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Northern Star (1837-1852), 19th January 1850, Edition 1 of 3, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      A . - - * — i mim ^ g ^ mmm rzzz ^" "I wTjIr r O ' Connell . doc 8 . ; iiot intend la st ^ Sia 6 ient aiiy longer iqrTralee ; and- it ^^^^ dihat ^ e shaE have an election early is ' anticipr" „ . - : jn the se ssion . ;^ jIj >^ osn ;_ ihe Umer kliExaminer jjesth w ^ ' ntof tw 0 inquests lately held in < r 0 O tain ? ' the ^ ies of two persons , Ausfiu Has T » nion a \ r-irv Ft . Lecer , who . it was aHeined ; CoW ^ i Si oT destitution ; : The jurfk diea f ^ ^ ict in both . cases of " died from the ^^ « flmDjrcr and cold . " : ~ eff ects oi « " J > ^ darulg bursary -was committed at jcaaUE * - on Thnrs j ay week on the premises of anC - ilntcr of Dublin . The robbers effectedan lit . Fina ; i , < Tli an unoccupied house next door , enSe a hofe throug h a wall throe feet thick , sid -t to admit a man . A considerable sum of sufficient l an iron ^^ ^ icji ay attKlct ^ wjiiion . as it was covered carelessly with a ^ u Ttefore eleven o'clock the same morning the ¦^ rm" were found by the detectives , drunk ?* ' detects of brandy . * T lS smra FoHGKRT .-At the Hillsborough . ** , „ sessions last week , Daniel M'Gurgan and ^ Grimtey .. « l L « , M : G , ' . ™ ™* 3 ** A of '•^ " t- # h * lf . ¦ oV l *!~^* _ . . _ - -i L ¦ . '¦— -. * • !¦ - _

      T . irin < r ontbe SWn . Juiy , an ivewry , to cheat $$£ § £ , « f M ° ira - of £ 20 ' »> y means of a false SKfll decree , grounded on a forged I 0 U , The «^ ncr in *« icn the ^ 7 , ™ exec « ted -was "SS An old ! etter of adWa ™ opined , and Cplo ' TJ was written on the blank space underith the genuine signature , and then detached f" t ] , e letter . The prisoners -were sentenced to innsportation for seven years . . VcWrs is Tifpkuabt . —The Nenagh Guardian ' tain * the folloirir-g : — " About the hour of six oVock on Friday night another of those frightful ijntcheries which have suven our county a notoriety in

      orime surpassing all other portions of Em ope , was committed -n William Ardell . steward to jV ^ r . Bichard F alkiner , of Mount Fslkiner . The particulars are briefly as ' follow : —As William Ardell was croislue from Mr . Fakiner s house to his own dwelling a distance of about a quarter of a mile , he was ^ j ^ lat bv some person or persons unknown , and siot dead * the contents of the piece having lodged in lis heart . He * as found dead between Ms own louse and Mr . Palkiner ' s , about the hour of six o ' clock next morning . No cause has yet been a ^ e ned for the commission of this outrage . AnJel

      has left a wife and six chi'dren . The coroner , Mr : T . T . Abbatti le't about or . e o ' clock on Monday to hold an inquest , but will not have returned in time to give further particulars . ''— The same paper asserts : - On Thursday last , as a poor , emaciated , and almost famine-stricken man of the name of Magjath , -wasjiassins through a turnip field , convenient to the village of Kewport , the property of a wealthy and respectable farmer of the name ofHogan . -the cravings of hunger prompted him to pull a turnip , having voraciously eaten which , be-took another , when Hogan came up and rudly caught hold of the poor man . lie told him to drop the turnip , said he was a prisoner , and'that he would takehiin as' such totha Bridewell of Newport . * Is it for a turnip you'll make a prisoner of me ? Oh I for God ' s sake do not—forgive me , I was hungry ; ' piteously

      ejaculated the wretched Magrath , whose entreaties for liberty were in -vain ; when he ultimately said lie would not go as a prisoner , and that he would resist Hogan . At this part of the contention a farmer arrived , and toldHogan if he felt aggrieved he had a remvdy by summons , and suggested the humanity of letting Magrath go . ' As Magrath was then in the act of quitting the turnip . Geld Qogan presented his gun , took deliberate aim , fired , and shot the unfortunate man in the left arm and side ! His arm is shattered , and several slugs are lodged in his side . He lies dangerously , ill in SewpOrr , spitting blood in large quantities . The medical gentleman , who is attending Mm has no hopes of his recovery . . On Friday the case was fully investigated by the magistrates at Newport petty sessions , when , for thi 3 heinous offence , Began was fully committed for trial at the approaching assizes at Nenagh . "

      Opposition to Rests . —The Itpperary ^ Vindica-Zorhasan account of the forcible removal of corn seized for rent , at Borris « leigh , which , however , was re-taken by the landlord . In this district , it' is stated , there is a " general system of passive resistance , the land being completely stripped of stock . " In this same district , on Wednesday , there was a sale for non-payment of rent , but the . poor rate collector put in hu prior claim , and the residue scarcely paid the fees of the landlord ' s bailiffs .

      Roman * Catholic TJsiver ? itt . —The Freeman s Journal , in urgin ^ the uecesshy of establishing a Roman Catholic . University , says : — "There is a nucleus in the O'Coiinell Monument Fund which would go far to erect the first buildings ; and we venture to predict , that within five years the Irish Catholic University would possess more wealth than was owned by Trinity College in the first century of its existence . " . ' .,-.. Suggested Tbibbte to Mb . Johk O'Cosxelt . . — In reference to a suggestion for a national tribute to Mr . John O'Connell , which has recently appeared in ¦ a . limerick paper , the honourable gentleman has addressed a letter to the Freeman ' s Journal , in which

      he says : — "I respectfully , but most strongly , deprecate its being mooted at all . 1 have no claim to , nor expectation of , what is therein mentioned ; and the state of the country , and the pressnre of the times , render that suggestion if possible still more inappropriate and unsuitable . " Okisge PnesEcciio ;? . —Tn the Court of Queen ' s Sench on , Monday , Mr . Whiteside , Q . C ., rose to apply for a conditional order for a criminal information against the proprietor of the Dublin Evening Post , at the suit ef John Jardine , master of an Orange lodge in the county of Down , and one of the Orangemen charged with participation in the affairs

      of Dolly ' s Brae , but the court declined to hear him . There are numerous affidavits filed in this Orango « ase , arid they charge that the letter of the Undersecretary , which led to the dismissal of Lord Hoden and the Messrs . Beers , the publication of Sir . Berwick ' s report of . his inquiry at Castlewellan , with Other documents and evidence published ^ in the Evening Port , were calculated to prejudice the case Of John Jardine , and to influence the jury before whom he is to be iried at the Spring Assizes for the county" of Down . It is stated that the Orange party intend to avail themselves of this prdsfcution in the discussion of the Dolly's Brae affair in the . ensuing session of parliament . : . ¦ - " . '¦ ¦¦ -.. '

      Repeal Association . —Tlie usual weekly meetingof this body wa 3 hidd on Monday , at Conciliation Hall ; Mr . * Mahon presiding . Mr . Kugent moved that the petition against protection , and in favour <> f free trade ,-which had been adopted on that day xreek , be entrusted for presentation in the Bouse of Commons to Mr . John O'Connell , and he hoped they would not lose his services until he sat ia their own parliament in College-green . Mr . John 0 * Consaid he never played the enemy's game , and he was not going to do it then . He would retain the representation until the people were ready to elect a staunch repealer , whea he would be obliged to resi < Ti . -Thereht"was announced to be £ 12 -is . 6 d . ;

      Repeesestatios or Mato . —The Freeman ' s Journal says >—V-, "Wei have the authority of our London Correspondent for stating that Mr . R . D . Browne has decline ^ ' the important colonial appointment Offered for his acceptance some days since by Lord Crev . " When , our , correspondent first , announced that the Governorship of the Falkland Islands had been tendered to Mr . Browne , he . expressed some doubt as to the ability ef the honourable member to enter upen the duties of the proffered appointment , and his apprehensions have been realised .. Mr . Browne having refused the gift of the ' Colonial Minister , there will not , as a matter of course , be any election for Mayo . " ; : :

      The Protectionist Agitatios , according-to the UamngChreniclc : —Although a few more stray meetings may be attempted , and the exclusive " aggregate" & yet to come off at the Rotunda , in Dublin , the Protectionist agitation in Ireland is " numbered among the things tbat have been . " The last experimentata county meeting in Clare , was a failure from the outset . The determination of the requisitiomsts to abandon the meeting was known in Dublin before it was announced either in Ennis or

