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Northern Star (1837-1852), 9th November 1850, Edition 1 of 3, Page 3, Untitled Article

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      . . Cheltenham , dated January 22 na , 1850 ¦ ¦ •• * ¦¦ •• • ' ••> : BtBi—iij eldest son , > Hen about thriie ' years ' of a ^/~ nasiafflicted with agl ( lndular > elllrig in-tifiW , whfelf after a short time broke out . into an ulcer . An eminent medical man pronounced it as a ' very . bad case of scrofula . •> and prescribed'fora considerable time without effect . Th 3 ''""' disease tMen-fbr years , w , enf on graduaD y increasing to '• '' vir ' ule nce ' when besides the ulcer in the neck , anptneT ' " formed below the Jpft knee , and a third under the eye , be « ' sides seven others on the left arm , with a tumour between . tlie eyes which Wai expected to break . Duringthe whole of ' the time iny suffering boy had received the constant advioa '' of the most celebrated medical gentlemen at Cheltenham : besides being for several months at the . General Hospibl where one ' of th e surgeons said that he'would ' amputate

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      : Thirty-Fifth Edition , Containing the Remedy for the Prevention of Ditcass , ¦ Illustrated with Twenty-Six Anatemical Coloured ¦ ' ¦ Engravings on Steel . ON PHYSICAL DISQUALIFICATIONS , GENERATITB INCAPACITY , AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MAIOIIAOB . A new and improved Edition , enlarged to 196 pages , pric 9 2 s . Cd ; by post , direct from the Establishment , 3 s . W * . in postage stamps . qn HE . S I LENT FRIEND ; A » . Medical Work « ri the Exhaustion and Physical De » af of the System , groduced' by Excessive Indxlgesce . th » coHStquenceF of Infection , or the abuse of Mercury , " with explicit Directions for the use of the I ' reventivs Lotion ; followed by Observations on the Harried Statj , and thedisqualificatiws which prevent it ; 'illustrated-by ' twenty-sixcolouredE * gra . vings , and by the detail of Cases . By R . and L . PERKY and Ce ., 19 , Berhers-street , Oxfordstreet ,: London . > .. Published by the authors , and sold by Strnnge , 2 l , Patcrnoster-row ; Hannay , G 3 , ' and Sanger , 150 , Oxiord-streel Starie , 23 , Ticuhorne-street , Ha ymarket ; and Gordon , 146 , Leadenhall-strcet , Lond * n ; J . and R . Kaimes and Co ., Leithwalk , Edinburgh -J ) . Camiphell , Argyll-street , G | a « . gow ; J . ' PrleiUy ' , Lord-street , and T . ' . Newton , ChuroWi street , Liverpool ; R . Ingrdni , Mnrjcetplace , Manchester . , . ' ¦¦¦ ¦ ; ¦¦•¦ . . Part tho First .. . ' .. , ; Is dedicated t * the consideration of the ' ai >^ tomy and physi . ology of the organs ' which are directly or indirectly eiiaured , in the process of reproduction . It is illuatratecr-ib . jx . 'iui c «< loured engravings .

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      AUTUMN WILD FLOWERS . ' -. - j ; IloTeyourffell : ; . ; : i ; uTeek dwellers in green lane and sunny meadow ,. S valley nooklet , by the moHritain stream—. Riding lannts , where woren boughs © ershadow . : . : v-v ; : :: i - ' ' \' - ' ¦ : ¦ Yonrlovely forms , through many a sunlit gleam . I love you well ::: ' - ¦ " - Blight children , with your fair , familiar faces , " . ; -, SDrinEin f'fr 6 mcrevicedrockandhiH-8 idelonen ' erl awnand lea , in Earth ' s most pleasant places , ijid the deep forest calleth : you its own . - ' Ilore yen well z '_ ¦ ' V . jjjong sylran shades , by cool transparent fountains •• - ¦ ' ; - ' ' _ - ' - ¦ •• ' . " ¦' ' ¦ ' ¦ ¦

      Your cwn sweet images reflected lie ; : - And O how beauteous on the Alpine mountains lour snowy heads are lifted to the sty . Iloveyou well : .- Pair floral ferns , in graceful bands ye cluster , like rainbow jewelson the brow of earth—Or g leaming with a soft and silvery lustre In the low vale , where sunny bells hare birth . : I love you ' welT : ¦ ' , How beautiful , ' ( wheredrdopthe golden tresses Of the sad willow ) float small fairy flowers , "While light green rushes , reeds ; and watercresses ,.: ... * ..:.. .- ., ' . Ripple the smooth stream with their tiny showers .- * ¦ - ¦

      " I love you well : . And ye , the last of Autumn ' s wilding blossoms , Are thriee beloved ; thrice welcome former sake Who plucked you : from the way-side's grassy - bosom a .,- : . ¦ - ¦¦¦ ' A thought of Summer in my soul to wake . I love you well :. ,- - ¦¦ - ' For ye are emblems in your fading beauty ; Of hopes , and fears—of trembling and of trusty Each drooping leaf tells of some lowly duty , Whose fruits shall rise in glory from the dust . I love you well : Snch silent monitors are ye , fair creatures—And well may ye appear as holy teachers Unto this world-worn weary heart of mine .

      I love you well : And while you decorate my quiet chamber , Your lingering bloom 3 charm outward sense " and sight " "' 3 Jnfc teach me"to discern and well remember Tha language written on your Leaves of Light . I love you well : . Meanwhile I turn , O gentle friend and giver . To thank tbee for thy kindly thought of me ; May thy heart's Human Flowers bloom bright for - ' ever , ; And bliss perpetual thv portion be . October , 1850 .

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      Sketch of Mairwara j giving a brief Account of the Origin and Habits of the Mairs , their f Subjugation-by a British Force , their Civilisation and Conversion into an Industrious Peasantry ; with Descriptions of Various Works of Irrigation in Mairwara and Jjineer , constructed to facilitate the Operations of Agriculture and Guard the Districts against Drought and Famine . Illustrated Trith Maps , Plans , and Views . By Lieut .-Col . C . J . Dixon . London : Smith , Elder and Co .

