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      CALIFORNIA ! ( From the 2 few York Tribune . ) From every shore they gather in , From every clime they come , O ' er -weary mile 3 of desert land And leagues of ocean foaai . Through the passes of the mountains Pour in an eager horde , For the first time hent on labour , Each savage forest lord . The heaver and the Irafialo May unmolested run , For the lonely mountain trapper lias laid aside his gun ; Aside the hard y p ioneer HU trusty axe lias cast , The iron hands of labour

      Clip the golden fleece at last ! From the sunny Southern Island , From the Asiatic coast , The Orient and Occident Are mingled in the host . The gloaming Stir of Empire Has for ever stayed its way , And its -western limb is resting O ' er San Francisco Bay . A hundred sails already swell To catch the trilling breeze , A hundred keels are cleaving * Through the blue Atlantic seas ; Pull many a thousand leagues behind Their tardy course is borne , For a hundred masts already strain Beyond the stormv Horn .

      Soon from the Channel of St . George , Aud from the Levant shore , To swell the emigrating tide Another host shall pour To that far land beyond the "West "Where Labour lords the Soil , And thankless tasks shall ne ' er be done By unrequited Toil . To the giant chain of mountains "Whose summits clad with snow , pissolve their crystal treasures On the fertile vales below ; "Where the golden veins are slumbering Beneath their glistening crest , like the rich veins of life concealed Beneath a snowy breast . To the hanks of distant rivers

      "Whose flashing waves have rolled For long and countless centuries Upon neglected Gold ; "Where Nature holds a double gift Within her lavished hand , And teeming fields of yellow grain Strike root in golden sand . like the Wand of an Enchantress Our starry Flag shall wave O ' er as fair a gift of Empire As Nature ever gave , And the people of the Nations

      From every distant Zone , Beneath its proudly floating folds Are gathered into one . It waves on high ; responsive Peace Has breathed on land and sea ; It waves again : responsive spring Order , Law and liberty . Again it waves ; a State starts up At once mature and young , As when from out the head of Jove The full-armed Goddess sprung . 2 Cot to luxurious Xobles ,

      2 fot to degenerate Kings , The Sacramento ' s laden ware Its precious tribute brings ; To rear no gorgeous palaces , To build no jewelled fanes , The Gold of El Dorado shine 3 Upon San Joaquin's plains ; But to speed the step of Progress To nerve the arm of Strength , And yield to all a competence The time has come at length ; An image of the use it serves 5 o tyrant ' s head shall be , The only stamp upon the ore The Eagle of the Free .

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      $ HE TKOSE TTOK 3 LS OF JOHX MILTOX . "With a Preface , Preliminary Remarks , and Notes , by J . A . St . John . YoL I . London : Henry ft . Bofcn , Tortstreet , Oovent-garden . Fob tlie admirable series of works entitled " The Standard Library , " the lovers of Literature , and all who desire tlie mental and moral elevation of the people , owe a debt of gratitude to Mr . Boirx . Cheap literature , so called , is sometimes dear at any price . Kay , the cheaper printed trash or poison is set for sale , the worse for the minds and morals of readers , especially those who , from lack of years or education , possess not the

      discrimination to enable them to detect or reject that which is base and deleterious . The literary (?) abominations of the " Greenacre school " might have almost tempted one to accept a censorship , had not experience declared such a remedy Avorse than the disease . There is but one true way of saving the people from the evils of a prostitute press , —that of supplying them ivith wholesome mental food , which , in . the long run , they will take to , and reject the garbage . By the publication of his " Standard Library" Mr . Boux has done much—very znuch—towards creating amongst the masses a healthy appetite for a mind-in-Ti ^ oratmsi Literature .

      But us vc have reason to doubt that tlie * ' Standard Library" is as well known as it deserves to be amongst the working classes ; and as we know that many thousands of workin * men read tins journal who are not in the lial > it of seeing any other newspaper or literary periodical—and , consequently , may not have seen any review or notice of the said * Libr « iry "—we consider it a public duty to direct the attention of our readers to this admirable scries , and particularly to the republished prose works of Hil'JCOX , Vol . 1 . of which is at present before us .

      TTe suppose tliat most persons—ovon the poorest—have read more or less of Milton ' s poetry , particularly his " Paradise Lost . " But we would wager a trifle { if we belonged to the " sporting world , " ) that many thousands of Englishmen never heard tell of Milton ' s Prose Works . IVe except a great many of our Radical Mends , who probably have read the Treatises ( re-published some years ago by Cleave ) , " On the Best Means of Removing Hirelings from the Church , " and " On the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing . " But we fancy that even our Radical friends ( for the farther in

      most part at least ) have never gone their reading of Mitxox . If we are right , we can inform our fi-iends that Mr . Bom has placed wiihiu their reach a store of intellectual wealth , which will at once delig ht and astonish them . In the volume before us they will find a whole annoury of Reason ' s weapons for the defence of Freedom against the assaults of Tyranny . After two hundred years , at the very time that the straggle for Liberty , which ia MlLTO ^' s life was confined to this country , is raging over Europe , we see ( in the iniiniiablc language of Byron ) "• the blind Old Man arise ,

      like Samuel from the grave , to freeze once mo . ro The Wood of Munarchs with his prophecies . " Prophecies which assuredly will be fulfilled , in spite of royalist rc-action and crowned conspiracies . The waters of the Seine , the Danube , the Vistula , and the Tiber , may be dyed crimson -witli the "blood of the defenders of justice , and for a time the unjust may triumph ; but , " Freedom ' s battle once begun , Bequeatu'd by bleeding sire to son , Thoiiffh baffled oft shall yet be won 2 "

      This volume contains the immortal "Defence of the People of England , " in answer to "Sahnasius ' s Defence of the King ( Cjuislms I ) ;" also , the " SecondDefence of the People of England" against an anonymous Libel entitled , ' The Royal Blood cryin g to Heaven for Vengeance on the English Parricides ; ' and , lastly , the celebrated " Eikonoklastes , " wr itten in answer to a Book entitled " Eikon £ a-SSlike , the Portraiture of His Sacred Majesty ia Ms Solitudes and Sufferings . "

      Wo have one , and but one , regret to express , it connexion with this edition of the great Ppet ' s works—that they are not republished in

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      the order in which they were originally published by tlie author . " Eikonoklastes " placed at the end of this volume , was published a considerable tune before the first "Defence of the People of England" was written ; and Milton in his second " Defence , " recounts a number of works which he had published before he wrote his '' Eikonoklastes . '' It is quite impossible , within the limits to

      which we must confine this notice , to attempt anything in the shape of a 'review" of the immortal contents of this volume , which even a Tory critic has acknowledged will be held in veneration as long as the English language endures . We must refer our readers to the volume itsolf . For thffl present we can do no more than make room for the following extracts from the " Second Defence of the People ofEngland" : — .