      Limerick . ? rom the latter town , reporters had been sent early on Friday ; but upon their arrival they learned tbat the county meeting had been suddenly abandoned , really becanse the free-traders had assembled in great force , to perfect their arrangements for a successful opposition . " In a letter'dated "Ennis , Friday evening , " the reporter of thsMmerick ^ Examiner says : —*• On my arrival here this ' morning the streets were crowded with country i squires , country - clergymen , and country farmers" - " the squires looking sad and sorrowfully the clergymen , farmers , and . townspeople , : expressing then" graduations one to another on the signal tr iumph of free-tradeand cheap food . The-arrangements for a counter demonstration in favour of

      freetrade were mrist perfect . The Rev . Mr . Quaid , P-P- ; Rev . Sir . Sheeby , of Tulla ; . Rev . Mr . -Macmahon , of Miltowmalbay , and others of the Roman Catholic clergy , had come to dissipate the delusion and the fallacies of the Protectionists . The people of Ennis too . Lad named their champions for the occasion , at a preliminary meeting /^ The Mmmck Chronicle , the local Protectionist organ , expresses deep disappointment at the result , and dissatisfaction vwth the the pretences pntibrward by the requisitionists for postponing the coonty meeting . One of the gronnds assigned was the absence of the high sheriff of Dublin . : That journal remarks — '' Sir Lucius O'Br ien , one of the requisitionists , was requested to preside , in the absence of the high sheriff , and by his desire .

      Untitled Article

      : 1 V <^?^* 9 m ^ ming ^ oni ^ y ^' ^^ mmm&m saBs ^ i » ShSS ^^^ -Se ^^ commXtin ' - n u- , standin g the miserable ac-Sr Th lthwbloh a labpuring family , will m dSUi iLT ^ }*™ ofthe district , both m uorset and Devon . lvin <» «*** !» ¦ : '* ls " ' - ¦ * " r'l V / l / JVIll I Tll ^ XT- ' /\ T 2 \ "" TTT" » V « ¦^< . » v .- ^ .. „

      „„ „„ SenLi p ^ Pul atl 0 H Tery dense-both on account rrifW T systen \ >« ng been carried to only a mning extent , since few of the parishes around are close parishes , ; and . of the demnndfor labour . which at one time existed in Axminstcr , when it had some pretensions to , being a place of manufacturing importance . But it is no . longer so . . Who hears of Axmmster carpets now ? . The . population which tormerly collapsed upon the town has recently been thrown back again upon , the adjoining parishes , in such numbers as to have a sensible effect both upon wages and rates , and to raise , the value of cottages , whilst they havetrenched upon their accqmmoda-- V- v ^' T toW ° ^ ™? than one ! insta . nco in which this has taken place . As new . cottages

      were net at nrst built to meet the increasing demand for them by those returning to their parishes m search of employment , many persons were obliged to lodge with those occupying : such dwellings as existed :, For this accommodation they of course paid so much per week ; . " the result of which , was , that the price of cottages was raised in some cases to the tenants ., If a small family could accommodate two or three lodgers ,: which they frequently did , a considerable addition was made to . their , weekly ., receipts ; and as this addition came from the cottage , the landlord compelled them to share its enhanced value . frith . Mm .. ; In some ' cases in which this was mentioned to -me , - the , tenants looked upon this increase of rent as the work of stewards or agents

      alone ; in others they were of opinion that the proprietors not only sanctioned but enjoined it , with a view , if possible , of ; driving the poor , people awayi so as . to get rid of . the cottages ; I - inquired . of several of them if they felt very generally the : inconvenience of overcroWdihg , anil if it had recently increased . - ; They replied , thai ifc Was the greatest inconvenience suffered by . them , andthat , of late , its increase had , been , very ; . great ,, both trom the natural growth of population , and from the large addition 'which ; had . heen made ; to their numbers within the last few years , from the decay ofmanufacturcs in Axminsten -in one hovel with two rooms , I found no fewer than eleven people . The Sleeping apartment was ; upstairs as usual , directly

      unaertne . thatcn ; 1 hero were three beds , two of whichwere on the floor . In that haying a bedstead slept . the . father . and mother , and two- ; children—a not uncommon awangenient-rthe remaining seven occupying the beds on the floor . . Theeldestpf the family was a girl sixteen years of age , the next a girl about , fifteen , and the third a boy of fourteen , they sometines had a large tatteredI shawl hanging between the bed occupied by the parents-and those . on the floor , but in-winter theyi , generally had it 4 own , to serve as an additional covering for the children . The family was scarcely ever free from disease , the younger children being , pale and ' emaT elated , and diarrhoea bein ? a very common ailment

      with them all .: . Their diet-was scanty ,, and the situation of the cottage bad .- There was no drainage , and in . wefc . weather a strong infusion , of manure"from a neighbouring dung-heap . would tricklein . at the . cottage . door . -They were dirty in their habits , butto have kept their houses anything like clean would have ^ required -so . constanti-and ; energetic a warfare with filth that they shrunk from , engaging in it . In addition to this ,- the greater : portion of the time of the elder members of the family , including the parents , was-occupied in the fields ; and when they camp home at night from their toil , they were too fatigued to address themselves to the task of keeping their house in decent order . -,., .

      • -. One . of the- cottages visite . d' -contsHned , like too many others , . ; but two rooms . ! : The i walls were-of mud , or rather of what is called ;" cob "—a kuid of mixture of mud and . small stones . The roof was of . thatch , and had been recently repaired in parts . Each room had but one window ; that in the upper room , which was in the gable ; end of : the cottage ,, being extremely small . On three sides of . the house there were great cracks or . fissures-in . the walls , all of which added to its discomforts ^ and . one , of which positively endangered its stability . 1 . lib was in the front of the cottage , near one of the corners , and ran from the thatck to the-ground ; occasioned by the . end wall having . fallen considerably from the perpendicular . I asked her if she was . not .-afraid that the house . would come down about her eara . She replied to the effect that her apprehensions had been blunted , as they had been excited by the same cause for "the last ten years . I then entered : the hovel .,.- . - - - ,, . ; .--i ;

      Bad and unpreposessing as was its esteriotf , it did not half prepare me for what I witnessed-inside . The chimney stalk was at the side of the doer , and its side formed with the wall a small " passage , about five feet long , at the end of which was another door ^ suspended upon one hinge , which opened into tlie lower apartment , in the ' recess formed by the other side of the chimney stalk and the opposite wall was the window , so small and so situated that it threw but a shabby twilight into about one-half 'oP the room . ' The - other half was equally lighted whenthe door was open ; hut when it was shut it was in such a gloom that it was scarcely possible to discern the objects which it contained . I requested her to leave the door open , that I might see to more

      advantage , but chiefly—nlthough I did not tell her so ^ -that I might have the benefit of the fresh air , to counteract the sour and sickening smells which ; were rife within . The ceiling , * which was . blaekened with smoke , " was so low that it was only betweem -the small rafters that I could stand erect , with my . hat on . The fire-place was of an ejiorriious s ' ize ; but although the day was cold and raw , tbere was riot at the time a- spark of fire upon the hearth . ¦ There wereafew chairs and some tripods , in the shape of stools "; about and within the ample ' 'fire-place wash bit of log , supported oh four rude legs , which formed a kind of bdnchj onwhich about three could sit at a time , sheltered " by the chimney stalk jin which they sat , from the drafts wliich pervaded the 1

      room-in every direction . ; At one ; corner wasan empty barrel , which answered the purposes of a table , and close to ifc an old dealches ^ over which were two or three " shelves full of crockery , of all shapes , colours , and devices , and Jh . all stages of fracture . Hard by was a -large'black-lookihg' tub ; in which there was a quantity of . flour which had recently been sifted from the bran . In the centre of the room was the moiety of an old round table ; at which the family partook of Weir meals . What these were will be afterwards mentioned . ; " In . the deep recess occupied by the window , sat . the eldest daughter of inj guide , working hard at the' lacecushion , taking ^ tbat position as , the one which afforded her most light in ' the room . ; A good deal

      of the fabric known as lloniton'lace is manufactured here . The floor of the hoyel was of mud . It , had never known the covering of quicklime ; and sand , which frequently forms the flooring of the cottageb ; and which is to be seen in some of those in the ' village . Towards the fire-place it descended so as to form a tolerably-decp hole , in .. which water not" ijrifrequentiycb'iiects , "and which hasbeenpreTented fromdeepeningstill further by _ a species of rough causeway work with which it is lined . T 7 ith this exception , you trod nothing , whilst in the lower roomi but the cold clay which formed the uneven flooring . I hesitated ere I ventured upstairs : The family was not large , as most of the children were grown vp , and were afloat on the world for themselvesr But there were still five at home—the