      Some fourteen years ago , vre read with deep - interest a letter published by the author of " Letters , Sketches , and Recollections of S . T . Coleridge , " in which an account / was given of the wonderful euceess which had attended the efforts of Col . Hall to reduce to order a ¦ wi ld and predatory , tribe of Indians , called Mairs . In seven years , l ) y the judicious aafl persevering application of reformatory and iindly measures alone , it was stated that he lad created an orderly , industrious , peaceable , and prosperous community , out of a race that had , for centuries , been the terror and scourge of the district in which they lived . Since that lime , we have heard nothing of either Col .

      Hall or those whom he so -wisely governed , and -were afraid that , like many other examples of limited success in this way , so iar from having been a stimulus to further and more extended efforts , it had fallen under the superior evil circumstances by ¦ which it was surrounded . It is with pleasure , therefore , that we find our fears unfounded , and that the East India Directors have published this interesting and suggestive Tolume It is the record of an experimenl , tried under peculiarly unfavourable circumstances , to convert the native tribes of the interior into husbandmen and peaceful cultivators of the soil—and the history of its methods and its success . We

      know of no single work relating to . the internal economy and social development of Hindustan likely to prove of so much practical use . Such a history as this should be in the hands not only of every servant of the . Company , but also of every public writer and Member of Parliament . The day is not far . distant -when the men of Leadenhall-atreet will again apply to the Legislature of England for a new lease of power in the East ; and before the great discussion then to arise comes od , out eight hundred born or selected lawgivers ought to know something of the inner and civil history of

      the country which they will have to hand over on conditions more or less ample to the merchant pr inces of the City . The "Sketch of Mairwara" may be taken as a text-book in such a study . So little has hitherto been doneby the conquering race to civilise and . humanise the natives of the country—that the idea has been fast growing into a settled conviction with the men of red-tape and routine that nothing was to be attempted . The sentiment of a

      barbaric conquest , achieved by valonr and to be held by force , has extended from the actual service to an influential portion of the public at home . At the end of three-quarters of a century of occupation , it is a disgrace to English rule that it can point to so little real practical benefit conferred on the subject people . Col . Dixon's account of the experiments in Mugra is at once a rebuke to our past neglects and an encouragement to renewed and larger efforts in the future .

      The tract of land known , by the name of Mairwara forma a portion of the Arabala chain of hills , stretching from Goozerat to -within a few miles of Delhi . Before it fell into the power of England , it was a dense jungle , infested by wild beasts , and scarcely ever traversed , by man , except along the rude and difficult paths which formed the lines of communication from one village to another , and the greater part of it was entirely uninhabited . The face of the district is now dotted over

      with villages—no small portion of the surface hag been brought into a state of profitable « ultivation--and a town with . 10 , 000 inhabitants , well-built houses , barracks , p risons , hospitals , . and bazaars , stands on a spot that thirty years ago was a waste . There could scarcely be a more signal instance of the power . of civilisation in changing old habits ¦ and ideas , and converting even vicious activity in to a ineans or improvement . , .

      We have said this experim ent of Cols . Hall and Dixon in reclamation of Mairwara was tried underhigWy discouraging circumstances —arising from the character of the population and the incidents of their subjection . Of the origin of the people we have the following account ;—Of the inhabitants of the Mugra , previous to the time from which the present Mairsdate their origin little seems to be iiow known . The country at that time must have been a vast impenetrable iantjU

      offenng-iew advantages to the cnltivator , though p romising many to the outlaw and fugitive from justice : hence the fastnesses of the Mugra became eventually a refqge for all who had rendered themselves amenable to the laws of their country , or who had been ejected from caste by their brethren for some reKgious misdemeanour . All so circumstanced , on throwing themselves on the protection of tie banditti of the hills , were welcomed and received as brethren ; and being hopeless of pardon in their own state , arid confident in the strength of their asylum and the union and detenninationOf their new

      associates , ' soon joined their fortunes with them , and became permanently established in the Mogra . * * In this manner the ranks of the Mairs of the Mugra were yearly swelled by the advent of men of all

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      classes , whoappear very seldom to have subsequently quitted then-asylum , 'but ; marrying , bred up their children to the _ mongrel faith ; and wild : usages ' of their new associates . In ithemeantiraeHhB- Mairs had become most formidable by their depredations , to tiie ; . neighbouring States . From ' the ' peculiar position of th 6 hilly strip-of land which they inV habited , surrounded as it : was' by-the large principalities of Marwar , Meywar , ; and-Ajmeer , ( hey Wete enabled by ; rapid . incursions nto cafry-their plundering expeditions into tho very- heartof any of these States , and yeif always to remain within hail of-their ' strpngholdV ik the hills ; ' to which , they speedily betook 'themselves-on encountering ' any ierious opposition , as plunder , and riot war , was tneir object . . - ; ;_ ..-:-. ' :.-. ¦ ,... ' ... - . ¦¦ ¦¦ : ¦ : ;> : ¦ ;> : ; ¦;

      . Against these marauders the most powerful princes of the country had : sent army after army ,-i-each of which was defeated , * dispersed , and destroyed in the jungle or fastnesses of the hills ; and the neig hbouring powers were only too glad to compound with the mountaineers , — giving black-mail in exchange for peace and security . The British army was the first to rednce these untameable freebooters to' obedience : —a result not achieved without' terrible slaughter and devastation . When it was effected at length , and peace established on a solid footing , the conquerors began to bring them gradually to a ' knowledge of civilised habits . Long custom thwarted these endeavours , —especially in regard to slavery , \ nfanticide , and . the sale of women . . Col . Hall ' s report shows that the two bitter crimes had a

      eommon origin : — It is most satisfactory to be able * to ' report the complete and voluntary abolition' Of the'two revolting customs—female infanticide and the sale of women .: Both crimes were closely connected , having had their origin in the heavy expense attending marriage contracts . The sums were payable by the male side , were unalterable , equal for the rich and poor , without any abatement whatever in favour of the latter . What first established the payment is unknown ; . but it was so sacred , inviolable , and even a partial deviation so disgraceful , that the most necessitous of the tribe would hot incur the imputation . Hence arose as decided a right over the persons of women as over cattle , or other property . They

      were inherited and disposed of accordingly , to , the extent even of son g selling their own mothers . Hence , also , arose infanticide . The sums payable were beyond the means of so many , that daughters necessarily remained on hand after maturity , en tailed immoral disgrace , and thus imposed ft necessity for all female progeny-becoming victims to their family honour . ~ On the establishment of British rule , both evils gradually diminished . Females were not allowed to be transferred except for conjugal purposes ; their consent was to be obtained , and their choice consulted ; kind , humane treatment was enforced , and the whole system of considering them as mere cattle was discouraged , without any indication ; however , of interference with the right of property so long existing' .