      PATRIOTS AXD TTBAXTS . What can conduce more to the beauty or glory of OIIC ' S Country , than tbe recovery , not only of its civil but its religious liberty . * * * Those Greeks and Romans , who are the objects of our admiration , employed hardly any other virtue in tlie extirpation of tyrants , than that love of liberty which made them prompt in seizing the sword , and gave them strength to use it . With facility they accomplished the undertaking , amid the general shout of praise and ioy ; nor did they engage in the attempt so much as an enterprise of perilous and doubtful issue , as in a contest the most glorious in which virtue could be signalised ; which infallibly led to present recompense ; which bound

      their brows -with wreaths of laurel , and consigned their memories to immortal fame . For as yet , tyrants were not beheld with a superstitious reverence ; as yet they were not regarded with tenderness and complacency , as the vice-gerents or deputies of Christ , as they have suddenly professed to be ; as yet the vulgar , stupefied by tlie subtle casuistry of the priest , had not degenerated into a state of barbarism , more gross than that which disgraces the most senseless natives of Hindostan . For these make mischievous demons , whose malice they cannot resist , the objects ot their religious adoration : while those elevate impotent tyrants , in order to shield them from destruction , into the rank of gods ; and , to their own cost , consecrate the pests of the human race ..

      THE GLORIOUS PATRIOT , JOHN BRADSHAIT . John Bradshaw ( a name which will be repeated with applause wherever liberty is cherished or is known ) , was sprung from a noble family . All his early life he sedulously employed in making himself acquainted with the laws of his country ; he then practised , -with singular success and reputation , at the . bar ; he showed himself an intrepid and unwearied advocate for the liberties of the people ; he took an active part in the most momentous affairs of the State , and occasionally discharged the functions of a judge with a most invaluable integrity . At last , when he was entreated by the Parliament to preside in the trial of the king , he did not refuse the dangerous office . To a profound knowledge of the

      law , he added the most comprehensive views , the most generous sentiments , manners the most obliging , and the most pure . Hence , he discharged that office with a propriety almost without a parallel ; he inspired both respect and awe ; and , though menaced by tlie daggers of so many assassins , he conducted himself with so much consistency and gravity , with so much presence of mind , and so much dignity of demeanour , that lie seems to have been purposely destined by Providence for that part which he so nobly acted on the theatre of the world . And his glory is so much exalted above that Ot all other tyrannicides , as it is both more humane , more just , and more strikingly grand , judicially to condemn a tyrant , then to put him to death without a trial .

      The patriot Bkadshaw , of whom Milton truly says that "he has acquired a name which will flourish in every age , and in every country in the world , " died before the Restoration , but by order of that loathsome miscreant Charles II ., his dead bod y was torn from its resting place and hanged on a gallows at Tyburn . After hanging all day , at sunset his head was cut from the body , and the bod y thrown into a hole under the gallows . What finally became of the patriot's remains we do not know , but the following epitaph ( given in Mr . St . John's notes ) is said to have boon inscribed on an American cannon : —

      EPITArn OX IOHX BHABSIUW . Stranger ! ere thou pass , contemplate this cannon , nor regardless be told that neav its base lies deposited the dust ef John Biudshaw , who nobly superior to selfish regards , despising alike the pageantry of courtly splendour , the blast of calumny , and the terror of regal vengeance , presided in the illustrious band of heroes and patriots who fairly and openly adjudged Charles Stuart , tyrant of England , to a public and exemplary death , thereby presenting to the amazed world , and transmitting down through applauding ages , the most glorious example of unshaken virtue , love of freedom , and impartial justice , ever exhibited on the blood-stained theatre of human action . Oh ! reader , pass not till thou hast blessed his memory , and never—never forget that rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God . "

      Air . St . Johx gives expression to many admirable sentiments in his Preface , Remarks , and Notes . The editorship of this volume has been evidently a labour of love , and he has done his work accordingly . We must correct one error into which Mr . St . Joiix has fallen . Speaking of Dr . Sr-UMOA'Ds's comparison between " Sahnasius" and Buuke , Mr . St . JoiLX observes that : " France produced no Miltox to refute Bueke ; and the 'Reflections on the French Revolution' have therefore

      descended to us with the reputation of being unanswerable , because they happen to have been left unanswered . " This is a most strange assertion , and one which we must contradict . To say nothing of the replies written by Mackintosh and others , we must observe that if France produced no Miltox , England produced a Pacte , who , though not a poet , is to be ranked , as a defender of civil and religious

      liberty , not lower than Miltox h e know it is as tashionable at this time to decry Paine , as it was in the reigns of Charles II . and James II . to decry Miltox , but Paixe ' s reputation will outlive present detraction . Even already Burke ' s "Reflections" have shared thefate of theroyalistravings of " Sahnasius ;" whilst , on tbe other hand , the " Rights of Man" cnj ' irs an xradimiirislied—or , rather , we should say , an increasing—fame .

      This volume , beautifully printed , containing some five hundred pages , and embellished with a'portrait of the immortal author , is published at a charge which places it within the reach of the humblest . We shall take an early opportunity to notice Vols . II . and III . In the meantime it is our earnest recommendation to our friends to make themselves the possessors of this admirable edition of the Prose Works of John Milton .

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      Twelve Exsays . By Ralph Waido Eirensox . London : George Sj ^ atek , 252 , Strand . The first volume of a new venture in the depai-tmeut of cheap literature , entitled , "Slater ' s Shilling Series . " It is not our purpose to sit in judgment 011 the character of Emeksox as a writer , beyond observing—1 st . That we esteem his lectures much more than his essays ; and 2 nd . That we could very well afford to dispense with some of his sublimities in exchange for unmistakable common sense , expressed in understandable English !

