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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th September 1851, Edition 1 of 2, Page 3, Untitled Article

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      Tht Applicatwn of Associative Principles and the Methods to Agriculture . A Lecture by the Rev . C . Kjngsley . London : Bezer , 183 , Fleet-street . Ir foooKs were to bo valued in proportion to their size , Mr . Kingsley ' s ' Lecture' would aot be very highly estimated . If they are to be prized in proportion to the value and importance of their contents , it is impossible to appreciate it too highly . TVe haye , indeed , never before met with a work which , in the compass of a few pages , treats so lucidly , practically , and forcibly of a great number of -questions of the most vital importance to Sb-« iety . The Style of the author of ' Alton

      Locke' is vigorous , simple , and straightforward . There is a thought or a f act in every sentence . "With him words are things ; and at a moment when one old system of agriculture is evidently unable to maintain its ground , before the assaults of a Free Trade policy , the topic treated of by Mr . Kingsley possesses claims of the strongest character upon tlie Attention of all classes of the community . "While the lecturer stands up strictly for the institution of landlordism , he by no means Spares the landlords for their abase of the powers entrusted to them . "What the effect -of this has been on the country let Mr . Kingsley tell us , in his own vigorous and powerful style : —

      I Lave to bring this heavy charge against the great majority of landlords , that they hare for the last fifty yearabeen behaving towards their estates and those on tbem more and more as if they bad not a duty to perform to them , and to the nation by whoso permission they hold them , but merely a pecuniary interest in them , as if , to use Mr . Carlyle ' s phrase , " Cash payment was the only bond between man and man , " and tfee whole object of their own landlord-existence was to get , out of farmers' competition , the maximum of rent , at the minimnm of expense and trouble , Hence they have been breaking down , or allowing to be broken dotrn , one by one all the old elements of Socialism , the old ties and customs which they were most bound to keep up . and which they must uowrestore in some improved and more organised shapes , or vanish .

      There is hardly a questionable opinion or practice for which the earliest political economists are blamed , which has not openly manifested itself among landlords and farmers during the last fifty years , in blundering and bat-baric forms , without the excuse , which the political economist has a right to plead , that they were obeying the laws of au accredited science . If political economists hare xnade an idol of profits , and set them up as the object of agriculture , instead of asserting the maximum of production to be itself an absolute good , who have fallen more deeply into that error than the protectionist landlords ? If political economists have preached against over population , farmers and landlords have been acting on their theory for many a year . They have prevented the population of their parishes from increasing . They have replaced of

      men * by sheep over large ^ districts Scotland . They nave let cottages—I speak of a frightfully -common ease—run to rnin , breeding disejjee and misery in the inmates during the process of their decay , with the avowed intention of not replacing them when they fell down . They have driven away not only their surplus hands , but even , in too many -cases , those which they already possessed , to increase the crowded filth and misery of the great -cities , and , as in the case of the Dorsetshire labourers , to walk out from the town four or five miles daily to their work , and as many back . The customofhereditary leases has , vanished , on ninetynine estates out of a hundred ! The custom of any lease at all has grown but too rare . The fanner lias no longer a family interest and affection towards his land and his labourers , any more than he has towards his landlord . For the landlord

      lowers himself irremediably in the farmer s eyes in the very process of letting , when he hands over his farm to the man who will promise him most , and demaed of him least , while he is utterly careless as to the farmer ' s character , morals , skill—even , strange blindnes 3 of covetousness!—us to the amount of capital he can put into theland . Hence , the actual average capital per acre , invested by farmers throughout England , is less than half the sum without which the Scotch farmer considers proStable or productive agriculture impossible . Hence the farmer is beaten down , to promise a rent which it is uncertain whether he can pay , has to speculate on the chances of an arbitrary remission cf part of it on his rent day ; oil his landlord ' s alias ,

      in short ; and in the meantime , to make all sure , grinds the labourer as thelandlord has ground him . . And I am sorry to say , that the rank and education $ tlandlords , iu a fearfully . large number of instances , is no guarantee for their honesty . What may be the state of things in the more remote and pa " - triarchial districts of the north and west of England , I cannot say ; but I assert that throughout the midland , southern , and eastern counties there ia not a market town in which you mny not hear stories by the half-dozen , of farmers half rained by heing cajoled into takingfarms at high rents , on the promise of improvements at the landlord ' s expense aa a wealthy squire promised a friend of mine—• which promise was utterly broken ; of leases

      promised , and then left unsigned , until on the tenant's pressing for the signature , he has been tnrned out of his farm—as a respectable baronet turned out another friend of mine—and the improvements ¦ which he had made appropriated by the landlord ; of whole estates lying half-cultivated at rack-rents , tLc farmers not daring to improve , lest the rents should be raised upon them ; of other farms whose rental is as high now , with wheat £ 10 a load , as it Tras when wheat uas £ 40 , though no corresponding permanent improvements have been made by the landlord in the meantime ; of estates in one county oa which the landlord resides , bedizened out witli model cottages , and schools , and churches , like that of one of the greatest and most respectable dukes in England , to the admiration of . in unreflecting public , while the same man ' s property at the -Other end of England is the scene of extortion , pauperism , fever , and decay , delivered over to the

      tender mercies of an agent , some parasite farmer or attorney of the neighbourhood , 'chosen because he Is a good man of business—in plain English , more cunning , greedy , and hard-hearted than tho average ; of appeals Irom cheated farmers ( labourers OB such estates have given up long ago appealing ts any one but God )—or from clergymen pleading for the health , the decency , the morals , the education , the lives of their wretched flocks , answered by a cold— " I never interfere in such matters ; I leave them to my agent . " I assert that I know parish after parish , in which the whole education , almsgiving , and all appliances of mercy and civilisation , depend utterly on the scanty purse of the clergyman , who has to support , at an expense sometimes of one-third of his scanty income , recessary good ¦ works to which the landlord , drawing thousands a year from the same parish , often does not contribute a five pound notesometimes not ft smiling .

