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Northern Star (1837-1852), 27th January 1849, Edition 1 of 3, Page 5, Untitled Article

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      " 'Words are things , and a small drop of infc Falling—like dew—upon a . thought , produces That which makes thousand ? , perhaps million ! , thlEk . " BtEOK . THE VEKDICTfToN " DO-THEBOYS-HALL . " Bbothek Proletabiaxs , The Coroners Court is , in theory , one of the most valuable of tho institutions hand , -d down to us by our ancestors . I gay in theory , fo : in practice the inquiry of a Coroner's jury is too often a juggle and a farce . Innumerable times I and you have re ; d the disgusting verdict— " Died by the Visitation of God , " -when it \ ras " as notorious as the sun at noon-day" that the subject of the inquiry had died by ike wickedness of his fellow men .

      " Oowner ' s Quest Law" is proverbially a subject of popular fidicule and contempt . The grave-digger in Hemlet must have represented tlie popular feeling in the days of Suakspkhe ; and still—thanks to the general run of Coroner' E-court verdicts—the joke still excites the risible faculties of the million . Fortunately , verdicts based on justice and common-sense have bceu occasionall y recorded . Had it been otherwise * the institution must long since have perished . -Alaw—aGovermnent—an institution may exist—at least tor a great length of time , in spite of popular hatred , but it . is not

      possible for either to exist when ussailed by unmitigated popular contempt , Ignoranco and servility have too often characterised Co-: roners' juries ; but occasionall y good sense and ! patriotism have dictated the decisions of those ; Wlies . A noble instance was exhibited iu i 5 ? e ease of the Calthorpe-street jury . A band - -of legalised ruffians , acting : under the orders , £ 3 id eien under the eyes of the lately deceased " Lord'' MelkoL'IIXE , hadbratally assailed an unarmed public assemblage . Men , wome £ , and children were struck dovtti , and teitally

      -beaten when down . In the midst of thexinnult occasioned by this savage attack of tho police , one or more of the people assailed , ' returned blow for blow . One or two of the police were wounded , and one killed outright- ^ On the inquest it was proved ttmt the slair policeman had been foremost in the brutal -Attack upon the people , and had distinguished himself by assaulting and injuring even wosien and children . As before said , he got his quietus—with " a bare bodkin , " kit soincthiag of the sort , and the jury very properly : returned a verdict

      of " JUSTIFIABLE HOMICIDE . " That verdict—boldly recorded ia defence of tho lives and liberties of the people—commanded and obtained a natioirs "thanks and gratitude . Verdicts based on thc ^ snt and falsehood of " Died by the visitation-of God , " are now le . s c > mmon than formerly . But even now it too often happens that juries give verdicts of a negative , and thoK'fore useless character . Thus the Keusin-ctOH Jury have declared , that the boy , Jonjf WaiKixs , " Died from the mortal effects of exhaustion consequent upon fever , supervening « n an attack of malignant

      Cholera . " It is true the jury added an " opinion" that the Tooting Cholera " proceeded from the insufficiency of food and ¦ warm clothing , and the -want of proper ventilation in Mr . Dkocet ? establishment . " 13 ut of what importance is such an " opinion ? " The law takes no cognizance of opinions—" Chartist opinions" exeepted . If the Cholera was preduood by Drouet ' s bad treatment of the victims committed to his keeping , and if—as was the case—that disease destroyed the lives of those victims , it is as plain as a pikestaff' that Dkouet is responsible for the slaughter .

      Either the " opinion of the jury is unwarranted , or if in accordance Avith the evidence , then the verdict is imperfect , and next thing to useless . It appears that when the Kensington children were removed , Drouet directed the workhouse messenger to tell the Guardians that his Brother was inclined to go and thrash them all . I am sorry that Dkovet ' s " big brother" did not act in accordance with his inclination , and thrash away .

      Undoubtedly , the Guardians well deserved thrashing for keeping the children at Drouet ' s don , long after they became aware of the infamous system carried on at that establishment . Perhaps ' ifMrDr . ovET ' s " brother" had been * ' called in" to quicken the sensibilities of the Kensington jury , the effect would have been favourable to the interests of the public . A thrashing administered to the jury might hare thrashed the chaff out of them , and , induced—a more fittinn verdict

      The verdict of the St . Pancras Jury , though emphatically condemning the conduct of Dkocet , is still in effect the same as the verdict of the Konsinjrfon Jurv . There is added an " expression of regret" at the remissness of duty shown by the St . Pancras Guardians ; and an emphatic condemnation of the practice of fanning panper . children . All very woll , but did not the evidence demand a more definite verdict' ? Let us see .

      As far back as the 3 th of June last , a Eoport was laid before the St . Pancras Guardians , which stated that a number of ( the St . Pancras ) children liad run away from Diiouet ' s place , in consequence of being insufficiently fed , and otherwise badly treated . On the 22 nd of August , tho Guardians received another Report , detailing the brutal treatment , and consequent illness , of two children . On the 28 th of August , Mr . Robinson * , tho "Workhouse Surgeon , and Mr Johxsox , who had been deputed to visit Dkouet ' s den , reported that of the St . Pancras children ,

      fiftyeight were suffering under general debility , sore-eyes , casting of the limbs , &c . The visitors added : " The symptoms are decidedly characteristic of bad food , or an insufficiency of food . " Still the Guardians (?) permitted Brovet to continue his experiments . The Coroner * properly described the " gruel" as " nothing better than the bill-stickers' paste . One of the unfortunate boys , describing the condition of the victim Coster , and the boys generally said , " Coster had sores all over his

      ribs , and many other boys had sores about their backs and arms . Some of the boys had bruises about their bodies by being knocked about by Mr . Hardixg , the schoolmaster . " " The stick , with which the boys were beaten , was thicker than a candle . " " Several boys ran away ; and when they were brought back , they had their heads shaved as a punishment . " " Some of the Chelsea boys were beaten by the schoolmaster for telling the gentlemen of the Chelsea Board , they had not enough to eat . Those bovs ' names ' are Howe and

      Cl'Tleu ; but Cvtleu ib now dead . After such complaints were made , the boys were put vpon short diet . " This boy , named "Woobhocse , added the following heart-sickening revelation : — "ThelKiys sometimes slept three in ft bed , and when they wet the lied they are put four in a bed as a jiunish-TOtnt . and bad to lay on cold oilcloth , with a straw bed underneath . / have ktiotni b-jys to hungry that they hits pototfr tltt falings to eat the etvffaut of the pig-tvlbs and tht « wtf . gixtntotfumo ! . "

