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FRANCE . THE ELECTIONS . TKK ATUIY VOTIXG POU THE SOCIALISTS ! ! ! Paris , Simday . —To-day Ihe elections have commenced here and in the department of the Seine generally and : everything is perfectly quiet and orderly . LaLiberte / aBuonapartist journal , announces that an immense majority of the army voted for Socialist candidates .
> . ( Prom Tuesday ' s ? Chronicle , ) The Socialists and ultra-Republicans are roling - for the list of Red candidates with « hw » rdinary Vnnammity . The list of candidates issued under * be / SJSU ** WW . ™ lhe 8 ov ™ en at Vincennesb
hashad [ the folly to incarcerate , ecause ' he was brought forward as a candidate by the So . fl ciaiists , is getting a vast number of votes , and the A impression is that he will be returned . Ih voting ' ' for him the electors declare that they are protesting ag ainst what they call the imperial demonstrations recently made by General Changarnier , and his im ., prudent conflicts with the National Assembly . ' ^ , the whole , the impression here to-day is that 6 UC cess in the elections will fail generally u o- 4 the moderate Republicans , with aa infusion oft M So , '
dahsts . ... With respect to the army , the opinion is ttat it will show a stronger preponderance t < jwar ^ s tne Bepnblieafls than was at all looked for . This is attributed to the arrest of Sergeant Bol ^ i have already told you that the votes of ' garrisnn of Paris were in favour of the Sociahs' ^ T j , , peupie > of to-day gives the result of the vr j n ^ g ] S 0 D of St . Omer , where there are forty-eight soldiers who are natives of the departr dent oj the geHiej ani j ¦ who consequently vote for paris . Out of these votes , Boichot is at the her , 6 * of the list ; but the numbers , either becau-e . fljey are suppressed , or
from an error in the impression , are not given . The second on the list is M . Ledru-Rollin with forty "votes . Then follows Felix Pyat , thirty-eight ; Bac ( Th . ^ , thirty-eight ; Xamennais , thirty-seven ; Considerant , thirty-fjix ; Lagrange , thirty-six ; Pierre leroux , thirtv-six ; Proudhon , thirty-six ; Ratier ( Ei . ) , thirty-six ; Savary , thirty-six ; Thore , thirty six ; Greppo , thirty-five ; Herve , thirty-five ; Madier * & Montjau , thirty-five , &c General Cavaignac has < only thirteen votes ; General Lamoriciere , thirteen ; M . ' Dufaure , nine ; M . Lamartine , seven ; M . Odilon Barrot , fi ? e ; ' M . Leon Faucher , three s General Changarnier , one Jerome Napoleon , one ; M . Thiers . one .
The ' National' savs that letters from Perpignan announce that eighty soldiers of that garrison belonging to the department of the Gironde , have voted for Ledru Rollin . The ' National' also states that letters from Algeria mention that the soldiers have voted for the candidates of the Extreme Left . It also adds that the ballot was suspended in some regiments that lad voted in a sense displeasing to the superior effice ^ . Thj Socialist papers complain that 300 soldiers if thi 14 th Light Infantry have been prevented from lOti ig , in consequence of their determination to vote for Socialist candidates .
The' National complains that the government 1183 prevented a great portion of the army from TO ing , and disenfranchised the Garde Mobile altogether . . Paris , Monday . —The elections are proceeding to-day niththe same calmness as yesterday , and there are contrary opinions as to the result . It is said thas M . M . Ledru Rollin , Lagrange , and Sergeant Boichot are sure to be elected for Paris . M . Proudhon and M . Pierre Leroux have also a good chance .
The accounts received from the department ! , state that there the elections are also passing without disturbance , but that the Socialists are likely to return mare members in the southern departments than was at first expected , One of the representatives of the department of the Drome ( a republican ) , who arrived in Paris this morning , states that he vent to his department , for the purpose of looking after his election interests , where he considered himseli sate of success , but that on his arrival he foand the Socialists so strong that all hope was at an end . The Socialists , having discovered that he was at Valence , the capital of the department , attacked the house where he was living , and he had the greatest difficulty in escaping . Similar accounts arrive from several other departments . It ii said that M . Armand Marrast will not be returned either for Paris or his own department .
Two soldiers of the 49 ih Regiment cf the Line , in garrison at Chalons-sur-Saone , were placed under arrest for some breach of military discipline , when about 400 of their comrades went about the streets , shouting ' Vive la RepuMque Democratique et SocicJe . ' The rioters were subsequently transferred * o Bourgaueuf . The majority of the 45 th Regiment of the Line , in garrison at Bordeaux , have voted for the Socialist candidates . -
The ' Estaffette' publishes the following returns of the TOt-s given to the Socialists by the 30 th Regiment of the line , in garrison in Paris—99 f votes : — Theodore Bac , 459 ; Boichot , 981 ; Cabet , 519 ; Charrassin , 662 ; Considerant , 449 ; D Alton Shee , 577 ; Demay , 498 ; Genider , 497 ; Greppo , 487 : Hervi , 69 S ; Uizay , S 49 ; Lagrange , 429 ; Lamennais , 429 ; Langlois , 492 ; Lebon , 799 ; Ledru Rollin , 807 ; Pierre Leroux , 798 ; Malarmet , 3 * 9 ; Montagne , ^ 95 ; Pendigueri . 799 ; Proudhon , 787 ; Pyet , 749 ; Ruttier , 759 ; Ribeyrolies , 559 ; Saray , 707 ; Thore ,
£ 67 ; Tidal , 671 . The following are the votesgiven to the Socialist candidates by the 28 th Regiment of the Line , garrisoned in Rouen : —Theodore Bac , 97 ; Boichot , exsergeant , 105 ; Cabet , 90 ; Charrassin , 96 ; Vieto Considerant , 78 ; D'Alton Shee , 101 ; Demay , 101 ; Genider , 95 ; Greppo , 95 ; Hervi ; 95 ; Hizay , 96 ; Lagrange , 100 ; Lamennais , 103 ; Langlois , 93 ; Lebon , 94 ; Ledru Rollin , 101 ; Pierre Leroux , 91 ; Madier de Muntian . 96 ; Malarmet , 97 ; Monta « ne , 83 ; Prediguisr , 95 ; Proudhon , 93 ; Pyat , 98 ; Hatder . 103 ; EabeyroUes , 94 ; Saray , 96 ; Thore ,
98 ; Tidal , 98 . ; More Persecution . —M . Madier de Montian , the younger , a Socialist barrister , was sentenced on Wednesday by the Court of Police Correctionnelle of Paris to six months' imprisonment , and to pay a fiue of 100 francs for having violently resisted a magistrate in the execution of his duty at an electoral meeting . A Second Lieutenant of the 8 ih Legion of the National Guard of Paris was sentenced on 'Wednesday by court-martial to ten years' imprisonment for having joined in the insurrection of June . M- Dnchene , the editor of the ultra-democratic papet , . 'Le Peuple / was arrested on Saturday , in Mfllment Of divers judgments against him , involving , in ajlj five years ' imprisonment and 12 , 000 trancs fine . *
Progress of Socialism ix the . Army . —A letter from Bordeaux , of the 11 th inst ., states that a lieutenant of the Garde Mobile , in garrison in that city , having at a Socialist banquet cried ' Vive la Bepubliaue Democratique et Soeiale , * was placed under arrest . Some privates of his company having made an attempt to rescue him , were imprisoned The remainder of the battalion raised the most seditions cries , and it became necessary for the Prefect to proceed to their barracks at the head of five companies of the 45 th Regiment of the line and the General commanding the division to reduce the battalion of Mobiles to obedience . ..