      , I assert that I , a young man , in my own short aad limited experience , have seen every one of these iniquities again and again . That * do not inow , even slightly , a neighbourhood in which one or more cases of these evils do not exist . I leave yon to judge of the whole amount of them throughoat the ' kingdom . The effects of such a system on the farmer may te easily conceived . He has become a comau , reeling often in the course of his life , four or are farms in succession , and continually shifting in the ior nis

      hope of better terms for himself and worse landlord . He is in fact , a mere wandering speculator in the bone and muscle of labourers ia vvfcoin he Uusycavly less and less interest , towUom lw is , in the Eastern Counties , where the sweating system , In the form of gang-work , is fast spreading unuer most brutal shapes , often personally unknown . The farmer hates the landlord ; the labourer nates fun fanner . Everywhere ia competition , and , therefore , everywhere distrust , meanness , distiaicn , discontent . And doe 3 this unrestrained

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      competitive ?«>« # ¦/ £ " >(! promote English Agrioul ture ? Not a whit of jt' English soil is almost the worst tilled of an , " enclosed soil m Europe . The farm-buildings , on estate after estate , are in a state utterly disgraceful-such js . renders it impossible to save manure , or farm high in h . iy way . The farmers daro not invest capital , in lime ° i which they have no permanent tenure . Not a die tricfc which does not give ocular demonstration of the general under-farming , by the presence of some one farm which is growiug , even on the present clumsy system , half a 3 much again as those round it . And all agricultural improvements , with a very lew exceptions , are originated either by freeholders , or by gentlemen farming for . their amuse * meat , proving that something more than competition is required to give the proper spur to production .

      And , in the meantime , under the influence of the same selfish trade spirit , the landlords have gone on , for tho last . fifty years , buying up every rood of land , till they have all but exterminated the old yeomanry , and there are now less than half the number of freeholders in England than there were fifty year 3 ago . A frightful fact , when we recollect that all great political thinkers , from Lord Bacon downward , have said that one of the most important elements of a country ' s strength was , that the greatest possible number o citizens should have a permanent interest in the land . Wealth , says Lord Bacon , is like muck , nc . good unless it be spread . Above all things , sayi he again , good policy 18 to be used that the treasi ; es and monies in estate be not gathered into f ' hands . For , otherwise , a state may have a great stock , yet starve . And again , aa Cromwell told the House of Commons , if there be any one that makes many

      poor to make a few rich , that suits not a Commonwealth . Hear , again , Burke , on the great landowners , " Their estates , instead of being their aecurit v , will become tbe very causes of their danger ; they will excite rapacity—they will be looked to as a prey . " Oh , do not think that it requires what , we , in our willing atheism , call a miracle , ah interference of God , to fulfil the prophecy of the old Hebrew Seer , Woe unto them that join house to house , that lay field to field , till there be no place ! Oh , it is a base hypocrisy , which pretends that because those words are inspired they have nothing to do with us , that they refer to some peculiar and marvellous system now past ! Because they are inspired , they are eternal ; true now , and true for ever . Because they are in 8 pired they are the expression of an orderly natural law of human society , which will assert its truth , and avenge itself , without miracle or portent , but fearfully enough , in England here , as surely as it did in Judsea of old .

      Here is a nut for the political economists to crack . The essential falsehood and injustice of their favourite dogma about the price of labour being regulated by supply and demand , was never more effectively dealt with : — Let us look at this whole question from the side of simple justice . We shall all agree , I hope , that whatever is the objdet of agricultural production , the welfare of those who produce must be looked to also . That is but just . Else , why should we not grow com on the sweating system ? Some may answer—well , why not , if the agricultural labour market is over-stocked ? I answer that on that

      principle you have a right to cultivate your land by slaves . It no moral consideration is to determine the condition of your free labourers , why should it determine their being free at all ? If you acknowledge one moral ground , you must acknowledge all . If you say a farmer has a right , by setting his labourers to compete against each other for work , and paying always the lowest price the } will take , to make their numbers , and not any sense ot justice , the criterion of their wages , where is the system to stop ? He has a perfect right to go on till he has pauperised them all ; and then he has a perfect right , according to political economy , falsely so called , to hire gangs of paupers , i . e . of slaves , from the workhouse , and set them competing against the free labourers outside , as the slop-sellers send part

      of their work to the union-houses in London , and by that means beat down their free labourers to the union prices . And why should he stop there ? Why should not the agricultural labourers be as the labourers of other countries have been before now , absolutely and formally enslaved ? bought and sold as slaves , and made to work whether they like or not ? Because they are free ? Let us clear our minds of cant , gentlemen and ladies . What is the meaning of this word free ? How do you prove that a man ought to be free ? Because it is just ? Justice has nothing to do with economic considerations , with the science of profits . If they are the great object of social science ; if the reproduction ot capital is the one great means of a nation's wealth , then 1 do not see why these sentimental notions

      about justice and abstract rights of freedom are thus to interfere with the national good . If it is profitable and right to make clothes by sweating , it i 3 profitable and right to cultivate land by paupers , and still more profitable and right to cultivate it by slaves . I really do not see any reason upon economic g rounds whyyou should care so much for tbecondition of those slaves , why you should not breed them for your own use as you do cuttle and horses , and breed no more of them than you want—why you should not ascertain carefully the age at which their powers of work begin to decline , and then , instead of unprofitably supporting them in alms-houses and unions , just make away with them painlessly by a few drops of strychnine , melt them down in the sulphuric acid tank , and drill them with your

      root-crops . I will engage that any farmer or nation that will have courage logically and consistently to carry out in that way the economy of labour and the reproduction of capital , will farm , in spite of all free trade whatsoever , at a splendid profit , without breaking a single law of what is now culled Political Economy . Of course it would he cruel , and horrible , and unjust , and all that , but if you once allow such a thing as justice to enter into your calculations in one thing , you must allow it to onter in all things . You have no right to say , I will he just here and not there , or even , I will make it my ' first object here and my second there . If justice exists at all , she ia above all things and below all things—by her all things exist—and her all things must obey . Whatever voice is called into council

      —her ' s must be heard first . Sbe must not merely give the casting vote . She must explain herself on the very object and ground of the debate . If then you are content not to keep your justice for Sundays , or for the saving of your own souls , let me ask you , is it just that the labourer should have no profit whatsoever on his own labour \ - \ say , no profit whatsoever . At present , the agricultural labourer is able to save nothing . And only what a man saves is profit . A man ' s wagea , if they ate all speut upon his necessary food , clothes , and houserent , are no more profits to him than the money spent in keeping a steam-engine in repair is profit to the manufacturer , or the cost of paying a ship ' s crew and keeping a ship in repair , is profit to tho shipowner . The labourer has a machine called bis

      body , which is his stock in trade—without food , clothes , and other necessaries , th * it machine will not work but stop working and dio . W hat it costs him to keep his body in working order is no more profit to him than the keep of a horse is . If you pay him no more than will keep that body in order , you make him work as much without remuneration as your steam-engine does . And any system whioh , like tbe wages system , beats him down to the lowest upon which he can exist , is robbing him . As long as any farthing of profit accrues to the farmer from bis labour , that farmer has robbed him of his share of that profit . There was a contract between two men to execute a joint work . 1 'he farmer found capital , the labourer found physical strength . Both of them contributed over latour a certain quantity of skill and reason . When the contract is completed , tho farmer has subsisted durin" the time , jind over and above gained profits . above