      To those who know Esiehsox only by name , as must be the case with many thousands , and who may desire to know him as an author , this volume will be acceptable . Emeksox has many admirers , we might say worshippers ; but even those readers who , like ourselves , will not " fall down and worship , " will find many true , beautiful , and original thoughts expressed in these essays . From those portions of the volume which have best pleased us we give the following extracts : —

      Our reading J 3 mendicant and sycophantic . In history , ourimagination makes fools of us , plays us false . Kingdom . ind lordship , power and estate , area gaudier vocabulary than private John and hdward in a email Louse and common day ' s work ; out the things of life are the same to both : the sum total of both is the same . Why all this deference I ? £ w , Scmdei * & nnd Gustavus ? Suppose they were virtuous -. didt )^ , «* ,,. out virtue f

      DO WE ADViSCE . Society never tutamees . It recedes as fast on one aide as it gams on the other . It undergoes continual changes : it l 3 barbarous , it » cmlised , it is christianised , it u rich , it is scientific ; but this change « not amelioration . For cvcrvtliine that is given , something " 13 taken . Socictv acquires new arts and loses old instincts . What a contrast between the well-elwl , reading , -writing , thinking AmerMwi , with a trateii , a pencil , and a bill of ex-

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      change in his pocket , and the naked New-Zealander , whose property is a club , a spear , a mat , and an undivided twentieth , of a shed to sleep under . But compare the health of the two men , and you shall see that his aboriginal strength the white man has lost . If the traveller tell us truly , strike the savage with a broad-axe , and in a day or two the flesh shall unite and heal v . s if you struck the blow into soft pitcfc , and the same blow shall send the white to his grave . The civilised man has built a coach , but has lost the use of his feet . He is supported on crutches , but loses so much support of muscle . He has got a fine Geneva watch , but lie lias lost the skill to tell the hour by tho sun . A

      Greenwich nautical almanac he has , and so being sure of the information when he wants it , the man in the street does not know a star in the sky . I lie Solstice he does not observe ; the equinox he knows as little ; and the whole bright calendar of the year is without a dial in his mind . His note-books impair his memory ; his libraries overload his wit ; the insurance office increases the number of accidents ; it may be a question whether machinery does not incumber ; whether we hare not lost by rcSnement some energy , by a ( Jhristiauity ( entrenched in establishments and forms ) some vigour of wild virtue . For every Stoic was a Stoic ; hut in Christendom where is the Christian ?

      THE POWER OF LOVE , What fastens attention , in the intercourse of life , like auy passage betraying affection between two parties ?—Perhaps we never saw them before , and never shall meet them again , But WC SCO tllQltt exchange a glance , or betray a deep emotion , and we are no longer strangers . We understand them and take the warmest interest in the development of the romance . All mankind love a lover . —The earliest demonstrations of complacency and kindness are Nature ' s most -winning pictures . It is the dawn of The

      civility and grace in the coarse and rustic . rude village boy teases the girls about the schoolhouse door ; but to-day he comes running into the entry , and meets one fair child arranging her satchel : he holds her books to help her , and instantly it seems to him as if she removed herself from him infinitely , and was a sacred precinct . Among the throng of girls he runs rudely enough , but one alone distances him ; and these two little neighbours , that were so close just now , have learned to respect each other ' s personality .

      Iso man ever forgot the visitation of that power to his heart and brain which created all things new ; which was the dawn in him of music , poetry and art ; which made the face of Nature radiant with purple light , the morning and the night varied enchantments ; when a single tone of ono yoieq could make the heart beat , and the most trivial circumstance associated with one form , is put in the amber of memory ; ivhen we become all eye ivhen one was present , and all memory ivhen one was gon& : when the youth becomes a watcher of windows , and studious bf a glove , a veil , a ribbon , or tho wheels of a carriage ; when no place is too solitary , and none too silent for him who has richer company and sweeter conversation in his now thoughts , than any old friends , though , best aud purest , can give him .

      Though the celestial rapture falling out of heaven , seizes only upon those of tender age , and although a beauty , overpowering all analysis or comparison , and putting us quite beside ourselves , we can seldom see after thirty years , yet the remembrance of these visions outlasts all other remembrances , aud is a wreath of flowers on tho oldest brows . ' . Neatly printed and prettily bound , with the assurance of a sound judgment in the selection of the works intended to be re-publishod in this shape , " Slater ' s Shilling Series" can hardly fail to enjoy an extensive circulation .

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      ^—¦ gi ^^ — SUNSHINE AND SHADOW ; A TALE OP THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . BY inoiUS HiKTIX WHEELER , Late Secretary to the National Chartor Association and National Land Company .

      Chapter III . " Their counter is their idol , theirtill their God . " —Ckartist Oration . " Fair was her form , and flaxen was her hair ; ner red tips pouted like a wilful child ; Her blue eye flashed more meaning than you dare Suppose it meant : and when she blandly smil'd She won you to her feet and kept you there , Bewitched , delighted , worshipping , boguil'd j And when a stevnev mood shot o ' ev her face , Though not quite pleas'd , you thought 'twas some new grace . —licste .

      The father of Walter North was a wine merchant in the City ; he was a shrewd , though uneducated man—one of those characters common in the middle ranks of society—whose whole faculties are centred in the acquisition of wealth—devoid of principle , yet f ollowing the maxim , that "Honesty is the best policy , " from a conviction of its truth , as evidenced by the events daily occurring within his circle ; he would not be guilty of any opon act of fraud , but was an adept in all the tricks of his trade . No man could manufacture such an unequalled port , or pass off acid Madeira for genuine sherry , better than Joe North , or drive a harder bargain fov logwood chips , and the other etceteras of his trade ; yet Joe North was , in the world ' s estimation , a respectable

      man—that is , he kept his horse and chaise , gave occasional dinners or suppers to his brother-respectables—had been only twice through the Insolvent Debtors' Court , and had never b " een detected in committing any flagrant breach of propriety . Such is respectability in the world ' s estimation . So long as the exterior decencies and moralities of life are moderately observed , tlie blackest villain that ever disgraced humanity stands well with society , and passes current through all its multifarious vocations , provided ahvay that he has either wealth or its outward semblance ; but woo to the poor wretch , however honest , however virtuous lie may be , who is destitute of this essential qualification . Tlie wife of Joseph North was a helpmate mete for such