Twenty private of the 18 ih Regiment of the Line , in garrison in Paris , were marched from the capital at an early hour on Sunday morning last , in consequence of their well-known Socialist principles . A second detachment was under orders to march on M onday fisr a similar reason . At Chalons-sur-Saone , on the 11 th inst , the garrison made a grand Socialist demonstration . AU the soldiers and officers paraded the streets , crying out J Ybre la . RepnbUque Democratique et Soeiale / They iihen vent to their barracks , forced open the gate which had been shut , and liberated some of their comrades , vrho had been incarcerated for political causes . : ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦¦¦ ¦ -
At Bourges , wheresome officers of the 42 nd took the part of the accused there , seven officers of that regiment have been placed on the retiring list Regiments who were about to rote in a hostile sense are said to have been stopped in tie exercise of the right WYestedlaihem .. 1 E 0 V FATJCHER KICKED OUT ! In the Assembly on Monday there was more confusion and uproar this has been known for a long time . M . Mallard questioned ministers as to a telegraphic despatch addressed to the prefects hy the Minister of the Interior . This despatch announee £$ » . result ef the vote of Friday ; the sames of iner « pr <>? Btative 5 who had voted against # e order < jfft « day bei ng glrea , M , M « Sl « rd ,
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amidst a great uproar , co m ?^ re ( j these t \ , e famous electorali . ulletins w /^^ a dbeen disavowed ; and asked was there no ^ ^ connex ^ u befween those bulletins . and the t ^ rspWc ,- ' aftlp atches ; he fiadmentioned . ^ v ^ - \ j - ^ . i s £ i ;] y The Minister of t ' jiejlnteridr said he had ^ ohly performed an imperious duty hy acting as he had done . It was of the ^ uin io ' st necessity * ° re move the auxfety wuich haJi [ j een fett in the departme ' nts . . , . _ ¦ - . <• . M . Marquis read a letter . from Beauvais , stating that he had beenannounce' , in a ietter written thither , as having voted for , ' ^ hen he had in truth voted against , the order of thf day .- M . Faucher again explained ; upon which ^ Lagranffe ascended the tribune , a » d ^ * . accordm < rtoSie amugement miu
made oy me ^ e - . . f ; t& Iaterior f the Garde M blle rJcin wh ^ ^ e to : vote . It was , he said , upon a body on wh ^ th had showered praises that ! u 1 ° VaSS ¦ * Z' ° - But tbey ^ done more ; they had dared ¦ gay that but for tke vote of inday , the see - ^ flf f me wouMj , are been renewed . r 1 S f xl continued M . Lagrange , — " you , who foment dis- jfders „ ( 1 < BravO f bravo , " and great t ^ V iih lasted a me time . ) , jndehaux got up >¦ to . complain of the des-^ atcU "' sent by the Minister of the Interior into the d . jientof theYonne , and read a letter which ? j - a that in all the departments the electoral cause 5 ? been lost to the opposition by this manoeuvre . ^ ' i called upon the Assembly to put in force against . ne ministry the article of the constitution which punishes with imprisonment for a month , and a tine of 2 , 000 f ., all those who have fraudulently manoeuvred to influence the election .
An ordre dujour motive in that sense was then proposed . " -.--. . . - ¦ . . ; A voice— "What , has the government nothing to say ? The Minister of the Interior again rose to explain , but was scarcely heard amidst the noise of cross questions that succeeded each other . , M . Baraguay d'Hilliers proposed the simple order oftbe day . ' ¦ ¦ ,, After some further discussions the Assembly proceeded to vote on M . Maillard ' s proposal , which was thus worded ; " The National Assembly , blaming the despatch of the 12 ih of May addressed by the Minister of the Interior to the prefects , passes to the order of the day . " ¦ -, ¦ . . .. "¦ The result was for , the proposition 519 ; against it 5 ! ! 1
The Moniteur announces that at the rising of the Assembly the 3 finister of the Interior placed his resignation in the hands of the President of the Republic .
CENIRAL GERMANY . In the sitting of the German Parliament , of the 10 th instant , a letter was read from the ; President oftheRepent ' s Cabinet , Baron . Gagera , ^ informing the house that the Cabinet had submitted a programme to the approval of his highness the . Regent , pointing out the measures . which the Cabinet advised wSth mpeet to the . disturbances which had been occasioned by the attempted execution of the constitu'ion ; that the Regent had objected to the programme , aod ! that the members of the Cabinet had , consequently , resigned . After an animated debate , in which a motion was made to send a deputation to the Regent , the following resolutions were moved by M . Reden , and adopted by the Assembly , with a majority of fortyone votes : —
• Whereas the resolutions of this house , of the 28 th of April and the 4 th of May instant , claim the le ^ al co-operation of the people for the execution of the constitution of the empire , and this house having in the said resolution summoned the Governments , the Legislative Assemblies , the districts of the individual states , and the whole of the German people to assist in effectuating the constitution ; and * Whereas the resistance of certain governments against the constitution , and against the sympathies of the German people for the same , has , in some parts of Germany , led to attempts at forcible oppression ; and considering the effect of such m easures ,
which , equally reprehensible with anarchical movements , have disturbed the peace of the empire , and threaten still further to disturb it ; and considering the provisions of the law of the 8 th of June , 1848 , by which the Regent alone is entitled and bound to " preserve the said peace ; and , finally , whereas the provisional Central Power is legally entitled to the executive in all affairs concerning the safety and welfare of the German Federal States , and to the chief command of the whole of the armed power , ' and legally bound to use every means within the said limits to preserve or restore the peace of the empire ;' —the German Pa ; liament resolves , viz . : —
' The gross violation of the peace of the empire of which the Prussian Government has been guilty by its unauthorised interference in the kingdom of Saxony shall be repressed by all available means . Public tranquillity and safety shall be preserved , but the endeavours of the people and their representatives to execute the constitution of the empire shall be protected against constraint and oppression . ' It was next resolved to send a deputation to the Regent to urge him to form a Cabinet which would undertake to execute the above resolutions . The deputies returned after a short absence , and . made a report , from which it appeared that the Archduke had received them with something like a sneer , and that his reply to their petition was both curt and evasive . The house resolved to refer this report to the Committee of Safety .