      The labourer has subsisted also , and over and gained nothing . The farmer has therefore robbed the labourer of his share of the profits . The profit may be very small , but there is some ; therefore he ought to have Lad a share of it . It is no use to say it is the labourer ' s own fault , or rather the fault of his class—that his wages depend upon himself—because they depend upon the competing numbers in the labour market , and therefore if they choose to multiply recKlessly , they must take the consequences of their own multiplication . Upon i » y word , gentlemen and Jadies , when I hear an argument like that in a Christian country , I wonder what is become of our consciences . Grant that they have done wrong in multiplying recklessly , as it is called—then take the argument out ot the vapid wordy cant in which it is the fashion to clothe it , and translate it into plain ho » est Eng lish , and what does it mean ? It means this : " Ay , ye poor

      miserable fools , we have you now—when you were fewer , we could not take advantage of you ; but now we have found out tbe secret of making your numbers your weakness and not your strengthyou have been fools enough to increase , and multiply , and replenish the earth , and we will take advantage of your folly—you have given way to your animal passions , and " now your self-indulgence shall be your loss and our gain . You shnll compete against each other , the father against the sou , and the child against the grown man , you shall be mutual enemies—hindrances in each other's way—8 i ; atchers of the bread out of each other's mouths

      —you shall be envious and wretched , starving for aught we care , for you have been fools enough to multiply , and the laws of a just God , and a world for which the Son of God died , allow us , Christian employers , to make our profit out of your folly , and to visit your iguorance remorselessly upon your o < w heads—you have put yourselves into ouv power , and now , by the sacred laws of competition , we will rnnke you smart bitterly for your own weakness . " There it is , gent loin en aud ladies , in plain English . That is a simple , practical statement of the doctrine that wages arc to be dete * . mined by the competition of the labour roarke ' , aa it must appear in tbe eyes of a God who gay ? u 8 ' the

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      Bible , and as it will surely app ^ r : ° ne - *** tKe eyes of the whole civilised univerec . Mr . Kingsloy proceeds to show the l * . ? 00 ? 81 ^ bility of meeting the demands of an increasiiij population under the present system of tillage , and in a clear and concise manner developeg hi 3 reasons for the belief—that we can grow the enormously increased produce demanded , profitably , by means of association alone . On theBe points we are happy to find so admirable a writer repeating views which we have advocated for years : —• The cost of agricultural production , it begins now to be seen , depends more and more on the cost of the raw material—in plain English , of manure . Our forefathers , getting hold of virgin soils , took their produce out of tho natural staple of the .

      soil , and put nothing back . By this means they exhausted the land ; but they got decent crops , in spite of their badtiilage , because the raw materials of food existed in the land ; But they exhausted the soils , and were then driven , in order to keep up the rate of produce , to more careful and expensive methods of tillage . It soon came out that they thus grew more corn on bad land , than they used to do on good ; but that it did not of course pay them as well . While matters were in this state , arose the political economists , and beheld round them two facts : 1 st . That population was increasing faster than production ; and , 2 nd , that land , after a certain quantity of labour per acre had been invested in it , did not return a proportionable increase of

      produco , to an increased investment oiiauom ' . Aow they knew nothing at all about production , being philosophers , and hardly knowing a plough from u barn-door ; and indeed nobody round them know much about agriculture . Such roen _ as Touug , Davy , Parkinson , and Bakewell , of Dishley , were , after all , only groping in tho dark—nobly and manfully enough , but still not scientific agriculturists , only the prophets and forerunners of scientific agriculture . So these early political economists , as frail man is wont to do , took their two temporary facts to be eternal laws—did nob see that they only held true while the art of production improved at the exceedingly slow rate at which it was then advancing , and gave up population and agriculture .

      and indeed the destinies of humanity itself , as a very bad job , and settled that man ' a business was to decrease his numbers , and increase his pocketmoney , as much as possible , and to eat and drink , for to-morrow he died . But all the while , if they would have had a little more faith in God , and , therefore , in theland , God ' a inestimable gift , and in science , God ' s revelation , they / would have suspected that what was happening to agriculture was only what has happened to most other scientific matters in their infancy . —To steam power for instance . When the powers of a team were first discovered , every one acknowledged the increased force which might be obtained by it , but they found that that increase of force was rendered nugatory

      by the increased expense of working it , so that in one casejn the last century , a Thames water company after having employed one of the then newlyinvented steam engines , gave it up as too expensive , and returned to the old water wheels . So it was with the first discoveries in steam travelling . The first attempts on the high roads did not paybut that did not prevent the secret of profitable steam traffic being discovered at last . So with almost every new discovery you have various attempts more or less physically successful , hut pecuniarily unprofitable , till at last you hit off the right thing , and it pays and succeeds , and instead of lessening employment creates new employment a thousand fold . And so it will be with agriculture .

      Tho day will come when tho improvements in production increasing yearly , almost monthly , with more and more rapidity , because they are based on sound inductive science , will far out run any increase of population ; when an increased investment of capital in land will pay ten fold , instead of being , as now in most cases , all but a dead loss ; when the truest economy of labour will be the greatest possible employment of it ; when tbe masses , now crushed together to fester and putrify in our great cities , will be scattered abroad again over the face of the country , restored once more to those healthy agricultural employments , rom which their forefathers were allured away by the short-sighted cupidity of themselves and their employers . This will

      be done by science . But I see no means by which science can do it , except by Association . For , as I said before , the cost of agricultural production depends mainly on the cost of manure . And the cheapest of all manures ought to be sewage manure . The population of any country returns to the soil , in the fovm of sewage fit for immediate absorption by the roots of plants , the whole raw material of its last year ' s food , i . e ., all the homegrown , and all tho imported food . 01 this fact there is no doubt whatsoever . And , therefore , there can be no fear of want of materials for food in any country let the population increase as fast as it will , unless the yearly increase per cent , surpass the proportion of the imports to the

      homegrown food . To show you what I mean : —Suppose a population of 10 , 000 , who are feed for one year by home-grown food for 8 , 000 , and imported food for 2 , 000 . They will return to this soil , as raw material for next year ' scrop food for 10 , 000 . By the end of the year they will have increased , say a 8 a huge rate of increase , far larger than ours , 5 per cent . Then'next year there will be 10 , 500 people to feed on home-grown food for 10 , 000—that year ' s imports—and which therefore need be this year only enough to feed 500;—and the next year after the population , though increasing at ' the same rate would more than support itself , and becomc an exporter of food to countries less thrifty than itself . I assert this on the authority of Liebig and all good chemists as an indispuatablo fact of