      These statements were confirmed by others of the unhappy children . When the evideuce of the medical gentlemen is taken in connexion with that of the surviving sufferers , can there be any doubt that , whereas tue di-aths of those who perished were caused 1-V cholera , that that disease was caused bv tho cruel treatment of the victims , and that «* t treatment was the work of Dkout ™> ™™< W ? Un « W £ « ch eircui ; - Mamvs . the veniict of the St . Tanci-is TnrV P « »^ 7 un « fitel to tho ^ V ^ diet « i « . anSlaujrliti-r against Dkouut v ^ s tWnu . 1 W the evidence , and , f ^ t sveord that verdict , the Jury failed intf . Jr UUTV . Ajsiin , on the inquest Wore the Kit mi- < r ton Jury , what revelations of misery ' were

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      published by the children living , and by the friends of the children dead ! Ha > ' > "AH Wilkixs , when she visited her children , was in the habit of taking them some bread and butter , " which they eat most ravenousl y . They frequently complained of not having enough to eat . " Her boy had been removed before he was attacked with cholera , although not until that disease was raging throughout Drouet ' s establishment . A few hours before being seized with cholera , he awoke in the

      middle of the night in a state of alarm , and , on his mother questioning him on the subject , he said the nurse at Tooting had struck him on his nose , and made it bleed very much , and he thought she was going to do so i gain . This child was but five years old . Imagine what he must have suflered , when he Avas haunted lit his dreams by the fear that Drotjet's dependent was about to ropeat the cruelty of which he had evidently been the victim on former occasions . The

      sister of the deceased , though nuKe years of age , was so emaciated and worn down with digease , that she appeared to be A mere infant , when carried in the arms of the nurse into the presence of the Jury . This poor creature was so eaten up with iteh , that Coroner , Jury , awd all present , shrank from her , as a sight that was " sickenifig , " "frightful , " and ¦ ' " -really awful . " Ia the course of this inquiry , it caine out thai ttic children , when they " returned to Kensington from Tooting , can ? 2 back in rags and tatters . It appeared , fro&a the evidence of < &ae of the hoys , that , wfcen any of them rail away , one portion of flie punishment was * o dress them in girl »'

      clothes . This was . "adding degradation t ^ cruelty . Imagine the shame of a highspirited boy forced to dress in girl ' s clothes , and made the sy / fi ? t and scorn of those around him . Another feoy , who had run away , and been brought bsck again , Avas stripped of his clothes and kept in his shirt only , from seven in the evening until twelve next day , as « a punismrr < jnt . As regards the shaving of their heads , « o words can sufficientl y expresi the abomiBSble cruelty of such a punishment . Felons and convicts , murderers and Avretches , condemned to the gallows , suffer not this pain and shame . How true it is , that , in England , there is no crime like poverty i

      Mr . QooDiucn remarked , after the examination © f a boy named John Thomas , that he was a sery intelligent boy before he went to Tootusg , but now he appeared to have lost all his aehnation , and seemed nearly a fool- ^ -in f ' aci- » , reproduction of " Smike , " the victim of tke celebrated " Mr . Squeers , " Avhose establishment— "Do-the-boys-Hall "—was a perfect type of the now equally famed—perhaps we should say much more infamous—Tooting Purgatory .

      It is amazing that the Jury should have found the verdict I have already stated , when the evidence pointed to a decision so much more definite . When Thojias Mills was asked by the Coroner what he thought had brought the cholera to Tooting , the boy replied — " Want of enough grub . " Mr . Wakley evidentl y concurred in that opinion , and so must every one who will be at the trouble to read the evidence . The cholera caused death—want of " grub" caused the cholera . Drouet ' s remorseless avarice withheld the " grub . " Judge ye as to vhat should have been the verdict of the jurv .

      I now come to the much more satisfactory inquest on the children of the Holborn Union . Thanks—a nation ' s thanks—to the honest jurors who , on Tuesday last , declared Bartholomew Peter Drouet " guilty of manslaughter . " Thanks also to Mr . Wakley . To that gentleman the public are infinitely indebted for the faithful discharge of his duties as Coroner for Middlesex , particularly for the able and admirable manner in which he has conducted the inquiries into this " Massacre of the Innocents . " It is now to be hoped that Tuesday ' s verdict will bring the accursed traffic in the flesh and blood of helpless children to a speedy conclusion .

      On this inquest , evidence was given of the treatment of the children , similar to that already stated . When the unhappy creatures complained they had not enongh to eat , they were flogged and beaten ; it appears they were even denied a sufficiency of cold Avater . One of Drouet ' s Janissaries , named Porter , admitted that when bread was served ont to the boys , a four-pound loaf was cut into thirteen pieces ; but Mr Winch , a Poor Law Guardian , said he saw a loaf cut into sixteen pieces , apiece being one boy ' s allowance . The medical evidence on this inquest is worthy the special attention of the reader . All the doctors agreed that the fatal disorder which had caused the death of 200 of these

      unfortunate children , was to he attributed principally to the want of proper clothing , A ' entilation , and a sufficient supply of wholesome food . The result was the verdict already stated ; coupled with a vote of censure on the Guardians of the Holborn Union , and a condemnatory allusion to the New Poor Law . As far as it goes , the verdict is commendable , because justified and ealled for by the evidence : but are there jnot other persons as worthy of condemnation as Buovet \ The persons who pretended to act the part of visitors , most clearly neglected their duty . It must be admitted that the

      Guardians paid a liberal sum per head , for the sustenance and instruction of the children , but they made no proper agreement Avith Drouet ; and still more culpably , they allowed the children to remain in their misery , although they had seen or heard sufficient of Drouet ' s management , to comprehend that Avith him PROFIT was the one consideration . The Poor-laAv Commissioners are not to he held blameless . They pretend that they had no power over such p laces as Dhouet ' s den .