      father and . mother , a young man * of twenty-one years of age , a girl of about eighteen , 'and another girl of about thirteen . The five slept in the room above In this instance it was more the chamber itself than its furniture that was at fault . It was wretchedly lighted , and'the room seemed , in places , tp be falling in . To ventilation it was ah utter stranger . The crazy floor shook and creeked under meas I paced it . The bed room was approached by a few broken steps , which rose to it out of a 'dark recess opposite the door , and in which were stowed atray a few pots and pans , some smallbundles of faggots , pieces of broken furniture , and , a ] few implements . of labour : ' . .. '¦ - ..-fi ' . ' . "' . - " At one end was a small excrescence , which . had the semblance of a shed or woodhouse . It had

      evidently , been taken for such by . peripatetic . bulatickers , for the door leading into it was plastered overwith " posters" of all sizes and characters . It nevertheless formed the ante -chamber to the dwelling of one of the families occupying ' the house . Oh entering I found the floor paved with small stones , after the fashion of a rough and irregularcauseway , with a kind of gutter in the centre to-let the water run off ,: for the house lay , low and was very damp . ; Passing through this , which seemed to . serve the purposes of a lumber-rporo , I entered the " day-room" of the family . -Itwas more comfortably furnished than I expected to find " it , especially as I had been informed that the tenant , had been disabled for some time by . rheumatism

      from working . How a rheumatic patient could expect ever to recover in such a place . was to me a mystery , for the earthern floor was quite damp and cold after the rains which had recently fallen . . His wife was seated at the lace-cushion by the window , working very industriously , but complaining of her head . Beside her sat a young girl , also with a lacer cushing before heiy . engaged in making large springs , which were to form part of a ; bridal-scarf and veil for some fair lady who was about to be led to the altar . There wa 8 ' still another in the rooman o ? ii man , who sat in the corner by the . window , sewing a piece of flimnel . He was about sixty , but looked older . A few grey hairs still clung to the sides of . Ma head , just about his ears , but all the rest

      Untitled Article

      T " - *" ! 1 ' He : af oh- thrtoF 6 f-qiis ^ eayTTB ¥ which was partly ^ dden by-a : piece : of dirty sticking piaster . ! . Ho continued his : work ) but in . a mostinworkmanhkomanneri Apparently takinghoheeiCof jinythuig ; passing . around himj « l stepped . up to him , ¦ anda 8 ked _ whathe was aboufc ^ toLwhich ^ e replied that ,-: liavinff nothing .. to do . out-of . doora , "he was employmg . himself . b y ? 'doing a bit of ( tailoringV Inc .. whole , ; picture . ; was ¦ a ; curious one :: the rheumatic invalid seated by the feeble fire , his wife and daughter working busily over their , lace-cushions at the . ' . window ; and the old man making : ,-v waistcoat for himselfm a / way , which plainly , showed tliat . tailoring was not Jris avocation . Had the accommodation been better ^ it would not have been on the whole an unpleasant oner-but the cottage was . one of the worst description , although everything in it in the shape of furniture was neat andclean . The dwelling adjoining it had , a better entrance , but the

      annommodation which it afforded was not > a whit better ; llere , also , the lace-cushion was jn requisition , and the inmates were : subject to rheumatism , from the dampness of the . floor , which , like , tliat of most of the other houses , . was of earth . A part of it looked as if it had been recently under water . On inquiry , I found that it had been ' so—as it was more or less , indeed , after every heavy rain . In these cases the water was removed by _ soaking cloths in it , and wringing " thorn dry out of doors . These last-mentioned cottages ,. with one or two others , occupied the lowest grounds covered by the village . Uhtili recently their unwholesomeness and other discomforts wero greatly aggravated by a broad stagnant open ditch ,. which- exposed" its putrescebt contents on the other side of tne road . The offensive smells which used to emanate from this hotbed ^ of pestilence were spoken oft by . the inmates as something incapable of description . ¦' -. ' .. .

      • -. i ¦ - . ASHTON :-WEAVEBS . : . The trade of the hatter was once a flourishing bno both in Manchoster- and Ashtbh , but bivingto thedemandfor silk-hats ihstead'bf beavers > thoob-: capation is now at a low ebb ^ and hundreds to whom' it-orice afforded subsistence "have enlisted in the ' . ai'my . We went from the ; old hand-loom weaver's to the houselof a man who had beena beivvei * hatter , but who how gained' His bread by winding silk ; for the' construction of the new style of hats ; The house ; was in ; a muddy lane , half the dwellings' of which " were ruinous hnd ' , uriinhabi £ e 8 . We'foundthe husband presiding at' ; a winding , apparatus ,-which his son , a boy of five years of age , turned . -The room in which the ' niachine

      wasbestbwed , opened froni the kitchen and sitting chamber . The aspect of things hero was much brighter than at the last , house . ' The . ' man used to- earn at his old trade ' fiveShillings ' or bi ' x ' shillings a dny . lie now' earned , ' brie week with another , twelve shillings . Some days he made three shillings , some days two shillings , 'but he had often to" clem ' , ' for want'of work ' . However , as I &aid ; his ayemge earnings were twelve ' shillings a week . It is his house I ' wish p rincipally to notice . It was a sort of compromise between a house , properly so called , and a cellar . " ' The larie without was undrained and unpaved , and the mud lay more than ankle deep all along it . From this vile thoroughfare you entered the house'by . a door ; certainly not two feet in width , and down a ; high step , which brought the . stone ^

      flagged floor a good eighteen inches bnehtli the level of the lane . ' Th ' e ; co ' hsequence was , ' that the place was reeking with damp / There was tolerably decent furuiture ^ ra clock' ^ and other little matters ; but the air of both the rooms had that wet earthly smell peculiar to underground places 1 -and thei moisture welling up marked with obvious stain ' s " the outline of the flagstones which formed thefloor . 'For this house . the occupant paid five pounds a ; year . ; Ifc was ah unwholesome place , he said , but . he . could not get sufficiently beforehand with the world-. to move to -a better . The ' wife" told me thnt'she had nevor had a day's health ; since they lived , there . " , Nothing butcoiighs' and colds that she could not get rid of , and asthma'settling on' her chest ; The poor woman was evidently in " a critical pulniohary state . ' The wet cold airwas killirig . her . " . ' ¦¦ ! ' " . '' - ' i' ¦ ~ '

      There . are ' very few weayers put of . work at Ashtoh , but I desired my guide to take me to-. . the house of ¦ ¦ ' one : It was situated—I am . still talking of tbe ' old part of Ashtoh—in a sort of broad cyl de saci so' broad th'iit ' it . might almost be called ; a square ; , There . may have ; been altogether thirty or forty houses composing it ; and near" one end of tlie open ; space was situated agreat '_ ash-pifc and three or four . privies , common to all the ' inhabitants , and iiige . nio . usly . placed ^ o ^ as tblbe ; by ' fijr '; the . most ' conspicuous objects-in 'ihe place .- . In tHe low ; room of the house which we ; entered ; two . ^^^ inen ; father and sdh i' one of thcih iii the prime of . life , ' the ; . other perliaps between sixty arid seventy , were sbated . on either sidebf the * hearth ; listlesslypeelin ^ potatoes . On a small table beside them were ' 'the remains of

      breakfast— ^ coffee-pot , a dirty cup or ; . two , and a filthy pewtei' spoon ; ' Theyoungei ' . mhnhad' bGoii sixteen weeks out of-work . " He . looked wretchedly ill and languid ; ihdeed , a 3 lie said ' y he had never been well since he ' was " down with £ ' the'Cholera ; " -. Ilis . ' wife was " working in . a mill . ' ^ ShVeaTO gd about , nine shillings , aSv ' epk . ' 'He had' b ' een fi f ing ouT of work owing to his having refused to subinit' to .. ivhat he considered ah nhju ' st abatehientTof five slii )| i £ gs . There was nothing absolutely squafid ' in , itheliipjpearanceof the room . Its worst'feature waVthe listless , ' Ispddened look of / the two Jmen ' as they ' pursued their unfitting . Jibusehold 'toil . ' *? $$$ -bid nian had two . shillirigs a week from the union , and went errands , or did any such odd job as he could obtain . The family . amounted in all to seven . . . •¦

