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Northern Star (1837-1852), 31st May 1851, Edition 1 of 2, Page 3, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      "LABOUR'S SOCIAL CHIVALRY . Xlptouseyenow , bra ? e toother-band ; "With honest heart , andworking hand : "We are but few ^ toil-tried and true , Yet hearts beat hij > h to dare and do . And who would not a champion be , In Labour ' s social Chivalry ? We fight ! but bear no blood y brand ffe fight to free our father-laud ; "We fight , that smiles of love may glow On lips where curses quiver now * Hurrah , hurrah ! true kni ghts are we In Labonr ' s social Chivalry . . '

      0 , there be hearts that ache to Bee The day-dawa of our victory—Ejea full of heart-break , with us plead Aud watchers weep and martyrs bleed 0 , who would not a champion be ' la Lacour ' s social Chivalry ? ' S ^ J ^ " *^ ' ^ . fa ^ d and brain , We 11 -ma the golden age again And Iawymaienfal JornWrisB to happy hearts and blissfal eyes . Hurrah , hurrah ! true kni ghtB are we , In Labour ' s social Chivalry

      Untitled Article

      ^\? IS * ^ * re P ™ the metro-KMS « 0 try his fortune ; -where it -was xraderstood he ha * mamed . 'He was attached to eome department « L .. i- ^' f 9 " fiat ca P aoit y «*¦ wta * - cess was sot known . It so happened that the quarter indicated by Burnet s address , was in the immediate neighbourhood of the inn ; and William had scarcely time to accustom his eyes to the glare and glitter of the Snops , and his ears to the thousand incoilgfOUS noises of evening , when on loi-king up accidently , ne read tBe name of the street on the coruev . Tbe houses looked respectable and spacious , although in reality they boasted no more than two apartments on the floor , and "he felt an unselfish gladness in thinking that his friend mast have done veil in the world . On arriving at the proper number , he knocked , and the door T ? aa opened by a respectable looking female , with one child at her breast , and two or three at . her heels . His information was

      correct ; Mr . Burnet did live there . "Is he at home ? " inquired'Wimam . i " Higher up , " replied the woman , retreating into theparioor , and leaviug the stranger in darkness . Surprised and indignant at the "rudeness , he groped his way to the staircase , and succeeded in reaching the first floor . While searching for the handle of the door , the noise he made attracted the attention of the inmates , and a young , lady came ost to inquire his pleasure . Through the half-open door he could perceive that the room Was well sized , and handsomel y furnished , and the lady herself evidently belonged to the genteeler classes ofsociety . •' Mr . Burnet ? " she repeated , thoughtfully ; Mama , do you know anything of a Mr . Burnet ?" " Xo , my dear . " "Do vou , papa ?"

      " 2 fo , no—nonsense . —Stay ; higher up , I believe : yes , higher up . '" -The young lady shut the door . William , left again in darknese , climbed another flight , and knocked . . . "Come in , " cried a voice . He entered , and found in a decent , respectable-looking apartment , two men in the garb of quakers , with their broadbrimmed hats on , reading' newspapers by the fireside , with a large pewter flaggon on the table beside them . One of them , after , finishing deliberately the . sentence he had been perusing , turned round his head , and William repeated the question . "I know not , friend , " was the reply ; "higher up , perhaps higher up ; " and the quaker resumed

      his reading . The other did not so much as raise his eyes from the paper ; and "William , therefore , withdrew , signifying his disapprobation of their robospitality by shuttingthe door after him with less gentleness than usual . Higher up , however , our adventurer groped , and on arriving at the third floor , was happy to find it the last . Being invited , as before , to open the door for himself , and walk in , he did so , and found the apartment meagerly supplied with mean furniture , among which was a tent bed ; a young man sat by a table , on which some books and papers were scattered :. afew anatomical preparations lay about the room , and a coffee-pot beside the fire proclaimed the suitable sobriety of the student ' s habits .

      "Mr . Burnet ? " saU he . "I don't know , indeed ; you had better inquire further . " " Upon my soul , I am much obliged to you !" replied William hastily , who was now out of all patience ; " but I would rather be excused , just now , from scrambling upon the slates , unless you , in the first place , will show me the way . " The student smiled . ' " There is no need , " said he ; " there is a family next door , I believe ; and if' one Burnet' does not hang out there , why I would recommend you just to descend quietly by the stairs as you came ; " and , so saying , the young man resumed Ins studies . William accordingly tried the next door , and , at length , found hw friend . He bad some difficulty , at first , in recognising

      the features so familiar in his earlier youth ; but the instant he became convinced that Burnet stood really before him in life and limb , he rau up to him with all the kindly enthusiasm of a young man unbackneyed in the ways of the world , and shook him vehemently by the hand . His old companion neither shrunk from the gripe , nor retnrned it ; he replied in the usual manner to the usual questions , but asked none in return ; and when the first brief salutations were over , stood Bilent for a moment , as if expecting either that William would withdraw , or mention the purport of his -visit . At length , appearing to recollect himself , he selected one of a few broken chairs with which the room was garnished , and , with a forced heartiness of manner , invited him to sit down .

      William hesitated at first , but the scene around seemed to explain the apparent coldness of Burnet . A floor without a carpel , a bed without curtains , and a grate almost destitute of fire—although a cooking utensil disputed with the famil y the little heat it afforded—appeared to indicate the very extreme of poverty . Three children were at Bupper , and it seemed scarcely possible that the young creature who ministered to-their wants conld be the mother of such a family . She appeared to be quite a girl ; and even the haggard and care-worn expression of her features could not conceal that

      they had been , very lately , both handsome and agreeable . Her dress , however , was neglected , and even dirty ; and her sicklj bosom , where an infant lay , was exposed with an unconscious impropriety , which awakened at once pity and disgust , Occupied incessantly with her domestic cares , she hardly looked at the stranger ; her curiosity received no excitement from matters that were out of her department ; and the only tokens she exhibited of being even aware of his presence were a slap and a "hush ! " to snch of her little charges as merited the reproof , by allowing any other sound to escape the lips than that required in the process of

      mastication . A discipline unusual , and , therefore , apparently unreasonable , produced the effect that might have been anticipated . The children , silent at first in surprise , were load at length in remonstrance , and a sound arose from amongst them , in which the shrill scream , the sturdy roar , and the plaintive whine , were blended together like voices in some musical composition : certainly not a glee . Poor Burnet sat like the image either of patience or despair . He raised his voice , for some time , so as to be heard above the din ; but wearied at last with the hopeless struggle , held his tongue . In a momentary pause he sighed ; but while he did so , no deeper depression than usual appeared in his manner and no bitterer reflections on his fate seemed to be passing through his mind ; his sigh was without character or expression , and seemed more the effect of habit than a token of sorrow or regret .