      It is strange how poAverful they claim to be , when they Avish to do mischief : their impotence is only exhibited when they are expected to do ' good . After all , tlu ^ system of which these men are the representatives should be the great object of popular attack until it is amended , or , faffing amendment , utterly SAvept away . Drouet is not the only trafficker m the lives of little children , and to put an end to the unholy work of those dealers in human flesh and blood , the system itself must be

      changed . The abolition of the child-farming system will be a step in the right direction , but the entire Poor Law system requires reAnsion . The country needs a veritable Poor Law Amendment Bill . Children must he restored to their parents , and the parents—no longer separated , no longer shut up in workhouses , no longer kept in forced idleness , or set to useless unproductive employment—must be furnished Avith the means , and the necessary direction to restore them to the proud rank of 1 xdepe . \ dext LABOUR . Then there Avill he no more Tooting massacres—no more infant victims to sacrifice at the altar of the Moloch-god of Profit ! L'Ami du Peupie . January 25 th , 1849 .

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      Revolutions , their Causes asd Effects . —A public meeting tas convened at the South London Hall , Blackfriars ' -r < ad , < n Wednesday evening , to hear Messts . Stallwood and Kydd on 'he above subject . At 1 alf-past eight o ' clock , a numerous met n-i Ind assembled . Mr . Small was called to tbc cbair . Mr . Stallwojd proceeded to t-. at of the various continental revolutions , tracing their causes to misjovernnient . Lie read an extract fivn Lou s Napoleon's work on the " Extinction of Panperi m , by means of Agricultural Colonies , " am ! passed an eulo ^ iura thereon as bein

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      THE CHOLERA . Tootikg Cholera Cases . — The medical officers of tho Board ot Health have been directed by the Poor Law Commissioners to visit all pauper institutions where children of tender age are brought up , witli the view of ascertaining their condition and general treatment . On Saturday the Board of Ilealth received reports of the following fresh cases : —Lambeth , 2 fatal ; Xewington , 2 fatal ; Kensington 8 , 3 fatal ; Wandsworth , 2 fatal ; Battersea ( Althorpe-house ) , 2 fatal ; East and West Reedham , Norfolk , 11 , 3 fatal ; Glasgow , 80 , 18 fatal ; Selkirk , 2 ; Galston , 3 fatal ; Grecnock 135 fatal : New Milns bv

      Kil-, , marnock , from 11 th inst ., 18 , 13 fatal ; Rothcsay , from 6 th ilist ., 38 , 11 ( atal ; Doune , 1 fatal ; Jeilburgh , 1 , Kihuarnock , C , 3 fatal ; Blautyire , 3 , 2 fatal . —Total new cases , 153 , 72 deaths . On Monday , the Board of Health received reports of the following- fresh cases : — TVandsworth , 3 , 1 latal ; Howden Union Workhouse , 2 , 1 fatal ; Carlisle , 4 , 3 fatal ; Glasgow , 110 , 38 fatal ; Dunipace , 2 fatal ; Mauchline , 1 fatal ; Hamilton , from 29 th ult ,, 36 , 26 fatal ; Paisley , from 13 th inst ., 82 , 27 fatal ; Greenock , 0 , 2 fatal ; Selkirk , 6 , 2 fatal ; Drybourg Mertoun , 6 , 2 fatal ; Old Kilpatrick , 2 ; Doune , 2 fatal ; Logic Stirling , 1 fatal ; Jedburgh , 1 fatal ; Renfrew , from 22 nd ult ., 18 , 10 fatal ; New Milns and Grecnhohn , 21 , 13 fatal ; Anderston , 4 , 1 fatal . Total new cases . 310 : 133 deaths .

      The Cholera amongst the Favpsr Childres , — Fresh Outbreak of the Disease . —Although the leports from Tooting on Monday , describe the disease of cholera , sp far as Mr Drouet ' s establishment is concerned , entirely to have subsided , it is to be regretted that such is not the ease with regard to some of the children who have been removed from Tooting . It appears that the cholera has again made its appearance in a malignant form amongst the children removed from Tooting to St . Pancras workhouse . When J ) r . Arthur Farrc and Mr . Grainger , ihe two medical superintendents of the Board of Health , visited St . Pancras workhouse on Saturday night , there were only one or two cases , and a very few cases of low fever , in the cholera wards . On Sunday night , however , a very consU

      derable change in the state of affairs took place , us will be seen by the following official report issued on Monday b y Mr . Bird , the medical gentleman specially appointed by the directors of the poor of St . Pancras , to attend the children since their arrival from Tooting : — " Temporary Hospital , St . Pancras , Jan . 22 nd , 1849 . —I regret having to make an unfavourable report to-day , especially as everything appeared progressing so well . Yesterday ( Sunday ) evening , however , one of the boys was seized with cholera most severely . During the night six more boys were taken Up to the infirmary , with low fever , and this mornipg one of the girl ?

      was also severely attacked with cholera . Those two cases of cholera are in a state of collapse . One of the two children I have previously reported as in a dangerous condition , died last evening at eight o ' clock , the duration of attack being nine days . Cases of cholera , 130 ; deaths , 10 ; collapse , 2 ; low fever , 28 ; deaths , 0 . —( Signed ) Henry Bird , surgeon . " The children in the Holborn and Strand unions are reported as going on favourably , but it must bo remarked , that not only is roast beef and mutton given them every day for dinner , but even wine and other stimulants avc administered to sustain the stamina of the children .

      On Tuesday the Board of Ilealth received reports of the following fresh cases : •—Refuge , Agarstreet , Mai-ylebone , 1 ; St . Pancras Workhouse , 1 fatal ; "Wandsworth , 7 , 2 fatal ; Battersca , 1 fatal ; Whitechapel , 2 , 1 fatal ; Carlisle , 1 fatal ; Howden Union Workhouse , 1 ; East Rxeuham , Norfolk , 5 , 1 fatal ; York Union Workhouse , 2 fatal ; "VVark-Glendall Union , i , 3 fatal ; Kilbarchan , 6 fatal ; New Milnes and Loudon , 11 , 10 fatal ; Haddington , from 6 th , 30 , 15 fatal ; Galston , from 14 th mst ., 52 , 16 fatal ; Rickerton , Ayrshire , 10 , 1 fatal ; Old Monkland , 19 , 8 fatal ; Oben , 2 , 1 fatal ; Dunblane , I fatal ; Doune , 1 fatal ; Selkirk , 4 : Drcghorn , 1

      fatal , —Total now cases , 162 ; 72 fatal . On Wednesday the following fresh cases were reported to the Board of Health : —Wh . techapcl , 1 ; Westminster , 1 fatal ; St . Pancras Workhouse , 1 fatal ; Kensington , 3 , 1 fatal ; Battersca ( Althorpe House ) , 1 latal ; Wandsworth , 2 ; East Reedham , Norfolk , 4 ; Carlisle , 1 ; Wakofield , 3 , 2 fatal ; Edinburgh , 5 , 1 fatal ; Glasgow , > M , 35 fatal ; Selkirk , 4 , 1 fatal ; Old Monkland , 37 , 23 fatal ; Greenock , 3 fatal ; Mclrose 3 , 1 fatal ; Jedburgh . 1 ; Dunoon , 1 fatal ; >' cw Milns and Loudon , 4 , 1 fatal ; Tulliallan , Kincardine , 2 , 1 fatal ; Doune , 1 ; Mauchline , 4 , 2 fatal . Total new cases , 175 ; 75 deaths .