      While these and similar reforms were in progress , a new turn was given to the course of improvement , by an incident of a most unpromising kind . A well-appointed party of plunderers entered the Mairwara , to carry off booty ; but then * objects being suspected , the villagers attacked and routed them — capturing a number of pr isoners , who . were delivered over to the British . authorities . What became of them further , Col . Dixon shall tell us : — . . .

      The prisoners were sentenced to four years ! imprisonment , with labour , in the Mairwara gaol ; but before that period had expired , a plan offered itself for turning their services to useful account . Poverty and ignorance had actuated them" to enrol themselves under the banner of TJjub Singh . It was manifest that were they induced into habits , of thrift , they might become useful . subjects . The plan in contemplation possessed novelty , it is true ; but it merited a trial ; for should it prove successful , we might adopt it as a guide for future observance . After due consideration , it was arranged to form the

      robbers into a village community , to be located on an uncultivated spot within three miles of UyaUuggur . The parties concerned acquiescing in the proposition , several hundred beegahs of land were apportioned off for their use . Good security having been obtained , the prisoners were permitted to quit the gaol every morning , one of the leg chains being fixed , and the other held in hand , for the purpose of digging wells at their new village ; they returned unattended every evening to sleep in the gaol . On the expiration of their imprisonment , they were joined by their families and relations , and commenced in earnest on the cultivation of the soil . In

      the course of a year after their release , the new village exhibited signs of prosperity . It now contains twenty-seven families , and pays us » yearly revenue of 770 rupees . From the day of their location up to the present time , ne case of misconduct has been brought against them . The character of the people has been marked by order , propriety , and untiring diligence in their rural pursuits . The great facility with which a band of robbers belonging to a foreign state has been converted into a rural , revenue-paying peasantry , as exemplified in the pillagers of Gungpore , may not prove uninBtructive or undeserving of notice and observance by public authorities who may possess the ability to repeat what has been so successfully carried on at the village of Sheonatbpoora .

      The success of this experiment led to the ideaof encouraging all the inhabitants of the hills to settle on the land , and become cultivators . Lands were given to such as expressed any willingness to be taught , the arts of husbandry , and to settle down to honest labour . Thegreat obstacle to this design was , the peculiar character of Hindii society—the system of castes— -and the separation of trades and callings . It was some time before Col . Dixon prevailed with any one to move out of the traditional grooves ; but the details by which the result was brought about are full of curious and instructive interest : —

      The communities of the Mair villages consist essentially of themselves , who are the cultivators , and the servants of the village , —viz . the smith , carpenter , porter , minstrel , barber , and bulahee . The tillage of the soil does not devolve on these classes as their immediate calling ; for they are paid by the cultivators a certain quantity , of grain each harvest , and for each plough , besides receiving stated perquisites on the occasion of a marriage or the birth of a son . The business of the

      Dholee or minstrel , was exclusively restricted to his professional avocation , in attending at weddings , or in accompanying the chief of the village on all occasions of festival . The Balahee , answering to tfee Ghnmar of the provinces , made and repaired shoes for the community , free of expense , from the hides of deceased cattle , prepared by himself : he repaired well-buckets , and was the out-door s . ervant-of-all-work to the village . It was evident these classes enjoyed an unnecessary degree of leisure , and that , if we could succeed in applying their energies to husbandry , we should at once command a large increase to our" agricultural ^ ineans . ^ The Bulahee being the lowest caste man in the village ,

      and the one least of all connected with the tillage of the land , was first taken in hand . He was promised waste land , bullocks to till it , and advances for sinking a well , constructing anaree , or building a stone dike , according to the land in his village . He was told that he was now the slave of the village community ; that , by himself becoming a cultivator , possessing cattle and a well , his respectability , not only in his own village , but amongst the whole of his brethren in caste , would be increased ; that , by becoming a zumeendar , he . would , from his advanced position in society and means , have his brethren suing him to take their daughters in marriage with his sons . In a word his pride was

      flattered . It is unnecessary to add that th ' e force of : persuasion was effectual . He took kindly to the occupation of cultivator , and , through the force of example , every Bulanee has now become a zomeendar . The Lohar , carpenter and Koomhar , were craftsmen in then * own line , their business demanding constant application . People of this class were readily open to reason , and , as they found the Sirkat was liberal in making advances for agricultural works , and that , if they did not take their share of the waste land to be divided amongst the - ? iHa « e no such favourable opportunity might again offer , they cheerfully signified their acquicsence in the cultivating mania which was now beginnino- to pervade tbe tract . The mmstrel was a more difficult subject to handle Hiscalling ., s essentially that of a gentleman . Laborious thrift His hands

      with him and his class was unknown . . had never been blistered from friction witna plougnhandle , or by contact with any rural ^ mea t . Ha energies were restricted to playing tbe nddie , beating the drum , singing the praises of his chief or clan , and telling stories . His treatment required adroit management , It is sufficient to say his pride too was flattered , and that ho was enrolled as a convert to rural industry . Again , the force of ?* , P . le wj « great ; and now scarcely a minstrel is to be found -who is n qt employed as a cultivator . Graduall y the whole population became attached to industrial pursuits . Col . Dixon built a new town : and encouraged strangers ot various castes—particularl y that of Buneahs shopkeepers or petty merchants ) to setlle in it , ~ capital and a readier means of buying and selling being two of the great wants of

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      tnei wring r community .,. * A ; dozen : years ago the'distnet ^ as-wholi x dependenti . on supplies bfpughtin ( chjeflj-by . plunderlifromi . a . diaf twice . . Thei population has mnch , increased , —¦ yetit . npw export . to flurrpuoding , towns and . riikge 3 consid . er ^ b 1 le . supplies ~ : of produce ; ; . A s | yong tujd weil r planned town has . been built , Wi | h . tw 6 , imle 3 f , ofiwall . sajl , . defence .. Trade is j es tablished ' Vand * many , of ; tlie . traders are getting ; rich ' . ; , The manufactures of . the town toe already ^ arions and considerable ? and the

      sounds . ot honourable ., industry are , heard not only hi '&e , tpwn , but . inttne vicinity ; of villages erected , m the midstof the jungle .:. . Civilisa- ; tion has dawned on / the face , of tthose long troubled Mils in spine , of its ; most benignant forms ; audj to adopt .. the . language : of : our authpfity'for these , statements , -the . habits ¦ of the Man's have been go completely changed ; that a ^ . woman can now walk , unattended tw © or three , miles across ; the country without fear of being insulted or stolon ; ! ,, -.,-, : ¦ ¦¦¦ , . -7 ,- ; .,:.