      , ' , ASjQTON CELLARS .,, , . . " From , the ' old weaver ' s / cellar we went to visit some similardwellings , situated in a group of . close undrained and unpaved courts . These , wove occup ied almost entirely by elderly women , ; who made precarious livings as laundresses . Several of these cellars , though . miserably poor , -. were ; kept ' 'beautifully clean , and the little ornaments and' paltry pictures ranged about the walls ; often showed a touching struggle ' between : pinching poverty and a decent ^ desirp . to keep up-appearances . ; One cellar was , however , of ; a different stamp .- We approached it along a foul subterraneous passage , and , on opening the door , a stench so abominable burst forth , that even my companions , accustomed to , scenes of

      want andnltn , recoiled , and called to the people in the room to open the-single swinging pane in a window of about ; sk—each pane-being about four inches by ^ three—loobhig , out Jnto a , sort of slit rather than- v ) i , , dug , down to . the . level of the window sill frpm . aback court . The-place was almostdark . . It contained three low beds , covered with ragged , ' unmade . wisps of bed ; clothes . A woman and a little girl sat upon stools cowering over a morsel of : fire , and drinking tea , or some decoction which passed as such . In one of the beds lay a third female , . moaning in- her confinement . She was a married woman ; her . husband had-left her , and she was now brought to bed of a child by another man .: This woman was a millworkcr . AH

      the pceupantsbf , tho . . room professed themselves . uncohscious-df any smell whate \ 'er ; but one of them having gone out-fbr a moment , ; admitted on her return : that the sewer was " rather bad to-day . " It turned out-thjit ^ a drain , ; passing from ; : sorne other part of the town , ran underneath .- theiihouse , the ^ stone flngs were here and there broken , ; and through . the . siimyspil ¦ . beneath , the foetid , gases rose bubbling up , in . such strength asto renuer it physically Jr aposHiWe . for ; me to .. draw ; breath ; jn the : apiirtr ment .- . Yet the inmates had evevy . aperturd thvough which the f . resna ' ' . could come ; carefully ; stopped , and ; complained , when ; . the door ? and window , or rather _ pane , was ; opened . of the cold . Tho . rent paid for these cellars is from-Is . to Is . 9 d . a . week .. ¦

      - ^ ; '; ; ' A MANCHESTER DEN .- : < : ¦< ' The'last place w ; e visited is , I ' am told , the " worst celiar in all Manchester . " The outer room ' w ' aslike that of others . ' whjch'l had seen > but following" ^ woman who held a light , we proceeded into the inner cellars ; They were literally vaults , three of them opening from one to the" other .- ' . The air . was thick with damp and stench . The , vaults were mere subterranean , holes , utterly' without light . ' The . flicker . of the ' candle . ' show ' ed their grimy ' . walls ,, rcaking with foetid daiiipj . which trickled in greasy drops down to the floor . Beds , were ' . huddled in , cvery' corner .: some . of them" on franies—I cannot call theiri bp < lsteaus--Othei'S bathe floor . '' In one of these " a man' was- lyi ' ite dressed , and- beside him . slept .. a well-grown caff .: Sitting up 6 n , ano ' tber bed was an old man maudlin ; drunk , with . the ¦ saliya . ruhriingbver his cliin , makingsvain eiForts to . Vid , himself of his trowsers , and roaring for help . In the next cellar tiro boys were snoring dcsiuc iuwh i

      togetner in one Deu , anu ,, wm ; » u *^ sleeping in an old battered hat for a nightcap . V Is he ' undressfd ?'' ' ' . I 'said . ' Tlie police officor , ' for ahswe ' r / twitched , down the ¦ clothes , aiid revealeda ^ tar ^ nakedman , ! black " , with filth ., 'The ; smell < in this room \ vas dreadful , and the air at . once hot and wet . ¦•¦ - •¦•¦• . l .. i - ¦ ¦ ' . _ ¦ •• . ; " . What ' s this you have been doing ?" ¦ , said my c ' oDquctbr ' to the landlady ,. ' stooping ' down and eiaminingjthe lower part of one of . the walls : I jomed hun , and saw ; that a sort of hole or shallow cavei ' abou £ -six ' feet long , two deep , and a little more than one high , ' had been scooped but through the wall into the earth on the outside of . the foundation , there being probably some yard on the other side , and in this hole or ., earthen' cupboard , there was stretched , upon a scanty litter of fbul-jsmelling sraw , a human being-r ' an old man . ' As ^ he laypn bis back , his face was not two , inches beneath the roof—so to speak- ^ o ' f the hole . .. .... ' '• . . ' , ' .. '

      , " He ' # a poor old body , " said "' . the . landlady , . in atone of Jeprecation , " and if we didn't let . him crawl in . there he . would have to sleep in the streots .. " -: " .:, ; . . ; . vr- ; -. .: . -... ,..,- ; ,.-- ¦ :-. ¦ , , , I turned away , and , was glad when I found myself breathing sucn comparatively fresh air as can be found in Angel-meadow , Manchester . ; ,: THE DOQK LABOURERS OF LONDON . <; : The docklabourers are astriking instance of mere brute force with brute ' appetites . This class ,. Ol » -

      Untitled Article

      ^ hm ^ r&T ^ miimm'ms ^ B ^ o ^ & ^ mme Mere . musol « ,. is ; all 'that -iissnt'ededi ; thence eyeryihu-. manf ! ¦ locotnptlve 1 ' . . is capablepfAWorkingthere ; i All W * . . ' . ^!? ^ is the ,, power to ; move ' heavy bodies ffP r . - " ? $ ^ e , td / ahS ^^^^^ . . , t t . lapour in - the' p ] iysical : world Vis alway sand ^ . y . ^ P 10 ^ ' ! , in puttirii ? bfijects in'motion ; and assuredlyi if this be tho principal eha ' of ; physical ' labour / the docks exhibit ^ the perfectibn of human action ; Dock work is ' precisely the officeUhat every Kind of man is fitted to - . performsandsthere we find eTery kind of man , performing : it . Those who are unable to live by , tlie occupation , 1 a which they have . been educated can obtain a . living there without any previous training . ' 'Henca we firid ' men of

      callevery ing labouring at the dock ? :, There ' are decayed and bankrupt master , butchers , master bakers , publicans , grocers , - old soldiers , old sailors , ' - -Polish refugeeR , broken-down gentlemen , discharged ; lawyers' clerks , suspended government clerks , Valmsmen ; pehaioners , servants ,, thieves—indeed , every one who wants a loaf and is-willing to work for it .., ' , , The London Dock is one ot the few places in the . metropolis where men can get employment . witliouteitliercliaraetei * or recommendation ; go that ^ labourers ' employed there are naturally a ' most irieorigruoiis assembly . ; Eachof the docks employs several hundred " hands' ^ to ship and discharge t he cargnes of the numerous vessels thnt enter ; and as there are some'six : or seven of such docks attached to the metropolis , it may be imagined

      howjarge a number of individuals are dependent on them for their . subsistence . -At , a rou » h culculadon . ' there must be at least 20 , 001 ) souls getting , their living by such , mc ^ ns . " . . , V . - , . ¦ , Iho London Dock occupifSs an area of ninety ncres , and issituate in the three paiislies ' of St 'George , Shadwel ) , and- Wapping .- Tlie population' pf- ' tluse three parishes , in 184 lrwns 5 i 5 ; 500 , and ' the inumber i . f inliabited- houses 8 ; 000 , which- covered a space equal to , 338 : acres .: , This = is , ; infthe-proportion : of twenty-three , inhabited , houses , to the acre , and seven individuals , to ^ each house . The number of ) pirsons to each inliabited house , is , despite of . the crowded i l 6 ilging-hou ses " with i i « hjch ' it ' : abpund _ 3 ,-xot ! beyond the , average ; for all- ' London .: "Iti " my list letter ! JI

      showed that Bethhal-green , ' 'which'is * snjd toi possess : tlie greatest number of low-rented" houses ; ' had only • upon an average seventeen inhabited house ' s to each acre , while , the average . through London was but 5 . 5 housesper acre . ¦ , So that it appears that in the three parishes , of St . . Georgeiin-the-East ,: Shad well ; and W ^ appiii !? , the houses pre more than four times ' more crowded togethec . ' ihari ' in : jh . e . o |; hc ; r parts : oV L ^ ii ' don , ' and more n ' unierqus by halfjas ni ! iny _ ajjain , than those ' even in the : low-rented '" district of ¦ Bethnal-J green . ' Thi 8 affords ' us a' giibd " criterion •"' " as to the character of' the neighbourhqotl , ' arid '• ' consequently of the people livitig . in the vicinity of the London fD 0 Cki'i ' -: !; -.- • >(¦ ¦— : '¦ , ¦¦ ¦ ¦< ¦ : l' - ¦)¦ : " : ¦• r : - : i < 1 ' "; - /; - \ :