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      THAMES . —Brutalitt at Sea . —James Grieves , mate of the Jenny Lind , was charged with cruelly assaulting Richard Williams , an apprentice on board that vessel . —Tho complainant stated that about five months ago , just before the ship got into Valparaiso , the defendant flogged him cruelly round tne mast , and compelled him to fly up each side of the rigging . Complainant never knew what he was beaten for . Whilst in the court that day the defendant said to him , " If you go against me , look out for your next voyage , as I am going in the shi p with you . " Witness was apprenticed to the captain . —William Grimshaw , said he had been at sea since 1830 , s \ nd nev " er witnessed such brutality as that exercised towards

      complainant . Before the boy was struck the mate and captain were whispering together . The captain went below and put out his light , but lie must have heard the boys piercing screams , as the mate beat him up the rigging at each side of the vessel . The blood ran down his thighs , and his back was black and blue all over . It was the most cold-blooded thing witness ever saw , and it "was continued for twenty minutes . He hit him with a clewline , _ not caring where he struck . —The defendant admitted that he thrashed the boy , but it was only gentle correction , because of his filthy habits . —Mr Seeker said that the case was of by far too grave a character for the exercise of summarv jurisdiction . It was

      not for him ( Air Seeker to decide on the amount of injury that had been done . The boy must indict the defendant at the sessions , and , in the mean time , he ( the magistrate ) would require the latter to put in sureties to appear for the purpose of having the depositions taken against him . SOUTIIWARK . —An Ordeal foh Beggars . —J . Griffin and W . Wicks were charged with begging , — A policeman stated that on the preceding day whilo on duty near St . James ' s Church , Rotherhithe , he observed tho prisoners , who importuned the con » regrcition for alms as they left the church . —Mr Cottingham questioned Grifiin , who , in reply , said that he belonged to the Crusader , from Sydney , and now in the West India Docks ; that he was paid off from that vessel three weeks ago , and received £ 34 watfes . —Mr Cottinsrham asked why lie did not try

      to get another ship ?—He said he lost his register ticket , and could not get one . —Mr Cottinghani directed him to exhibit his hands to ascertain whether he had done any hard work recently , :. alupon examination it was evident that he had not , which drew from the magistrate the remark that he was convinced that he and his companion were' a pair of idle vagabonds that went about begging , and that lie was not a sailor as he represented himself to be . —Griffin , however , still asserted that he was , and Mr Cottingham sent to the West India Docks to make inquiry , and the messenger Lrought back w rd that no vessel named the Crusader had been there since last Jfarch . —The magistrate adjudged Griffin to three months imprisonment ¦ with hard labour , and the other prisoner to one mouth in the House of Correction ,

      WORSHIP-STREET . —A Genuine Ama * ow . — Mrs Mary AnneBedwell , stated to be the wife of a fittit salesman in Spitalfields , was charged with violently assaulting and seriously injuring a broker named West , and two of Ms assistants , nanwd vugrim and Bleene . In consequence of the defendant ' s husland being in arrear fo- rent , the complainant West received instructions to levy an execution upon hi- goods for the amount due , and lor that purpose , accompanied by two of his men , proceeded to the house at « ix o ' clock on Saturday evening . The def < ndant was out at the , time of the lew but on her return , and learning the object ol their visit , the flew into a violent passion , and de clarinc that , sooner than her goods should be taken awav . she would smash everything in tbe house , immediately snatched up a poker , and la > ing it about her in all directions , very spcedi ' y covere d the TL with the fragments of all the gla-s . crockery ,

      Mid furniture she had power to demo ish . *™ Sen smashed out the glass and f ram ^ orl ; o £ ie of the windows , and having unavailing ordere ^ , ^ SiKtarimand Bleene to quit the p ' ace . before Sey also ' sustained injury , commenced a f ™ " * { tack uoon them , and exerted her strength to piccn £ Wv that the second ... an ( bleene ) , in bisap-SSn ' S ^ Tr'ifersS ;^

      , caught upXlLl thln such a blow across the face Suks o btk Sone of Irs teeth , and follo wed Isisllgs ffiW ^ ksarsS . ' ssS ; ! Sf SS £ srfeS aSSSSS * - ^ . aUriUa .. »

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      of tt rp 5 ° " f f ltress f > and P ^ aded in extenuation she nSl Jer conduct «« dreadful excitement sneiiaurally laboured under atseing herselflikelv t 0 . ° e very shortly without a home—Mr Hammiil sail , that the case was one of far too serious a clia-T | i ^ f h J J ( lea i . With SUffim ai % . and he jnouid , therefore , order tlie defendant to be remanded for a week , to afford an opportunity for ascertaining the result oftheiDjunes the complainants had sustained .

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      Thb Executive of the National Charter Associatwn met at their rooms , 144 , High Holhorn , on Friday evening , January 19 th , when the fol owing members were present : —Messrs Kydd Dixon , Stallwood , M'Grath , Harney , and Clark ' Mr Dixon was called to the cbair , Mr Stallwood reported . the result of his mission to Camf-erwdl . Mr Stallwood nest reported that the Standard Theatre was open to them for Wednesday evening , February 7 th , and was instructed to take the same in aid of the funds of the association . —Mr Stillwood reported that he had received several answers from the parliamentary gentlemen invited to attend : that all spoke well of the new plan of organisation , and that Charles Lushiagton , and other members of parliament had promised to be present on the 29 th inst . —Mr M'Grath , in accordance with the notice he bad givei , proposed tee following resolution : —

      ¦ That as there is a probability of several political parties being shortly before the people with their respective projects of reform , and as it is essential hat the policy of the National Charter Association in Tegard to such parties should be clearly defined , the Executive Committee therefore declare , that in its opinion , every political party hag an unquestionable right to promulgate their principles , and promote their objects , without any other obstruction than tuch as may be occasioned by legitimate discussion ; but while recognising the tight of other parties to seek those refurm 9 which appear to them proper , the Executive Committee are more deeply than errr impressed with the conviction—that th » great object of the National Movement should k ?