The Congress of the German political clubs terminated its labours at Frankfort on the 8 th instaftt , by issuing two proclamations , one to the German nation and the other to the German army . The former « ets forth that the moment has arrived in ivhich life and property must be risked for the freedom of fatherland ; that the constitution voted by the representatives of the people had been disowned by rebellious governments , and that all persons should arm in defence of it . The latter proclamation asserts that the more powerful princes of Germany are rebels to the will and to the law of the nation , and are endeavouring to make German soldiers participate in the rebellion , and fi ^ ht in the cause of Russian despotism .
FRANKFORT , May 12 . —Vice-Presidenfc Reh opened the sitting of the German National Assembly at half-past nine , a . m . An address from Nuernberg was read , declaring adherence to that body . The members then proceeded-to thfc election of a prcsu dent , when the choice fell on Reh from Darmstadt . The President , Reh , then expressed the conviction that now more than ever it is the imperious duty of all to resist the" two enemies of Germany , reaction and anarchy' ( at this lattefword hisses from the left . ) Several motions were rejected or withdiawn ; on the other hand , that of Backhaus was carried by 163 votes against 142 ; two declining voting . It is as follows : — .
' The Imperial Assembly resolves : —1 . That the collective armed power of Germany , inclusive of the Landwehr and the National Guard , is solemnly to be sworn to the constitution as finally decreed . 2 . The temporary central power is summoned to execute without delay what is requisite thereto / in so far as the proper steps have not as yet been taken spontaneously by the individual states . PURE MILITARY TYRANNY ESTABLISHED
IN PRUSSIA . :. . ... Berlin , May 11 . —The despotic ( humour of the government is looking daily more serious , and pregnant -with more dismal results . - Their ' Staats-AnzeSger' last nightproclaimed th&octfoyment of a law , which places the whole of P ; t ) S 8 > & in the hands of the military force . To give an idea at the reach of this ordinance , it suffices to quote , a single article . The highest military authority in a district is
empowered on his own responsibility , not only to declare that district In a state of siege , but to suspend all the main liberties of the subject , such as inviolability of domicile , freedom ef the press , right of assembly and so forth . Therefore , while this decree has the virtue of law , difference between Prussia and Turkey ia purely ; , geographical ; for , politically , no Turkish Pacha has a more extensive privilege than is here assigned i * the chief moustache of a Prussian district .
SUPPRESSION OF , THE SAXON INSURREC-¦ tion . ^ .,. ¦ ¦ ; " .. . - . ¦ . ¦¦; , ;¦' The combat in the streets of Dresden lasted all day long on the 7 th . The troops gained some considerable advantages in the afternoon of that day , for v ? hen they were almost overcome with fatigue , and on the point of retreating from the attacks of the insurgents , they were reinforced by a fresh battalion of . Prussian Grenadiers , ; who continued the engagement ., A factory near the Zwinger was then taken by a detachment of the Saxon troops , while the corner house oUheOatra-alley was carried by the Prussian Fusiliers , of which the Tirailleurs ad . vancd to the booths behind the General
Postoffice . On the left vdng of the battle the military acquired possession of the' Neumarkt , the Frauten gassp , the Moritzstrasse , and of Pirria and Rampestreet , while there was a deal of smart skirmishing on ^ he promenade , . near . the shambles and near « heGewandhaus ... The lolteit combat took pUc « near the Hotel de Saxe ' and the Hotel de Rome , and : on the '¦ Neumarkt . at tl , e SfltffiRW Of « bc ; ' MQ . ntz . pc e , TW ' artillery
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operated here , and vras followed up by a bayonet charge of Prussian and Saxish . battalions . The loss of the troops was comparatively small . Their strength was re-inforced in the morning of the 8 th byahother battalion of Prussian foot . Dresden , May 9 . — -After , a dreadful night , in which people have been shaken up out of their sleep by the tolling of the deep bells from the church towers over the river , with-alarms o ( fire , and by constant discharges of cannon and musketry , at' ten o'clock this morning we hear that the soldiers have won the town . The firing stopped at half-past
. , , ,. ., The greater part of the insurgents , and with them the triumvirate of the provisional government , have escaped . Their last hold in the town was the large square- of the old -market ; and from thence they made good their retreat early this morning through the Friberg gate towards that town , seven leagues on the S . W ., dispersing the pickets of cavalry , which were posted to intercept fugitives . Fr iberg furnished the insurgent cause with many of its sturdiest adherents ,. sending a volunteer corps of excellent roarkgraen to the aid of the citizens . . Dresden , and the country . about for twelve miles , has been declared under martial law . General Von Schirndingie appointed military commanderin-chief . ¦ .
The Austrian colonel , Prince of Schwarzburg-Radolstadt , was murdered , ' with his servant , by the Prussians , who stormed the Hotel . de Rome . They were both despatched by bayonets . . May 10 .- —This morning I returned to . the Altstadt . Crowds of the curious were wandering througtl the ruined streets . Among these were many faces pale with emotion , and streaming with tears . Along the Ostra alley the lime trees were shattered by 12-pounders , and some stretched their leafy ruin across the street . Biers were continually meeting one , with colourless lips peeping from the breathing-hole in the blankets which covered them .