      a man ; originally cook in the same establishment where lie served as butler , their combined savings enabled them to take a small public-house . Care and economy , at a time when these qualities were more attended with success than in these days of . speculation , enabled them to embark in this more extensive branch of tlie business ; and now that rolling years had brought competence and ease , tho careful housekeeper was transformed into the dignified wife , forming a graceful accompaniment to his gig , a sharp mistress to his servants , and a kind mother to hia children—and what did a plain manlike Joe North need more ? Being an excellent manager , without extravagance , she well supported the dignity of his establishment . An ucluoatod woman

      would have made him feel his own inferiority ( for experience had taught him the value of a liberal education ); she would have assumed too much the airs of a line lady , and looked less after lllS servants hi tta cellar and the kitchen—so , at least , Mr . North informed his brother-respectables , on one of their pic-nic days , when the wine had well circulated , and the conversation grew mellow . Whether lie believed this , or not , is . 1 matter of slight importance to our tale . One thing is certain , he knew that under the present railroad system of commerce , education could not be neglected for the juniors ; so AValtcr and Julia were , at a fitting age , sent to boarding-school , to pick up such fragments of learning as their masters' skill and their own organisation would allow them to imbibe ; and we have already said that , in Walter ' s case , his

      stockin-trade of this commodity was small indeed . Possessing good capacities—shrewd and quick in ordinary aitairs—he was too sharp , too clever a boy , ( said Mrs . North )* to need severe application to his studies ; and Walter , finding himself the most popular boy in the school , and the idol of Arthur Morton—tJie best scholar in it—buoyed himself up with these reflections , and left College-house Academy with but a small addition to his previous stock of scholastic lore . His sister Julia was tlie reverse of Walter ; the whole intellect of the family seemed to be inherited by her . True , the share was not largo ; but it was more than generally falls to the lot of females in her sphere of life . ' Girls of tlie middle classes are carefully initiated into all the accomplishments—so termed—of the upper classes ; but their intellectual faculties are loss

      cultivated than those of the small tradesman or mechanic whom they are taught to look down upon with contempt ; and to frepo'iifc whose company , or to attend the same schools , would be to lose caste with their own rank in society : so strong is prejudice , that classes sprung from the same root , and not one generation removed , arc as effectually separated , in all the social relations of life , as the goddescended Brahmin from the outcast Pariah . When will the middle classes learn their true interest , and combine their worldly influence and business habits witli the strong sense , the sturdy independence , and the generous enthusiasm of tlie vast democracy beneath them ? when will they abandon the False and Factitious for the True and tlie lleal ?

      Julia North was a beauteous ami well-trained flower , growing in a wild and uncultivated garden , possessing beauty of a rare order ( beauty was indeed a characteristic of the wholo family ); thoru was still ; t nameless charm about her that it was impossible to trace to any mere combination of features , a form rather short than tall but most exquisitely proportioned , flaxen hair falling in yinsIeN on her . deJictte shoulders , c-ye 3 of tho purest blue , and a complexion in which the rose and the lily were so completely blended , that art would try in vain to imitate it . Though there was nothing decidedly . intcHeohwl i" the cast of her countenance , its beauty bein ^ of the order that would attract the attention of the sensualist rather than that of the philosopher , yet no one could gaze upon her and not at once pronounce that Nature could not havo committed the anomaly of leaving so fair a body tfithout a corresponding soul *

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      Julia , at the tima ow story commences , was in her ntteenth year—mild and docile as a pet Iamb , yet with as laughing an eye as ever sparkled in the giddiest of her sex , beaming resplendent in love but flashing disdainful in iro ; seldom , indeed , were glances of the latter seen , but , when fullv aroused , there was a depth of feeling and an energy of expression m that usually retired and modest maid , wniCtt astonished those unacquainted with the varvmg characteristics of human nature . Possessin g great natural abilities , she had improved them to the full oxtent of her opportunities , and was well skilled in nil the acquirements usual in female education , while her reading had been more extensive , and tiie selection of a higher order , than is common

      to the majority of the fair sex ; familiar with the best translations of the classics , sllft lwl imraboil from them , 1 deep and thrilling love of liberty , and an acquaintance with ancient forms of government quite unusual in a female of her age and station . Gentle 119 tlie ' mosfc gentle of all created tilings , her heart would yet beat warmly at a tale of injustice or wrong , and want of power alone prevented her from redressing it ; nor did ever deed of courage or generosity fall beneath her notice but her bosom throbbed to applaud the action , and her feelings of admiration were expressed in simple but heartfelt

      f " '" ; , "'oud were the Norths of their oflsprin < r ; but Walter , with his high spirits and rattling frolics , was their especial favourite : Julia was too docile , too studious , to raise their anxieties and cares , and parents generally—and mothers in especial—love those children , most who are ever keeping their minds on the rack with their frolics and their follies , bucn . is maternal love , it clings to us under everv tiujo—the more unworth y we are , the more fondly it twines its aftections around us . pure and enduring above all earthl y passions , those who have not experienced thy benign effects , know not the depths of a parent slove ! ( To he continued . )

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      even such atrocious measures could not induce them to conceal . It was enacted , that every able-bodied person found loitering about should be branded with a hot iron and adjudged to two years' slavery to tlie man by whom lie had been apprehended , during which time lie might bo fed upon bread and water and refuse meat , and forced to work by beating or otherwise , that if lie ran away , ho should bo branded a second time , and should be condemned to slavery for life , and that if lie absconded again , he should suffer death as a felon . Threatened with slavery , stripes , and death , men chose to run ovory dan nop in seeking to better their condition rather than pino with hunger at home , and beggars and vagabonds continued daily to increase , " in 151 ) 2 , voluntary

      alms being found insufficient for the relief of tho poor , the parish authorities were empowered to assess person ? obstinately refusing to contribute . Mendicancy and vagabondage continued still uiiabatod ; in 157 : 2 power was given to tax nil the inhabitants of a place for tho relief of its poor . Other acts followed ; and in 1601 the necessity of providing employment for the able-bodied poor by means Of paroellkll assessment was formally admitted , the famous Elizabethan law was passed , and , thanks to the abandonment of the ' -cottage system , " that first step as many imagine in the improvement of agriculture , England was saddled with a permanent poors' rate , which lias now become an annual tax of six millions sterling .