      'The People ' s Charter , whole and entire . '—Mr StaJlwood seconded the motion , * aad Messrs Harney , Clark . Kydd and Dixon , having addressed the committee thereon , it was ultimately agreed that the question should stand adjourned until the next night of meeting ; that Mr Kydd should prepare the draught of an address to the country , explanatory of the principles embodied in MrM'Grath ' s resohf . tion , and that the resolution and address be submitted to the next meeting . It was further re-¦ oWed : — ' That any resolution or address that may be adopted by the metropolitan members of the Executive on the , subject shall be submitted to the provincial number * of the committee , for their app roval or rejection . ' The committee then adjourned .

      Keighiky . —Mr . O'Connor ' s letter of the 13 th inst . was discussed on Sunday week , and the follow , ing resolution unanimously adopted : — ' That we , the members of the Chartist Association of Keighley , do hold oursnlres responsible on behalf of this district for the payment of our equal share in bringing out the Prize Essay , as suggested by Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., M . P . Sheffield , —At a council meeting held on Sunday last , it was resolved . — ' That a ' bazaar be got up for the benefit of tbe victims . ' Several articles were presented to the council , after which the meeting adjourned to Sunday evening next , at seven o ' clock .

      Mrs Theobald ' s Week ' s Route . —On Sunday , January 14 th , Mr » Theobald delivered her first lecture in Keighley , in the Working Man ' s Hall , on Temperance . On Monday evening she lectured at Farnbill , on the same subject . On Tuesday even ing at Bi . igley . On Wednesday evening again at Keigh , ley , on ' Woman ' s Duty , and her position in society at the present crisis ; ' and at the close of the lecture . formed a female Chartist association—thirtyfour enrolled their names . Ou Thursday evening at the same place , on the « Ri ghi £ of Man . ' On Friday evening at Skipton ; Saturday evening at Parnhill ; and on Sunday afternoon and evening , at Bingley .

      Thb Westminster branch of the National Chsrter Association , met last Sunday evening , at the Progression Coffee-hous *? , 17 , Ryder-eourt , Leiceiter-suuare , vrhen Mr S . Kydd delwered an e ' o \ uent nddreis to a a uu . nerous audience , on the ' Life and writings of Dr Benjamin Franklin . ' At the conclusion of the lecture , about twelve cards of membership were taken out , after which the subject of taking a commodious building for a ball was decided upon , in shares of 5 s . each , when forty-seven shares were taken ; tbe shares to be paid by instalments , commencing on the 23 th inst ., and to fc unlimited . The meeting was adjourned to Sunday nex ' .

      Manchester . —The Victim Committee have issued a lengthy and powerful address , and circu . iflted it in Manchester and its vicinity , calling on the people to support the law-made victims of spies and informers—a call which we hope will be heartily responded to . Owing to its extreme length , we are unable to give the address .

      TO F . O'CONNOR ESQ ., M . P . Respected Sir . —I am requested by the Dorking Chartists to state our opinion on your letter in the Slav of the 13 tb inst 1 st , Our opinion is that the proposed scheme of Financial Reform , will not benefit the working classes , while we are ruled by class-made laws . —2 nd , We are of opinion that your proposition to give prizes for the six best essays on the Labour Question is very good , and we are ready with our humble means to assist to the extent of our power . —Lastly , We very much approve of petitioning Parliament , according to your proposition in the above-named letter . Should the proposition be reduced to practice , I trust we shall not be behind in the number of signatures . —Yours truly and sincerely , on behalf of the Dorking Chartists , W . Dame .

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      Bbadfokd , Yorkshire . —A meeting of Land Members was held on Sunday last at Mrs . Smith ' s , 69 , Bridge-street ; after the transaction of businese , the meeting wae adjourned to Sunday next at two o ' clock , when all members arereqnested to attend . ChauterviMiE . —A . t a ' meeting of the occupants on the 19 th inst . the following resolutions , moved by Mr , Gilbert , aad seconded by Mr . Gathard , were unanimously adopted . — ' That we , the allottees of Charterville , are of opinion that it would not 1 e consistent with our duty to our brother members of the Land Company , were we to avail ourselves of the proposition of Mr . O'Connor , to give us the firet year's rent from ths funds of the Company , and we

      cannot but feel that it would he an unmanly imposition on the generosity of Mr . O'Connor , were we to accept it from his private purse : at the same time we feel the urgent necessity for a prolongation of the time granted for the first payment of rent , owing to the many unavoidable difficultie * we have had to encounter in our new vocation . We are of opinion that whatever indulgence is granted to the balloted members should also be extended to those * ho have purchased their allotments . ' Resolved also , ' That the thanks of this meeting are due , and arc hereby given , ' to those branches who have voted us au extension of time for the first payment of rent . '

      TO FEARGU 8 O CONNOR BSQ , M . P . Esteemed Friend . —We the undertigned allottees of Charter ville , having learned with pleasure that an address has been sent to you from oar brother allottees , nine in number , beg also to address you with the highest feelings of gratitude for your promised gift to the balloted and purchased a ' . lottcei . Your kind benevolence towards us raises our hopes and gives us fresh energy . Your sympathy for us in our novel situation , our inexperience in agriculture , and having cropped all the ground ourselvea , a bad seasor , and not having had the loan , we truat isnotunmer . t . d . We differ from lome members , who think that purchased members ought to share the same privileges as balloted members , because they must he men of property and in many instances have taken no part in the srnggli for our

      glorious principles , in which many have been perse , cuted with the loss of employment , made their friends enemies , and broken ' family ties . We are sorry that there should be any of our brother members found to stand in the way of your goodness believing , if left to your high sense of justice , you will take that course which will aaost speedily place the greatest number on the land . Under your care we have the greatest confidence ; although we have endured much , we are proud of our position ; . we feel that we are free—we fael certain that by perseverance ^ iiulustry , and economy , our glorious Lind I'lau will lie the salvation of our country . You charitable feeling , even towards those that have been ungrateful for your unprecedented services , is noble and ought to be a lesson for our order , for without charity we ; . e of little worth . We hope , ere long , t ) show by our induslr j we are deserving tbe praise

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      X the Land Members , and also of yourself , which it all you require from your grateful allottees . Wil'iam Hays , William Bcttnell , Benjamin Jackson . Thomas Kirk , Susannah Johnson , Jane Bell , James Holmes , John Bennett , William Hoe , Thomas Holland , Mark Dyson , John Jackson , Thoma : Lutet , James Shawross , John Bradshaw , Mr 3 . Goodwill , John Clark , Thomas Mavcock .