      science . The question is , why do we not support ourselves ?—simply beo-iuse we throw away every year into our rivers , nine-tenths of the raw materials of food . A very small proportion of the solid sewage in the neighbourhood of great towns is bought and used by market gardeners , and the rest goes down to the soft , and then we wonder why we are overpeopled , and have to import corn year by year . — The thing needs no argument . But what has all this to do with Association ? I assure you . ' that it has to do with'Association ; and that it was one of tbe happiest days of my life when I found out that it had ; when after years of seeking and studying over the present waste of land ,

      waste of manure , under-production , over-population , pauperisation , and the rest of it , trying to find SOmO practical rOmedy , nhd seeing none in heaven or earth , the truth gradually dawned on me that there was a remedy in what people now call Association—what I call common justice . That if we had treated the labouring classes as our brothers , if we had done to them as we would be done by , if we had treated the land as God ' s loan to us , to bo used for the good of the common weal , anl not for private profit , —iu a word , if we bad been just and righteous , we should not have been in this per plexity ; that righteous actions like free trade , would never have hurt the agriculturists and parsons as they have .

      Jfow consider , gaid I to myself , as I say to you now : God gave the sun and air , the light of heaven and the green earth , freely to all men , to enjoy if not to possoss . He put Adam , says the old Hebrew Bible , not into a garret or cellar , but into tbe garden of Eden—and to dress and keep it . Surely , it that means anything , it means that the right life for a man is more or less of a country life—that he should have his share of those common country pleasures , without which , at least at intervals , life is all but insupportable . We kuow , we appreciate the blessing of a life of healthy labour , beneath blue skies , amid green fields . Ay , to us , the bitter , frost and the iron-bound sky of the winter moors seems more healthful , more natural , more invigorating

      than tho foul artificial warmth of the London alley —why is tho country a desert , and the city a crowded stye ? We have made it so . Have We donewell ? And eurely , I said , God's ble-eing is not on those great towns . If they were according to his will , which is the law of human-kind , they would not be breeding fever , cholera , drunkenness , weakliness , pauperism theft , prostitution , discontent , rebellion , aa they do . It cannot be His will , which is the law of nature , that ten years , on an average , should be cut off the lift of each human being who goes to live in them . And moreover , it eannot bo His will that the raw materials of food should be in them irremediably wasted , and thrown away— God's blessing is not on them . We have sinned in enticing the people into them , to Hvo the wretched , artificial , unhealthy , smoke-grimed lives they live . Doubtless they have their advantagesoi

      they quicken the mind , they promote interchange thought—but for evil as well as for good . 1 erhaps , if we " had obered God ' s laws , and kept the poor in thecouutry , where God put them , we shouiu have found some means of obtaining all those advantages of civilisation , without any of tbo fearful evils which accompany them . Surely we havo- smnedfov why did we draw them and drive them into the cities ? For their own good ? Ko . 1 o work ior us—for our own profit ;—sometimes , God forgive us , for our own lust havo we created these living hotbeds of all misery and evil , and let the population grow up in them untaught , uncared tor , unevangelised . ungoverncd , wlulo v ; c have , by keepin if down the colonisation of the country districts , [ eft tho agricultusal labourers as isolated and lonely , aa ignorant and brital , aa they weve five hundred years a ? o ..

      Webrok ^ lhe moral laws justice , and thev have avp- flcred themselves by increasing the cost of production of every article . That depends pn \ iCk pally on the cost of labour—and that again pr . inci . ppj ' lj on the pvice of food ; a « d vre , ourselves ^ ^ y our own sin 3 , have increased the price ot fOOt j jn England , till the employer finds that M cannofc bring dovfn wages any lower—that r workmen

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      combine , strike , plot , threaten rebellion—that they are rapidly reaching that minimum p 0 ^> determined by the price of food , below which they wiii refuse to abstain , not from propagating their secies ( for that is a closet-phanton of economists , - ^ ich facts give the lie direct , proving that tho lower : P *? O t 1011 la pushed , the faster they increase ) bu * ' U \ T whlc - h ther wM refuse to abstain from t ^ er ^ mgntwg or cutting his throat . And all the while , the pu , ° f farmetS and squires who have been helping to depopulate the parish , who have been priding themselves on employing the minimum of hands , who have b ? en pulling down the cottages , and driving the poor into the squalid back alleys of large towns , and faisoring

      themselves the greatest sages in the world , whan have got a poacher or two to emigrate , and thin the desert round them a little more , or trying to grow more corn , in order to get a living , and cannot , —with all their drills , and horse-hoes , and clotl-crushera , and draining , and subsoiling , they work away at the pump-handle , but tho well is dry —they are skinning the flint , and shearing the nog , and there is much cry , and little wool . Except in a few rare instances of unredeemed rich soil , the materials of corn are not there , and therefore tho corn wo ' nfc grow , because it can't . The materials of . cora are gone , years ago . They are down the Thames tideway , six feet deep in the mud at the Noro by this time . The barbarism of the towns has made away

      with them—never to retnrn . And the human beings who would have afforded freah supplies of the raw material , are gone too ; they are breeding fever and cholera in back streets miles away ; and the return of their sewerage to the land some thirty or forty miles off is so expensive a process , that it pays the poor Laputan farmer better to buy guano from the coast of Peru—and fetch ' his raw material five thousand miles round Cape Horn —than it does to purchase a far better article , "produced at his own doors . And now the guano-supply , which God in His great mercy sent unexpectedly , to pour into England the material of millions of pounds weight of food , just before the terrible need of the Irish famine , is running short too , will perhaps , stop entirely in tho next three or

      four years . And God is going to leave the farmer to the fruit of his own devices , to skin flints , and see if ; he can grow corn out of them . And oh . ' there is an awful Divine mockery in it allsuch as that whereof it is written : He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh them to scorn , and the Lord shall have them in derision . * • The problem of agriculture , then , seems to me to be , how to restore the sewerage to theland ; and this , I am inclined to believe , after having cast the matter over in my mind for several years , can only be done by restoring ihtpopulation to the land . But if the present decadence of the . majority of cottages is favourable for my scheme , the new products which are beine introduced into asriculture .