      Peasant proprietors still form the bulk of the rural population iu many territories , to any one of which we may turn with full assurance of discovering \ wmistakeaWc signs of rural happiness . The bonder of Norway , for instance , have , from time immemorial , been owners of their respective farms , which , moreover , have always been legally liable to division among all the children of a deceased proprietor ; yet the division of land has made so little progress in the course of many centuries , that very tew estates are under forty acres , and very many are above three hundred acres , independently of an-oxtensive tract of mountain pas . tnre belonging to every form . Some idea of tho condition of the farmers may be formed from tho following particulars respecting the farm servants .

      llieso , it unmarried , are lodged in an outhouse adjoining their master ' s dwelling , which it resembles in appearance , neatness , and comfort ; they are allowed four meals a day , consisting of oat 01 * beanmeal , rye-bread , potatoes , fresh , river , and salt fish , cheese , butter , and milk . and once or twice a week they have meat , sometimes fresh , but more frequently in the shape of salt beef or black puddings . At one of their meals they have also beer or a glass of potato spirits . Their money wages , in addition to all this , are about fourpence halfpenny a day . A married labourer lives on the outskirts of tho farm in a cottage of his own generall y , "a good lO £ house of four rooms with glass windows , " which is held on lease for the lives of himself and his wife , together with a piece of land large enough for the

      keep of two cows or a corresponding number of sheop and goats , and for the sowing ot six bushels of corn , ana three Quarters of potatoes . The usual rent of these tenements is from four to six dollars , and is commonly paid for by work on the main farm , each day ' s work being valued at a fixed rate of threepence or thereabouts . After the labourer has paid his rent , he is allowed his food as well as the usual money-payment for every additional day ' s work . It need scarcely be said that a houseman , as a married labourer of this kind is called , is in a very comfortable situation ; in fact , he wants few , if any , of the comforts which his mastf V possesses ; his house , though smaller , is as well built ; his food and dress are of the same materials . But although the mode of life of tho Norwegian country people

      may be somewhat rude , it would be difficult to find a happier race ; they enjoy plenty , and are content ; they care little for outward show , and arc exempt from the painful desire to outvie their neighbours , which makes many wretched in the midst of comfort . Almost the only thing in their condition which its much to be regretted , is the deficiency of mental culture , which prevents their turning their leisure to the best account , and heightening their material enjoyments with intellectual pleasures . Would to God thnt labourers on large estates in other countries had as little to sigh for . The Swiss peasantry , although almost universally lauded proprietors , may be divided into two classes : those who ave principally or exclusively agriculturists , and those who gain a livelihood chiefly by

      manufacturing industry . The forms of the former , except in the cantons of Berne and Tossin , and a few other districts , seldom exceed forty or fifty acres , but they are as rarely of less size than ten flCTOS , and tho pOOl'GSt fai'nwi ' , Laving rights ot pasturage on the common lands belonging to every parish , can afford to keep two or three cows . Members of this class ave always in the enjoyment of competence , and many of them possess considerable wealth . Besides these , however , there is a more numerous body of smaller proprietors , whose territorial possessions consist only of a field or two , altogether not lavgoi than an ordinary garden , and much too small for the maintenance of the family to which they belong . Here there may seem to be an instance of excessive subdivision . 13 ut the

      owners of these patches of land are almost invariably manufacturers rather than husbandmen : they constitute , indeed , the bulk of the manufacturing population of a country which has but two superiors m nianfaeturing importance . Most of the cotton and silk goods of Switzerland are produced in the rural districts of Zurich , Basle , St . Gull , Apnonzel , and Argovia ; and even of those famous Swing watches , so much admired for their delicacy and beauty , as many eoiro from chalet * among tlie mountains of Neufchatel as from the workshops of Geneva . In England , the makers of these articles would have been pent up in towns , and compelled to pass their days in close dismal factories ; but in Switzerland , a happy coinbinntion of circumstances

      permits them to practice their business without forfeiting tho use ot" i ' resh air or other advantages of a country life , liat , although retaining tho name and all the privileges of peasants , they gain their living principally as manufacturers : landls valued by them as affording a moans , not so much of employment as of amusement , and they require no more of it than will suffice to occupy their leisure . This affords a clue to the true explanation of the minute partition which has taken place . As their plots of land are too sniilll to afford them a livelihood without the aid of their mauuf : icturiii <; earnings , so would their wages bo insufficient for their maintenance without the addition of their giirdon produce , while both united secure to them the enjoyment of ample comfort .

      Switzerland , however , notwithstanding the . ffonoi'nl happiness of her people , is not absolutely free from pauperism , a disease which would almost seem to be inherent in tho constitution of manufacturing communities . But even the pauperism of Switzerland furnishes additional proof of the excellence of peasant proprietors , for paupers are jnosfc rare where landed property is most divided , and are found in the greatest numboi * in those distvicU which contain hi-gcsi estates . In the whole of the EngaiVinc , the liinil belongs to the peasantry , and "in no country in Europe , " says Mr . Inglis , " will be found so few poor as iii the Engadine , " In tho Yalais , the land belongs to a few great proprietors , and according to Mr . Bakewull , the peasantry are among the poorest in Switzerland . Inglis ,

      however , assigns the " bad pre-eminence" to the ci \ nton of Berne , in which he says tlie greatest landowners reside , and which " for this reason , contains the greatest number of poor . " Inglis one day took refuge from a storm in tho house of a peasant of the class just referred to , and was invited to wait for diimcr , which was almost ready , llis host ' s estate consisted of no more than four acres , and he possessed only one cow , two pigs , and some poultry , yet tlio incal prepared for his family of six yorsous , consisted of soup mndo of Indian corn ana milk , . 1 piece of boiled bacon five pounds in weight , a salad , bread two-thirds Indian corn , and one-tuivd wheat , butter , and wine of Botzen . This is expressly stated' to havo been the regular tlinnev of the house ,

      except once a week , when fresh meat was substituted for the bacon . Besides tho crops raised for homo consumption , a good deal ot" wheat and barley was sent to market , and from tlie proceeds , after coffee , sugar , and clothes were bought , lliero remained » small surplus in money , wliidi had gradully amounted to a considerable purse . " The moment" says the same author , " we leave Botzen and travel towards Trent , a new order o 1 things is perceptible ; the same noble-looking peasantry are no longer to be seen ; poverty begins to show itself , and the air of comfort about the dwellings , and independence about the inmates , arc no longer visible . All the land in Southern Tyrol belongs to creat proprietors , and the peainterest in tlm soilIt

      santry have no longer an . seems to the traveller , at first sight , a strange inversion of what might he expected—that in the fertile vales and finest p lains in Europe , he should see so much poverty , and that , on the contrary , when he journeys among mountain regions , where excessive labour forces from the soil an iinwlllii / g crop , he perceives every appearance of comfort and case . The condition of the people m the most fertile vales of Italy , Germany , !• ranee , or Lnglund , will bear no comparison with thntot the mljaoitants of the Grison valleys , or the Oberlanrl Jicmma , or of tho ¦ Urnicr Tyrol . But the difficulty is at once evnhinea when we learn that the former are labourers fov hire , and that the latter labour on thoiv own soil . ——»^ ,- » r .