      These are the . trophies of \ peace and earnest ness . ; What . has been done , by Col ..-Hall and by his ; cautious and energetic successor in the field , may surel y be done again and ' . again elsewhere . ; , It is time . to cease , thinking that we are only encamped in : Hindustan . ; . The ; country is in . bur hands for ? good , or for- evil . ; > The soldier and the policeman express a very small portion of the duties and responsibilities which

      have devolved on us . ^ -The j udgment and . ingenuity displayed by > Col .. Dixon in carrying out the Mairwara experiment , are worthy ' of all honour . His deeds of peace-.-will : merit higher praises , from the sensible portipn . oi mankind than , the most brilliant feats of arms . * Nya Nuggur gives 1 a . higher patent of nobleness thani any that can be won at "Watorloos or Chillianwallahs . . .

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      Tait ' s Edinburgh Magazine . November . Simpkm and Marshall , London . ; , . The first article in the present number is . a hostile commentary on Mr . Lang ' s "Notes of a Traveller ,. " in as far , as that writer supports the continental . system of peasant , proprietorship , . All the . politico-economical arguments usually . advanced by , the advocates of : large holdings , and territorial usurpation by a privileged class of landlords , are reproduced by : the writer , apparently . fwith a perfect belief in their

      validity , on his own part , however , theyimay fail in convincing ! the reader who ; has given any previous attention ; to the subject .: Mr , Kay , who has writteii an admirable book V On the Social . Condition of the People in England and Europe , "—the result of careful ; and pro ti ' acted personal experience—is also , attacked for his admiration and eulogy of small landed proprietors . As a specimen of his reasoning , we extract the criticism on tbisiable and acute observer ofmen and things : — : v ; i- -, ; ; - ;

      , Of all modern writers on the subdivision of land , Mr .. Kay is the most enamoured of itsr advantages , and the most unconscious of its drawbacks and defects . He sees only its present consequences ; and is blind to its ultimate operation . Ue paints ita beauties in glowing colourB , and entirely ignores its dangers and deformities ; We agree in almost all his representations of fact , but we are inclined to quarrel with his omissions , and to question the justice and completeness of his inferences . He brings an overwhelming mass of testimony to prove the admirable effects which the subdivision of land ; and the facility with which small portions of it may be obtained , have produced in Prussia , Saxony , and in many parts of Switzerland , in improving , . the

      cultivation of the soil , in raising the condition and style of living among the peasantry / and in promoting habits of forethought , economy ; industry-, and selfrestraint ,-throughout the population generally . The desire to rise into the . position of proprietors stimulates the energy of the labourer , renders him cautions , frugal , and sober , and makes him postpone marriage till he is in a condition to maintain a family . In many of these countries , we are told , " the men-never marry before the age of twentyfive ,. and the women seldom till thirty . "; The average age of marriage in Prussia Sir . Kay , state ? at thirty-five . The desire ofthe proprietor , again , to retain his position , and if p ossible to amend it , promotes the growth of similar virtues in him ; while the anxiety-to transmit his hardly-earned ' estate

      undimimshed to his children induces him to limit the number of them . By the joint operation of these motives the rate of increase of the population is-greatly reduced : a position which the author endeavours to strengthen by means of several statistical tables , which , ; however , contradict one another , and by no means always bear out his conclusions . Mr . Kay also draws vivid contrasts between the pauperism of England and the comparative freedom from' this sore of several of the continental countries , and between the . condition of the . peasantry' in ; countries whichare differently situated in respect to . their social institutions—in Bohemia and Saxony , for example , in the Netherlands and in Rhenish Prussia , in the Catholic and Protestant cantons of Switzerland .

      Now , if we were disposed to lose sight of the main question in a criticism of particular errors , we might show that religion , education , and race , ' have at least as much to do with these contrasts as the law of equal inheritance .: We might remind Mr . Kay that the Saxons and Bohemians are distinct people—distinct in blood , in language , in religion ; the former being a Teutonic , the latter a Sclavonic race ; the former being Protestant , the latter Catholics . We might remind him that the small farms of Rhenish Prussia are held by proprietors , and those of Flanders ( which are at least equally well cultivated , and by at . least as prosperous and frugal a people ) , by reni-paying tenants ; and that the Catholic and reformed " cantons of Switzerland !

      so contrasted in the condition of their peasants and the state of their agriculture , acknowledge the same law of equal inheritance ., We might remind him that in no country of central Europe . is theland more subdivided , or worse cultivated , than in . many parts of France , or the Sardinian States . We might remind him that a vast improvement in the education of Germany has been coincident with the . improvement hi the condition of her poor , and may have been as effective a cause of it as the acquisibility of land . But to dwell on these things would divert our attention from the heart and marrow of the question , and we therefore pass them by . We will admit that in almost every country , except France , in which small properties prevail , the land

      is admirably cultivated—with . extreme care , if with little ' economy and little science ; we will admit that since the promulgation of the new system in Prussia / by which feudalism was broken up , and large " estates . began to be superseded by smaller ones , the . improvement in ; agriculture and in tho condition of the . peasant class has been . marked , vast , and undeniable . We will concede , moreover , that muchof this amelioration is the effect , and the natural ard necessary effect , of the , change frpm proletarianism to proprietorship ; and that , ceterii paribws , land will always yield more to tlie hand of the owner than to hired labour . But all this improvement is but the first effect of the transition from a system of slovenly to one of careful culture ;