      are still more so . I have long thought it a very Questionable point , whether the agriculture of any country should depend maiuly for its profit on the production of necessary food . Except under a perfect system of associative organisation throughout a whole nation , such as we cannot expect to see realised for centuries to come , it gives tho agriculturists too strong an interest in keeping up the price Of food , and neglecting to produce the raw material for home manufactures . On these latter , I think , the agriculturist should depend fov his main profit ; and the matt-rials of food shall enter into his calculations as a source of income , of course , in order that it may be worth hia while to gvow them , but only as a secondary one . And there is no fear that this should make him neglect tho production of food . For by one of those blessed

      laws of nature , which show , if anything can , the loving wisdom of God , most of the most important raw materials of manufacture , such as flax and silk , extract from the soil little or none of the elements of food , while by the superior tillage they require , they render the soil , as in the Belgian farms , and in the Norfolk flax farm of that truly great man , Mr . Warnes , of Trimmingham , actually more fertile in producing food ; even wool , which contains a large proportion of nutritive matter , forms only an apparent exception , for the elomentof food which it contains is one of which a welidrained and tilled soil receives an inexhaustible supply from every shower of rnin , while in proportion as any well secured agricultural population is aiso well clothed , the wool they produce and wear would be returned to the soil in . the sewage .

      JVow Mr . Warnes and others have proved beyond a doubt that Max may be grown on the Belgian method in our soil and climate , at a higher profit than wheat , bo as to increase and not diminish the fertility of the land ; while by what I must call a special interposition of God ' s goodness , the recent discoveries of Chevalier Chusson have proved beyond a doubt , that the flax fibre can be adapted to our cotton machinery , so as to render us independent , if wo choose , of American cotton ; and open a vast new demand for home-grown flax , uniting thus the manufacturing and agricultural interests at another point . All we want , is manure to grow the flax with , and that we can get by a system of proper sewage ; and I assert after much thought , by that only .

      Having thus laid the foundation , Mr . Kingsley proceeds to sketch the plan of an establishment , by which an unencumbered landlord or master manufacturer might do justice to the people with thorough and practical success : — let a large manufacturer establish a flax farm in a convenient spot , where steam or water power was at hand . Let him l > uild there such miils , &c , as should work up that flax , and round them locate , as thickly as possible , all tho mechanics and labourers eaiployed . A common kitchen , w . i ! sh . houses , < fcc , dm ., especially a common and wellorganised system of sewage , would at once raisethe sanitary reports will tell us how much—the comfort and civilisation of his workpeople , and at

      the same time cheapen the cost of their subsistence . The sewage of the whole establishment should be laid on over the farm . The value of this 3 ewage may be put at from thirty shillings to two pounds per head , and as being sufficient to keep one acre per head in a state of permanent fertility . At all events , there would be added to the supply of manure usual on every farm , the sewage of a dense population . The mills might either , in the case of siesm-power , be placed at the highest point of tho farm , and . tho sewage laid on at high prossure hj mere gravitation , or if water power was employed , and tho mills therefore at a lower point , the sewage might be driven over n stand-pipe equal in height to the highest point on the grounda method , as you doubtless are aware , already profitably employed in many cases .

      In such as establishment at this , besides the flax crop , the greater part of the labourers' food might he grown on the farm , more cheaply than anywhere else , because tho whole of e . icll last year ' s food would be at once returned to the soil , at an expense per acre of not one quarter of that now incurred in manuring with yard dung . Thus the establishment might be made cliemicMly , as well as economically , self-supporting j returning conlinually to the soil the raw material of the { lax-crop ; whilo the nitrogen absorbed from the air by the flax plant , and the food , « fcc , brought into the establishment yearly , would go either to increase continually the fertility of the farm , or , when tho limit of profitable investment had been reached , to increase its size . A few simple calculations , as to the amount of flax which would be probably grown per acre , and the number of hands required to till and work it up , would enable us to adapt the breadth of land to the number of colonists .

      The preparation of the flax for the mill , and the lighter and more delicate agricultural labours ( of which flax requires a far greater proportion than any other . English crop ) would give continual employment to women and children , and everi to artisans in tlic ' -r spave hours or slack time ; and a vary little foresight might so regulate the alternation of field and mill wort , as to leave no one unemployed , even for a day , the whole year round . On the benefits of such an arrangement , to-all employed , it would bo luYdly Hcmsavy \ o uilato .

      Tho labourer would gain , by intercourse with- the artisan , the civilisation and energy he now so sadly lacks . The artisan would acquire & health ,, a cleanliness , ' an el . sticky of mind , too often impos . sible to him in a crowded oity , a"s \ Ul alternations of protracted mill labour and utter idleness . And the whole community , under tho regulation of- clsrks and superintendents , raight aiiurtl cm ^ loyoiont , as our railways are now doing ,, to a tnhidle class far more enlightened , energatic-, and huraano , than the farmers who are r _ 3 w too . often despotic © ver labourers , not more iinoraiii than thoniselvos ..

      | The method of aswoHxttng the iauovwojs to the pro '; ts , might bc .-s . r . adua 51 y organised on the same plan as has beoa so " beiWaoially e-nployei by several Parisian cmpWyers , as deUu ' setl in tho second volume of Mr . Mill ' s Political Economy . I think the agricultural anrt mnnufastumug departments should be k'jpt strictly separate ,, and those who at any periods . « f the year may have- been employed in both , alternately , receive profits , in both characters , according to the timo they have been employed . A simple p '^ sa of ensuring t ' ae success of the flax crop , would Ij&fco lot it out , alter sowing , in portions to separate- families , giving Ihern a peculiav percentr-gc ; on its profits . A benefit club for old age and sickness , should be attached to it , paid up by : v percentage on tho whole profits , of employer as ^ -oH as employed . The employer would thus bo [ saved from ihenoceasHyofalms—by acknowledging \ what 1 must call tho necessity of . justice .

      A co-operative store should be attached to the establishment , as well as the common kitchen , at which the workmen could obtain , without any of the evils of the truck , system , all they wanted , at a low tatiS tod by an agent appointed by them-

      Untitled Article

      / and club , and c < Ag 0 ) " nd * Ifc £ a ' Tack room ' donethere , and better done becaut" 50 ' Can bo employer included , ^ A elZ ^ ZZ ' ^ increasing theWng 8 of the JSt ^ tZ tliatilOne Of them may become chargeable to the poor rate—and as little as possible to ' the beneflt club . I should like to see a fixed written contract between employer and employed , for seven years at Jeast , guaranteeing to every family entering the establishment , certain advantages , on the condition of certain services and regulations . Thus the workmen would go in with their eyea open , and lenow what they had to expect , while the employer would have tho moans of coercing or expelling any , who wilfully broke the charter of the establiabment .