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      Cuiuous Yfiu .. —The following curious extract is from the will of William Beckett , formerly governor of Plymouth , proved in the year 17 S 2 : — " I desire liat my body may be kept as long as it may not be offensive , and that one or move of my toes or finders may be cut off to secure the certainty of my being dead * . I also make the further request , to my dear wife , that as she has been troubled with 0110 ol ! fool , 8 ho will not xhiufc of jaavyying another ,

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      SOCIAL EFFECTS OP PEASANT PBOPKIETORSIIU ' . ; BY MB . THORSrOJT . ( Extracted from an article in tho CmmmiwtaWi fov April . ) England was never , strictly speaking , a country of peasant proprietors , but always possessed among her inhabitants a considerable class of extensive landowners . Interspersed with large estates , there were , however , throughout the middle ages , a far greater number of cottage farms held on various conditions . So general was the tenancy of land by tho English peasantry previously to the accession of the first Tudor monarch , that the converse of Goldsmith ' s well-known distich might then have been

      not inapplicable . _ Although every rood of ground did not maintain its man , there were few rustics who were not either owners or tenants , not merely of a rood , but of several acres . Of the adequacy of these possessions to supply their occupants with abundance of the necessaries of life , we have the most satisfactory proof , and for the hundred and fifty years ending with the fifteenth century , the chain of testimony is particularly complete . Fortescue , Lord Chief-Justice to Henry VI ., dilates with contagious exultation on the plenty enjoyed by the lowest class of his countrymen . " They drink no water , " he says , " unless it be so that some for devotion , and upon a zeal of penance , do abstain from other drink ; they eat plentifully of all kinds of flesh and fish . They wear fine woollen cloth in all

      thoir apparel : they have also abundance of bed coverings in their houses , and of all other woollen stuff . They havo great store of all hustlements and implements of household . They are plentifully furnished with all instruments of husbandry , arid all other things that are requisite to the accomplishment of a quiet and wealthy life , according to their estates and degrees . " Fortescue was an avowed panegyrist , and his statements might require considerable abatement if they stood alone , but their perfect accuracy is placed beyond dispute by the most unimaginative and matter-of-fact of all compilations , the statutes at large . Repeated enactments passed during the period wo ai'o examining , use language quite as strong , and still more precise and

      circumstantial than that of the patriotic Chief Justice . In addition to laws designed to keep down the wages of agricultural labour , others were directed against the luxury of the peasantry . In 1363 , carters , ploughmen , and all other farm servants , were enjoined not to eat or drink " excessively , " or to wear any cloth except "blanket and russet wool of twelve-pence . " Domestic servants were at the same time doolawsd to be ^ titled to pnly 0110 meal a day of flesh or Mi , and were to content themselves at other meals with " milk , butter , cheese , and such other viands . " In 1-103 , servants in husbandry wore restricted to clothing of materials not worth more than two shillings a yard , and were forbidden to wear hose of a higher price that fourteen pence a pail " , or girdles garnished with silver . The price of thoiv wives' covei-chief or head dress was not to exceed twelve-pence . In 14 S 2 , these restrictions were loosened , and labourers in

      husbandry were permitted to wear hose as dear as eighteen-pence a pair , while the Slim which their wives might legally expend on covering for the head was raised to twenty-pence . This legislation , considering the fall which has since taken place in the value of money , was really much as if a law should now bo necessary to prevent ploughmen from strutting about in velvet coats and silk stockings , with silver buckles in their shoes , and their wives from trimming their caps with Brussels lace . It exhibits agricultural labourers in a condition which was probably never attained by the same class in any other age or country , unless , perhaps , by the emancipated negroes of the British West Indies , Yet the description applies only to the lower order of peasants—to those -who worked for hire , and had either no land or none but what was allowed them in part payment of wages . What , then , must have been the prosperity of the small freeholders and cottage farmers ?

      It is true that , in tho midst of this abundance , tho English peasantry of the middle ages ate oW wooden platters , never knew the luxury of a cotton shirt , or of a cup of tea , and slept on straw pallets within walls of wattled plaster , and that in some counties they used barley instead of wheaten bread . But it is absurd to imagine that , because they had to put up with these inconveniences , their situation , in more important respects , was not immeasurably superior to that of their living descendants . Nothing move is to be inferred than that certain modern refinements and conveniences ivero

      unknown and uncoveted by thorn . Many advantages of an advanced civilisation , which are now within every one's roach , were once equally unthought of by rich and poor . Our Plantagenet kings , as well as their courtiers , were fain to drink beer at every meal , and to drink it , too , out of wooden bickers ; they yrcro a 3 ill provided with under-linen as the meanest of their subjects ; and so little did they regard what are now considered the most indispensable requisites of domestic comfort , that tho bedchamber furniture of so magnificent n monarch as Ucnry VIII ., consisted only of a couple of joint cupboards , a joint stool , two hand irons , a fire ' fork , a pair of tongs , a fire pan , and a steel mirror covered with yellow velvet . At this day little of anv grain

      besides oats is used in many respectable families in Scotland ; and many a continental bavon , whose domain stretches for miles around his princely chateau , seldom cats any bwt vyo bvoatl . This is mere matter of taste , and no one would think of mentioning it us a mark of social inferiority ; but it would be quite as reasonable to do so as for a modern day-labourer at eight shillings a week to look back with pity on his well-clad , beef-fed ancestors , because some of his own rags are made of cotton , and because the baker , of whom lie now and then buys a loaf , sells only wheaten bread , ! N 6 arginacnt can be required toproye that English peasant 2 >]>(> PDr ^ cs « though subject to the custom of "lvivelkind , escaped the evil of