      . , The London Dock- can accommodate . 600 -ships , ? u $ , the . "' ^ rehou ses will contain 232 , 000 tons bf goods ' : ' The entire / structure .. ' cost-- £ 4 , 000 , 000 of niohey . The tobacco' . wai-ehouses' alone cover five acres of j ; i-6 und ;" ' The' widl . s surrouiKlin ' g . the ; Dock cost £ C 5 ; 000 . One of tKo '; wirie vaults has an hroa of severiacreSi arid in the ' whole of tlieni there is room for stowing 00 , 000 pipes of--wine . " -The ' warehouses round the wharfs arc imposing from ' -their extent , butare-much , less : lofty ,, than : those at St . Katherine ' s ,: a , n ^' being . situated at . some distance froni the . Do ' cK , gopds , cannot be crancdoutof the ship ' s hold and stowed ; iway at ' .. one . operation ; 'Accbrdingto . the . lasth ' alf yearly , repVrt , the ' number of ships- which ' ' en ' tc ' rjbd the London Dock ' during the

      six months-ending- 'the 31 st of May last was 704 ; measuring upwards of 105 , 000 tons . ;' TheamoiJint of oi > rnings ; during , that period was £ 230 , 000 and odd ; and the amount : . of-. e . xpopditure . . nearly . £ 121 , 060 . The stoeli of goods'in ' the wiii ehbuk's " last Maywas iipwards'bM 70 ' 000 toris . ' ¦ : ' ; . ... This immense-establishment is worked by-from onci . o . three :. thousand hands ; according sis Ihe busi- ^ ness is .. either ,, " , brisk' !; or , t « slack . " . Out ofi ; this ; n ] iimber ' jthere' arc always froni four , to , , five hundred . permaneht labourers ,., receiving ' . upon- ' ah average' 16 s \ Gd . ' per week wages , . with the exception of coopers / cavpenters ; smiths , and other mechanics , who are paid the usual wflges ; of tbeir crafts . 'Besides these there are many'hundreds ';— from one

      thousand to two thousand fivbihutidred— -casual labourers , who are engagedait . the rate of . 2 $ . 6 tl . per day . in the sanimer , ' ajid- ^ s . ; 4 d . per day in ' the winter months . tEr . eque . ntJy , " in , case , . of ' many arrivals , extraUMrias'rare ' hired ; in . ; tho ( course of the day at- 'the rate of : 4 drper . Hour . Foi \ the : pQr / n ; ii rierit labourers a " reebnimcii ( iiitiori- is required , ' - but for ¦ ¦ 'the castinK'labourerV : hb ' cli ! vracter '' is dem ' anded . ¦ • The" number of the 'casual-hands engaged by the day depends of course . upon the amoupt of work-to be donej andilfind , tluit the total number of labourers in -the docksjivaries ' from' -SOQ to 3 , 000 and odd . -On theithpf May ; 1 S 49 , the : number of ha ' ijds ' engagoil—bo ' tii . permanent and casual—was 2 ' , 704 ; oil the 26 th of . the same -month it was 3 , 012 ,

      arid on the 30 th ifc ! was / 1 , 189 . Thosei ' . appear'to he tlie ' estreinespf the Variation 'To ' v . the' present year . The fluctu ; ition is due to a ' - - ' greafer or loss : number bf : ships entering the dock ; " The '« lowest number ; of ships entering ; tho . dpck . inlariy . ono ^ veek last ; yea ^ was twenty-nine , while the liigReit number was 141 . This rise ; , and .-fall is ... o . wing . / tO ; . the , rprevnlence of easterly winds , " which , serve to keep the . ships back ; and so make the business " slack . " . 'V . Now-ldeducting the . lowest numhe ' r ' of-hands ., employou froiri tlie highest number ; we have no less ' than 1 , S 23 iii'dividusds who obtuiu "" - so precarious . a subsistence' by their labour at the docks that ; by the nici ' e shifting of the wind , they may lie-all deprived of their daily bread . . Calculating the wages at 2 s . Gil . per day . foreach hand , the company would haye paid £ 376 10 s . to the 3 , 012 hands employed on the 2 Cth of -May

      last , while only £ 148 12 s .. Cd , would have been paid 1 , 189 '''' hands ' cfiffaged ' oii the 3 dtli of the- same month . . Hence not only would 1 , 823 hands have been-thrown out of ' employ by the chopping of the wind , ' but the labouring ' -men dependent upon the business . rof the docks tor their subsistence would in one da&hare been deprived of £ 22717 s ; Cd . This will afford the reader , some . ; faint idea of the . precarious character of the subsistence obtained by the labourers em ployed in this- , neighbourhood , and cons ' equentlyT-as it has , ; beenwoll ., proveri , 'that all niohwlio ohtnih their livelihood by iiTcgukr employment are the most intemperate and improvideht ' bf all—it will be easy to judgb what ! may bo the condition ivnd mor .- \ ls of- a class who to-day ' as a bodv may earn ^ near upon' £ 400 and to-morrow only £ 150 ., . . . ¦ , .: "„

      -. The . l . 'iboiir . is of tbntheavy and continuous character that you would fancy only the best fed could withstand it . " .. The work may he divided . into three classes . / 'Wheel work , or that which is moved by the muscles of " the legs ' and weight of the body ; jigger of winch work , or that . ' which is moved by the muscles of the arm—in each- of these- the labourer is stationary ; but in the truck work ,: which forms . the . third class , the labourer has to travel over . a space of . ground greater or less in ' proportion to the ( listaiiGe ^' hii ^ tha goods . have to bo removed . The ; wheel . ' work is performed somewhat onlho syst . em ofthe . trcadwhccl , with this exception—tnnt the force is applied inside , instead of outside ' the wheel . — Fronvsiir to "eight" men enter a wooden

      cylinder , or drum , upbn which are nailed battens , arid''the men ; "laying 'h old of ro ' pes , commence , trc . ading the wHepl ^ ound ,. occasionally .- singing . the wliilo , arid stamping ' 'in ' time in a manner that is plcashnt frpm ' . its ' euridMtyj ' The wheel is generally sixteen ' .. feet '; irf " . dia ' mefor , and eight ' to nine feet Broad ; aiidthc six or- , eiglifc ' men ' .. treading within 'it will' . lift from sixteen to oi g hteeii hundrqd \ v ; cigiit , ani often'a ' tony .. 'forty'times in . an houi , an average of twehty-se '^ en feet . liigli . ^ Other men will get but a cargo of from , § 00 ' t'd ' , 900 casli ' s of wiiie , ; each cask averaging' . about . 'jiyoVhuiidred weight , and being lifted ab ' bu £ eia ; titeen feet , in . a . day ivnd a half ; At trucking ^ . eacli rniui ; ia said to go , on anLiyerage , thirty miles ' a" day , and tsvo-thirds of that ; tjmo ho . is moving 14 c \ yt . at . 0 J . miles per hour . ' ' i ,. ' . '' . ¦¦ : " : '>• ' . ' . ( To be Continued ' , r

      Untitled Article

      : ^ M TlOMt ^^ SSOCLtTld ^ -W ^ VITED-? : l-y- - ^ : ^ d iEstMMik-lQi $ ^!\ r l ' , ii-i'i ] L < A-ii }^ -: i-i-isi ; ¦ - ' - : - ¦ ' . ^ - ' i' - !••; ' . ?•? : ;¦ ¦! ' M \ : i 'IntUe ' i Ifoflliei'n [ Star ' of ; i I } ecomhcy 22 hi ( , ( the Cenfral GommitteeehdeaVpured t 8 [ sliiqvr the enormou ^ power- at the '' command ' of- the . " working classes wheneyer ; e 'by Umox ; they choose to place them-. selves ' in a , ; position ' t ' o use 'that' power- ; for - their political ahtl industrial " enfraticliiscmerit ; i Ifc was shewn , ;¦ that ! i 2 Jd ; " per '\ vcek from one million of the producing ' classes , would create ari income ' of £ 500 , 000 per annum , and that this sum would enable thO 8 o who suliscribe > l it , to immediately removo 10 , 000 of the unemployed from , the labour market annually ; arid place thenr in a state of comparative

      indepehdencc , and at tho same tune place the trades , from whom " this large and crushing . ; incubus hud been removed , in a position'to " reimburse themselves , for the trifling self-imposed . tax . they had submitted to , by an lmmcdiato advance in their wages ;;'" ' inany- ' ^^ times greater' than . tliB . ' . amount of their contributions ; We assumed thisposicion with the ufcm ' ostcorinderice ; from i \ coriyidtioii of its truth , but we had liot ' antieipatod th . it" our arguments would be indorsed by so high / ' aii authoi-ity as tho Times ' ¦ hewspapef , -l and adopted as the text for an extraordinary , useful , and powbi-ful loader in thtit inuuential-journa ] . But fo it / islandsueliis tho force of truth ; that when pers ' ey . cringly insisted on , it - inevitably forces itself' upon public attention , arid sooner or latter becomes the adopted rule of