      " You have not introduced me to Mrs . Burnet , " said William , at length , so much shocked and embarrassed by the scene before him , that he hardly knew what to say . " That is my wife , " replied the husband . Sirs . Bornet si ghed , " I remember , CHve , " continued Burnet , suddenly , while a kind of smile played on his dejected features , "I remember when you and I were younger than we are now i when we used to walk out on a still evening , or a moonlight night , along the hawthoon hedges leading to the hei ghts of-Llanwellyn—there was a cottage , a little mud-walled , straw-thatched , ruined hovel , near the bottom of the hill . ' Poor fellow ! ' said I once , when we were

      speaking of its new tenant , ' what a comfortless place to live in , what a wretched fireside to go back to from his hard day ' s work ! ' Say rather , happy fellow , * returned yon ; 'he has married the girl of his heart , and lie has a whole world to himself in that enchanted cottage . Ton will find what he will make of it ; he will trim the garden and re-thatch the roof , and I will help him myself to train honeysuckles round the walls . In another summer or two , when yon see a little chubby face looking out of the casement , which by that time will be encircled with leaves , you will own it to be a very paradise of love and content ! ' And so you did help him , and you both worked very hard ; but it would not do . Chubby faces came fast ' enough , but the cottage grew worse and worse ; and . at last , when there were more months to eat than bread to fill

      them , the man died , the wife and children went to the workhouse , and the hut fell into ruins , on which , I am told , younger boys than you and I were then , throw looks of superstitious dread as they circle widely round on ' their way home from a ramble on the hills . " Burnet was silent for a moment , and then went on . " It is singular enough , " " that I cannot get that cottage out of my head . I , too , married for love— " and he cast an unimpassioned glance on his young wife , who returned it with one of pity and regret . I brought my wife home to my London hut , and looked forward , like you , to the time when I should be able to trim it a little ; but you see how it is ; things get worse instead of better ; the furniture grows old and scanty , and the family large ; and although I work harder , I am paid less . A fit of illness would wind up the affair in a week s time . "

      " But , good heavens , Burnet ! " exclaimed our adventurer , both surprised and shocked , " is it not irrational—I must eay , unmanl y , in a young and educated man like you to talk in this manner ? The law is a profession which gives the widest scope for talents and industry of all kinds ; and were it otherwise , there are surel y more ways of living than one to be met with in London . " " For me , replied Barnet , calmly , " there 18 Onl y one . I was for some time the drudge rather than the clerk ofan attorney , and leaving my situation

      on account of a quarrel with my employer , was unable to find another . I was too poor for a mer-CDAflt ' s couoting-houBO , where the salary of one so useless and inexperienced would not have sufficed to keep me alive ; I was too proud to stand behind a counter or a coach ; and I was too weak in bodyparhaps also in mind-to become a hewer of wood and a drawer of water to my fellow men . Of all the qualifications requisite for a man who must live by ? he wants of bia neig hbours , I possessed only one-I could write . " ^ " Then you do not still belong to the profession , of the law ? " interrupted William .

      Untitled Article

      The Home . Edited by Richabd Oastleh . London : 2 , York-street , Catherine-street , Strand . THE name of Richard Oastler needs no passport to the varmest affections of the working classes of Eogiand , and the title of his new "weeHy periodical aptly expresses in one clear and well-known word the object of his laborioosand well-spent life . To give to all , and especiall y to the eons and daughters of toil , liappy homes , has ever l ) een the aim of " the old long . ;" , and whatever differences of

      bDiBion may have arisen between him and others as to the efficacy of the particular measures he recommended , there can be none either as to the purity of his motives , or the disinterested and self-sacrificing spirit in which he has devoted himself to the service of his fellow men . In The Home we find reproduced all the principles for which Mr . Oastler has ever consistently contended , as indispensable to the security and the happiness of all classes . " The Throne , the Altar , and the Cottage" symbolise , to his mind three great , indestructible , and beneficent elements of society , which

      should blend with and support , not trench upon , or injure each other . Every man has his ideal of society . ' Some look back to the patriarchal for the Golden A ge—others look forward to a millennium through the instrumentality of Socialism , and a new , scientific construction of the primary elements of all human society . Mr . Oastler imagines , no doubt , that he is neither so antiquarian as the one , nor so impracticably theoretical and imaginative as the other . He prefers to take society as it appears to him it did exist before the serpent of Free Trade entered our Eden . The Throne , as the representative of an ancient and

      kindly aristocracy ; the Altar , as the symbol of a national religion ; and the Cottage , as the secure and happy dwelling of a protected , honest , and industrious people , bound to the upper classes both b y affection and interest : each is Mr . Oastler ' s "England as it ought to be "—such the England he has laboured to make it . We -will net call it a dream , but we see little hope of its realisation . If it ever existed—which is very doubtful , indeed—ithas long since passed away . New agencies and powers have been , and areat work in the bosom of society altering , modifying , and impelling forward in other directions . "Whatever there

      is true in the old , cannot be inconsistent with what is true in the new . The business of the practical reformer is to harmonize both , to go forward ever , and endeavour at all times to adopt his measures to the changes inevitably produced by the lapse of time . Protection and Free Trade both contain within them a sound principle—an imperishable social truth . By turning the principle in both to the exclusive benefit of a territorial aristocracy , or a manufacturing and newly created dominant class , they have been made productive of mischief to the community at large . It is a mistake , to suppose that a return to old fashioned Protection would relieve us from the

      misery generated by a selfish and unprincipled system of " reckless trading . To show that one thing is wrong does not necessarily prove that another isTight ; and thus while we sympathise most heartily with . Mr . Oastler's graphic and eloquent expositions of the effects of the free hooting system , we are by no means converted to his opinions as to the best " constitution in church and state . " Apart from these differences of opinion—which we know ho one will bo more pleased to see candidly and frankly stated than "the old tens"

      himself , there can be bnt one feeling with respect to the appearance of a periodical conducted f » y one -who has proved himself so earnest , and 6 o powerful an advocate of humanity . His style has still the peculiar charm which it ever had for us—reminding us of the graphic force and Saxon eloquence of Cobbett , mingled ¦ w ith the quaintness and tenderness of some of < mr elder poetajTand The Home has the sterling stamp of a true heart and a good man , impressed on every page . Need we add how warmly we wish it success ?