INSURRECTIONS IN > THE RHINE PROVINCES . A letter from Elberfeld-of the 8 th inst . ' , in the 1 b'isscldorfer Zeitung , ' states that riots of a very serious nature took place in that city on the 7 th . and 8 tb . Elberfeld was , the meeting-place of the Landwehr from the manufacturing districts of Rhenish Prussia , when that formidable body / of militia consulted about the . steps to be taken , and , resolving to obey the dictates of the Frankfort Cabinet , refused to assemble and listen to the commands of the Prussian minkters , Brandenburg and Manteuffel . Large bodies of troops of the line were consequently sent
to Elberfeld to reduce the Landwehr . bui ; it appears these troops used very little speed , for they had not arrived there on the evening of the 7 th . In consequence of some , misunderstanding between the Landwehr and the municipal authorities , the former captured the Mayor of Elberfeld , M . Von Carnap , who , however , succeeded in making his escape after a short confinement . The furious crowd then proceeded to demolish the Casino . The night passed { midst the greatest excitement , and when the post left , on the morning of the 8 th , the various companies of the Landwehr , fully armed and organised , had taken up their position near the railroad terminus to repel any advance of the troops that might come by railway .
The great meeting of the deputies from the town councils of the Rhenish province was held on the 8 th , in the noble hall of the Casino in this city . The deputies ,, after a long and animated discussion , agreed to a declaration to the effect that they acknowledge the German constitution voted by the Frankfort Assembly as binding ; that during the / johflict originated by the Prussian government , they will take the part of the National Assembly ; that they urge all the inhabitants of the Rhine ; land , particularly all persons capable of bearing arms , to express their determination to abide by the decisions of the National Assembly ; that that assembly be invited to take immediately all necessary : steps for giving
unity and strength to the opposition of the people to the counter-revolution , and also to order the troops of the empire to swear to observe the constitution . The declaration , moreover , expresses the determination , of tbd deputies to the meeting to do all in their power to carry out the constitution , in tbeir respective districts ; calls for the dismissal of ministers and the convocation of the chambers , without any change in the electoral law ; denounces the calling out of the landwebr , as an unnecessary and dangerous measure , and concludes by asserting that , if the declaration of the deputies to the meeting does not meet with proper attention , the greatest dangers will threaten the fatherland , and even Prussia , in its present constitution . . . ¦ ¦ •• .
It may be -added here that the entire declaration was agreed to all but unanimously , and amidst enthusiastic cheers ; and that the concluding sentence was understood to allude to the probable separation of the Rhine province from Prussia , in case . the gorernment persist in its present anti-German and anti-liberal system . The meeting vras , perhaps , the most important ever held in Cologne . ¦ The board of alderman of Cologne have refused to distribute arms- amongst the members of , the dissolved civic guard . It was resolved on the night of the 10 th , at a meeting-efHhVUmdwehr and the reserve , not to obey the summons of the government which have called them out . It was also resolved to solicit public subscriptions , for the purchase of arms . Intense excitement prevails in Cologne . , ;
At Dusse ! dorf , on the night otthe 9 th insfc ., there was an alarming , insurrection . Barricades were erected in numerous parts of the town . During the night and early on the morning of the 10 th , the troops succeeded in dispersing the defenders of the barricades , and in becoming masters of the town . Several lives were Io 3 t on both sides . . . ., The insurrection in Elberfeld continued up to the 10 th inst ., on which day tbe Committee of Safety issued proclamations setting forth that the insurgents were fighting . in the cause of liberty and order , that property should be held sacred , and -that any civic guardsman who refused to take part in the Contest should be compelled to give up his weapons . The wealthy citizens are invited to contribute towards the providing of the insurgents with firearms .
The' Mainzer Zeitung states that a large . meeting took phce at Mannheim on the 8 th instt _ A battalion of foot , was marched up to the meeting , and the word to fire given . The order was obeyed by the sergeants only f the privates grounded arms , and it vra 3 found necessary to withdraw the battalion . ¦ ; "'" ,: ' ., ¦ . ' ¦ The town council of Dasseldorf has dtclared itself en permanence ; has denounced the proceedings of the military authorities , and protested against the publication of martial law as well as agaiust the suspension of certain journals .
THE INSURRECTION IN ELBERFELD . Mav 9 . —The report of cannon is ringing through our town } ic will be a dreadful night ; it is the landwehr fighting with the line—for the first time soldier against soldier . The cause of this , of course you know , is the course of policy pursued by the King of Prussia , . . : The order for the landwehr of this district to assemble for their enlistment on the 10 th ( to-morrow ) arrived here on Sunday morning—just one week after the news bad arrived of the dissolution of the Berlin chambers . It came like a spark into a ' mine . On the same day ; there ' assembled about 2 , 000 landwehr men , who marched , in a body to the
burgomaster of the town , to declare that they would not serve as tools in the hands of a ministry of traitors to the sacred causeof . German union and liberty ; that they would not help to overthrow the Germa " parliament and'constitution , but to uphold } t ^ th ey declared that they would not be enlisted , and that i f one soldierentered the district of Elberfeld for the purpose of forcing them ' ; they would repel force by force . This was the . state of affairs , when , on Monday evening , the report was spread that soldiers were to arrive by ; the railroad from DuBseldorf . ' The landwehr , all armed , hastened to the railway stations , but no soldiers anived . The burgomaster , who was induced to go to the station also ; in order