      Finally , add to tbjg 3 school , and a library , both possible at a saving cf expense to each member , proportionate to the ske of the establishment—and you have combined , without breaking a single law either of justice or politioal economy , a club house , a manufactory , and an industrial parish . And here is his plan for enabling the people to become farmers , manufacJorera , and propriGtOVS , through tlie medium of association : — Suppose , instead of spending £ 20 an acre in buying land , the working-men spent a fraction of that sum in renting and stocking it . And mind—if one family rented a piece of land , they WOttid require £ 10 per acre to 9 toek it ; while the greater the number of families who are associatedand take a

      , farm in common , the less money per aero wiil they require to begin with , ' not only because all operations are conducted far more cheaply by combination and on tho large scale , but because the sewage of the establishment counts a 9 capital . Kbvr for * 25 first expense , for ten families of an average of nve souls , £ 50 worth of sewage may be collec « sd yearly , thus repaying near 2 W per cent , on tho investment ; and this- will be suScient to keep at least fifty acrea Of land in constant fertility . Now fifty acres of land will produco food for ten famines . They may take more afterwards ; let them lio wever begin wiJh a little . Let them offer to take some vacant farmr on one only condition , that it shall be thoroughly drained , and . that they shall

      have a fair lease of at least fourteen years . The certain fall of rents which is coming will render this easier for them just now than it ever was , because they , cultivating the land themselves , and so putting farmers' profits , as well as labourers' wages into their own pockets , will be able to afford to give a higher rent than any tenant farmer . Let them aign two agreements , one to stand bj cacli other , for weal or woe , without splitting till the expiration of the lease ; and the other , an agreement with thelandlord , absolutely necessary in the present method of poor-law rating , that no one of them wrU , during tho lease , under any circumstances , become chargeable to the parish poorrates , and that at the expiration of the lease , to

      prevent any one s becoming so chargeable , the society engages to pay each bis fair share out oi the value of the stock , itc , then on the farm—an agreement , be it remembered , whish will make it the landlord ' s interest to make the lease as long as possible . Let them associate with them some practical faym labourer , it possible a Scotchman , or Yorkshireman , who shall superintend agricultural operations , and teach them the business , and let tnem , obey Wjnyiliie tells them to plant their cabbages head downwards—wo must have no republics in agriculture . A dictatorship , or starvation , my good friutids , are the only two alternatives . I believe if they tried this plan , and adopted such a course of cropping as I , by the help of men wiser

      than myself . could furnish them with , they might live . And if they made flax or silk , or both , the Chief element Of their profits , I think they might make a very fair profit . As for silk , I km > w of an old weaver at Norwich , who used to keep himself by the produce of his silk-worms , fed and reared in the heart of the city itself ; and as for the method of silk-growing , 1 will engage that any woman who is sent down to me , at the proper season , shall learn the whole business thoroughly , from the beginning , on the mo 3 t improved Italian method , in tho course of two months . 1 'hey will find 3 ready sale for their flax and silk , and as they progressed , work future benefit , I hope , for themselves . Their marketing may be all done by one person , instead of

      by ten , at an immense saving of timo and expense . And by putting themselves in communication with somo good co-operative store , they may get their goods forty per cent , cheaper than the peasants rouud them . Of course the first year they would have to rough it ; because they would have to support themselves on their capital till their crops c » mo in ; and therefore 1 should advise that as many as possible of the number should be men who could turn a penny by handicrafts , at odd hours , to meet present expenses . The main difficulty of course would be the capital—£ 250 raised by ten families , besides travelling gxpenses . But it seems to me that a trades' union would find it a profitable thine to advance part ot

      that sum to some ot its members , and send them down as pioneers ; and then if the project succeeded , aa it certainly would if they all behaved like good men and true , landlords would have no objection to allow them to extend their operations , and renew their lease , or allow them to redeem the rents and gradually become proprietors , I believe , I say again , that there are plenty of landlords who would look favourably on such a scheme , if they saw the men rational and well disposed , and who would foster it with kindly care , and very probably cut one hard knot for tho associates , by

      recommending them out of their own tenantry an irn-ri . cultural leader . And I am equally sure , also , tiiat any landlord who did so would find it a blessing to his estate , by bringing into it an example-of thrif t , industry , and brotherhood which would teach his labourers tho very lesson they want , and which they never will leitrn under the present system ; conduce to do aw » . y with tho cursed incubus of poor-rates , by teaching the peasantry that it i .- > wortli their while to save money from the beorshop , and increase their civilisation by enabling them to mix with the more educated and energetic town artisans .

      The length of our quotations i 3 the best proof we could give of the valuo we attach to this lecture , which wo should like to see printed as a cheap tract , and distributed broadcast through the country .

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      Attempted Escape op Hackeit from ms American Prison . —Captain Uovryer , tho chief officer of tbe New York Police in London during the Groat Exhibition , received letters from America by posf 7 informing him of a most daving attempt at escape by the notorious George Hacketfc ami Ins

      confederate , who arc now confined in New Jersey Gaol , awaiting their trial for the plate robfeery rocontly committed by them ou the other side o ( the Atlantic . Captain Bowycr's information is to tlie vffeet that one of the turnkeys , well acquainted with Ilackett ' s reputation , had been watching him with more than ordinary vigilance , and on going to-lock him up for the ¦ riighs . suddenly aiissod him from thfr place he should imvc been io at ? , the tSaiO . SearGh was instantly made ,. and he vm found secreted near one © f the outer passaga-doors o 2 tho building ready to avail . hi-Hselt" of tho first opportunity to escape-,. aa he itid at Pontonville ,. Suspicion ; in the meantime wso directed towards his

      accomplice , and he- wa-s ako dragged from hi 3 hidings placo by the prison offl ' cers . Oa being searched a Uu : » p pointed knife ,, mc-mbling a . couteav * de cku&c , was discovered in tka leg of hi 3-pantaloons , though how ho obtained it is » t present » mystery . Un tins being tooughi to light , he snlkijy exclaimed , " Every Jnan ha » I > is day , agd George and rae will hiiveous 3 y . ofc ,. itx our lives ain ' t "tfbvtW much in this wnyj' Th « y were iolh . reionducted by n si-cret route to distant and separate c&Us und' r v « ry close surveillance * aj \ il kcacd till the trial . Tha woman who accompanied -jhein from England is also comsnitted fear trial s suflicitflt evidence having bu&a adduced to sonnect k-r as an ¦ . tcconiplice in the tame L'obbary .