      Untitled Article

      The Game of life . By Leixch Ritchie . Gowrie j or the King ' s Plot By G . P . B . JAMES . Vols . LVIII . and LIX . of " The Parlour Library . " SimmB and - Mclntyre . Twektt years have passed since The Game of Life" was first published . It professed then to be a reminiscence of scenes and characters encountered while the author him 6 elf was a struggling aspirant for literary fame , undergoing the hard drudgery , and living the precarious harassing life of a probationer of literature , and dependent on such scanty and intermittent sources of support , as offer themselves to the nameless and unfriended

      candidate who seeks to elbow his way into the literary world . The tale throws a Btrong light upon the sufferings and the temptations of a peculiar class , who , with less than the mere money wages of mechanics , and far less regularly paid , are conventionally " gentlemen , " and must , to succeed at all , have not only a good education , but some natural talent . Since the time the book was written , fashions and manners have changed ; and , perhaps , it would be impossible , hi London , now to find a parallel for "Wi gwam , the penny-a-liner , but it is to be feared that tho

      hardships , the alternations , and the temptations to dissipation resulting from such a position , and acting upon persons so constituted , yet produce , in too many instances , essentially lie same effect . The author sets his story in motion by introducing into the Metropolis a young man of education , talent , and energy , for whom there is no situation in business cut ont , and groups round him a few figures drawn from the class we have alluded to . A love story and mystery of course there is , as there must be in every story ; and a benevolent old man , with plenty of money , acts as the Deux et machinia , and steps in at the right time to unravel the tangled fikein , and set everything right at the happy

      tfose of the story , which carries the reader pleasantly along . * Here is a specimen of Mr . Ritchie ' s anatomy of London life . The hero of the story has just arrived in London , light ic pocket and full of hope : — He determined , as . tbe honr was yet early , to indul ge in a stroll along those streets which had appeared so delightful , when viewed from tne ^ aeh ; and , by way of blending the utile with the data , to find out at the same time , if possible , an old country acquaintance , who , he had some hopes , ¦ fronld put him in the way of obtaining lodgings tbe » ext day . and commencing the economy of his ^ ndon life . Tbe name of this acquaintance was Bun . et , and William remembered him a lad of ^ ucb . promise at LUuawellyn . Being left destitute

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      ntm ! f ? * ¥ as thiB !* " > belongs to the profession of . ta » bti \ * onB of the * uniWe machines whose nw = ? 8 toco Py Papers , the production of other 5 ju 5- : ; m . short , I am what is , technically Swmm 7 % **^ ' Thanks to the verbosilyaf the documents I allude to-the natural characteristic . » t . h .-c , society in the highest degree refined a d artificial—I am still able to supply my family with bread . m This , ih 6 wever ,. becomes more difficult everyday The same evil ingenuity <« iualii forces ine nonest , or the , auspicious , or the ingenious in tneir own way , to entrench themselves airainsfc all

      tmngs possible and impos 8 ible ,, behind an infinity , of terms and modes of expression , leada them to invent turns which diminish the expense of so cumbrous a maciiinerjv The numerous . copies for-instance of a paper which some time ago would have , ciost a round sum to the litigant ' s , and provided many families of law writers with a mealj may now be struck off for a trifle by means of lithography . ' The progress of the schoolmaster , too / who flogs so many . aspiring youths into an ambition to wear long : coats and to ; bft called Mittw , raises claims for our morsel of bread whioh before would hare been satisfied at the plough-tail :. and in arm y and navv

      omcera who have learned to write since the , war , and even m thatifairer : portion of the human family , which condescended formerly , to no ; more unfemmine employments than brush-makingi ; bootclosrag , and mop-spinning , we find a host of dange * rous and greedy rivals . I dp not complain , however ; I have no one to . find fault with ; all these things are naturall y and necessarily born of the tune ; and the witling who sneers at the redundance of our legal language , and the ass who .-kicks against the advance of knowledge among , the ' common people , ' appear tome to beequally ridiculous . " Burnet had talked himself into complacency , if not animation ; and William , inexperienced as he was in the study of character was not slow in Derceivine

      tnat the dejection so apparent in his manner at first . was the effect , not of grief and disappointment , but simply of a mechanical and monotonous employment , the returns of which were too small , anS the otht m BT nH ^ hls nafcu ^ y restless mind ; in J 2 » i' ^ 8 vm P athy of the observer . was £ fTiSS fi . S ? Teiy : he had yet to learn that m Burnet the disease exhibited itself in it ' s mildest form , aBd he would probfbly 5 ha " e l n d Ii * he exclamation of many good and sensible , peope on Avitnesaing some moral fall . Poor creature ! what could have led him to vice « His employment waB so regular , so ouiet . so £ v \ £ not

      even a thought was required iu its prosecution . Mr . James ' B Gowrie is a more ambitious book , and perhaps one of the best that has is-SbtoS < * Tf ^ ? p ° ints * scurity than the so-called Gowrie conspiracy . Mr . James has evidentl y carefull y mastered the whole of the evidence on the subiect , and vSlT / J T + s l ilft > I 1 Ten a * ' bywhich * fo view he takes of that mysterious and melanchol y occurrence 18 worked , out . No other solution of the mystery is bo probable as that suggested ; and thus , in addition to a novel admirabl y illustrative of-the State of Society in Scotland during the time of James the First

      , we have , in addition , what may ,. be termed a valuable accession to historyifor history it is of the best kind-which throws light uponthe motives of the actors in public affairs The Monarch himself was-never painted mmore repulsive colours ' ; and yet the bearing of the evidence actuall y adduced after the murder of Gowrie and his brother , all tends to the conclusion , that instead of the Kathvens having conspired against the King , the King had conspired against them , and acl comphshed his full purpose by means the most ' cold blooded and diabolical . It was no wonder that such a man kid the train which afterwards brought his own son to the block , aiid ultimatel y drove his grandson from the throne for ever . The character of Gowrie is finely conceived and sustained , nor has Mr , JameB

      ever contrired to invest with a more powerful attraction any of his heroines than the ' hapless betrothed of the Earl . \ " '— -.- - * . . . .. ThesetwoTolumesareexcelleh > additiqns to the store of cheap aiid good literature , which the publishers have already placed at the command of those whose means are scanty , and whose appetite for reading is great .