to take measures 'for' preventing the arrival of troops , was hissed and attacked by a mob , who forced him to take : refuge in a . clubhouse ( the Casino , ) where the mob smashed , every . window . They were driven back by the burgerwehr' ( civic guard . ) Yesterday passed off quietly . To-day about noon the report spread that droops were coming from Cologne and Dusseldprf , andthis report was true . There was ' a great deal brexcite « ment in the town , group ' s conversing in the streets , and crowding to , the railway station ; the landwehi
did not show . themaelve 8 ; it was reported . they expected succour from all .. the . neighbourhood ,- and would . defendthem 8 elve 8 .. Nobody , howeverj seemed to ; thinkof . aseriousresistance . ' At first tber « arrived some troops of lancersrand two cannons , then a battalion of infantry . -Theser had '" ' no sdbner marched into the town and taken position al the Town Hall , than barricades . were , formed ; in every direction . I was ^ convinced the . militar y , had given up « 11 idea of that night forcing , the barricadeB they bad aUoffed . to b « : built almgst under . their eyes ,
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S i of a sudden , t heard tbe roar of artmery , and soon after the fire of musketry , . Nine o'Clock , A . M .-r-Not one barricade has been hrouS fi headend several wounded ; the cannon p SSctuaK The attack seem to ^ h . ye to dven up soon ; but shots were exchanged till four Skin the ' mormng ,: when ^ troops . left Elberfe jd ; the town is now in the hands of , the landwehr . Vo to the i 3 th this important manufacturing hands of the insurgents
town was still entirely in the , nearly all of whom are red republicans . Large contributions of money are levied on the manufacturers , many of whom are held as hostages for the due payments . Amongst others in this unenviable posicion is the brother of Herr van der Heydt , the . Minister of Finance . Armed and unarmed democrats from the neighbouring towns of Solingen , Grafratb , and other places have gone to the aid of the ; insurgents , who , it appears , are determined to hold out to the last , and even to make an attack on Dusseldorf , which is now fully in possession of the troops , and in which martial law , according ; to the provi . sions of the new royal ordonnance ( the one pubshed afew days ago in Berlin ) , has been proclaimed . The lanrtWehr contiaues on the side of the insurgents
in Elberfeld ; . . v It was expected that the troops of the line would commence the attack on Monday , the 14 th , and General von Groben ha * threatened the town witha bombardmem . The comraiUee of safety has issued a proclamation , threatening all persons . with pun ishment who shall violate the rights of property for private purposes .: Amongst the most ; resolute of the insurgents are a number of working men who were imprisoned . some time ago for an attack on -the manufactories and who were released at the commencenient of the outbreak . Immediately on leaving the prison they shot one . of their comrades who during the trial had , they said , played the informer . The inBurgeats are hourly receiving
reinforcements . .. DISTURBANCES IN WESTPHALIA . The last news from Westphalia are such that there can be no doubt this ancient Prussian province wili follow the example of ths Rhenish provinces . Even the landwehr of the : Mark has refused to be enlisted , and the more than- ridiculous attempt is being made to force them by the regiments of the line . The meetings of magistrates at Paderborn , Munster , and Minden , have adopted the Cologne resolutions . ^ , / . . . , . # : ., _ ,. ;; ¦ in sthaliais
¦ : < The town of Warendorf , Wep , , ; being blockaded by four battalions of . the line , horse and foot , which were . sent there from Munster ( the capi . talof Westphalia ) on the Illh-to reduce the refractory landwehr of : that place . The , gates of Warendorf are closed against . the soldiers , but no collision took p lace up . to . the time the post left . A most determined insurrection is feared in the Westphalian city of Hamm . Aletter from Berlin , in "the 'Kolner Zsitung' , states , that the Brandenburg Manteuffel Cabinet are prepared to go to all lengths against tlie iiisurrection of the Rhenish provinces , and of Westphalia .
DISTURBANCES IN SILESIA . The Kolner Zeitung' contains letters from Breslau of the 7 th inst ., from which it , appears that the capital of Silesia was on that . daythe scene of some desperate riots . A large meeting had been convoked , in the vicinity of the town , but it was repressed by order of the government authorities of the province . Another meeting was held in another place , and at its conclusion a body of rioters , who
had attended the meeting , proceeded , to the Town Hall , in order to induce the Burgermeister to convoke the magistrates . Large bodies of troops were posted . 'in the different squares , in . the face of whom the people constructed barricades ,. Some bayonet charges and some discharges of musketry ensued , and it appears that the disorders continued up to a Jate hour of the night . -A proclamation of the Commanding General declares the city of Breslau and its environs in a state of siege .
Later accounts state that tranquillity has been restored . Thelossof' the troopi is officially set down at four killed , and seventeen wounded . Amongst the former are two officers .
: - INSURRECTION IN BAVARIA . May 7 . —Neustadt and : Spire are in open insurrection ; barricades have been erected . The Prussian troops were unable to enter Spire . The Bavarian soldiers have . rejected the officers , and have made common cause with the people . Woem 3 , May 11 . —Lud wigshafen was taken in the night by the insurrectionary national , guard of WorroS ) Osthof ,, and Frankenthal , under ; the command of CoIoneiBlehkner . ; the troops , who were quartered thereto the number of 100 , and 400 men sent from Spire to recapture it , made common cause with the insurgents , and swore fealty to th « constitution . They were all sent off to Neastadt , where the army of the people is collecting . Reinforcements arrive from all quarters .
The report that the fortress of Landau was on the evening of ( he 9 th inst ., in the hands of the people , and that a mutiny in the garrison had occasioned its surrender , is now officially declared to be untrue .