      action .. And it . is . from an absolute coiifiderice in thia unerri ng law of Jihture ' , ' , vriiicli has enabled the Directors of this Assooiatiorilto maintain their position in defiance of the selfish opposition they have encountered from influeiicial men connected with the trades ; and " of the apathy . ' with ' which . the ' great ' mass of their fellow workmen regard Any . attempt to-arouse them to a' sense of their ; degrailed' position ; arid to oiigcndor in them a disp ' o .-ilion to move for their own deliverance ., ' But , there ; . is a' great cliarni in " great names ' - ' and a ' positiqrij . hbwevdr true , if emanating' from move - fo rking' riieri , is generally received- ; coldly ;' anil . with cbnsidci-able . suspicion ; we nqw ^ Wcrefpre ^' expect , . 8 . iippo . r . ted : . as Aye are by the redoubtable Idddihgjournal bf , Europe , that our plan for' the emancipation of labbur and the raising

      of wages ; will be received with more , 'favour by those wJjbse ' co-operation ' is , so . essential , to its ac' cPmplislim ' eRt : . ' . ' , ' " ' ; . ; ' " -, ' ''" , ' ,-. .. ' . r . M ! ¦ ' ' , ^ " Inthp- ' ? Vmes pf ., thc 28 th of . Deicemb " ei 7--jusfc' six 'days from the appearance of oii r article ' in . ' the- ^ farone . pf the clever ; nieii who ; tfo ' lhc Mitmaliov that journal ; - commences the secoJid / loader with the question ; " \ Yliai can he jlohcwittihalf ,, a . million a year ? " arid very justly observes "it'is high time t 6 ' asK'tho questipn , " ' . I l ^' thcn ' pipeceds : " With such moans ' at ' . our , comniand , " . wb couldSprovide 50 , 000 person ' si oyory year / witlia / newiipme , in our ti \ insatlantic , cplohiesi'tlieiieby releasirig . ' so inany of our fellow' countryineri frbrii , want and Vniscry , dnd lessening " , tpa ' prbpoUiondte extent , iliejhxssufc on tho ' so ivho were left behind . " ' _ In the'Association ' s article

      in the Nofth&fn Siavbi Ddcembev . 8 th , ' , tliGse i'eniavks were addressed to the , wprkingplassps ir- ; ' ., i [\ & prapticaijrefutatipri is about ; beirig , given- . tp jthVjfrc ? - triide assertion—tliat ' cheap . food would , ensure ^ high wages . Ueductions of wage ' s are pronounced inevitable m many- of the liithci-to - comparatively well-paid'aepartnibiits'bf ihdustiiy . Thoiuhsui'd GXtnivagancies and iniquitous robberies , of railway directories . have rendered ! itiimiiei'ativ ' e th ' at ; thesc same . parties commit anotlier ,-and , iif' ! possible ,, more foul robbery , than fii ' iy , < if those with . which we are fnihiliar ; The wages of the ' most valuable portion of the railway ; staft ' are ^ dobmed to ' supply the dencieiicies iii the dividend ; caused by the previous plunder of the' capital' of the shareholders , ! Many of tho ; building trades-have , had notice " . of ., intended < reductions in their wages '; and / Vith the pres ' erit ;; reduh 3 ancy . of . labour .-. in the . market ,.. what

      hopes , can be . entertained of a successful resistance ? Tho Central ¦ Coniriiittee of ¦ this Association' h ' ave always , contended that ; tho only effective ' protection' which' can . be given to tlie wages of labour , consists « v the absdrption , of the surplus labour , through channels wliere'it cnir be ren ^ dered self-Bupnortiug ; that such ' channels are to be found at home ; at'our oivn doors as it were , a ^ ivell as over th ' e ¦ Atlnntic , ; that its employment iit home is infinitely preferable , ' and more po ; triotic j'thnt tli | s can , ' arid' plight to , be accomplished , by and through tlie working classes ' alone , and not . b y . thergovernment . ¦ : In the one'case we should . create , tin independent .. class of Lahour Yeomen ; in the other , ' cohipnhu-s of goyci-nment slaves .., ' . That the . woi-lfing class possess within themselves the means js unquestionable . Themselves organised—the' means ' , ' H-liich wiUi give the power { although itha ' s beVn ' s . iid tliat the ' y ' possess neither , ) will bo found in abundance , alike blessing and conferring

      incalculable benefits upon , U : o ; e ; . who- give '' and : thbse who receiye .: . Itemoye the surplus labour by the . only . ^ ractical lever bySvliich that , ' or hnj- greatiwotkcan , be , achieved , — an organisation ^ labour , and ; tlie : . means ' . " and the power which thctorghiiisaf ioh , < and that 'alone , ' would riipst surely give . _ .,. -. £ ¦;;— - ' - i .... The Central Ceramitfecwill , -ia . a future report , ' place s ' ohietfuctfi bofore the'worldnjr classes , by whiuh it will be shown that through a confederation of labour—sucli as they advocate—Jhe _ surj ) lns labour , which now presses with such crushing severity upon almost . every description of British industry , * iriay not . only . 'be readily witlidrawn from the labour market , at tho rate Hf fifty thousand ~ a year , but well and -amply employed , and made the source of inereasqd . einploytneut to . the country . . ! If . this tiling am be done , and is not done , then do the . working . classes dcservo all . they now suffer , and all the good things' which are now in . store for them . ¦ ¦ ; .: ¦ ; ' '; ¦ ' . - <¦ ' ¦

      ¦ v The , identity- of the r-Times : argument I withours : is here strikingly ; innnifest . : ¦ ^ v : ; .,. , ; .- ¦ : ¦ But the , T /» iss contiuues enumerating ; several groat ..-. " reforms ' . ,. "vhich could , . lie accomplished with half a million a year , such as Sidney Herbert ' s Emigration Dodge for . tho needlewomen—; i scheme by the bye which is violently oppose'd by" ' the .-freo trade parly as being a violation of 'theiv'latife * fairs doctriiies ; Lord ¦ Ashley ' s moro ' unexceptionable ; p lans for erecting improved dwellings for the working classes , and : for tho construction of baths and waslihouscs on a large scale ; tho endowment of 500 free grammar schools , county-hospitals , < fcc , < fcc . ' " ' Any one of theso objects , " says tho Times , " might be effected ' with £ < 500 * , 000 a year , " . But . the similarity existing between the Times wViter " and ; us is still more strikingly shown ia the latter part of the article . ' ' - ' ' ' . ¦; - .-. ; In our article of the 22 nd of December , we thus write : — ¦ ¦ ,. . ¦ ¦ .- ¦ - ¦ . ¦• • ¦ . ¦¦ . ¦ ¦ - ¦ ¦ :. ¦• -. ¦ . - ,-

      , - Land , Labour , and Capital , are the three elements of production , . These , elements of wealth are . most unquestionably as iiyailable to an association of' Labour Capitalists' as of ' -Money Capitalists . ' The power of either differs but in degree . Whatever a joint-stock company of capitalists , with Jil , O 00 , 000 etet-liii ^ , could neeqiuplishin one ycai 1 , our association , of one million working men , subscribing ten shillings per year , could accomplish in two years . If the one could render the now worthless bog ' s of Ireland a source of . fruitful employment , and eventually a mine of wealth , as rich and productive as the sands of the Sacramento—well , so could the other . We contend , ' broadly mid boldly , that £ 500 , 000 would go very : far at the end of the first year appropriated to its collection—to remove effectually the surplus labour from the first j trades ^ who , to the number of ono million , united their pence aiid Iheii

      energies to- work out their redemiition ; We apprehend tliat half a million : a-year , which would' give £ al ) each to ten thousand individuals ,-would , at least , place them in a position , by the economical appliance of associative labour , to make themselves perfectly- ' -indeperideiUy-witli very little further assistance . We are nerfeetly sure that laud may be obtained in the United Kingdom upon long leases , and at excessively low rents , in sufficient quantity for colonising nil tlie unemployed of the industrious ' classes . And that £ 50 jier .-hcud would be an _ aiupla fund { bv ' - the -. eomnioncement of such an undertaliing . But we content [ ourselves now , with simply enunciating t \\ i perfect practicability of the trades of Great Britain , tlius relieving ' - ' themselves of the incubus which is drssjging-them down to perdition . The iilqa may appear extravagant tpsuch as have notgiveii the subject ' eousideration . " But we think its grave

      importance , to tlieinturests'of oiir order , " should , and will , ; ensure for it , . tho ' calmest -luuhmost unprejudiced , ' investigation . . One oftlie first effects which would he felt ; in aiiy-. trade , who succpeded , introducing an equilibrium between the demand and " supply of labour in that ' particular trade , would be an advance in the . wages of those who remained in it , thus . compensating , with probably a very lavge . iiddition , tlie { lociiniury contributions which had . been thus appropriated . The tables would thus become efiectually turned . -uStrilces . anil all theiraccompariyiiig .- evils , would be for ever abolished—the sure remedy for low ; wages would have been . discovered—the power of union would then be acknowledged and npp ' recmted ; niid the iiow despised serfs of'labour , constantly increasing iiiipower , and indulgence , would soon force a recognition otvtheir social and political importance . '"' , ' -. , ... . r ! „ ,. t ¦ . • ' ¦ .