      The National Gittsim . —Oii Mondny . " , ' noUce was issued ai the Rational Gallery , 'Srafa-lgar-squsvi ! , an « at she Vernoa Golles-jion , Mariborough llovss , that they would bo-closed totk > public on Suturlay SOth inst ., for tlio annual vacation . They will bo ve-opened t& theyubiic oaMor . diiy , tho 27 tli of October . Convextjox oa ? Fkei : Kkcroes ix Indiana . —A convention of free people of colour is now in session at Indianapolis ' , aud is occupied in deliberating upon vayjous matters Telaliv . K to tho interests of its constituents as : i class . There is said to exist among its members a strong inclination to vemove

      out of the Stato of Indiana to some other country where they hope to enjoy greater social advantages ' Afu-r much debate a resolution was adopted b ° y a large majority , providing that should the laws of tho State become so oppressive us to be intolerable they would recommend their people to emigrate to Csmnda , Jr . nv . icn , or elsewhere , in preference to Ubcra , against which there appears to be a violent prejudice in the convention . Among tho countries spoken or tor Uw purpose of emigration , besides those mentioned , are Mexico , New Granada , and Central America ; but Canada is gcncrallv regarded as most eligiUe , on account of its acccsBa-. bllltv . —MM York Herald .

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      EvERYnoDi ' s business is nobody's business—yet " everybody" attends to It . Prudekt men lock up their motives , giving only their inmates a key . EcoNojiv . -People seldom learn economy till they have httle left to exercise it . on . A machine has been invented which will unload comers at the rate of thirty tons of coals per hour . Low . —Why is the letter B like a man sitting at the extremity of a branch of a tree ? -Because it makes the end bend . ¦ "It does one good to look at you , " as the fox said o he ehickena , vdiea hft found the -wall too high for him to leap . JVevbr give a boy a shilling to hold your shadow while yoa climb a tree and look into the middle of next week—it is money thrown awav

      A WaideS ' s Exebcise . —A young lady , when told to take exercise lor her health , said she would jump at an offer and run her own risk " . Detraction . —There is no readier way for a maa to bring his own worth into question , than by en « deavouring to detract from the worth of other men * A Puskyitk journal thinks that some people eafc so heavy a dinner on Srsndafs that they can ' t carry it to etoirch , and thus accounts for the numerous absentees . A skrrt batchelor says- that wives who are good needlewomen are like the enemy spoken of in tha paratle ; they seve tares while the busband-mett sleep , PRoor Positive , — " Upon * your oath , sir , " said a barrister , fiercely , " will you swear that this is not your handwriting ' ?"— " I will / ' said the witness , coolly , '' for I can't write . "

      \ kry A . NJIOTISG . —To be seated with aft aristocratic friend , telling him how wealthy jour family is , and have a poor relation enter the room at the critical moment . _ Flats . —Why are there more simpletons in the City of Edinburgh than in any other city in Europe ? —Because there are often ns many as ten , and seldom less than sis fiats in one house . Comparison . — " Bill , " said one apprentice to another , " my governor is a better man to work for than sours ; mmc ain't rfway-s going round the shop interfering with hja own business . " Forgiveness is the most refined and generous point of virtue that human nature can attain to . Cowards have done good and kind actions ; but a coward never forgave ; it is not his nature . Sta 33 lx { net ' / able ) T-itk . — " I say , Jim , fafca Black Sal ' s hameB 9 anil put it on Jenny Lind-giver . Napoleon some oats—take Alboni to water—and then rub down Fanny Eissler . "— "Ay , ay , sir . "

      A Flower for a Lover ' s Button-hole . —A lady ' s cheek is ( Ascribed as the poetical abode of the rose ; but we are not told what kind of roso . When aa ardent loverstealsa kiss , wesupposeit is a " cabbagerose V '—Puxth . Scandal . —Dr . Johnson being once in company with some scamlal-mongers , one of them having nccused an absent friend ot * resorting to rouge , he Observed , " It is r perhaps , after all , much better for a lady to redden her own cheeks , than to blacken other people ' s characters . " The Modiu , Bubband . —Mrs . Smith has company to dinner , and there are not strawberries enough , and she looks at Mr . Smith with a sweet smile , and offers to help him ( at the same time kicking him gently with her slipper under the table ) . He always replies — " No , I Uiank you , my dear * , they don ' t agree with mo . "

      Church SEimcE * . —According to Mr . Master 8 List of Services , thofe are eighty churches In London in which the Holy Coiamunion is celebrated weekly ; fifty-four in which there is daily service , and in thirtyfour of these two services daily . Throughout England and Wales daily service is performed in 564 churches , and in seventy-eight of them the service ia choral . How to obtaxx a . SonSs—A young man from the country about to call on some musical young ladies the other evening , was to : & that he must asls them to sing , and :, should " they refuse , he ought to press them . Accordingly he commenced by request in ? Miss Mary to favour him with u sons ; . She gently declined , said she had a cold , &c . " Well , then , miss , " said our hero , " tbuppose 1 thqueeze you , don ' tyou think you could thing ? " The girl fainted immediately ,

      The Uaktest . —The reporta from the provinces announce that the cereal harvest of 1 S 51 will be a full average one ; . but the quality of' the grain cannot be ascertained till it is brought to the mill . As a drawback on thea& favourable reports , come rumours from Ireland , and : different parts of © reat Britain , that the potato blight has again shown itself ; but , up to the present time the diseaseisonly of a mitigated type . A Nice Ca&e fob Counsel . —At Crieff , in Fifeshiie , one Brydie was lately robbed of £ 6 , ami gave the offender into custody . Up then came a third person , from whom Brydie had stolen the money . It was now Brydie's turn to be arrested . What will be

      done with the first prisoner r If committed for trial , how will the indictment be laW t Whom UlU he rob » the money not being Brydie's ? . Very Prolific . —In a small Tillage in Cleveland , the well known and generally observed injunction contained in the first chapter of Sacred Writ , has long and liberally been obeyed by the ecclesiastical functionaries . The clergyman's wife has blessed him with sixteen children ; the clerk , outstripping his superior by three , numbers nineteen ; the sexton comes short of both , but hts- olive branches are fourteen . Total offspring of parson , clerk , and sexton , fifty save one . '

      Rusticity Astonished . —Two rustics , who had lately arrived at Poulton by an excursion train from Yorkshire , were rambling about the-frhore , when one of them discovered a hirt'e anchor on the beach . Never having seen such a thing before , and unaware of the use to which it was applied , lie was struck with astonishment . At last the happy thought struck him that he had discovered ita use . nucl , turning to his companion , he explained , " Loo' thee » Bill , what a gret nieety pickuxe !" To Deaden ths . Sou . \ u of ax Axvil . —If a chain , about one tV . ot long , formed of a few large links , is suspended to the small end of un anvil , in will destroy , we . are told , that sharp , thrilling noise produced iiy striking on it with the hammer ; tho vibrations of the anvil are extended to the chain , which absorbs tiiem , without producing any sound . This is worth trying by anybody who lius a blacksmith , or , worse yet , a coppersmith tor a neighbour . —Builder .