= BOHEMIA . PRAGUE , Mat 10 . —Martial law has jast been proclaimed here and in the immediate district around . The principal'parts of the city are barri > caded and occupied by the troops . The press is suspended , and Use political authorities placed under the control of the military . The prevalent feeling among ' . " the inhabitants is ratber that of surprise than - irritation . The members of the Slovanska Lipa ( already well known in the days of June ) ,. Gantsch and Rott , have been arrested . —
. THE WAR IN HUNGARY . A letter from Vienna , of the 5 th , mentions that Jellachich had been cut off , and had taken refuge in Esseg . ( Edenhurg is , said to be taken by the Hungarians . , ' ( From the < Times . ' ) ; We have received our Vienna papers and letters of the 8 th inst . They contain news of a defeat which the : Austrian are stated to have suffered , though-the locality , of the alleged battie was not sufficiently established at Vienna on the 8 th . Our correspondent ' s summary of the details ol sundry conabats , of which rumours were afloat , warrants the conclusion to which , he has come—viz ., that the defeat of the Imperialists must have been very severe , no matter where it took place . In our former
number we mentioned that General Welden ' s headquarters were atCEdehburg ; the bulk of his army was then-at Presburg , 'and another corps occupied Altenburg . The positions > of AHenliurg and ( Edenburg are connected by . a succession of entrenchments along the banks of theLaytha , and this position enabled General , ' Welden to prevent the Hungarians from crossing into Austria . An attack upon Pmbarg would have been both difficult and dangerou * . • It appears now that the Hungariaris tooka pircuitous Avay round Presburg , arid , crossing the Danube on several points , attacked the two Imperialist corps at .- Altenburg arid ( Edenburg . A murderous fight is stated to have taken place at each of these points , and the only certain news we have of these engagements is of their results The Imperial . ists suffered severely ; ' '
They were forced to retreat from tbeir positions . Altenburg and ( Edeubufg were occupied ^ by the Hungarians . . ' It would appear that there is now nothing to prevent ; the latter from taking possess on of Vienna , if the i capture of . the Austrian capital agrees with their , plans .,,. : : . v'i ... : We learn from ; theBanat , that the' Austrian General Rukowina , having given orders for another levy from the German district of , the Banat , the inhabitants refused - ta obey the order , and eventually sent their young menI ' . ' tp the Hungarian army . At Criariouj in the Banat , the Impe rial colours were torn to pieces , and the Hungarian tricolour hoisted in theit ' atead . v ,: * .-. :.-. - ' ¦< - ¦ ¦¦ : ¦ " :: ' - "; S -
. . Vienna , May 9 i—Concerning ; the entrance ; of the Russians , we now learn the following from Mest « k , on the 7 th of May ; ' : ~ « On that iay r 25 , QQQ fiius | siaainfantryand 8 , 000 cavalry entered Ostran , two Germati ^^ miles , 'off , apd wereipartly furthered by the railway to Hungary ! , ' jTwoi columns marched yesterday through Saissusch to . Jablunka . ' . . ¦' , ¦ ¦ ¦
- -:- ^ TH ^^ U ? SIANqNVASION . , ; - - \ ' .,.. One hundred and ' ; 8 & tKousanU ^^ Rjisafen troopa , under the command of Prince . Paskiewicz , inclusive of 23 , 000 cavalry , ' are ; bn their , way ^ and partiy on Austrian soili 17 , 000 entered ohthe 4 thV . The ' following ^ day 22 j 000 men and ; H ; 450 horses also passed througH'Gracbw-. On " thei ' 8 th , ' 15 , 000 men crossed the frontier at Tarnogtb'd , and 26 , 000 at Bfody , with 9 , 800 horses ; ^ On ; the ; Sth ; vI 7 , aor entered ^ olosezyz , and on thellth-9 , 000 wereta follow ; at IIus-S ^ IPC t he a e exclusiTe ' of the two .- large corps destined [ for : Transy variia . The Gerierauludiger attdTschcodajeff wvdfa PaMwik --
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MILITARY IN ^ UBRECTION IN ^ DEN . - It was officially announced in' Fra « Jfbrt , on the 13 th inst ., that four : battalions of Baden tioops stationed at Rastadt had revolted , killed iivo of the r officers , and proclaimed the republic . The insu . gents are complete masters of the fortress , ; as well » s ot all the militavy stores . .... , ,, A battalion has also revolted in Lorrach , killeil tue colonel , and joined ia the republican movement . It is asserted that Offenbur ^ is also in insurrection , and that a general republican rcovemcut alt through Baden may be expected . RUMOURED INSURRECTION IN VIENNA . ' Le Temps' announces that a formidable insurrection broke out at Vienna on the . lOth inst .
-THE WAR IN SOHELSWIOr-flOLSTEIN . Hamburg , May 9 . —The news received last night of a battle being fought the day before yesterday near Fridricia , is confirmed officially by this morning ' s train . It lasted seven hours , from nine in the morning until four in the afternoon . The Danes were attacked by the Schleswig-Holateiners between the villages of' Bjert and Gudsoe . The assailants are now encamped within gun-shot of that fortress . It is expected that Fridricia will not be able to stand a siege , the works being so extensive that it would require a much more numerous uvmy to defend them than the Danes can muster .
ITALY . THE SIEGE OF ROME . , ( From the ' -Times . ' ) Private letters from Terracina , of the 29 th ult announce that at an early hour on that morning a Spanish squadron appeared before that town and summoned it to surrender . The authorities instantly submitted . The King of Naples entered the town a few hours afterwards . The Spanish troops gave possession ol the forts , with the usual formalities , to the Neapolitan troops which accompanied the King . His Majesty commanded that the Spanish marines and artillerymen should take their place in the column of march immediately after his person and before his guard . The town remained perfectly tranquil . ' . . ¦ ¦• ¦ '
The ? Corriere Mercantile' of , Genoa , of the 5 tW inst . has .. an , account of the attack . upon Ron ? e , which , generally agrees with what we have already communicated to our readers from different sources . We find it mentioned in this account " that Garibaldi was the hero of the day , and received a slight wound , which , however , did not prevent him from taking an active part , in the remainder of . the action . After the French had : retreated , they sent to Rome for surgeons and physicians , who were readily allowed to go ; all the wounded French remaining on the field were carried into the hospitals by the Romans . It is also stated that the latter have made 300 prisoners ; On the part of the Romans the loss amounted to twentv killed and 100 wouaded . The
following proclamation was issued by the Constituent Assembly : — ' Valorous Citizens!— -You have ratified our decree of resistance with your blood . By encountering yesterday the French forces , you have deserved well of the country . Let ; the tombs of the fallen be the altars of our Republican faith . But our enemies are not yet destroyed ; to-day , perhaps , or . to-morrow , they will attempt a new attack , and we shall . he to-morrow what we were yesterday . What if our enemies increase ? Our courage and our constancy will increase also . Your brethren of the provinces , are already on the , way to divide ulory and dan ? er with you . The citizens of Viterbo have already joined us . Let us persevere . In Rome you defended Italy and the Republican cause of the world . ' ¦ . :-. . , ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
: By various acts of the Triumvirate , the cinzens are invited to bring their silver and gold to the mint , and accept treasury bills in return . The French residing at Rome are placed under the protection of the nation , and any insult to them will be considered treason against Roman honour . In the case of an attack by the enemy all the bells of the city are to sound the alarm . The town is considered in a state of siege , journals suspended , and a military commission instituted , as well as a central commission of barricades .