      • The Times seizes the utojvand employs it after the . following fashion ' : ' —*' ' We are , assured that any-person a ' cquairitetl with the ' sufferings of tho . inetropplitiin , ' or manufacturing , or '' agricultural p 6 or . > yould imlwsitaiinglp acknowlpclgo ^ Tmt at govipriinient grant ot jtSOOjOOt ) " * '; year , judiciously appropriated and employed , would keep 10 , 000 , families , ' of five : members . each , above tho . starving poiiitiat . i . wh ' ich . they linger , . and . that , too ,, without . establishing any , p . re ,-posterous ' rights , of "labpiir , '; or infringing any prinoiplb ofspund economy . " ' ,,-,. ¦'¦ ¦; , - ' ' . '• ' Now , we think wo may fairly assume , that ; the manner in which we '/ have put the question ,, has struck conviction upon the mind of the . Times editor , " who sees clearly , and tlius indirectly ¦ acKno ' wledges , tho . importance and : practicability of ; . ' the

      pqlicy ; we iidvooate , and . recouimeiid ,. to . our : fellow workmen for their imaiediate . adop . tion . Tlie ' Times evidpntly . dreads the ' -possibility .. ' ot tlie working classes ; ' thus working out tUci ' r . r . e ' demptibn : hy their owniinassistbd'ineansj aiid thui asserting : and exorcisinjL ' by tlieii ' owh energies , ' tlio " preposterous rights of labour , " ' and , therefore , refers to a government grant as the means'by which s 6 desireablo : in end would bo accomplished ; but ,-why should honest . working . ; , men degrade , themselves : ' by i being , the recipients of . ekomosyjiary aid , when they can jiocomplish thisj . or any other similar object , by their p \ yn independent oxertibiis ? . They-Jiave , but to will their deliverance , from their *' industrial . slavery to effect it . If there is one distinguishing foaturo

      which lias always charactcrisea the Rational Association , ' as ditfeiing from all ' contemporary movemerits , it is the ; uniform- ' endeavour' to' lead , tho wovkiiig . classes to properly appreciate : their : own powers ,, to look to thomsolves as \ , the onljr party , able or willing to free them from the : galling yoke of capital ; ' , we repeat it now , and shall repeat it again arid again , that it is upon themselves alone they can rely for' salvation ; as ; for petitioning government for parliamentary" grants , or for . esr tablishirighbirie' colonies , etc ; , they 'riiay , as well " whjstle jigs ; to milestones . " - Itisnotthe pphcy , of government : as now constituted , that ; the . pMple . should bo independent . j . They must . be kept . iri .. a state of vassalage , in order that governments ,. - arid thoaoitpoii whom they-lean foi ; support , ' roay . thriy . o

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      by th& , pillage . wr iyig . frqiii , 'labour ; therefore to look to ^ gbvernmen ^ oyredejnptionj-isMis ' seiisibl'iasfor the lambs't ' o ' piaco ' them ^ elves under the protecting guardianship fff"The , wolves . — -It is high timo that th'is ' no ' nsc'risev ^ abdut ' governradii ' t aid , was exploded , and / a more rational' and niaiily . policy . adopted by thoscwho set themselves up as . teachers of the people ! " ¦ There are a few , iirnl but a few suljects , which-the Committee of . the-National Association would ever think of recommending the Association to look to governmeiits for , namely , those subjects upon which they . have already shewn a- ¦ ¦ disjiositiou

      to legislate , —such as improved sanitary regulations , in which all : classes of tho people ; are interested . Iriiprovcments , and greater cflScacy in many laws aftecting the interests : of labour , which already esist . butare inoperative ; upon such subjects , we think the legislature , even as ' . it . now exists , may properly'and consistently be appealed to ; ' but , for any great radical measure , whereby the condition of the producing class is to be materially and permanontly : berie | itod , it is , in our judgment ;> perfectly futile to expect , and therefore we again call upon tho trades of England to look to themselves for their deliverance . - - ' . : - ¦ , -.. ; .

      » vo are afraid to trespass too much upon the privilege awarded us by the kindness of tlie proprietor- of the Northern Star , and must , therefore , postpone our report of progress to another , and we hope early occasion , when we hope to lay before our members and friends evidences of progression , which we are sure will bo gratif ying . '¦ ¦ ' ¦ : ¦ ¦ " •¦ ¦ ' ¦ ¦• .: Wjlliam Pbel : Secretary .

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      TO THE EDITOU OF TIIK NOUTriERN STAH . Dkar Sin , —A report having got iiitb circulation excessively prejudicial co the -JVa ' ttohal Association , to the effect , that the Central Committee had formed an alliance' with the Protectionists—arising , no- doubt , from the fact of the ; society entitled , ' ! The National Association' for the Organisation of Trades , " -having allied itself at the Stepiiey meeting with'G . F . young , Esi ] . ;' 'the secretary of the Protectionist 'Society ; ' callirig itself " The' National Association for the Protection of Native Tndu 3 try , " will yoii b () 'lun ( laiougli i by the insertion of this note , to tiid us in dispelling the aspersion . We , therefore ; desire to assure our members ' and friends that' neither of ; the " above associations ; are even remotely connected with the National Association of

      United Trades for the "Protection' of Industry , and of Tvhich -T . ' S . Duhcoiribe , " EEq ;; 3 s presitlent , and whom ; I am happy to inforiri yoli ' and your * readers , anticipates being able to resume his Parliamentary dutiea in three weeks from this time . The Association with whichl have the honour to be connected , is riot allied to any poliiical party , but if'it can Do p resu'rieel tb'have any political tendencies or prediiictioris ; they nre certainly far , ' ' very far , removed from either the Free Traders or Protectionists , from neither of whom do wa ' expect any . lae . isures beneficial to the order of Labour ; The mistake has no doubt ' arisen from the ' similarity of the ) titles of the two Associationsrefer . red . to , who have each of them most servilely copied that of the National Association . . In every other resp 2 ct they are totall y dissimilar . ¦ ' ;; ' '' '' ' '' I am , iaoar Sir ' , yours respectfully , ' ; ::. ' William Pbel , Secretary .

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      THE C O UNCIL O F . THE NATI O NAL REFORM LEAGUE TO THE PEOPLE OF- ; GREAT B 1 UTAIN AND IRELAND . '

      It is every day becoriiing more undeniable that sonieriiodincationmust . shortly ^ takp " place in the constitution of this country . Our ' present institutions are so manifestly : insufficient to ( meet the requirements of ian increasing population , and an advancing public intelligence , ' tliat few will be bold enough to deny the expodioncy of ' adapting oui ? governmental system to ;' th ' o wants . arid circumstances of the time , by making the Parliament what it . ought always tojiave been , — -afull ^ air , and free representation of the whole people . - ¦ ' ¦ ' 1

      • Under these circumstances , we' think'ifc a duty incumbent upon eyerjr mail fo ? examine ' into the inei'its of the varibus plans of reft )™ a * present before tho public , ; aria to determine hbw . far each may . be calculated to advance the object above stated . : Because we are of opinion that , in a highly artificial society like ours , a ' strtte of ' prolonged agitation is injurious to all , and more / ^' specially to the proletarian or labouring classes . ' . '' . . And this agitation can never cease : until-the . demands of the People ' s Charter become the law of the land ; it being futilb to expect that a real representation of the whole people-can be obtained by ' any other means . ; ' . . : . .., .- !