      A Profitable Cat . —A short time since , a poor Irishman , applied at the churchwarden ' s office , at Manchester , for rel ' ief , and upon some doubt being expressed as to whether he was a proper object for parochial relief , he enforced bis suit with much earnestness . "Och , ycrhonour , " said he , " sure I'd be stiirved long since but for my cat . "— " But for what ? " asked the astonished interrogator '— "My cat , " rejoined the Irishman . — "Your cat ! how so ;"— " Shure , yer honour , I sould her eleven times for sixpence a time , and sha was always at home before I'd eet there mvself . "

      Railway Travk « . uxc-, —An exceltcni suggestion has been made to check the confusion and dtiay at railway stations , so far as the nuisance originates in tho fault of passengers . Passengers . who do not present themselves at a stipulated tiaie might be subjected to an estru sharge t ' Gr adaiission to the platform or the carriage ; just as an tc : tra stamp is charged on letters not pasted at the hour lor rl-ising the boxes . By this- gentle screw the bulk of the passengers would bo forced into their- places in good time ; and the comparatively few who might be delayed by huedlessnes * or ill _ luck would be easily disposed of . In any oase , rigid adherence to tlie appointment hour of da-yaituve ought-to be enforced , cost what it might ..

      Advige to iuB « G Men-. — X , ct the business of every one alone ,, and alteud to . y . oar own . Don's buy " what yoa doa t want . Uso ^ every hour to advantage , and str . il ? to make even , leisure hours usaful . Think iw \ s& before yov . iDper . d a shilling—rcmembsr you wiSi have another to jnake for it . Buy low , acll fair * and take eassio 5 the profits ^ Look over your boats TC'iulavlyj . anvl if you ( ind an error , trace it nut . Should , a . stroke of misfortune come upnn ^ su in tratk ,. retrench—work harder , but never fly the track . Confront difiieultie-i with unflinching aerscveranee ,. and- they nil ilisajitioaf at last ; though you shouldiev . au fall in the vtrag-ile . you will l >« honoured ^ tibut shrink , ami yotiwillba despised .. _ . .

      fc » u > K&sG Grsts . —Hove much is it lo H desired that the-tribe of pests in iMs country wo-ilil imitate the candour instated in the following fast , narrated by an American Bonter&pornry . "You must not smoke here , si ;; , " sail ! the captam of a North U ' rear s > ttnm-boat , to a man who was smokins among the holies on , the dock . — " ! musn ' ilhn ! - ~ why not ?'" replied the fellow , opening lus v ^ wcious mouth , and allowing the smoke to escape slowly , — "Didn ' t you see the ivotiee ? O ' e ; :: U-iueit are requested not t& smote aloft Ihs em / fiic . "—'' I 5 ! es * your soiv ! that O . au ' t mean me ^ I am no gentleman •—ne . vejnretenu . jU to be—you can ' t make a gentlemniiofuie no how you can : « it . " So saying , he pufts-J away , ar . il tonk the reapot .-sibiiitv .

      skmau ; ht > i : c . vno >' , —Theve are few greater n-utskes thdji iiie prevailing disposition juiinng ; V ? oiy > e in rmduTwj ; Vice to bring u ;> their ( V . n ' . gV . ters as fine ladies , neglecting useful knowledge f « r showy accomplishments . " Tho notions" ( it has Leen justly obsevvau ) " wlikli » ui » U us etlucatci ) aciitttfc uWlu- ' n own importance , is an ir . veise nui > of their tree value . \\" v \\ ju ^ t , enough of fashionab' . vs venncnav to disqualify thm for ' the duties of their proper station , and render them ridiculous in a higher sphere , what are such tine ladies lit for ( Aoihing ( answers the same shrewd observer ; , nothing , ' . hut I know , hot to be kept like wax figures m a g . ass rase . Woo to the man that is linked to one ot them . If half the time and money wasted on the ^ iusic tiw dancin » » nd embroUerj , were employed in tcai-lmig them the useful arts of ranking shirts nail i » ei ;(! in I stockings , and managing household aflirrs , their pre-I sent qualifications as wives ami mothers would be mcreased fourfold . "

      Iiemcuj.

      iiemcuj .

      Untitled Article

      EDUCATION . ( From . Poems , by Friiz and Lioleit . ) jMen of thought , with iron nerve , Fronting error , take your stand ; Never from your purpose swerve , Till it cease from out the land : long and dread { he strife may be , — ' Ye yet shall have the mastery ' ¦ T ? isdom ' a garb though it assume ) Tear the flimsy veil aside ; Let the light of Truth illume Falsehood ' s kingdom far and wide : Though around you darkness clings , The dawn is nigh of better things . Ignorance— -the sleep of mind-Holds it in a fatal trance , To you bright creation blind Waiting now its op ' ning glance : Be it yours the spell to break , The souls of men shall then awake . When before that mighty host Error ' s dark dominion falls , His were then a feeble boast , "Who the body disenthralls ; The tyrant ' s chain he breaks—but ye . Boldly bid tbe soul be free !

      Vniiewd.

      vniiewd .

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      September 81851 . THE NORTHERN STAR , ^ wi ^ Mfc < * * * dlMM *' '^ i' ^^ W ^^^^^ '''^^ ' ' '— - ^** " " ¦ ¦ r , S " "V " " — -, ___ . ^^^^^ -. - - - i ^ ¦ inn ,, ,, . . O

      , - J^^I^^Iim^M^ W^:Amw^M^A*^^^Ww... - — - Y ^Octrp. ~

      , - j ^^ i ^^ iiM ^ M ^ w ^ : aMW ^ M ^ a *^^^ ww ... - — - y ^ octrp . ~

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      HOOKS RECEIVED . Adventures of an Emigrant , in Search of a Colony . By C . IIowcroit . Parlour Library . The Countess of lludahtat . By George Sand . Parlour Library , London -. Simpkin , Marshall , and Co . The Girlhood of Shakespeare ' s Heroines . Juliet , the White Dove of Verona . By AIart Covvden CX / AIiKE . London : VI . 11 . Smith and Son , Strand . ************** * * * m ^^^^^^^ J j ^ m * mj *^** --- ^ -

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1851, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1642/page/3/