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Northern Star (1837-1852), 14th February 1846, Edition 1 of 4, Page 4, Untitled Article

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    • THE NORTHERN STAR. 8ATURDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 1846.
    • Co 3iieal»a^^Cbmgponiyentg*
    • HORRIBLE MURDER AND SUICIDE.
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      Untitled Article

      FHOBteS COOPER . THE QU&&TISVS WORKS . PHOBtaS COOPER , THE CH&KTXSV'S € XTr \ -aV 3

      THE PURGATORY OF SUICIDES . A Prison Rhyme . In Ten Books . ( One VoL , 7 s . Gd . ) * The most wonderful effort of intellectual power produced within the last century . "— The Britannia . " Here we liava a genuine poem springing out of the spirit of the times , and indeed out of the heart , and ex . erience of one ¦ who has wrestled with and suffered in , ' it . It is no other than a poem in ten book * , by aChartjgt , and who boldly « ets his name and his professia n of Chartism on . the tifle-pag « . It is plain that ho gjor ieB jn bispoliticalfaith more than in his poetry ; nay , hi 5 terse is hut the vehicle of that faith . Yet > neverthele Ss , it is aTi"oreusanamostefficientvehicle . Wemust cordially feel of

      confess that we have read the whole with a ' . ng unfeigned astonishment . * * * W « are br . no means Bu ^ rbed , having read his poetry , at the eff « . t of hu , do-WncewUtevw ^ . xtisttetof a soulfcJlofttous bt fullof hunuagrealforliberty , and with a ten . peran . en that must and will come into action . T he manimaH boneaud , inew . * . * *** £%££££ in history , ancient and modem . Hs ^ cqun ^ this department are quite amazing . = » aS-ttsaasBSsa ' the world of

      » TTe haii tbe writer as a nevrpoweria twetrv the ruler of * new domain , as yet but little tnowa , hot which the public cennot fail to recognise , when its kinss of thought shall put on their singing robes , and with fresh -voice andfaul speak its praises to tbawerla ? — ftntinS . "The boot possesses mind—mind which mate itself felt and anderetooS , and whsM , therefore , demands respectr- ^ ASteaoexaa . "Tare , religions , patriotic , he has not a line inimical to thegreatlaw of pro-ressfen . Men may read Mm as a preacterpoet His lay is for all time . It will make the heart of the hogefnl glow with a holy fire when he who penned it has passed from among men . As man strengthens in knowledge and lore—as passion or prejudice expire—as reason grains and retains her mastery —will this iigh-souled man's work be increasingly reverenced and read ! " —GcneraLAdcertiser .

      "Well conceived—wrought out with no ordinary amount of power—clearjy and concisel y expressed . "IHusutMtci } Ta ^ azia& . " One of the most extraordinary literary productions of the dav—we may say of the present age—a work which ¦ will gain for it 3 authors reputation as lasting , if not as great , as That of Byron , Spenser , and Milton . " - —Kentish Independent , "In tensity , passion , is his { treat characteristic ; and this will constitute the main source of his influence , and , unless vb are much mistaken , will render the ' Purgatory of Suicides' as popular in the political , as Pollock ' 'Course of Tune' in the religious , world . —A ' oftin ^ ftain Bedac .

      " One of the noblest creations of modern times , deeply impregnated wish -power and beauty , and glowing in every , page with-the illumSnings of searching and passionate thought . Be wields an intellect of mighty power . "We shall not halt in asserting that in the catalogue of England ' s greatest bards must hereafter be inscribed the name of Thomas -Goopee . " —Sheffield frit . " One of those rare works which appear at bnt distant Intervals of time . It proclaims the author to be gifted vftoh the spiritof poetry in thehighest degree . "— £ ei « jlerthtre Jftreiirg . "Tfee whole work is one which must impress the reader with ths conviction that Cooper , the Chartist , is a nan of loftr genius , and must and will be remembered trith his land ' s language . "—Boston HcraU .

      Untitled Article

      COLOSSECM .-NOTICE .-PRICE OF ADMISSION DURING THE HOLIDAYS !! Day Exhibition 2 s . . ETening = Bo , 2 s . Cd . Children under Twelve . Is . Stalactite Caverns Is . extra . miffi DAY EXHIBITION consist , of the Museum of A Sculpture , Grand Picture of London , Albambra Conservatories , Gorgeous Gothic Aviary , Classie Ruins , Swiss Cottage and Mont Blanc , with Mountain Torrent , &c tc Open from Ten ail Pour o'CIock .

      EVENING . —The new and extraordinary Panorama of London bi Sight , Museum of Sculpture , Conservatories i _ and Gorgeous Gothic Aviary , &c , brilliantly illuminated j&Bwiss Cottage , Mont Blanc , and Mountain Torrent represgented by Moonlight . Open from Seven till a Quarter fjlet Ten o'CIock . " 2- « KAS " > Obchestb * Osgan , on which the most adjm ^ dOvEBTCRES , &C , are played , from Two to Four aid from Eight till Half-past Tea o'clock . '< , The whole projected and " Resigned by Mr . William

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      WF ^ ST-RIDING OF YORKSHIRE . UWOTTjOTT 0 ? t " 5 Tot « BW *« « 8 MOT » SiSr ^ afwafcefield , on Monday , the Second day r March next , at Ten o'CIock in the Forenoon , for t » . e Trial of Felons and Persons Indicted for Misdemeanors , when all Jurors / Suitors , Persons who stand u ^ ,, Recogni . zance , and o thers havme business at tho Baid Sessions are required to atUnd the Court . WF ST-R 1 D 1 NG OF YORKSHIRE . _—