      Untitled Article

      TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , ESQ ., M . P . Horaemonger-lane , Gaol , January 18 th , 1849 . Dear Sir , —1 ought to apologise for addressing you on the present occasion ; but as , perhaps , you are the only Member of Parliament who will take any interest in the affair , and as 1 know the canse is next your heart , 1 am certain that , if you cannot Temedy the evil , you will sympathise with the vie tim ; further apology is unnecessary .

      I am one of tho four Chartists who were tried for sedition , in August last , at the Old Bailey . With respect to the justice which we received on that occasion , I will say nothing , as there can be but one opinion upon that point in the minds of honest men ; but , as I conceive , v ? e did not get the benefits upon that occasion which the law ( bad as it is ) allows , you will greatly oblige by letting me know if the following objections will be sufficient for the ground of a petition to Parliament , for the purpose of setting aside the sentence , upon the plea of illegality . On the 25 th of August last , I was brought to trial without the reading of any indictment , the Attorney-General opening tbe case to the jury without that ceremony , so that I had no rightly . defined notion of what I stood charged with .

      Several witnesses were examined on behalf of the Crown , of which I received no intimation before they entered the witness-box . The authorities of Newgate refused to admit all books or papers that we required for our defencefor the other three victims were treaUd in a similar manner—and to such an extent was this carried , that a copy of the Charter , ami that part of the Penny Encyclopedia containing the word Misdemeanour , ' were not permitted to be passed to us . Finding remonstrance to be lost upon them , we prepared our defences , with memory for our guide . But—as if they had tep&ntetl at the eleventh hour , or rather conscious that we could make no use of

      them—they brought us two books upon Irish affairs when they came to lock us up far the night , on the day before we were called into couit . When I mentioned this to the Judge ( Baron Plait ) he expressed doubt upon the subject . Wfeen I asked him to call the governor or the chaplain to substantiate my assertion . Hedeclin'd doing so , but admitted that they had no right to have aeted in the manner they did . I requested him ( the Judge ) to take a note of it , which he did , or pretended to do , for I am unable to speak positively upon the poinf ,

      as he never made any allusion to it afterwards . The Attorney-Seneral merely remarked , in his reply , that what was done by the authorities of the prison , neither he nor Im lordship had anything to do with . We had many other obstacles to contend against : such as being kept without paper , pens , and ink ; and , indeed , had the deputy-governor not lent us his pen-knife at last , we would have been ebliged to have appeared in court without our defences being committed to writing ; as it was , you will perceive that we got anything but fair-play .

      As Me 8 sra . Shell , Bezer , and myself , resolved to defend ourselves rath * r than lee a parcel of lawyers take from the Defence Fund , you can easily percrivs tbe motives that gave rise to the above treatment , and , perhaps , you will be better able than I am , from your position , to understand whether they acted upen their own authority , or by the advice of the Home Office . In either case , the tyranny and injustice is still the same . We have greatly to complain of that iouchboastedi but ( at least , in our case ) woefully fallacious axiom , that ' The judge is the prisoner ' s counsel . ' For , as far as we were concerned , he was tho bitterest enemy we had in court , not even excepting the Attorney-General himself . But , if he had

      c ifffini d himself to truth , or the exaggerated evidence laid before him , some excuse might be pleaded on [ bis behalf ; but he despised both , and had recourse to falfebood , a despicable qualification for a judge . For example , he told the jury that I had a rieht to agitate for the Charter , hut I had no right to do so with arms in my hands—although there was no evidence offered , either in my case , or in that of any of the others , that any . of us had been takm , or so much as seen , on any occasion , in such a condition ; the only arms that had any reference to us , was a sword that was found hang > ng upon my bedroom wall after I Tvas arrested . Indeed , as far as arms are concerned , there are very few persons in the kingdom so destitute of them as we were .

      When we were brought up for judgment , I attempted to make the foregoing the ground of objection for staying the ( sentence , both in my own case and that of the others . But bis lordship overruled , on the ground that we were tried for misdemeanour . and that it only held good in cases of felony . If such is the state of the law , ( he law of aediliom must be a mockery of human wisdom , and a dan . gerous weapon in the bands of bad men . Who can expect justice when tbe law is so bad , tbe government so vindictive , and the judges so inhuman ? But sir , if you think that these matters are sufficient grounds of objection to frame a petition on our be ! ia : f , my unforturmte compassion and

      myself will forward 'the same to you , either jointly or separatelv , as you may desire . But I beg of you clearly to understand , that tie mean , independent of say cringing to the minister of the day—a petition based upon the magnitude of our wrongs , and asking no other favour than the favour of fair-play , a favour not easily obtained of late from the Russell administration . These may appear serious charges , but nevertheless they can be substantiated by Messrs . Shell , Beezer , Crow , and Shaw ; for although the last named person was tried at the September Session , that tvas on account of his having traversed , but whether he met with the same treatment that fell to our lot I have no mode of ascer

      taining . Still I know that he is cognisant of the above , and the others are too well aware of it , being sufferers from it like myself . Should the state of the law be such that there in no mode of redress but by a writ of error , will you have the kindness to let me know if I can carry on the proceedings in person in my present position , not having money ts throw away among lawyers ; nor have I the inclination to allotr the Defence Committee to do so , although they might be willing , as I consider thej can put it to a better purpose than paying eo dear for the relief of Yours , with sincerity and respeat , James Maxwell Brtson .