      from a system which paralysed the energies of the peasant to a system which stimulates them ;• from a system under which neither owner nor labourer did their duty to the land , under which it enjoyed the full benefits neither of science nor of industry , to a system under which all unite to develope its capabilities : it is , in fact , the simple result of a transition from bad farming to good , and might easily have been foreseen . But the question for . the philosophic statesman regards ; a future day and a secondary consequence . When the old system shall have been altogether superseded by the new—when the whole of the soil shall be in the hands of peasant proprietors—when industry , science ^ and the due subdivision of the land shall have brought it all

      into that state of minute and perfect cultivation which we observe in many parts of Lombardy , of Flanders , and of Switzerland ; and - which twogenerations of peasant proprietorship suffices to effectwhat then ? No new estates can bo created , for you have reached the limit at which sub-division is compatible with good agriculture or with comfortable subsistence ; no more individuals can : be supported from the soil , for its utmost yield has been already extracted from it ; manufacturing establishments have been superseded by articles produced ^ at home ; foreign commerce has languished and died under tho gradual extinction of exchangeable articles , and . available surplus for luxurious expenditure : and the civil and military services . havebcen

      reduced to a minimum , becauso only a small revenue can even bo raised by direct taxation from a nation which consists only of one vast class of yeomen . Whence , then , are the younger children , the increase of the population , to derive their ' subsistence ? It is abundantly obvious that no such increase is possible , no such younger children are p ermissible . ... , ; ...,.. r . i . , : . ,: . Thus we see that the kwofeQuaHnhGntance , the system of peasant proprietor » ip , \ ylii ( 3 h is recommended by some superficial reasoners , as enablinff population to augment without : peril , and by others deeper and more clearrheaded , as limiting this augmentation , does not solve the great problem of socill philosophy : viz . ; how to _ reconcile an increasing population with an inor « aBing aggregate or average of comfort .

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      ^• Pe sum andtf ubBtanceof all'thfo » wmplr , Uiat , m order to avoid ^ posiible miserj at some future time , we , ought : to" makepuraelyes miserable at preseinyb y obstinately persisting in a bad ; syetem of land-tenurej-J ^ Buf 1 is it quite f ^ , i ^ A . % . time .. and . the . evils . approh . end ^ ^ , % . # pre ; eyer ; T ^ l come' ? If . the Jy ! Wei ^ to ; fall , !; itwouidf . undoubtedly . rJdlbaU tne iarJcs , ; according- to the old adage . ' . "But' is it likely to fall ? ' » Sinners and Sufferers" ia a tale of the world ^ s , justice , and too true ,-and too | often repeatedlin ^ erflad . dramS ; oflife , ine otlier articles are of " about " average merit ana interest . . ? ;¦; :: .- / 4 "io £ t :: ;^ T "" Cj ' . '¦ ¦ . "• . ;?()!>!({«}¦! h . W . i :: . 1

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      £ and , Co mmon Property ( or ' rHnheritance ) i .. Originall y -. _ at Present ^ Henc eftitiard- ± .. sliowmg also ' how : nqjIndividual is a Land" - owner ~ -hbw ~ the Land mafb ' e Recovered—: flndhow all Taxation will be Abolished . By ., XERRiGENOiis .-, ; London :,: . James Watson , ,., 3 , Queen ! s JHead-passage , iPaternoster-row . i T he best ans \ ver ,. to , the ~ elaborate and specious fallacies of the Scotch ' reviewer in ^ TaiV ,-and to the whole tribe ^ who . uphold ^ he ittionopol y of i ndividuals on / th ' e soil , is to be found in this' fearless and vigorous- little tract . < -i The whole argument is here compressed , into a nut shell , and the usurpation" of tHe ' larid . ' demonstrdted , to be not only , at the root of allother tyranny , but that its reclamation b y" the whole peopleis the only "•' solid foundation for political and social freedom . That he does riotimince matters , Avillsbe : seen " from ttie ^ on elusion of tho pamphlet ' : —1 " - ..., '¦ ( , ' . .,,- //• ' . /

      HpW WILL YOU RboOVBBTHK LANS , AND HOW Abowsh all Taxation ? Rightfully ybu ! hate the former now , for though forceand fraud may have , And'has , prevented you ifrom ' p ' osaeismg'Land in a legal point of view ,. yet . morally and legitimately the whole people now livingDoiposaessthe Land , for their right to it is ,. and must be , inalienable . ' It is not a thing that you can lose , or have . taken . away from you . Beginning witK your , existence , "it can only , terminate with your death . Hence , - all Land held by individuals , is clearly stolen property !—stolen out of the common fund , and whichmay , at any momeii £ in-the-name-of-justice ,-be recovered by its owners . The people—the owners of the Land —may demand it when they think proper , and take

      it into tneir-own gopa possession , and depend upon it this will . be . done somewhat unceremoniousl y some day , ! if the present robbery ia-perseveringl y' continued for too long a period . ¦" . ¦ Therefore , ¦ ¦• . brother owners , this being your clear position , take up tho high ; ground , the . pnly correct one upon which you can stand , and look upon yourselves ( as you are ) as the- iownera of the ; earth . ' Great- heaven ! -rtalk about having the Land conceded , to you as a favour ! —talk about never getting it ! All . nonsense , I assure you . I tell you that you have never lost the Land , nor your title to it , and that being the case , you must have both now 1 There is no ' force in the legality of injustice , arid though legalised ^ it can never overthrow inherent right . " 1 proclaim to you , thatinow , , the present moment ,. the