      excessive partition ; for consolidation , the reverse of subdivision , must have been everywhere adopted before the face of the country could bo covered almost entirely , as it actually is , with large estates . As long as the connexion of the peasantry with the land remained unbroken , England was perfectly free from every symptom of pauperism , and the supply of labour , instead of exceeding the demand , was so deficient as to induce parliament to interfere to koep down its pi-ice . But almost immediately after the consolidation of small farms commenced , legislation took a different turn , and parliament , instead of striving to curtail the labourer ' s honest earnings , had to exercise its ingenuity in providin " fer a rapidly increasing crowd of destitute , for

      whom no work could be found . The progress of pasturage and augmentation of farms seem not to have attracted much notice until thc year 1487 , when an act was passed to restrain them , and just seven years later commenced a series of statutes which attest the rapid spread of destitution . Fov a time , misled by tlie experience of the preceding age , parliament imagined idleness to be still tho fruitful parent of the evil , and . punishment its most effectual cure : no other asylum , therefore , TvaS oilbrod to able-bodied vagrants than the stocks , and no milder treatment than whipping at the cart ' s tail . After being " admonished" in this way , thov were to . be sent to thc place of their birth , there to

      sot themselves to work " us true men ou ^ lic to do . " Such were the provisions of tho law o ? tho year 149-1 . In 1535 , however , it was discovered that the aforesaid "valiant v .-igahonds , " after returning home could find no work , to do , and the parish authorities were in consequence enjoined to collect voluntary contributions for the purpose , not only of relievin ' " - the impotent and infirm , but of enabling the stiw and lustj to gain a living with thoir ownhands In 1 * 17 , the number of beggars still rapidly increasing , in spite of the " godly acts and statutes" alruaify directed against them , another was passed , which , though repealed two years- afterwards , deserves to be mentioned , not merely on account of its astonishing bnrbaFtfy , but as showing how genuine the disrossesoUhoUwer classes must ha \ c been vlie /

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      Source of a Goveuxme . vt ' s Skcuhitv . —The superiors of theso bablilcvs mus * know that it is ravin * and frenzy to affirm , that a free people can be lone governed b y important terrors ; that millions witt consent to be ruined by the- conations of a few or that those few . will join in their ruin any longer than the corruption lasts : they must know tEat every day new and greater demands will rise upon the comiptors ; that no revenue ( how . ^ .-. i soever ) will feed the voraciousness of the corrupted and that every disappointment will make them turn upon the oppressors of their countrv , and fall into its true interest and their own ? tliey must know that there is no way in nature to prevent a revolution in government , but by making tho people easy under it , by showing thorn their interest in it ; that COl' 1 'Uption , bribery , and terrors , will make no lasting friends but infinite and implacable enemies , and

      that the best security of a prince among a free people , is their affections , which he can always gain , by making their interest his own , by showing that all his views tend to their good . Then , as they lqvo themselves , will they love him , ami defend him who defends them . Upon this faithful basis his Silfet ) ' will bo bettor established than upon the ans * bitious and variable leaders of a few legions who may bo corrupted , disobliged , or surprised , and often have been so ; and hence have great revolutions been brought about , and great nations undone , only by tho revolts of single regiments . —Tfiomas Gordon , —A Discourse on Standby Annies ' , 1722 , Xapoleon- ' s Bariikr . —a stranger having entered the apartment where the Emperor Napoleon was shaving himself , when in a little town in Italy , he said , " I want to sec your great emperor—what are you to him 1 " The emperor replied , "I shave

      My Brute op a Husband . — " My love ' . " said a very affectionate wife , as she pointed to a wreath of artificial flowers on her head , " don ' t you think these mil stow to-night i" " There ' s sap " enough under em ! said thc un-gallant gentleman . —I \' ed Buntline ' s Own . The Uolisess op our Forkrunsers . —Cieoro relates that the ugliest and most stupid slaves in Rome came from England ' . Moreover , ho urges his friend Atticus " not to buy slaves from Britain , on accouut of their stupidity and their inaptitude to learn music and other accom plishments . " CiGSaV , also , describes tho Britons generally as a

      nation ot voi-y barbarous manners . " Moat of the people of the interior , " he says , " never SCO corn , but live upon milk an . ] flesh , and . are clothed with skins . ' In another place he remarks : — " In their domestic and social habits , tho ISritons are regarded as ^ ho most savage of nations . Thoy ai'o clothed with skins ; wear tlie hair of their heads unshared and long ; but shave the rest of thoir bodies , except their upper lip ; and stain themselves a blue colour with woad , which gives them a horrible aspect in battle , " Don ' t , Jonathan , the negro slave despise , Just so your sires appeared in Caesar ' s eves .

      The Origin- of Human Freedom . —Life aiid liberty are derived from the same Almighty source . They are the Creator ' s gift , which ought never to be disjointed , and never can , when not forfeited by crimes , without offering Him tho grossest insult . To suppose God had given life to some , without liberty to enjoy it , would be to charge Him with giving a real curse , under the fair disguise of a blessing . Where slavery is sanctioned a \ y \ pvautisqu , as if the arbitrary laws of men could render it lawful , the gracious giver of life is accused of injustice . HJanlchid everywhere are clothed by him witli the same inlieront _ privileges , which cannot be invaded without making war upon Heaven . Ick . —Three thousand tons of ice have been cut in Massachusetts in the present year , for home consumption and exportation . —jVtw }" ork Tribune . Why arc pewtev pots like bad legislation ?— Because they are hnlj-and-hulf measure .-:

      15 eu . es and Dahlias . — A modern writer , who 1 ms evidently deeply studied the most unarming productions of nature , says that ' dahlias arc like the most beautiful women without intellectuality ; thoy strike you with astonishment by their exterior splendour , but ave miseraWy destitute of those properties which distinguish and render agreeabl- Ics imposing Hovers , llad nature given the fragrance of the rose or stock to the dahlia , it would have boon the most magnificent ccm of the gardenbut , wanting scent , it is Jikea fine woman without mind . "

      Canadian Ixmaxs . —Every man , like Gulliver in Lillinut , is fastened to £ om < s spot of c-uth by tho thousand small threads whiuh habit and association are continually stealing over liisn . Of these , perhaps , one of the strongest is here alluded to . "When the Canadian" Indians were once solicited to emigrate , " What . ' " they replied , " shall wo say to the bones of our fathers , ' Arise , and go with us into a foreign land ? ' " "What 'run Steui Essoiss Bobs . —It propels , it rows , it sculls , it screws , it warps , it tows , it elevivtes , it \ 0 wev 3 , it lifts , it jninips , it drains , it irrigates , it draws , it pulls , it drives , it pushes it

      carries , it briugs , it sttatu-vs , it splits , it collects , it condenses , it extracts , it breaks , it confines , it opens , it shuts , it digs , it shovels , it excavates , it plows , it threshes , it separates it winnows , it washes , it rrinds , it crushes , it sifts , it bolts , it mixes , it kneads , it mould ? , it stamps , it ptindios , it beats , it presses , it picks , it Jiews , it cuts , it slits , it shaves , it saws , it planes , it turns , it bores , it mortices , it drills , it heads , it blows , it forges , it rolls , it hammers , it rasps , it files , it polishes , it rivets , it sweeps , it brushes , it scutches , it cavils , it , sjuns , it winds , it twists , it throws , it weaves , it shears , it coins , it prints .