The following bulletin was issued by the Minister of War , Arvezzana . — ' Rome , April 30 , 8 p . m . — Ahout 10 a . m . a part of the French division vigorously attacked our troops , on the point of San Pancrazio , and the enclosure which surrounds the Vatican . Our brave republican soldiers have . confirmed , by their deeds , that they are worthy sons of the Brutuses and Scipios . The enemy was repulsed on every side . A new Brennus challenges you . Will you belie your origin ? This soil has witnessed innumerable acts of the loftiest heroism . People , ye are bom free ; ye have been lords of the- world ! Will you accept the chains of slavery ?—' The exact detail will be gi \ en to-morrow . — Giuseppe Avezzana , the Minister of War /—The following is from ' Galignani ' s Messenger : '— We have received the following from a correspondent at Rome , on whose Correctness we can relr , dated the 1 st ;—
' Yesterday the city , gates , within gunshot of St . Peter's , were attacked by the advanced guard ( 5 , 000 men ) of General Oudinot ' s force , and , after a severe conflict , were repulsed with great loss on ihe part ol the French they lost about 1 , 5000 jnen ( comprising 345 prisoners , amongst them thirteen officers of rank . It is superfluous to say that the French fought with great bravery , but they were met by men of equal courage , and the conflict was desperate . The Romans defended the barricades with about 3 , 000 men and an immense number of the citizens , including women . The Romans had a ieserve of about 10 , 000 men , troops and volunteers , who were not allowed to act , in order to be kept fresh for a renewal of the attack , which is expected hourly . The Romanshave lost eighteen offieers ' and about 210 m . n , some of them belonging to the
most respectable families in Rome . General Oudmot must have been deceived , as he calculated on a reactionist party in Rome that doeB notxxist . It must be admitted that the Romans have not much republicanism in them , but they are unanimously op posed to the restoration of a government of all Cardinals " and Jesuits . Reinforcements are hourly coming into the city , so that if the attack is renewed the . los 8 of life and destruction of property must be immense , as the city will be defended street by street . The French prisoners have been treated with the greatest humanity , attd surgeons and pro « visions have been sent out by the Romans to the French campi The Romans , who sympathise wub the French , are astounded at this unexpected attack from a Government of Republicans , and a paople whom they have never offended .
( From the ' Daily News . ' ) Rome , May 2 . —The French seem to have got quite enough of Roman intervention 5 and are in full retreat to their ships . The government consented to send them the prisoners , ' as they had a battalion in Civita Vecchia under durance , which they restored on receipt of their own people . We are not likely to see them again , as the National Assembly in Paris is now enlightened sufficiently as to the'factious minority' supposed all along to manage Rome . ' This factious gang is now composed ; of nearly 50 , 000 fighting men , who have come U {) from Vjferbo , Fjyojj , and all the nei g hbouring towns to the rescue of the capital . : I really do not
think that an array of 100 , 000 men could force its way into Rome just now . Every part of the town is bristling with cannon , and blocked iip ; Vwith ponderous barricades , and ; as to pluck thero , never . was seen such enthusiasm . The women afone are enough to make the town too hot for foreign invadersmost of them have put on the breeches and shoulder a firelock , pike , or long cutlass . Piles of paving stones are ticketed for their use ' armiperledonne , ' hut they will not confine themselves to mere projectiles . It " was curious to see the mob breaking into
the Spanish Embassy Palace , where they understood arms were to be found , the said arms being a lot left there by Olivares in the time of the Spanish Armada , and being matchlocks of a very grotesque character ; but every thing in the shape of a weapon isin request now . ; All- the' villas ' and' pleasure grounds round Rome withi p gun shot from th ' e ' waUs have been ; levelled to the ground to prevent ' shelter for the ' eheitiyir v I verily believe that , if itwereHecessary the Romans would not hesitate to blow up St . Peter ' s basilica . . ' -V . , . ;;¦ , „; , ' . ;
The . Neapolitan troops , are said to be at Albano and are expected to-morro w God help the poor wretches If-for as sureaSitbey come within range of the Roman-firelocks :-their business is done .- It is said they ; are ten ; or twelyetlibusand strongl with Kin £ ;^ mb 1 ?; : » Pe 18 ^ as : their ; general V a great . Thefuneralntea for the slain ; in the late battle look place today . . The bodies' ( Ikfore ^ bS ass ^ v- ^ r ^^ "* 2 & . - s ^ djor their soul ^ ere placed ; on tKe top of the SK > h r ^ V ^ ^ ' pa ^ aed thus ^ to the tm of the Capitol . Autonelli ' s Carriages have been tound , and were burnt at noon , ' amid immense execration . . . .. ; : ' ,.,.,,,, ,.,. '¦" ., ' ,, ; . ' .,.,. ; . ¦ .. , ¦ .. „/ ., " ? a < ife Ventura ' ; and P . ^ avazzi / are the Kfe land soul o ( the popular uprising . An immenae nuuiQer
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of the clergy- have joined in- the raxks and encourage the masses . Spaniards may come as well as Lazzaroni , but' few , few . will part where many meet- and the myrmidons of despotism willleara what it is to come ' into collision with regenerated freemen . . . ¦ - ¦¦ ,.. , 1 . ¦ , May 3 . —The King of Naples , who has good correspon ( i " . nts in Rome , is in a most desperate fix , or rather'funk . ' He is some ten or twelve miles off with ten ; or twelve thousand followers , and has halted , perfectly astounded at the Meat of the French and the announcement that there are- . 50 000 musket men ready to greet him in that Eternal City . The upshot of the affair will be an immediate advance of some 20 , 000 Romans to cut off his retreat , and put the whole of them to the
sword . - . * ¦" .. . . ' ... , . The ardour of the population is something tern , bly awful , and the sp irit of old Rome is evoked from its grave of centuries . ( From the Morning Chronicle . ' ) Thursday , May 3 . —Yesterday some partial en . easements took place with the retreating French troops between Monteroneand Pola , about half , way to Civita Vecchia . They were pursued by Garribaldi ' s division , but towards evening orders were despatched by telegraph to desist from active operations , as the government of Rome wished not to make war on the French Republic , but to confine itself strictly to defensive measures . Accounts
received from the French prisoners speak of the feeling of their troops as . very favourable to the Romans , the men being heartily disgusted with the work they have in hand . . We are now in niomenrary expectation of the arrival of the Nrapolitans , Meanwhile , the preparations for a vigorous defence of the city against all assailants have not been interrupted for a moment . The gates are now either blocked up or made nearly impassaWe by formidable entrenchments in front and rear . We improve ia tbe art of constructing barricades , those last made being a great advance on the first essays j there aremany beautiful specimens to be seen in the region of the Quirinai , for example ( in the Via della Quatro Fontane particularly ) , and in the Corso , close to the Piazza , del Popolo . ; Solid mounds of earth carefully
laid down , faced with paving or other stones , sre feet in height , with ugly trenches hi front of the same depth , would certainly present considerable obstacles to the passage of troops , and if resolutely defended , perhaps insurmountable . ' There is a commission of barricades , with an eHgineer , to organise the system . It would be a great mistake to suppose that there is any want of arms in Rome ; a Dutch speculator , M . Bouquier , has lately brought the go . vernment , 4 , 000 muskets , besides other supplies . These and other measures may be held to plaea us eut of all danger from a coup de main ,- a regular siege would be a costly undertaking , and I do not think either French or Neapolitans—not even the Spaniards , if they should come ( though they once sacked Rome)—will have the courage to c 6 tnmit the barbarous atrocity of ah effective bombardment .