      NATIONALISATION' OP LAND IS COMPLETE IN . YOURSELVES ,, and that its confirmation . needs but your own determination !~ the sovereign voice of the people ! . What the sword of the few have made—made with violence [ and robbery—the ; Ihati of theMANfpeaceably : and : with : justice—may undo ! The people cannot commit any robbery in taking possession of that whichis legitimately their own . Mark thbt cannot steal : This / you must perceive , is not merely the way of recovering , the Land ( though it ' shows youthis , too ) , but that you have it . ' ¦ : When . this day shall come—it may-be near or it may be distant—that you shall recognise the great fact of the nationalisation of land being complete in yourselves , and make it manifest by . your

      actioneither by your united voice to your parliament to legalise it , or Sj / your parliament ( when the Charter is obtained ) legalising itof its own accord , then by act of parliament declares that at the death of the present holdersj the , various estates shall drop into the common fund : This would- be a gradual resumption which no one could demplain about , seeing that each one would retain the Land he holds until his death . At the . most , only the rising generation could say one word against it , ; but this is counterbalanced immediately upon reflecting that the present holders of Land , from . their very position , could make any provision they thought ' . fit for their children , and that these children would be in a very much ; better position from Land . being common

      property . Let it drop into the common fund at death quietly , and thus avoid comperisationinmoncyi whioh you must do if you take . it away from the presen t holders , and which- would raise up a new set of money lords ; to live uporiV the lab'bur of ; others through the interest their money would produce .: ' But cmnmon property ! Dear mo I there will be nothing- safe nor secure ! Do not misunderstand the termnor me .- Common ! Yes ;! butnot common for any individual to select thei ' piece of land he likes best and to settle upon it , or , ; indeed , to have any distinctive piece as his own ; but common that every one shall be equally benefitted in the advantagts accruing therefroW ! No security for the products ! , V As much as novr . Do you understand

      what ^ r"x : ommpjality would consist in ? I will tell you ' , The Lan 3 ; is declared common as the people ' s ; very well ,: that is , not only ; , the people who now live , but those who shall live / : It is , for ever , : national property ! To divide the Land ( as . I saw a calculation the other day ) , by the number of tho inhabitants of a nation , so that eaoh should have , a piece ,, would only , diffuse the number of holdings , committing as great a fraud upon those of the future as we complain about-now .- There is , then ; but one simple ; way to act , and this if is . After declaring Land to be common ; the government should be empowered to "hold ifcin trust for the people ; that all the Land should be subject to

      a fair rental , proportioned to its quality , and the purpose for which it is to be used ; that every one should have equal facilities given them of renting it upon equally secure tenures ;" and . that a high steward should be appointedj who should superintend the whole affair ,, receive the rents and pay them into the National Exchequer . " Do you see this ? ' . Thus you-would ' . all own the soil jointly—so would your children , ' andv '« A « r children ; and though as a lodger . in a manufacturing town you cultivated not an inch , yet no one would be a greater lord over . it ; than yourself , and though you would pay your fair share of rent on your tenement . yet you would feel its great and immeasurable advantage , for the aggregate rental of tho Land would ABOLISH ALL TAXATION . ¦

      For that would be sumoient to pay all . govern * mental expenses for army and navy , education , and every necessary national expense . ' " Do you understand'thisi Is it plain and simple Do _ you see the immense advantages that will necessarily flow from Land being common property ? Do you see that Land monopoly is one of the greateBt evils , and ,-the most complete barrier to social changes ? If so , attend to what is here written ; go about your work —propagate these principles—and -pause not till you make converts of mtn . When this is done , who shall say the Land is not yours , or prevent you-the whole people—from possessing , in very deed , their inheritance !

      This is a much more sweeping ' Financial Reform" than any dreamt of by Mr , Cobden , or any of those who attach bo much value to fiscal measures .

      Untitled Article

      _ The Window TAx . " -Somo rumours of an intention on the part of ministers to propose the repeal of the window tax during the next Session of Parliament have from time , to time appeared in the newspapers ^ and especially during the last ten days , iWeare inclipedto believe , however , that these rumours , though not entirely unfounded , are yery itroneous . ¦ . Ifvwe have : been rightly informed—and we have , great confidence in the source from whidh our information has been derived—there ' will bo no proposal , to ropearthe tax on the part of-. government ; but some changes of an important character

      will probably be recommended . One of these is to render permanent the present amount of tax ; On all houses now assessed—permitting the owners or oocupier 8 to open as many new windows as they may choose to have , without any ; increase of charge : whilst another would apply to new erections , and probably to houses hot now assessed , but which from enlargement or other causes may become liable to assessment hereafter , c : In these cases , we believe , it is intended to . oommune the window tax for nn ' inlia . bited house tax , at a fate which would be considered equivaleuti to the window tax on similar houses how

      assessed . —Manchester Guardian . ' . ' . '"'' : ; " Pawnbrokisq in Barcelona . —The city of Barcelona , . in Spain , possesses a peculiar pawnbroking establishnientr-where loans are made without interest to necessitous persons on the deposit of . any , article . Two-thirds of the value of the deposit are at once advanced , and the loan is made for six months and a day buiif at the expiration of tbnt period'the depositor should declare himself unable to . redeem it , another period . of six months is / allowed ; At the end of the second six months the

      pledges are sold , but , if they yield more . than . tho amount advanced ; the difference is given to the originalOwner ;¦•; . ! Sh&Marquis do LHo- is president 6 f this charitable establishmenj , s and ho < has just' ad-. dressed a letterto the clergy .. of the diocese praying . them to make its advantages known . It boars the name ; qf th ' e PaWiibroking Establishment of Our 'Lady ^> f Hope . In tho year J 8 ^ 9 , 5 , 686 . persons ava ded themselves ' of Us geri ' elrosity . ¦ . . ' ; . THAipeouliarkind of charity whioh . excels in eat ; i ' ng a dinner and giving a subscription after it , has been ably characterised by a waiter at the London Tavern as ?• The kuife ^ nd-forK-out-chanty ,

      Untitled Article

      Bmtab is aboiit thirty pier bent . "dearer in London than in Paris . >; " - . ' ' ¦ " ¦ ' ¦ ' ' . ' " :: " ' •¦ ! ' . . X " - ' - - - "jDoVx' cALLVnie ^ boy t . said ' a-. ybutb > indignantly ; ' ^ I ' veshwked a pipe these six years V' - , ' ; To ? cube deafness , tell a man you want to pay a debt youhave long owed him . " " " '' ' ' . ! 'W , H |( ch of thet ^ es is a perfect robbery ? --The hopfduty ; because it is a downright picking of pockets ;• --P « nc 7 ^ . : .. ., r . ........... ,, .. .., « ¦ < . . ¦ A nai 7 Mcai > friend says , that > ballet-dancers wear their dresses at half-mast , as a token of respect to departed modesty ; ' ¦ ! - : • !; ¦ " ?> : ¦; ' - " ; l "iAnviCB , ' . 'SATS Coleridge , . " is like , snow—the softer it fallsi the longer-it dwells , upon , -and the deeper it sinks ; into the inind . " ! , ¦ ... „< - \ , ¦ u- .-i -. „ , ¦ : Thkrb is a lady at Clifton : so handsome and so proud , that she says there is ; only' thing in the world worth looking at , arid that is—a mirror . ' ' " '