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      wwe . ^^ oHjrZffs ^ or ^ Sketches' of a [ . Country Farisk i'tiemgthe Autobiography ofaScotcli ' Minister ' s Daughter . B y S . R . W . ' Two vols . Smith , and Elder . The framework of this novel consists of the " autibiography of a Scotch minister ' s daugh ? ter , " from early youth to the period when she tells her tale in the deoline of life . With this personal narrative are mingled sketches of Scottish scenery and manners , such as they existed in a simple and remote parish many years ago . The incidents ineither section of the book are not very striking in themselves . Everyday life in the household and among the

      friends of a parish clergyman—his decay , death , and funeral—tbe discomforts of his daughter Kose , in her selfish and somewhat vulgar-minded aunt ' s house at Glasgow , her rescue therefrom . through the kindness of a friend who procures her a situation as governess , and her marriage to her father ' s successor—form , the outline of the biography : tbe matter of the sketches consists of a description of the parish and such . of its inhabitants as possess the most marked character —a few incidents such as might take place anywhere , together with the manners of the neighbourhood .

      But these are painted with the hi ghest skill and whether dealing with the scenery or the society amidst which the story is laid , there is a life-like truthfulness rarel y met in Buch works . To those whose memories can . carry them back to the time of the story— and there must be many such—the incidents of Scottish life will present : all the accuracy of the daguerreotype . Pathos and humour mingle in its pages , and the authoress is equally at home in both styles . of composition . ¦ . We give as an example of the lighter style part of the : dinner at Mr . Pardies , where an ill-managed family of young child ren come in afterwards .

      Johnny took no notice of this question , his attention being wholly engrossed by the contents of the sugar canister which stood near . " Me some sugar mama , " he asked , or rather demanded . "Repeat tho * little busy bee' to Mrs . Symington , and you'll get it , " said the proud mother . " Come , Johnny , " said that lady in a coaxing tone . " How doth the little , " began Johnny , but stopping suddenly , lie whispered loud enough to be heard , "Mama , Tarn ' s gettin sweeties from the gentleman . " ' Whisht—and ye'H may be get sweeties too , " said Mrs . Furdie . ' "BHt Tam ' s gettin' them a , " , whimpered Johnny , who , with finger in mouth , sat looking discontentedly at his brother ' s luck .

      "Tam , " said bis mother coaxingly , anxious to pleaseberfavourite , "there ' s a good callant , gie Johnny some o your peppermint draps . " "I ' ve just got twa three , " , answered Tam ; who was crunching as fast as he was able , " and I hae nane to gie to Johnny . " "Iam very sorry , " said the gentleman , feeling again in his pockets , "but I fear . " The search was without effect . Here we wer « all startled by a bowl from Johnny .

      occasioned by bis disappointment . 1 " Wh ' wbt , whisht , laddie , " said his mother , ashamed of this scene , , and trying to quiet him . " Whisht , like a gude bairn , and ye'll get a penny the morn to bay peppermint draps . " But Johnny was deaf to her expostulations and promises , ( perhaps he had experienced the deceptive nature of tbe latter ); the noise of course put a stop to all conversation and drew every one ' s attention to himself .

      ; " Johnny , Johnny , " said his father , knitting his brows , and looking up the table . " For ony sake , Tam , " said his mother beseechfaglyi " giehimthe sweeties . Ye bad laddie , are ye no ashamed roaring that way ? What will the company think of ye ? Hold your tongue this minute , or you'll be sent out o' the room . " All was of no avail—the disturbance continued . " What ' s this , Johnny ? " at length inquired the Ruverend Dr . Dryscreed , who sat at the hostess ' s ri < rbt hand , holding up a halfpenny as he spoke . " \? hat is it ? " asain asked the doctor , " It ' s a bawbee , " murmured Johnny , while smiles returned to his countenance . " And will ye greet ony mair if ye get it ?"

      Johnny promised ; and immediately clutched the halfpenny , which he held up in triumph to Tam . " Dr . Dryscreed ' s owre kind to you , " said the pleased mother , " and you ought to beg the company ' s pardon . " To this Johnny turned a deaf ear while contemplating bis treasure , "It ' s a fiae thing to greet , " said Tam , spite-

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      ASKot S ^ W . 8 K 5 whoiK ^ " ^ addressing WM » w ^ over t ^ hf r , etur ! wheri *!» disturbdear , I dinnPlWi * : , former' conversation- " My ^^ S ^ i ? ' ^^ SSrPSSSSS Ss ^ s sa aa ^ . . ** - * i . n » ^ ° ftWq « i » right , mem . ' , ' nnL ^ A ** ^ "'

      „ arerse to Kir W pl ? ecl - l myself ™ not know- hero W , modioum . » ' ' a 'time-jute you sidering the care iZ ' 3 )~* and esPecially oon-Preparfng thfa ^ K t for u ? f T fi "" - *™* m ift deep bwat ! T andloLL gtby T > 'he dr « w » puhWbowl' ' ° ed anxi 0 U 8 l J' towards j the

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      S ^» . ? a various , occasions , noticeilsepa-S&afiri ?^ ? *^ e Publication ,, a ^ SffS ^ T ^* Estimate it . ' Now tnai tne first volume has been completed we and phUantm . p auinori D - h u tmlT / v . i life be ^ s writtenland BSK * k but iQ ; such an ephemeral torni that a . great deal was likely / to be lost ' , if not diligently sought for , and judiciously edited ^ . one ,. coll ection ? To / the 8 ludent of SocM Hfe he present publication will . beipecu ; uariy valuable , as it coritainn tho m . i « . i ; i . « , _

      WiD& ^ epbystepthe careerof , the founder ot the Social System , besides the aeries of original papers which weekly enrich the columns of , the Journal . . K is ,: indeed , curious to see how accurately , Mv , Owen foresaw aud predieted the consequences which would result jrqm the ^ regulation and irrational application of the new powers of production discothink that the , compreh ensive , peaceful and conservative plans by , which the present geieration nugh hayebeen trained up in the highest degree of physical , mental ,, and moral excellence , were scouted-by . all classes ; while we have madl y - miBUBed the powers at our command , ' and , produced Social evil unon « . «'*

      large a scale . as we might , have produced the contrary ; . Matter of grave aud permanent imporfcance abounds in this contribution to our literature . ¦

