further , tho Hffi 2 ° r t 0 exte , nd t 0 the S eneral chi »™ ter of the lelirinn vJifv" ? ? , exeroi 8 e of t ^ Roman Catholic ie r ! lt hmthwal ! ? ? the College of Mavnooth

      ° , _ ..... ° _ , . rt . £ n ? K 4 TTAN - P poseiUhe motion . wnich , ho said " was sas&jfjsasa . ' induiged ' ™ «*» - h J'L Rl ImiS S ! "d Mr- Gladstone , admitting that there MavnoothTr'JfrW ? ^ Imperial Le S ^ ture and S ft t S ° "to on * the former from modifying the ! nn «\ ll ^ added that , if the grant were conclude 7 the house should be prepared fov new eooleaiaatioal arrangenentei in Ireland Did not this mean that there should be for £ elC r nfiS ° . I On of P hurch P ° P ? ? He Bhould vote of mS £ A \ ? 0 Hsiderin £ that there was a prospect Sot dLtlu Ti ! L ° \ P « liat « ent , he thousht it was fnquiry the h ° should en S S e in 8 U ^ * SBSsar ^ ^^^^^ tea ^ Sn ^ n «»^ S ^ t

      amendment . He thought that the house was ; entering upon a 5 T se c 0 TK ' u which > if t&e m ° tion should bo agreed to , must either end m a nullity or load to dangerous consequences . No ground had been laidfor the moticm , the object of which was to withdraw the grant-a course which would not abolish ultramontane influence in Ireland , but , on the contrary , would force the Irish priesthood to seek education abroad . He believed the motion had arisen from teolmgs out of doors , which had unfortunately been aroused amongst the Protestants of this country by what he should never shrink from characterising as the aggressive and unjustifiable proceeding of tho Court of Rome . Jjut let not the house visit this act UDon the Cathnlin vnnth

      of Ireland intended for the ministry , whioh would be as impolitic as it was unjust . It appeared to him that the motion was one of vengeance , and if so , it was at variance with all sound principles of national policy , and on that ground he resisted it . Moreover , if an inquiry was necessary , no machinery was so objectionable as a committee of that house ; it should be conducted by Commissioners appointed by the government , and not committed to the rough hands of a Committee . Mr . Sergeant Mukphy moved the adiournment of the debate

      Mr , UKY . NOLDS supported the motion for the adjournment . ' He said that he might probably vote for the inquiry . ( A lRUgh ) . He might and he might not . ( Renewed laughter . ) There were three courses to be pursued . One was to vote for the motion , another to vote against it , and the third nob to vote at all . ( Laughter . ) He ( Mr . Reynolds ) was quite at liberty to adopt any one of those three courses . He begged , howover , to remind the author of this intolerant and insulting and impertinent motion , of the old adage that " those who live in glass houses should not throw stones , " and that it might be insisted that an inquiry should be made with regard to the united church of England and Ireland—a church establishment comprising not more thnn one-seventh of tho population , possessing a tythc renfc charge of £ 600 , 000 a year , and whoso bishops and deans hold 1 , 000 , 000 of greeu acres . Atter sume observations by Mr . Henry Drummond , and a smart assault upon the Chancellor of tho Exchequer by Mr . Keogh , the debate was adjourned until Tuesday , that day week .

      Tho remaining business having been disposed of , the house adjourned at twenty minutes past twelve o ' clock .

      WEDNESDAY . May 12 . HOUSE OP COMMONS .-Thb Taxes on Knowledor . —The debate ( adjourned on the 22 nd ult . ) upon the resolution moved by Mr . M . Gibson , " That such financial atrangemei ^ ought to be made as will enable Parliament to dispense with the duty on paper ; that the newspaper stamp duty ought to be abolished ; and that the tax on advertisements ought to be repealed , " was resumed by Mr . Cowan , who explained the nature of the restrictions peculiarly applicable to the manufacture of paper , the tendency of which , he said , was to obstruct improvements . The Excise duty fell with great severity upon certain branches of this manufacture—cards , boards , boxes , and packages for British articles exported—and the vexatious

      processes of supervision occasioned a further outlay . But for the depressing and crushing effect of these duties and restrictions , the paper manufacture would have attained a far greater extension than it now had . Mr . Gladstone said , although he should be heartily glad when the time camo at which , the duty on paper should be repealed , on the present occasion such a proposal should not be entertained . There were , however , so many interesting circumstances connected with this duty , that it was a question which might be vary usefully discussed iu the house . If the paper duty were taken off , we ought to be the cheapest producers and largest consumers of books in the world , whereas now the demand was narrower and the prices of books were higher in this than in any oth ' er country .

      SirW . Clay thoughtthere could be no tax more worthy of consideration than the paper duty ; but he was not prepared to pledge the house to an opinion which ought not to be recorded unless it was intended to be acted upon , and the state of the revenue might not permit its

      remission-Mr . Mowatt thought that this question was intimately connected with the education and employment of the people Tho fact was that they took a far greater sum from the people in the shape of paper duties than they spent on them in ednoation , and with regard to the question of employment , the paper duty deprived the people of the means of gaining their living to au extent far greater than the amount which those duties produced . They all knew how much the Messrs . Chambers had contributed to the moral nnd useful information of tho people . About five years back , when engaged in endeavouring to supply the demand for cheap and popular literature , they were stopped in limine by the paper duty . They , however , persevered with their " Miscellany , " until they obtained a circulation of no lesa

      than SQ . QOO a ¦ week ; but even then they were obliged to succomb and give up the publication in consequence of the heavy duty upon paper . Mr . Knight had also shown that he had paid in duty upon the paper of the • Penny Enoyclopsedia" alone £ 30 , 000 , which left him no return whatever for his capital . It was true that a large book consumed more paper than a small one ; but it had been Shown that half a farthing in the pound would turn tb . 8 sMle as respected the production of book 9 , besides which there was tho vexatious interference of the Excise officer with tho manufacturer . As regarded the newspaper press , the effect of a penny stamp was to involve a large amount of capital , which consequentl y gave a monopoly of the press to capitalists . With respect to the advertisement duty , it was oruel to throw difficulties in the wav of the

      working classes tor making known their wants and obtiinmg employment . And yet all this cruelty and wrong was perpetrated and perpetuated for a paltry revenue of £ 100 , 000 . These taxes were a direct interference with native industry . In Prance hundreds of thousands of people found employment in the manufacture of paper : in England that source of employment was cut off by reason of these taxes . This was a practical lesson that England should take home to herself . Moreover , they caused the manufacture of paper to remain stationary in tbia country , and therefore prevented its development . The Americans bought the dross of the English cotton-mills , and made it into " paper , which was prevented in this country by the taxes in question . Thousands were prevented therefore from earning their daily bread by their pressure . It was

      no answer to say that the repeal of these taxes would press on tho revenue ; because a case had been shown that their existence was otherwise injurious to the eountry . That was not the main reason why those taxes were not repealed , however ; it was simply' because the olasses whom their repeal would benefit had not that influenoe in parliament which they should possess . "Mr . Reynolds objected to the duty on paper beoause- id was a war tax . It had its origin in 1711 , and was inttoduoed by Mr . It . Walpole in the reign of Queen Annn From 1711 to 1798 , however , there waTno p ? Jer duty ia Ireland . In 1793 a duty was placed on the machinery em . ployed in paper-making in Ireland of 3 d . per lb . This yti paid until 1837 , when it wan changed to 3 d , per lb , on

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      AI ay 15 , 1852 . THE STAR OF FREED OM . 7 — ^ — -

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 15, 1852, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1678/page/7/