      Two . CbuBsiEs . T-A traveller . was tempted -to go into a cook shop by thisi inscription-r '' Roast , and Boiled cii Twopence per Head "* : Ho was not a little disappointed by two courses of potatoes ! -. ¦ < - : ' A witness in . a court of justice , being asked what kind of ear-marks the hog in 'question had , replied that " he had no particular , earrmarks ,, except a very shorttail . V ::. - .-j-. .. ' ¦ ¦ . ' - ¦• ¦ y . w ¦ : . " . < . .:-: ¦ : ¦ :.. '"¦ - ¦;¦ Sinobritt is like travelling in a plain beaten road , ; which commonly brings a man sooner , ' to his ourney ' 8 ; end than bye-ways ^ in which : men . often oose-themselves . ¦ : < ¦ ¦ ; - i ' . ; r .,

      -Wbt ¦ AND Dry .- ^ -A traveler went into an inn after a shower , andasked the landlord to ^ how him ' to a good firfei " for ; " saidhe , I ' m very , wet ; " and then . turning toVthe waiter , he said , " Bring me a tankard of ale . immediately , forl ' m plagnv dry . " : ¦¦ -. That PBcULiAB : kind of Charity , which excels in eating a dinner , and giving a : subscription after it , las been ably characterised by awint ' er . atthe London ' Tavern as " THB-KNirE-AND-FoBk-onT- CnAHiTi . — Punch . /¦ - ' >'¦ i : ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦ : ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' .. i .: v * : ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ .:.::,, , : Rep ( jtation .---A reputation has been very amply compared to a sheet of white paper ; if it be' once blotted ,. it can hardly ever be made to look a 3 white as beforo . Apologists of youth immoralities should thinfcofthis . , . ; . ¦ ' AiBOTr . who was sent to inquire how an old lady , named Wilkins , was in healtb > - asked her servant , " , Please mown , missus wants to know how , old Mrs . Wilkins ! is : today ? " to which the latter . replied , ! 'She is just seventy-four to-day . " ¦¦ ¦? ,- ¦ .-

      That nobwiItt is the truest which a man derives , hot from hie pedigree , but from h | jnself { tbat excellency iai the greatest which' is personal ; that glory is the most estimable which is fixed in our intellectual and moral attributes , not that which a man locks up with his cash , or puts by with his ribbons . ' .... ' ¦¦ ¦ '¦' . - '''¦ . " Is there anything really the matter with you ' ?" said a physician to a person who' had sent for ! him * "I don't know how it is , " was the reply ; "I eat well , ! sleep well ; and have a good- appetite . "— " Very well , " said the doctor , " I'll give you something to take away all that" r ' .. ¦ '

      A ( Lucky Firm . —We are assured . upon good authority , that in the articles of rice and tobacco alone ,, a mercantile firm in Liverpool—will this year realise £ 30 , 000 , supposed to be the largest sura ever made by any mercantile house in Europe , in one year . — -Liverpool Mercury . . : ¦ • -. : A l ady was travelling in a stage coach with a troublesome dog . A gentleman complained of the annoyance . " Dear me , sir .- !"• exclaimed the lady ; " I wonder you complain of my dog—everybody admires it- ^ it is real Peruvian . " - ^ - " I don ' t complain of your Peruvian dog , " said the" gentleman ; " but I wish he would give us less of his Peruvian lark " ..

      . The National Statute . of . BavariA . —This statute , which has just been placed on its site ; is fifty-four ifcet ^ 'hrgh , and the pedestral thirty ; the face is equal WthS heigth of a man ; the body twelve feet in ; diameter , v ^ 6 arm five , the index finger six inches , and two hands cannot cover the nail of the great toe . It is cast in bronze , and weighs 125 tons . Baptismal' Superstition . —In the north : of England , when several children are brought to be baptised at the same time , great anxiety is shown by the people lest the girls should take the precedence of the boys , in which case it is believed , the latter , when , arrived at man's estate ; would be beardless ^—' Notes and Quries . ¦¦>¦¦ . ¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦¦¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . ¦ : ¦¦

      : Irrepai £ abi . e . — -A clergyman , who ' was consoling a young widow for the loss of her husband , spoke in a very serious tone—remarking that he was one of a few—suchv a ; jewel of a Christian ! The lady shed tears and would not be comforted . " Such a man , " continued-her comforter , ' " as you '' will never see again . You cannot find his equal—you know that full well . " To which the , sobbing fair one replied , with an almost broken heart , "Ah , I'll bet I do !" It was a saying of Paley ; that he who is not fool halftbe time is a fool all the time , Robert Hall , who held a similar opinion , on being reproached by a very dull " preacher , ' with the exclamation " How can a l , who preaches like you , talk in so trifling a manner ?" , replied , " There , brother , is the difference between us ; you talk your . nonsense in the pulpifc , I talk out of it ! "

      " Dancing , " says' Mr ; Sheldrake , " is one of . the most healthy as well as one of the most pleasing amusements that can be practised by the young . If it is learned from those who are well 7 qualified to teach it ,- and : practised , as it ought to bei consistently with the , instructions given , it will contribute more to improve the health , as well as the form of the human , 'frame , . than any other exercise . —lancet . ' An : Old Hen . —In attempting to carve a fowl one day , an American settler found considerable ' difficulty in separating its joints , and exclaimed against tlie man who had sold him an old hen for a young chicken . ' " My dear , " said the enraged man ' s wife , " don ' t talk so much about the aged and respectable Mr . B . ; he sowed the first patch of corn that was

      planted in our town . '— "I know that ; " said the husband , " and I believe this hen scratched it up . " Spanish Beggars , —The queerest objectin nature is . a Spanish beggar ,- for these , beggars beg on horseback ; and it is an odd thing to see a man riding up to a poor foot passenger asking alms . A gentleman in Valparaiso , being accosted by one of these mounted beggars , replied , " Why , sir , you come to beg of me who have to go on foot , while you ride on horseback ?" " Very true , sir , " said the'beggar , " and I have the more need to beg , as I have to support my liorse as well as myself . ' ? ¦ - ... ... Every Man his own Judge . —I have my own laws and judicature to judge of myself , and apply myself more to these than to any ' other rules ; I do , indeed , restrain my actions according to others , 'but judge them not by any other rule but by my own . You ydiirself only know if you are cowardly and cruel , or loyal and devout . Others see you not , and only