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      ' r PUBLICATIONS R 3 CEIYED . Tht GirlUod of Shakespeare ' s Heroines . Tale VII ::. JBrimiM ,: atid > Bianca : By Mart Cowden - Cwmb . . Smitb . and Son , Strand Poms and notes to the People , So . Ml nnd' IV Bv - Ernkst J 0 N 8 S . ; PaTey , HolyWell-8 treet . Y ^^ n ^ ^ DnM « - fc -

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      POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION . Mr . Pepper , the Chemical Lecturer to tho abovenamed Establishment , haajust commenced a lecture " On Fire , in its various relations . " The Professor commenced by . caUing the attention of his audience to the ordinary appearance of light , giving flame and showed , in a satisfactory manner , that when it afforded illuminating power , not . merely gaseous matterwwbroughfup to a high temperature , but that solid subgtances . as charcoal in a gas flame , lime in i the oxy-hydrogeri light , were absolutely required .

      ine maintenance ot heat , and the supply of oiv « en , were next considered , and it was demonstrated , that SrS ?* ™ •" Ai ? ere frozen oufc and extinguished . The interesting architecture on structure of Hame , were then considered , the external gure being conical , and shaped like , a myrtle leaf , ibecause the air rushed passed the outside , and dragged up or elongated it . Some beautiful experiments i ^ i «« f J i Cendin S flames , illuminated > th « natt of the sub ject ; and the learned lecture ! concluded his discourse with great applause , from a very crowded audience .

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      l ¥ ? OffN HousRjum . —We have it on the authority of Mr . Paxton-who obtained the fact direct from an observant polieeman-lhafc the Crystal Palace gets thoroughl y swept every day by Lit i « me t ladies - «»¦ B « ton ' baal ^ SM ™ niachl 1 f of a huodted kwwmaid SSTfhn in « f » ° ? ^' « st from the Exhibition ; but the instrument is net required , for the ladies are the great dust contractors , who may bo said to remove all the dnit and dirt from the building by 8 Pec » l train . We dare say there is considerable eleganoe in a dress that sweeps the floor , but wo always thought the fashion involved much folly and extravagance , and we now discover that it embraces a vast amount of dirt . The ladies may well hide their heels , when we recollect the state of their 0 f ^ . TU ^ a ? 3 thcre ma y ^ some economy , as far as the keep of servants is concerned ; for it seems that every lady of the long robe is , to a certain extent , her own housemaid , and takes awav

      upon lier dress and hor leca all the dust and rubbish , wherever sho goes . —Punch . An Iksane Jany . —A Kennebec lawyer , on being sympathised with ; by one : of a jury that had found sane a party whom he had striven ' to prove insane , saia , He required no coodolence , for he was satisfied that his « Uent had been tried by a jury of his peers .

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      LIFE ; 1 N CALlFORNil : — ; ... . ( EXTBACr FKOM A PRIVATE LETTER . ) •' ¦ ¦ ¦ •'• ¦ ¦ . California , March 18 , Since'Ijwrote you last we havebetn engaged in a sev . ere skirmish with . the Indians . For a long time past mule 8 t « almg ; has been . cBrried oH in a very extensive way / and , travellers returning home late in tne evenmg . have ; . been discovered most brutally murdered . This has taken place , not only' in this locality , but alfo in many other districts where gold ' 8 mined , and wherever the American miner , is working , there . the Indian is sure to be most Iiosule ; but , a&faras I have been able to judge from IHS SEV'Sn mnnttit I li « i , » 1 ,.... I . ,.. ' . " 6 ? 8 Iib in thia

      iSwi M - ' - ve ^" countfy , they W truly the . aggressors . -If they find a small party ZTrT - ' lbe ynear lral « vay 8 attack , murder , SaiI ? % ra 8 ny ¦? . tliey can ' ' ffheneve Zl l ? r ° f ? > 8 tealint 0 our httfand- carr , off what they like , and wontonl y destroy the rest , and m this manner a continual hostile feeling is kept up Imeutioned to you in my last letter- that I was iust cn » r - ? T ^ eVer ? f ( 5 Ver - and «> is late en-£ -ffir ^ ^^^ » d ^ - » d ' ^' AfteS . ' -n ln r ° lvea me in P ecuni « y difficulties . aid i ? hri " " T io ° 8 e 6 n int ° » w « i it ^^ ^ PMnMe-to keep ' entirely free from SaSeml ! - ? , h ** > and ' he mu ^« s D . ecame quite rigid , and stiff . I hy in bed for some 5 ' i " ^ ^^ equally obtain relief , and

      . ^ s& * s . ir 3 Stini Zn XtOrti r ate «?>¦»»?« -.: I found myself gng belter , and my heart throbbed under the brightening prospects of being able to get to San conffl n ' ft " ^ Englattd « As 8 om a 3 l could , I left-my bed , and was just able to limn about w ,, th . the aid of sticks , when it b gan to be r ? T * th 3 t / Party was beinS 60 t up to attack he . Indians , and the next day we found this to be rue for a large party called at our tent and reported that we ahould be required to join . 1 showed , or wished to show them , thai I could be of little or no utiity to the enterprise , that I could , not possibly walk without the assistance of sticks , but was only told , no matter , if I could use my arms and shoulder a rifle . My old companion , who has still scurvy in his legs , pleaded his case , and pointed out that he

      had been ill for fourteen weeks , during which he had never been able to work on his own account at the diggings for above an hour or so each day , and tliis he was forced to do to assist in procuring his bare necessities ; but all to no purpose . The people seemed perfectly frantic on the subject of the pro . posed attack , and as neither my friend nor rajseU wished a revolver presented at us , however infirm and incompetent we knew ourselves physically to be for the undertaking , we complied . I thought his case a hard one , but mine was more pitiable , for 1 could , not move without pain , and wondered , in the first place , how I should succeed in reaching the field , and then what sort of position I should , as a crile