Last night there was a famous row in the Corso , the only thing approaching to one I have seen during my atay ia Rome . Most of the cardinals' carriages had been used up for a barricade in the neighbourhood of the Roman Chancery ( where the National Assembly now sits ) , but three or four remained , which were finally disposed of on this occasion . They were drawn in procession along the Corso as far as the barricades , attended by an immense concourse of persons of all classes , shouting clapping hands , and chanting patriotic songs . Clustered round each carriage was a group of National Guards and enfanls du peuplehacking and hewing
, away with axes , swords , and pickaxes al the fabric which was once consecrated to the use of some member of the Sacred Congregation . The work of demolition having ucencompleted . the fragments were borne off to the Piazza del Popolo , in the midst of which a handsome bonfire was speedily kindled , by way of euthanasia for the relics . What will Exeter-hall say to this ? The . scene would have delighted the orthodox men of the old school , the abhorrers of the Scarlet Lady and the abominations of Babylon , and have warmed Messrs . Plumptre and Newdegate . Sir Culling Smith , and the rest , to the . very cockles of their hearts ;
' A manifesto , just issued by the commission of the barricades ( composed of the deputies Cernuschi , Cattabenini , and Caldesi ) , says : — « General Oudioofc promised to pay for everything in ready money . Well ; let him pay them for the tapestries of Raphael svhich have been pierced by French bullets ; let him pay the injuries—nay , the insults , which have been inflicted on Michael Angelo . Napoleon , at ieast , gave shelter to our master-pieces at Paris ,
and in this manner Italian genius obtained in the admiration of foreig ners a compensation for the wrongs of conquest . "Cut not so to-day ; the French government invades our territory , and pushes its extraordinary predilection for Rome to the point of wishing . to destroy it rather than leave it exposed to the impatience of the terrible Zucchi , and to the menaces of Radetzky and Gioberti , both disiant this week from the Tiber . General Oudinot is the most
important of our enemies . The Republic owes them gratitude . Do you know why ? I 5 ecause } whilst the Imperialists are occupying ! without striking a blow , the Alessandria of Charles Albert , it is a rare glory for Italy that the Rome of the psople repulses honourably the Republicans of France , whom a , villanous government launches against you , characterising you as robbers and assas * sins . And the Popes ? Let us preserve for their memory the balls which will solemnly celebrate the anniversary of the pontifical encyclical letter . Enough . Lst us say no more of kingdoms and triple kingdoms : let us think now of the barricades : let us think of our honour , which we
ought completely to vindicate . Rome , hue Scievola , has placed its arm on the burning brazier , and sworn . The three hundred of Scievola routed Porsenna . The history of Rome is not yet finished I Fridai ' , May 4 . —Yesterday afternoon , it seems some of the Neapolitan troops were observed in the neighbourhood of Velletri , a place about twenty mi ] eg south-east of Rome , and tin ' s morning ai * eonnoimnce is being executed in that direction by light troops and cavalry sent forth from this beleaguered city .
Fresh feelings of anxiety have been awakened here by the news , which has come to us from Pans , that the Spanish = government has finally resolved upon sending a corps of 12 , 000 men here , to be commanded , it is said , by the primero matador , Narvaez , the sanguinary , in jj ^ opria persona . It is not that . we set more value here upon the Spaniards , as combatants , than upon the Neapolitans , but the former are such thorough barbarians iu everything relating to war , that there is no
knowing to what atrocities they mig ht proceed ; and the reunion ef three hostile armies against Rome , with fresh reinforcements , it may be , to the French , would darken the prospect considerably . It is not forgotten that in the days of Charles V ., aud in the hottest days of Popish bi gotry , a Spanish army was found capable of giving over the Eternal City to fire and slaughter 5 and it is Relieved that the modern ' Spaniards are quite capable of imitating the conduct of their ancestors in that respect . ,: '
I send you the following proclamations , as the best evidence I can adduce of the spirit prevailing here , for , I must say that public feeling seems to be fully up with them : —! Romans ! A body of the Neapolitan arafi having passed the frontier , threatens' to move ! a « wards Rome . Their intent is to establish thaPoj « as absolute master in temporality . Their arras are prosecut ion , ferocity , and devastation . The King , to whom Europe lias ' decreed the name of bom * harder of his own sabjects , hides himself i «' ranks ; and the most- inexorable ¦ amongst tbe con * spirators of Ga ' eta' stand around . Romans ! ^«
have conquered the first assailants ; wew ' ilU 011 ' quer ; the second .: The-Wood of the bes t oi t ^ Neapolitan patriot 8 , V the : blood of , our br others ot Sicily , weighs upon' the head of the traitor KM God , ' who blinds the perverse ; and gives stre » S ? to ; the / defenders of , the right , chooses yon , « Romans ! yforjheir avengers . May tbe will of « ° * and ! our : country be rdone !' In the name of ^ rights which belong to ' every country-in tbe 3 " ^ of the duties which devolve upon Rome to ^ Italy and ; -Europe-in the name of the 7 " a others who hav e / cutted that King , « , jU Roman mothers who will bless the defenders 0 ' " -ivwhu iiiyvuuil T 1 UU VT 11 L UIGDO V * H 3 UCIV" «— -. rf .
cbildren—irt the name-of our liberty , ourh " ^ and our . conscience—in the name of God & „ ¦[ p ' ebple , ' we will resist . We will resist , 5 oId ^ ia * people capital and province ^ Let ^ Rome w , 0 Jable as eternal justice . We have experie" ^ ^ in order to conquer it suffices not to fe » Long lire the Republic } ' ip ! b TheTriumvirs-Auniium , Saiti , Ma ** * 'RomeiMay 2 , 1849 ;'' . « #$ > ft has been ascertained to-day that t be ) ' fo * tan advanced posts are at Genzano , f bre p lot miles nearer Rome than Velletri . * thickens . ' ¦ ' : - ' ( Continued W thi # w »* ^^
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 19, 1849, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1523/page/2/
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