      Untitled Article

      THE MINERS OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM . In accordance with the resolution adopted t > j tbe delegates at the ' Hastings' Arms , ' a general meeting of the miners was held at Scaffold-hill or Saturday last , when the following resolutions were unanimously agreed to : — ' That the nature and extent of the reductions offered to the workmen ol Segbill , Deleval , Cowper , Percy Main , and othe : collieries ought to be resistrd , inasmuch as t '«( market price of coals being higher than at any previous period of the year , does not warrant i-uch re . duction : therefore , should such reduction be com . plied with , each colliery in the trade may necessarily expect a like reduction to be offered to them . 4 That this meeting being fully alive to the princ ! - pl .- « embodied in the preceding resolution ,

      determine to support the workmen of Deleval , and other collieries , who may resist the reductions offered br their masters . ' ' That , in the opinion of this meeting , tbe only safe remedy against the oppression of our masters is union ; therefore , we agree to organise ourselves in one common bond of brotherhoodi for the protection of our labour ( our only capital ) , and cordially incite our brother miners to unite \» uh us in carrying out the said organisation . ' The meeting having listened attentively tothevaiiou * speakers , in their endeavours to elucidate and make clear the necessity for , ai ; d the adoption of , the respe : tive resolutions , evinced a determination to carry out tbe oljects of the meeting , which bid fair lo bring forth the most pleasing results

      Delegate Meeting at the Wheatshea * , BENioN-sftUARE . —A delegate meeting was held at the ' Wheutsheaf , ' Benton-square , at the close of the public meeting ; collieries rftpresentcd , viz .: Ssaton Delfval , Cowj ?« t , Percy Main , Wesfc-Cnmlingt ' . n , East Cramlington . Resolved : —' Thai each delegate use his best endeavours to push forward the Organisation in his colliery , and to assist ia getting proper and sufficient tu . 'jmrt forthosp who may l ; e obliged to resist the reductions offered by their masters . ' 'Tn ; it a district delegate meet-

      Untitled Article

      ing be held at Mr . Bell ' s' Hastings' Arm ,, ' S-uaa Deleval , on Saturday , 27 th inst ., at twelve Keltic . each colliery is expected to send a delegate . " - T . ^ at a general meeting of miners take place at Serbia . bflJ . on Saturday , February 3 rd . Chair to k r ^ suat twelve o ' clock .

      Untitled Article

      TO THE ED 1 TOK OF THE NORTHEKN HTXS . Sir . — 'The Chronicle of Thursday , con . .-:: ^! a pretsnded report of a meeting held in t : . < . ¦ S .-uth London Chartist Hall on Wednesday eveniu ; , irom . which f extract the ( ollomng : — "A Mr . Swiinn was voted to the chair , whoopev ¦ ' : i " , ^ procccdinps . He stated that as possibly they might , ; : y . \ have a revolution , it was as wcU to be prepared what f Ji .- - ; ;; nd in the event uftlicir ( thepeople ) uainiiig the du m \ advised them to have nothing fo do with home eo ! ¦ : ¦¦ ¦ . and

      all that humbug , as advised by the Spirit of ii . ;•; . ' and the- Stamen-savers . Vrujects \ vere very plentitV .: : ' . '• ¦¦ •; # is O'Connor lias put forth one , which he styled " : V- Landlord ' s l ' rotcetor . " Xow they did not waiit any 1 - , a ,-, is at all ; and their object wus to get rid of them : It . ' ^ -Zher ; awl should xhvy accomplish a revolution , ho ad - < M them not to put up with waste lands and bits of roil ¦ - . -at to root out the pruseut system entirely , for , if the . . . M not they would : iprain be brought under subjection . " -i- > tallwond , Mr . Kydd , and others addressed the mooi--. . uamg them to enrol and renew the agitation for the C ! -- » rl . \\' "

      From the absve , the impression on tho : •„ : ( of th e reader would be , that a revolution wbs at : ¦ i . i . and that the object should be , to possess the pn > . -J : . y of ihe rich , and divide it among the poor . ' } > -. ¦ - v . T-reis used by Mr . Svrann were , ' Revolutions hasi Mrred and would again occur . ' He certainly repii -I :,- ; n ] the teachings of Mr O'Connor , and the edit . > . . ( the Spirit of the Age , on home colonisation . '\\ t ' . attei sentiment , however , wes not reciprocate ; •>• > the meeting , and Was commented upon and s ; j > , . k \ \ o by Mr Stallwood and myself . Why has ,. ; writer of tbe report in question omi' . ted all 1 sa ; . i ¦ . the occasion ? And why has he not noted nir i ; .-. > . inct

      reply to the speech of the chairman ? ' i r , v 3 son is obvious . He dfsired to acquire for the vc ¦ : i .: ., ; tbe character of illegality ' : to have represents ; W . z objects and sentiments of the speakers fairly v . uid not have suited his purpose . Is it not lanii ; . ; . ' -ie to tkink . that a daily journal of importance slii . i ; '¦ . ' .-toop to such misrepresentation ? What can the ivMis ' ry , the parliament , or the citizens of a state , k < := > -., of the sentiments of the people , if such a pracikv \ n continucd ? It is unnecessary that I should ? .-. ; aore . I wait to see the Chronicle at to-rtorr < iw , iul remain yeur obedient Bervant , Jan . 25 th Samuel K-. « b .

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      LATEST NEWS . Ireland . —Dublin , Wednesday . —V * i > ici Gogarty , who some months ago was convicted uf illegal training and drilling , and sentenced to transpjita * tion , filed a writ of error on tbe ground thus the indictment was bad . The case was argiiMi in the Queen's Bench yesterday , and this day { he Chief Justice pronounced the judgment of the Co'in . He said , that he and his Learned Brethren wp . : c ! ,: arly of opinion that the indictment was bail is « very count , because of iis omitiing to specify t ' t-s exact nature of the offence charged in the words uf the Act of Parliament ; that therefore the sentence must be set aside , and the convict discharged . This decision no ; only procures the prisoner ' liberty , but that of fifteen other parties r . ko are under sentences of imprisonment .