      pp , occupy when there . He that runs away may live to fi ght another day , " but running was simply an impossibility in my case . Not possessing a rifle , they provided me with one , which was old and enormousl y heavy for me , and I again attempted to exhibit my pare uselessness wiih Buch a ponderous and clumsy iron talker , but all to no purpose ; however when the time came , and they saw that , do my best , , 1 could onl y : crawl along , I imagined they would dismiss me . In this " I was again disappointed , for ; they mounted me uuon a mule , and away we went , with , ! believe , at this moment of excitement , few exceptions , a merry and resolute party of some 300 , of us , others joining as we proceeded alomr the

      thirty miles ere we reached the appointed ground where all had to assemble ready for the attack . I at first felt exceedingly . uncomfortable , not having the use of my legs , as I thought I stood naturally but a poor -chance ' as a cripple in a field of battle , and we became perfectly aware we were approaching the ground , from an occasional-arrow flyin ? among us from the Indians' place of . concealment , which the thick scrubb y wood through ' which we were . passing most effectually afforded them ; but they had often t 6 ' pay mbBt dearly for this temerity , for the Americans , - who- are splendid shots with tbe rifle , 'knowing" these single . Indians . to be generally

      the choicest Bpirits- of their lot , took some little trouble to rouse them out , when a single glimpse of one of our popper-coloured , brother was enough to send his spirit on its passage to the Great spirit o < all . This wood . Ucajled by the . nunera ' . 'Chappral , ' and is exceedingly thick . Near to me ' a . mule was struck simultaneously by two arrows , and it was by no means over-pleasant to be perched upon a mulfi , and continually having these arrows whisking by one . ... ThelndianB , howevfir , must have aimed by their hearing , from the buteh being so dense , and thereforeshot too high . The mule wounded fortunately was a pack mule , and had no rider ; we eased him of his burden , yet he seemed much

      distressed ; ' one of the arrows must have touched his lungs . When it . grew dusk we drew up for the night . We kept very . vigilant , and scouts were sent put asaentinels , among / whonr I . had to take my part by standing as a look oat all night on a damp mossy piece of ground , that , cripple as I am , made me doubly Wish I could have sat on the mule and taken . my chance of being a more cocked up shot , but that on no account could I obtain . During this eventful night , the presage of a more eventful day , arrows at intervals were flying , and whirling about us ,. but onl y two of the Americans were wounded slightly , one in tbe arm and the other in the .. shoulder , as the Indiana here do not

      poison their arrows as they are said to do up in the north . As morning dawned we found the red men by no means backward for the contest , aiid as the first stream of light broke in upon us we discovered them prowling and crawling along the ground in all directions , and , as during the ni g ht they kept up a ^ in by . srriking something which sounded not unlike muffled drums , and from time to time yelled most savagely , the cessation of .. t , his .. was- also intimation enough that they were turning all their attention to other more dangerous pursuits , I was mounted , again ontlie mule , and we marched forward ere it had well become daylight , and then the

      skirmish commenced , Many of the Americans were splendid ' marksmen , and one who fought near me , covered by a large oak ,. I saw riddle seven Indians , one after the other , without a miss . When hit they just gave , a stagger , and fell like stones . This American , seeing my shots did not take effect like his own , was swearing and cursing me for a tarnation bad shot , when an arrow passed whizzing between us , a near shave for him to punish him for leaving his oak tree to scold me . I however marked the Indian climb stealthily up a tree , and shootingat us right and left , and , letting fly at him , he came thundering down from his perch and lay dead at the trunk . . ¦

      . We lost twenty-Bit , of our party , besidet . several badly wounded . My old friend had a narrow escape by an arrow glancing along , the peak of his cap , and ploughing up the skin , and . my mule was struck with an arrow which made him prance , so that I f ? as in great , danger of being carried ri ght in among our enemies . I am bow from all this exposure worse tban ever , and am confined to my bed with stiff joints , and have been compelled to call in the doctor , I paid . him for ' his six week ' s attendance , when I bad the fever last Christmas , 465 dols . ^ oat of- 500 dols . I bad disposed of my

      golddust for , and which was all I possessed , the particulars of which I recounted in roy last ; and now , with being . dragged put to this affray with the Indians , it bas laid me up again , and , when I hope to require nothing morefrom him , be comes upon me for 150 dols .,, which I sbail never be able to pay in tbe mines '' ; I dare not venture into the water for a long time , and trust " you will transmit me sufficient to discbarge this debt , I can hardly pay my store bills , things are so hi g h , and arc obliged to live upon the coarsest food , and shall strive my utmost to get back to England .

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      Pauper Chilbrbk for Bbrmoda . —At the usual weekly meeting of tbe board of directors , hold on Tuesday , at the vestry rooms , Camdentown , C . Pearqe ,, Esq ., churchwarden , in the chair , some letters from Bermuda applying for a fresh supply of children from the workhouse , were laid before the board , and , upon the motion of Mr . Dyke , seconded by Mr . Prendergast , a committee was appointed to select a certain number of boys anil girls from tho inmates of the worhhonse , to be sent out to the island . In answer to a remark from the

      ebairman , Mr . Dy ke said that in order to legalise the proceeding , it would ba merely necessary to take the children before a magistrate . After the transaction of mother business , of purely local interest , the board" separated . Liberation of Kosscin . —On Tuesday evening a very large meeting of the inhabitants of Kensington was held at the Prince Albert , Xotting-hill , to express sympathy with Louis Kossuth and his fellow refugees in Turkey , and to memorialise the British government and pnvlinment to take measur e * f ™ W , tfefflB # sr& £ ^ S ^ a 2 TO «« sp 5 aA& ^ subject , and make their report to another mS

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      rf wfiXS'S $$£$ > ffork the quanz rock steadil y opposed by VirSe hUIe 1 ts IlCfl ( 1 ffhea ' oSS ^^ 'S ^ ^ f ^^' the width of a M ? row %£ a £ , * ™ iW 0 > Or eTen Bachelors . —Miss Tuckp ' r c . -. » ¦'¦ ¦ bachelors as witix old ££ ?* g ^ l jgyj Jane Whbred , the victim of the Sloanes' harbanty has ^ ad nearly £ 300 subscribed for her , and wiU be placed m a respectable situation