      We maintain , then , that all attempts to engage the-.-working men of this country , in . any reform movement which would step short of the above end , must be looked upon as , at least , iii ) udicious ; beciuiso it jscvident'timt nothing huta " pressure from without" will ^ induce , 0111 ; present rulers to concede ; ariy ¦ reform whateverV And we are convinced that tho same effort which must necessarily lie madoinorder to bbtauy-political freedoni for a portion of the people , would suffice ; - " if properly directed , to qmaricipatq the ' whole ; and tlius put an end to thenccessity for further political agitation . , It : becomos , then , a ^ question of great importance how to engage the attention of such of the productive clas 3 as nwy beat present-indifferent to tlio

      great , political question of the day , as wo cannot hope'to succeed without the aid of the mass of the people :-This , we believe ,- will he-iriost readily effected by showing all such persons ^ that it is a social , as well as a political question '; arid by enlightening them upon' the nature and value of those social rights which are their natural inheritance , but of which , under the present system , ^ they are deprived , ( mainly through tho injuaticeof our hpi& and money laws , ) iuid which they can hope'to regain only by obtaining political power , arid by hioiuing how to use if when obtained . . ' .. : : ¦ By proving ( which we can easily dp , ) -that , univers ; ilsaffcage , with the knowledge aDd fruition of man ' s social rights , would Speedily banish all the

      poverty , misery , ' and crime , to which our 'defective institutions have given rise ; ' and'would do this without tho sacrifice of oho human life , or tlio confiscation of one shillingsworth bf any mtin ' s property ; by proving this ' we cannot fail to bbtain the support of it vast majority of the industrious classes . While , by showing them that . tlie horrible carnage and general confusion " ' which -have lately 'desolated tlio continent , of Europe , are not to be ascribed ( as it is falsely , asserted they ' are , ) to the ;/ n > nds of universal suffrage , -but , - on the contrary , to its enemies , we shall be able to prevent their being led away by . the . falsehoods continually circulated by the advocates , of "things as they are . " ' ¦ Nothing can be easier , than -to ; prove , that had the -people of France , of many parts of Italy , ; of . Berlin , Tieimji , Baden , Dresden , and other places , understood their social as well as their poliiical rights , no

      counterrevolution , could possibly have been successful ; and that Europe would have been spared , tlie infliction of Iioitoi's at which , humanity shudders , perpetrated by the foes of democracy , in the name ' of those principles so dear to every democrat , —peace , law ., and order , —liberty , equality , and fraternity ! While our principal efforts will be : thus used to rouse the working : classes from that fatal apatby with respect teApolitical rights , which ' , is ; perhaps , the very worst feature of the present nspect of affairs , we shall not the less endeavour to secure , as far as may be in our power , a proper understanding and appreciation of social questions among those . who are already , like ourselves , 'professed Chartists ; being convinced that political without social rights , would be , notorily useloss , ' but untenable ( for any . ' length of time , ) by / the " poorer , or dependent classes , —a fact placed beyond dispute by late events on the Continent . ' ' .-I " : :- ¦

      These are the objects of ; our " orgaiiisR |; ion ; and for these purposes we invite" tho n ' ssistance of all friends to humanity arid progress . We have already issued a ' uetailed . ju'ospectus , in which the principles of National Reform ' are explained , arid to Which we invite the attention - . of reformers - of every denomination . It has reeeu ^ deonsiderablo ' attention from tlie Democratic- press , as well as froni various organised political bo'dicsj' and may be had / oh application to the Secretary at tho office . ' ' ' ' . Ifc is obvious -that our only means' of operating bpnofieiully ui . ion public opinion cousists'in a widely extchcled prganisatioh , arid in the energy ' and devotion of the members composing it . * , Wo therefore apppiil'lor support to all who have' assented to our doctrines" of National Reform , —the four main points ' of . which " are , —the nationalisation of Jamlj tho ' . 'iiistitutiori , . of , a system" of . state credit for the iijrsrcr bi winch work , or that which is moved hy the

      people ; theabrbgatioubfacurreucybased , oi ) ago ! d staiidjvrd of value ; and tlio . fbunuation . Qf . a system for the equitable ihierchange of , all X | nd . of wealth . ; arid we ; trust tliat they Will riot !' Mrtfctemd from enrbllingtheins . eUes . as lnembers of our League hy any misapprehension bf our objects .. . Many have said tliat we attempt . too liuuh ; . that we agitate for sociar reform instead of . the Charter .,: This we must ; oricb for" all , ' . most' emphaticall y ; deny . We df ' mand ihc pplitieiil enfrarichisemGnt i » ' f ; t ) ic entire population before attempting to procure , any of the social reforms we advocate , taking , however , all the pains we can . to enlighten , 'the people upon . them , btithtii kip ^ ly . . an incentive ' to oxertioii in tlie acquisition of the Ch < irter , ' ; and ; tp ensure its preseryiitipn , " as well as its hoiicficiai bpcrhtipn , when acqtiiredi' : ' ' Oil behalf of ihe . Council , ! , . ' ' , ; J . B . 'P'Bkikn , Resident . " ' . -., ^ ' ' .. ' ., '¦' ; . .. ' . ' ^ ^ J . ' "lloqBR 3 ,.. Seor »! tary . Y 2 , 'NeWman-strefet / . Oxford-street . ' . ' [ . ' .,,. [ .

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      Euza Gheswet . —This intrepid young woman "who is now residing at WymoDdbaip , where she is carrying on the business of a milliner and dressmaker , isnow so far recovered as to beahleto walk up stairs and down , -without the assistance ofNeither a crutch or stick . It must he gratifying to those who have taken such' deep interest in this young "woman , to learn that this sufferer is at length re- " fitoredtotheuK . ofhe rlimbs . ^^ r / oSt ^ j : ^ , '

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      ' ¦ ' " ¦ " ' " '" ' ' ' " ' * * ' ' " ' ' ' " ¦ ' ¦ ' ' ¦'' : " " ;; \ \ t . ; .- ; DisAsinns fo New York "Linc ts . "—Two , marine disasters were announced at Liverpool on Alonday , in both . instance ' s in reference to members of tho magnificant-New York' liiiers . " The following are the detail •—Shortl y ' after 11 o ' clock 1 : that mbrning ; tho " packet ship Guy Marineriri gl Captain ISdwarils , inleaving the Princes' Dock , for the purpose of = proceeding to New York j grounded .- astern on tlie' Tibi'tli edge of , the dock gut , ^ nea ' r the outer gates .- Captain ' - Edwards had the water ., in the casksstarted , and everythirig remioved'tpT : glitcn . the ship but although fbiir steamers' were made fast and tugged at her till tlio tide began tb recede , slioreuia'irieu ' firmly fixed . ' 'The position ' in which she lies is a verydangerous oiiiy the after partof

      , the ' ship resting on the stone edge of th ' e ' gut ,: which is about three feetnbqye tho Jeyel of . tho basin , ; and the " fore jpard fir"tlie ' basinj- 'thus '' leaving the . waiat , or centre . bf thorship ,-wholly without support . . The Guy-Manndring is full of merchandise , and has' a largo . niumher of passengers on board . Her draught of . ; Water : aft was stated to bo 21 feet , while . the dppth of water on the dock-sill was marked at over 22 feot , : but it is supposed that the strong southeast : wind has in some . degree " prevented tfio tide flowing to its : estimate height . The following letter announces the loss of the packet-ship Hottinguer , ; ' Wexfordj Jan I 2 . r-Thc ship Hottinguer ; Captain Bursiev . ^ from Liverpool to New York , got on

      Blackwater Bank this ' morning , at six . 0 clocK . Part of tho crow have landed at Morriscastle . Vets ' el expected to be a total wreck . Crew ! savpd . " " Wetford , Jan : . 11 . —The lugger Adilli ; Borgot , master , " from Kantes to Liverpool ; camo on' shore last night , about ten miles south of this place , ' a « d went to ' pieces . Four of the crew lost' ; the master and two Others lost . Cargo , wheat and flour . A part of the ' latter saved but damaged . ¦ . ¦¦ ¦ . . ; .,,. .-! Tm ^ uY . ^ it ^ 8 taio 4 that the rediifition isjto be 8 , 400 men—yiz . V that the seventeen regiments , having ^ i 6 w-flrs ' t ani rajerye'battalioris , ai'esto < be ' cbnsorrdate ' d ' and redu ' edd to l ; 000 men . oach ; : the ffi& $ iQ [ &T&i \\ & $ st 0 ^^^ - . " ' ] j ¦ : ¦[¦ - ; ;

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      i ' ¦ Tub ' .-NttBOK . MoNuM ^ £ -Qn Si iday ^ ight , t !» e 11 th ihst ., jh ' o , premises W Messrs . Wood , brassfounders , in : i ^ ldyvin ' s-garden 8 , w ^ Pi broken intp , iuda considerable quantity oftornamental , iiimM » connected with : the ., monument pgt > e ; immorto Neispiiv ^ hioli t , hafc ' firm . \ Yero bronzlja ^ pvWOK frQmthQU'V 6 rkshop s ,, ;; - ¦¦^ S ^?^^ , - —v , ; ' -f * f $ ! * ~ * J-& £ . ^ s , ^ h ( V ^^ f ^ ;* l $$ v l 3 K& $ m ¦ -.:...... \ -W * & . tmm .. - " . ' * «

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      ,. ni * Mjm $ 9 > 1 S 5 a f ~ " ^^^ ^ * " ^—* ^ ^—¦ ¦¦¦ *—¦>— ¦¦« ¦¦¦¦¦ m [¦¦¦¦¦ iMiffciiiwif Mfliw ^ wn ¦¦¦ .. ,, | Miri m ,,, n ,.,- -, ., ., r-f - ' ^ ,,.. _ _„' , _ . — /^

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 19, 1850, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1557/page/7/