      guess at you by uncertain conjectures . They doubt so much see your nature as your art ; rely not , therefore , upon their opinions , but stick to your own . — Montaigne The Cities of London and Paris Compared ; —The total surface of London is 210 000 . 000 of square metres ; its population , 1 , 924 , 000 ; number of houses , 200 , 000 ; extent of the streets . 1 , 126 , 000 metres j extent of the streets , not including the foot pavement , 6 , 000 , 000 metres ; extent of the sewers , 639 . 000 metres . The total surface of Paris is 34 , 379 , 016 square metres ; population , 1 , 053 , 879 ; number of houses , 20 , 526 ; extent of the streets , 425 , 000 metres ; surface of the streets , exclusive of the foot pavement , 3 , 600 , 000 . square metres ; . length . of the sewers , 135 , 000 metres ; surface of the foot pavement , 888 , 000 metres . Thus , in London , every inhabitant corresponds to a surface of 100 metres jatParisi to 34 metres . ; In London , the average' of inhabitants for each house is 7 J ; at Paris , 84 .-. .

      : ! Railwayb . —We have now about 6 , 000 miles of railway worked by nearly 2 , 000 locomotives , whicb , in the course of a single year , collectively travel over more than 32 , 000 , 000 of miles—the whole distance from Earth to Sun in three years , or as much as three and . ahalt times round the world per day ; and carrying , in the course of'a single year , not fewer than 60 , 000 , 000 passengers , and 20 | 000 , 000 tons of goods . , The rails upon these lines—which exceed 24 , 000 riiiles inlength , arid would therefore gird the world round with an iron band , weighing about 70 lbs . per yard—have been raised from the mine , smelted , forged , and laid in the course of the last fifteen years ; whilst in the construction of the ways , 250 , 000 , 000 cubic yards , or not less than 350 , 000 , 000 tons of earth and rock have , in tunnel , embankment , and cutting , been moved to greater or less distances .. < ' and

      .. Qdeen Mary's Thobn . ^ —^ The ill-feted beautiful Queen of Scots was , oh one or two occasions , when visiting the nobility , requested to plant a tree , as if emblematical of . prosperity ; . which she , ' pever knew , or in order that its owners might tend and preserve it ' for the sake of their illustrious guesti : This practice is of . early origin , and does not appear likely , soon , to fall into disrepute among the admirers of the good and great . . The tree which Queen Mary planted , on one occasion ; waa a weeping . variety of thorn ' nnd which is still to be seen in the garden behind Moray House , near the bottom of the street called Canongate , and within a short distance of Holyrood Palace , . Edinburgh . It ; is very ornamental in its general form , and ari objisct of deep interest , and ; curjosity ; A handsome young tree of the same variety is growing iti the garden of the Royal Botanic Society , Regent ' s Park . —P . P . - -K . - '¦ ¦ ¦ ; . ¦ :. ^

      Something mat ; tyiiL fit Somewhere . —A . churchwarden , in allusion , to those who go to church to stare about , and then complain that others stare at them , lately said , ' ? When I = was a boy , we had a schoolmaster who had odd ways of catching idle boys Says he , one day , 'Boys , I must' have closer attention to books ; the first one' of ycu thst sees another tooy idle , I want you to inform mei , and I will attend to the : case .. Ah , thought ^! to myself , there is Joe Simmons , that I don ' t like ; I'll watch him , and if I see himlbok off his book I'll tell on him . It was not long before I , saw Joe loo ; k off Ma book , and immediately I ; informed , ; the master . 'Indeed , ' said- he , f ; how do you know he . was idle ? - / : ' -1 saw himi- ' was the reply . ' You did ? and were your eyes on your book when you saw him ? ' I waa caught ; but I didn ' t watch for boys again . "

      Ftftheute.

      ftftHeute .

      ^¦"" ^Octrp. "!',' :.7 " '" -

      ^¦" " ^ octrp . " !' , ' :. 7 " '" -

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      ' i : fii ' . ' i . st ' . — *• ¦ . ¦ I i . : < i (• . ' * - _ ' :- i ' t ¦ ' ¦ . ' /¦ . ' -Iti' ¦"'¦"¦ ¦ . * " " *

      Untitled Article

      * ' * -3 ...-- ¦ .... - ¦ ..- — - ,. „_ -,,-..-- ,, — . .. -.. . .. ,.. „ ,-- — -, „ .- ¦ . „ ¦ -..- „ -. ;« , ¦——— -,.- ' ¦ ¦ —"¦• t— y-Tf-rr * r *?* v : ~ r > t ' ¦ •* ' ^ " * | *" "W - ¦> - *•>»* -. ¦ : iv X ^ KZ-. r . \ 3 '* l \ + + rJi-i ^' - 'X * ' r-i \ - ' ¦ * t , - ¦ :. ' :- ...- -,,- . - .- ¦¦ , ..,,. ¦ ..... _ ¦ .- ¦ - ¦ .,- ••••¦¦ - ¦• . ' ¦ ' —¦ ' -. ' ¦¦ " *¦ . ' " ... ¦ . - - - - v . - _ ,. _ ¦ ..- ; .- - . -.. - . ¦ ¦; . ¦ ¦¦ - ' .- ¦¦ - .- . ..,.., ; .. ., _ ,., ^ wMB aaF » B 8 Bfc " " :. ; .. , ' . ¦ v ..:: ^; ; _ p : ^ : r r : ^^ '; ^ W ^ : ^^ * ' ^^ iOd ! ' ^™* . ^

      * - ^Ures Fpr The Tocuite^Jv L ;; Vi . '; Ii O ^ Ll. Quay's Ai^Tmekr ' A-L An Extra Ordinary Cureyscrofuia'drffing's

      * - ^ URES FpR THE TOCUItE ^ JV ;; Vi . '; II O ^ LL . QUAY'S ai ^ TMEKR ' A-L An Extra ordinary CureYScrofuia ' drffing ' s

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 9, 1850, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1599/page/3/