      . Remedy for Ciiubuins . —Cut an onion intbiofc Slices , and with these rub the chilblains thoroughly on two or three nights before a good fire , and they will soon disappear . . - . " Bird ' s Nbsi ; Extjuordikabt . -A few davs ago ?» S ° ? !* e » blrd s-nest was discovered in an apple-Swm ? 2 " ° - made from three ladies' collars which had . been missing from an adjoining hedge five weeks previous . —Sheffield Times . Last week a communication by the electric telegraph was completed between the Exhibition Build-SS i ^ W Pfl lace , the Admiralty , and the Cbief Police Station at Scotland Yard . n \ % n ? 1 , J r 7 § reat wit was ° "e day com-Xainfnh ^^ ? h « LI < i lde ~ ? owis that Possible , " replied any Iff '' " e ? er knew that ^ L ^ Ab / haa

      th& ^ f T " ? f lifcl »» y be compared to SSi ^ K a j ap . - A ^ > the stivte ol inn ° - Sv w 5 h' tlie 1 P ? ssl 0 Ils ; act 3 rd , the loveo ! qS . ' ' LSar blUOn 5 a ° t 5 thdc ^ on and Advice to Masters . —If thou wouldst liafe a good servant let the servant find a good master ! Be £ ?^ ¥ » too long , le St lie think thee m ^ i ZnI \ ? i ' lest heconccivetheera » hVnor too often ; lest he count thee humorous ; - Qmries nU 7 w - £ T ^ ° [ . P ^ sicians were once disputing aa to what would best sharpen thesikhfc . Some recororaended one thing , and some another ; 21 Sftff 0 saul , that there was notbin ? that would do it like'envy , for it magnifies and multiplies all the errors of man ; ¦ Greenwich Hospmt . _ A notice has beenadfcl * ^ ^ t 0 Greenwich Hospital , stating i

      j . uuK .. iuuge « wuo may oe flesirous of inspectingthe buildings will , by appl ying at the Painted Hall , obtain guides to conduct them , to whom il it requested that lie gratuities may be offered . jX ** 1 , ' ^ better t 0 have a little t 0 <> »« ch of Eood , than a little too little ; for it is a tougher titsk to raise a little too little up to a little too much , than to pull a little too mucli down to a little too little ; yet- nature ' s rule is , that just enouea of everything is just everything enough . " . naSn A fV W 0 » - tbjr , d ^ i ? e ' Nving wearied the palience of a portion of his congregation b y . a somewhat lengthy sermon , and noticing persons ster ) pine out of the church very quietly , sat down in the pulpit , Raying— "I will now wait till tile chaff is blown off . " This made the people quiet . ? .

      .. m « wLi i "VS Y , - ~" 1 S e and bequeath to my beloved wife Brid get all my property without reserve , and to my oldcs t ^ on Patrick one-half of the remainder , and to Dennis , my youngest son , the rest . If anything is left , it may go to Terrance M'Carty . in sweet Ireland . " - .. " Woman ' s Ascendancy . —A clever writer says , taat the great secret of woman ' s ascendancy ia to be found in the fact , that man belioves that woman looks up to him and thinks him perfect ; and , iu his gratitude for her blind admiration , returns fllibT COffiphment of tllinki ng her judgment

      in-Rather Green . —A young lady , who , perhaps , is better acquainted with French than farming , wbb recently married to a farmer . In examining her new domains , she one day visited the byre , when she thus interrogated her milkraaia : — "By the bVe Mm , which of these cows is it that gives the butter Qualifications of a Wife . — "If you marry , " said an uncle , " let it be a woman who has judgment enough to auperinteml the work of her house-taste enougU to dress hev 5 eif-pride enough to washherselt belore breakfast—and sense enough to hold her tongue when she has nothing to say . " '• ] A " Rare" Relic—AtiMvelleron tbe Continent visiting a wlebvated catbedra \ , was shown by the sacristan , among other marvels , a dirty opaque nmi

      p . Alter eyeing it some time , the traveller said , "Do you call this a relic ?" - "Sir , " said the sacristan * - indignantly ,. " It contains some of the darkness that was spread over the land of E ° ypt . " - DrecovERY of a New Planbt . —Mr . J . 'R . Hin 3 has just discovered another new planet in the eoriste lation Scorpio , about 8 deg . north of tbe ecliptic , and forming ; at the time an equilateral triangle with the stars Scorpn and Libra ) . It is of a pale bluish . colour , and its light is abouc equal , to that of a star of the ninth magnitude .

      Dcchy OF Cohn-walt-. —The revenue for the year amounts to £ 00 . 052 , of whioh £ 12 , 861 has gone forplanes . * c , £ 88 . 675 lias been paid " for the Prince of Wales' use , " and the balance remains in the bankers hands . At * this rate the Prince will have a fortune of a million sterlin ? ready for him when he becomes of age , without applying to Parliament for a shilling . . Out of . —The words , out of , are the very worat in the language when one is oat of patience and out oi " money ; when his wife says she is out of sugar one day , out of coffee the next , out of flour the next * and , finally , out of spirits . The words are very good when one is out of debt , out of trouble , and out of gaol . If a man has a smok y house and scolding wife , out of doors is no bad place .

      Catching a TAUTAR .-One day Count Orloff , the favourite and accomplice of the Empress of Russia , in more ways , than one , exhibited hirasclf to a Samoied deputy in robes of state , refulgent with diamonds . The savage surveyed him attentively , ' but silently . "May I ask , " said the favourite , •' what it is you admire ?"— " Nothing , " replied the Tartar , " I waa thuikins how ridiculous you are . " "Ridiculous ! " cried Orloff angrily ; " and pray in what ?"— " Why , you shave you beard to look young , and powder your hair to look old . " Considerate Paddy . —A gentleman travelling on horseback , not long ago , came upon an Irishman who was fencing in a most barren and desolate piece of land . "What are you fencing in that lot for , Pat ? " said he ; " a herd of cows would starve to death on that land . " " And shure , your honour ,

      wasn ' t I fincing it to keep the poor bastes out iv it . " Qbin ' s Iscohbrent Stort—Quin is said to have betted Foote a wager that he would speak some nonsense which Foote could not repeat off-hand after him . Quin then produced the following string of incoherenoies : — " So she went into the garden to pick a cabbage leaf to make an applc-pio of ! and a shebear coming up tbe street , put her head into the ; 8 hopand said , 'Do you smell any soap ? ' So she died , and very imprudently married the barber ; and the powder fell out of the counsellor ' s wig , and poor Mrs . Mackay ' s puddings were quite entirely spoilt ; and there was present the Garnelies , and the Gobilies , and Picinnes , and the great Pangendrum himself , with the little round button at top ; they played at the ancient game of'Catch who catch can , ' till the gunpowder van out of the heels of their boots . "'Notes and-Queries .