      FRANCE . —The seven magislrafcs self cted from the Court of Cassation to form the Hij $ li Court of Justice for the trial of Barbes and his compairiats , are Messrs Berenger , Hardoin , Rochor , Hello , and Boisseu , as titular judges , and Messrs Putaillc iinri Delapalme as supplementary judges . ' 1 i : e five titular judges assembled on Saturday , and ci-use M . Berenger , lately named President of the Court of Cassation , to be President of ( he High Coins The Journal des Debuts , ot Wednesday , publishes the details of the budget nhich has been presented to the National Assembly , from which it appe ? . r > that the array ia to be reduced by 121 , S ; 2 men , a » d 8 , 022 horses , and the fleet to 10 snips ot the Vine

      8 frigates , 18 corvettes , 24 brigs , 12 transports , and 24 cutters , to be manned by 20 , 000 men . Huber , who pronounced the dissolution of fre Naticnal Assembly , during the invasion of the 15 th of May , addresses , through the Reform ? , a letter to the Froctireur-General of the Republic , in which he protests against the decision by which nineteen pers 6 ns are accused of a fact of which he states tbat he accepts all the responsibility . He says , that forced by the necessity of circumstances , he declared the dissolution of the Assembly unknown to bis

      lellov .-accused . He adds , that be did not constitute nimself a prisoner , because he expected a different decision , and tbat he will not give himself up in order to cause an adjournment of the trial , and thereby prolang the imprisonment of tome of the accused ; but , on fie day of trial , he promises to present himself , not to defend himself , but to tell the truth , which has been so hypocritically falsified by the rractionary and Royalist spirit . —The Minister of the Interior is prepariug a Bill for suppressing or restriction of the clubs .

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      THE POSTAL CONVENTION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATESThe most interesting intelligence received frons America , by the late arrivals is the ratification , by tiie Senate of the United States , of the postal convention or treaty with Great Britain , so that wo shall enjoy a cheap international postage , both for letters and newspapers . The treaty and document * are very long ; but the following summary -will give all that the public will be likely to cave about knowing : —I . direct Postage . —The postage ticroua tbe Boa is fixed at 16 oontH ; English inland postage 3 cents ; United States inland postage 5 cents Tho sea postage to be paid to the vessel performing

      the servico . —II . Transit Service . —Transit postage through this country to the Canada , 5 cents ; and 25 per cent , thereon for paying by the ounce instead of puying by the letter . —Transit vide through England , the inland postage of 3 cents ; and 25 por cent , thereon for paying by the ounce as : ibove , < tc . —III . Transit throvah Canada . —The Canada rates . —IV . N&wspapers and Periodicals between tho United States and England . —Each newspaper ( Id . ) or 2 cents ; Periodicals , Ac , weighing 2 oz . ( Id . ) or 2 cents ; over 2 and under 3 oz . ( Cd . ) or 12 cents ; over 3 and under-1 oz . ( Sd . ) or 16 cents ; and 2 d . additional for every ounco or fraction of an ounce .

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      Statistics of Poor-iutjks . —In accordance with tho motion made Jast session by the late Mr . C . Duller three returns respecting the poor law hare just boon printed . From these it appwirs that the gross total annual value of tho real property rated to the poor-rates for the ye . ii ended 25 th of March , 1847 , in England and Wales , amounted to £ 07 , 320 , 587 ; that the expenditure for tho relief and maintenance of the poor during the said reat atuounted to £ 5 , 208 , 785 , equivalent to < i rat « on tho annual valuoof Is . 7 d . in the pound—that is to Bay , of Is . 6 | d . in England and Is . ll | d . in Wales . The highest rate levied was in the county of Buckingham ( 2 s . 4 Jd . ) . nnd the lowest in the ' county of Derby ( is . Oid . ) Ill Middlesex the rate was la . 4 id on % real property of £ 7 , 584 . 008 . JL second tabular

      statement shows that tbe total number of unions ia England and Wales amounted , in 1847 to 592 ; the estimated population of those unions to 1 'J , !)' j 7 , o 81 ; the number of paupers rcliored in those unions ( exclusive of vagrants and paupers not belonging to any parish of the union in which they were relieved ) during tho quarter ending 25 th of March , 1847 , to 1 , 322 , 120 ; the proportion per cent , of the pauper ! relieved to the estimated population , in 1847 , to 8 . S ; the total number of paupers relieved in unions ( inclusive of vagrants , < fcc . ) during the quarter ending 25 th of March , 1 S 47 , to 1 , 471 , 138 ; and the proportion per cent , of the total number of paupers relieved on the estimated population in 1847 , to 9 . 8 ; the estimated population of the counties of England

      and Wales , in 1847 , to 17 , 325 , 123 ; the annual value of the real property assessed to the property and income tax in 1818 , to £ 83 , 802 , 735 ; the proportion pop cent , of tho poor-rate assessment to the incometax assessment of real property , to 78 . G ; the expenditure for the relief and maintenance of the book during the year raded March , 25 th , 1817 , to £ 5 , 298 , 785 ; the rato in the po \ ind for tho relief of , tho poor on the annual value assessed to the poorrates , to ll . 7 d . |( viz ., la . GJd . in England andU . lljd . in Wales ) , and the ra c per head of the expenditure for tbe relief of the poor on the estimated population of 1847 , to Gs . lid . Another table shows that the average proportion per cent , which the Annual value of the real property assessed to the poor

      rates m 1847 bears to the annual valuoof . the real property assessed to the income tax in 1848 , injjhe counties oJ England , - amounts to 7 S . C j ^ ^ S £ > Phoxuwciation of' Oriental ofo . ( 3 a $ ?^ jmaij Names . —The vowels alone need be ftQend ; d g ^ . 6 i ' , > Ti «;!; they arc pronounced rts ifhose of the toHdiV'JfWfe *^ Thus , the English voWels take for tUwi ^ mpOfta ?/ . ing Eastern sound—a ' , as hi the Eupsj £$ em fai-S . e , as e in set ; ?>• ' «*' Hn' pit 17 ( for Jr «; CAWeI ^ n :. Italian and in all Oriental ton « ues ) , ^ s 'do \ iblev ^ J « - ; fro ; o , as o in robe ; « , as ( iodyie o ;! n % ><>?•¦ £$ * £ * * Si :: E ^~ s ™ £ Sgif i : ; hs ^ r ~ ° ti « s > trA * i Mtikixrayh , and soon . ^ ^^^ BH

      «¦ Police.

      «¦ police .

      ^M Ffifrmtei Emeuigettce.

      ^ m ffifrMtei EMeUigettce .

      Rational Luntt Compani*.

      Rational luntt compani * .

      Untitled Article

      ¦ V- " . ¦ fe January 37 , 1849 . THE NORTHERN STAR .

      Letters " To The Working Classes. U Xxxil

      LETTERS " TO THE WORKING CLASSES . u XXXIL

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 27, 1849, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1507/page/5/