      PosTius 1 ' ilatk ' s Svccbssoii , —A kirrister uuing concerned in ; i cause which ho wanted to postpone for a few days , asked Lord Mansfield when he would bvius it on \ " On Friday next , " sai . l his lordship , " Will you p lease to consider , my lord , next Friilny is Good Friday ? " "I don ' t cave Kw Vlr . it—the better day the better deed . " " Well , my lord , you will of course do as you ploasc ; but if ' yow do sit on that day , I believe you will bo tho th-st judgo who did business on i \ Good 1 'ndny siiwe l'vmtvua Pilate ' s time . "

      Gr . AMis Castle . — Luis ancient scat of Macbeth has lately given rise to curious conjectures ill this neighbourhood . It appears that while workmen were engaged in repairing some- of the ruins in the castle , thoy discovered si staircase which had not boon buforo known . They attempted to -explore it , but from its construction nnd tho foulness of the air , the men were obihrcd to give up prosecuting their arduous task . Ic is the belief of many that it leads into a soorut room whieh is supposed to be in the castle ; nnd it is not very iinprobaiilu that something strango may turn out in connexion therewith . Tise Doo ix Daxokii . —A candidate for a scat in p , irli ; w ! iciir , entering tiie iioisse of a washerwoman in Yorkshire , shookThands with all tho inmates , r . ofc excepting a little Cinderella on tlie hearth , and nauseated Dame Suds with his i ' nUowe courtesies . Kicking tlso 'log- whU-li l .-ir gnpming by the tire , " Get : ivs \ y wi' thce , " she cried ; " JrJ'll be shaking hiiiitls wi' thee next !"

      iiATUEB Indigestible . —Tho Cornouian has the following joke on a farmer , who was nuenstcmed to come home late at night in : i " lun-k-veorn" state , taking a Mild Into , vrUieh w \ s usually net tor him by his kind ai : d forgiving wife . One night , besido the usual dish of cabbage and pork , she loft a lvnshi . iowl filled with caps and starch . The lump had ion ? been extinguished when the staggering sot returned homi . \ a :: d l > y mistake , _ when proooeiliii » to satisfy !; is hmia-or , !« . stii < -k liis fork into the- '" wrong lii ' sl ) . Ho worked a way : it his mouthful of caps for some time , but ho ' wg utiublo to masticate them , he sangov . t to his wife— " I say , old woman , where did you £ ? t the cahhapes , they are so . "triimij I can ' t chew ' cm ? " " Oraoiiuw mo ' . " replied tho " good lady , ' * if tho stupid fellow isn ' t eating my cap , strings anil all ' . " Never quarrel at meal time—you mi ^ lit just as well feed on a cushion stuMl'd with pins .

      Important tuom the Gold Hugioxs . —SacUvymento Dijjcius , October 2 ' -th , 1 ^ -iS . —To Tim Flaherty ;—Jifrali thin , Tim , as soon as you read this bit of a liote conic out at wonst . Rite forenenst mo whez-u I sit composing over this k-tthor there ' s a , fortune to <; 0 got for tise mere sifching . The sands is nil sonlii j > invthov . Oeh ' . it yon covftA only soo how k .-u ' . tiiiil it shines in thc sun . An' thin tho depth of it . It cocs clane down to tho centre ov tho world . The mountains , Tim , has v : iiii : > , and ivi'orv Viiiu k fall of tho circuh-. tin' imtjium , Woufdn't you like to Weed them v .-iins , oiild ' hoy ! WVve no horses here . ' cepting mules , and . is soon as one ov tho boys gets a load he puts it on the hack ov the donkev anil carries ic to the ass mwrj . Tlva

      ass savers , ye see , is the jnUlomen as informs ye whether tlni scold ' s the i-aie stuff , ov only iron pit : vtic 3 . You " * ee there's n ilesavin' kind o' goold they call pitaties . It ' s nn iurcushuu ov the ould snrpwif , ; nni iv yez put it in tiie iuv it vanishes in a thick sii : cko ivid an euramd smell £ v suifir . Ho von be about us ! It's : ' - tir . e healthy rfjin k the Sackrymuv . to . Thoro ' s l . o duor . sa \ v :. t the t-L . -iUing ngvr ; ami the lits come on first ir . io whin ^ here ' s any sifthine to be tlone . As soon av ¦ Hie o' the boys gets the shake t' : i him lie just jnns the jiftherin his lists , aiul Iw'lt u ' . riUo a . suviiU fovtiu : \\ uw- tlw tvimM ( i ' & oil Ov him . Wo ' ro all vuio vUnnmicrais out heir , Tin )

      While I'm writing ov this lottli-. r on tliG side ov my hat—bif ] hu-k to tbe crown there ' s to it—1 can soo one of the canting ov the Ki .-w Yovkuiolisha washing f .: e goolu in the Saeki ymoiito with . i-. ai-Uy a rag on liiivC suviu' yoviv i > vv- " '' - lleuitivibm- liie to IVnidy . t ' no 'krlin ' , an' tell her if alic'll put on tho iiufte ' taml darners she can uiakc Iwnos of money Wo , ibv she knows how to use a sj-uJc , nn' h's ohsicr dJffsivi the yoW than i-iV-ting turf in Kilkenny , ITut f-ho'd ' l'Cttei not !>*> aftha comin' in her nuituvii ! iUuU , > br the & !;

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      April 14 , 1849 . THE NORTHERN STAR . . q ^ ^_ _____ . _ .. _____^_ . ^^_^^__^__ _^_ . ^^^^^__ * fJ

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 14, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1518/page/3/