      Masi a Slip between the Cup and thf . Lip . ~ This saying was supposed to take its origin from one of Penelope ' s wooers being shot as he was going to drink . But it arose , os Ains ' worthhas it thus;—" A . king of Thrace had planted a vineyard , when one of hia slaves , whom lie had much oppressed in that very work , prophesied that he ( the king ) should never taste the wine produced by it . The king disregarded his prophecy , and when sit an ' « ntertainnient , he held the cup full of his own wine , he sent for this slave , and asked him insultingly what he thought of his prophecy now ? Theslaveonly answered , "There ' s many a slip between the cup and the lip . " Scarcely had he spoken , when news was brought that a huge boar was laying his vineyard waste . The king arose in a fury , attacked the boar , ami was killed without ever tasting the wine . " '

      The Great Diamond . —Very near the transept , in the eastern nave of the Crystal Palace , there is what looks like a gigantic parrot-cage : it is the cage that contains and protects the lamed Koh-i-noor , or Mountain of Light diamond . The solid bars of iron are gilded . The diamond is supported in tho ait by two small golden lmnds , which project from golden Pillars , and just lay hod of two of its project ™ points—thus ita full outline is shown against a Durnll velvet ground- It is about the size of a \ crv BmaU 2 ? . i , SSSL ^ »^ jWe ^ on each si deTeZ smaller diamondsAt d

      . night ^ o ^ n the ouehK a spring by the custodian , these precious gemSk m § mm SnlnwHkAn , f WouW cau ? e the machinery to collapse like the eaves of the sensitive plant , and SthSlfcyif 0 thtir eavernous retreat til the assffij ^ . - ^ *****

      Singular Census RMuns .-One of the constabulary enumerators was innch amused the ether day Dy the return which a very eccentric and proverbially 3 oci ? . l inhabitant of the village of Whiteh ouse , two and a half miles from Belfast , had under the co ' rnpn " Deaf and Dumb . " The hcu-ehold of the statMt consists merely of his wife and Iiimself , • n (/ . "' ;' . differences of opinion upon matters of domes aer eto nomy are locally celebrated . The ret . rn ( n ^ toa handwriting of tho heart of i \ . e house ) » £ Husband nottorf-wW . toih-Ug ^ ™ }^ . not dumb—wish ditto , ditto . —WJ " " -

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      ^ needed , for it is obvious that their interest will not . be , wholly dependent upon the music ; which , 1 'ememherlng the exquisite interpre- tation whieh . we had last year " of 'Auber ' s opera at St . James s Theatre Mf French singers , must necessarily ; ia some : particulars be ill-provided for and incomplete , 'However , tbe dramatic excellence ^ tbe-Fronoh librettos-that of -the Crown Diamonds being one of the most . ' , amusing ' examples of its class—coupled with the grateful and finished vocalism of Miss Louisa Pynej will probably make the present undertaking . attractive . ' . Miss pyne never sang better , andherpprsonation of .. the heroine of Auber softc / d ' osuvrc was no less naive than aeveeable . m Weiss was the-Rebodillo , and Mr . Donald King the lover ; while the other- characters were sustained b y Mr . Come and Mrs . II . Cawse , the latter a lady who , some years ago , was one of the most popular vocalists , of her day ,

      little remark { . ¦ ¦• ¦ 'HAYMARKET . . ^ -Mr . - "Webster has given a ney ? oolour to the entertainments of the'Haymarket Theatre , having engaged a musioai ' company , for : the . performance of opera in conjunotion . with ; the ; faroe 8 for which' this house ; has alwaysvbeen . famous . Hehas secured the services of Miss Ijoiiisa Pyne as a prima donna , whomhelsupports / byMr . Donald King and Mr Weiss . i thogeneral aspect of the undertaking beiiie wmtl ^ r to thafc . of ; the ; operatio speculationsi afc the Princess ' s , during the directorate of Mr . Maddox The uratjperfovmaiioe . tdok place on Monday , night ' when th&Crwm Diamonds oi Auber was given the ¦ " Mxm ^ Tfiwl 6 a-be ^ pised ' i 8 . thatprepared , for tho establishment to which we have just alluded ' Beyona recording the . fact of these ; representations

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      QUEEN'S THEATRE . . . . On Monday evening a powerful drama , by Mr . Mildenball , entitled the Eleventh Hour , wasi performed at . this theatre . Manfred , Count Siegendorf ( Mr . Chester . )/ several years before the action of the play commences , struck Altorf ( Mr . Shore ) his superior officer , for which he was obliged to . fly to save his life . . Manfred ' s father adopted his grandson , Sigismund ( Mr . E . Green ) , but at his death , through the yillany of Altorf , the latter beoame the sole inheritor of his domains , and Sigismund ultimately , becomes aaoldier of fortune , while his parents are fugitives from the vengeance of Altorf . # Sigismund . is devoted to Bertha ( Miss Rivers ) , the . daughter of Allorf ,, but is rejected by her father . Mer years of separation the son meets his ' parents , and on learning the history of their misfortunes goes to : the castle to bid adieu to

      Bertha ,, when a quarrel ensues between the father and lover , and Sigismund is forced to escape . Michael ( Mr . Burfordl . ' an Hungarian robber , in revenge for a blow given Sim by Altorf , breaks into the castle , stabs the Count , and throws bis body , into the river . In the second act , Manfred is become the Governor . ofPrague , and his son . having rescued his-inamoratta from the . robbers , is about to be united to her , when he is denounced as the murderer of Count Altorf by Michael , and , by a chain of circumstantial evidence , found guilty aiid condemned to . djeath . ' . v-At the eleventh hour , however he is savedby : the appearance , of Altorf , who was

      rescued from tne river by , a monk and conveyed to a monastery , where , he ; entered the brotherhood and by this-last act he atones for , his hatred of Manfred , and punishes the villany of Michael . The piece is well got up , and the pvinoipal parts were ably supported , by Messrs . E . Green . ^ Chester , Shore , Simpson , and Dean and the Misses C Gibson and Rivers . If Mr . Burford would study " acting" more ami " making up" les 8 , it WOuld be more to his advantage m the end . A hint to the wise is sufficient .. -The Forty Thieves followed , and the entertainments concluded with the drama of Plunder . Creek , which we have already noticed .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 31, 1851, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1628/page/3/