      Prosecutors and Witnesses in cascfj of Felony and Mis demeanor from the Wapontakes -of Strafforth' and Tickhill , Osgoldcross , and Staiucnws , must attend the Seisions at Sheffield ; and those from ' the Wapontakes ef StaincliffeandEweross , Claro , theAinsty , Agbrigg and STorley , Skyrack , and Barkstonaslv , being the remainder of the WesUtiding , must attend ihe Sessions at Wakefleld . C . H . ELSI . SY , Clerk of the Peace . ' Clerk of the Peace ' s Office , Wakefield , 9 taFebruary , lStS .

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      DAGUERREOTYPE AND CALO'IYPE . fTiHE APPARA . TOS , I £ NS ,-CHEKICAI . S , PLATES , JL GASES , and every oilier article-used in making and mounting the above caa b « had ef J . Egcrton , No . 1 , Temple-street , Whiteftiars , London . Desiriptive Catalogues gratis . LEREBOURS celebrated ACEROMATIC TRIPBET LENSES for the MICROSCOPE , ¦ sent to any part of the country at the following price : —Deep Power , COs ., Low Power , 25 s . Every article warranted .

      Untitled Article

      TO TAILORS . By approbation of Her Most Excellent . Majesty Queen Victoria and His Hoyal Highness Prince Albert , fTtHE LONDON and PARIS FASHIONS for Winter , JL 18 i 5 and 1 S 46 , by READ and Co ., 12 , Hart-street , Bloomsbury-square , London ; Berger , Holytvell-street , Strand , London , and may be had of all Book , sellers wheresoever residing ; a very , superb Print ,, representing the most splendid exhibition in Europe , an Interior View of the Colosseum , Regent " s-pirk , Londen . This exquisitely executed and beautifully coloured Print will be accompanied with fullrise Dre » s , Frock . and Riding Coat Patterns ; also , Patterns of the New Fashionable Polka Frock , and Locomotive

      Hiding Coats , and an extra fitting Fashionable Waistcoat Fatten ] , with every part complete , and a full explanation » f the manner of cutting and making them up ; also 9 txtra plates , including 3 sections , 4 forcutting fancy coats , t for waistcorte , the other for cutting Coat Collar Patterns , in proportion , for all sizes , so that any person may complete the whole in the most correct manner , without a previous knowledge of any system of cutting whatever . Price ( as usual ) , the whole , 10 s ., or post free , toany part of England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales , Us . System of Cutting , 25 s ; Patent Measures , 8 s the set , Patterns , post free , Is each ; to be had of all booksellers . For particulars , see "Townsend ' s Parisian Costumes , " "Gazette of Fashion , " "London and Paris Magazine of Fashion , " the " London and Country Press , " &c .

      Untitled Article

      REMOVAL . J WATSOX , BOOKSELLER . AND PUBLISHER , . announces to bis FRIENDS , the PUBLIC , and the TRADE , that his business will , for the future , be carrisd on at No . 3 , QUEEN'S HEAD PASSAGE , PATERNOSTER-ROW , where all orders and communications must be addressed . s . d . Palmer ' s Principles of Nature , one vol ., Cloth . 2 0 do . do . do . in a wrapper . 1 C Cooper ' s Holy Scriptures , analyzed ... ... 0 6 Scripturian ' s Creed . By Citizen Davies 0 5 Letter opening at the Post-office , with some account of the Brothers Bandiera . By J . Mazz ' mi . 0 4 Shelley ' s Queen Mab , complete 1 0 — -Masque of Anarchy o 3 Central Physiology and Materialism . By . W . C . Engledue , M . D o 4 On the connection between Geology and the Pentateuch , in a letter to Professor Silliawan . By Thomas Cooper , M . D 0 9 Right of Free Discussion . By T . Cooper , M . D . 0 S LONDON : J . WATSON , 3 , QUEEN'S HEAD PASSAGE , PATERNOSTER-ROW .

      Untitled Article

      DIXON'S TEMPERANCE HOTEL , No . 93 , GREAT ANCOATS-STREET , MANCHESTER fXesl door to the Cotton Tree Inn ) . WD . begs respectfully to inform his numerous friends and the public that he has opened the above Establishment , where he hopes , by strict attention to the comfort of those who may favour him with their commands , combined with the reasonableness of his charges , to merit a share of public support . Parties from the country , visiting Manchester on business or pleasure , will find this Establishment very convenient , owing to its central situation and proximity to the various Railway Stations .

      SEWS ROOM . In order to contribute to the information and amusement of his customers , W . D . begs to say , that on the table of the New 6-room , at all times , will be found the current numbers of the following metropolitan and provincial Newspapers and Periodicals : —The Daily Times , KorOiern Star , The Pcofit , each edition ef the Manchester Guardian , Punch , Douglas JerroU ' s Magazine , The Miners ' Advocate , < £ ¦« ., < £ ¦ & 5 . B . — Good accommodation for Travellers . Wellaired Beds . Chops . Steaks , ic , on the shortest notice .

      Untitled Article

      FUNERAL ECONOMY ! THE CEMETERY and GENERAL FUNERAL COMPANY , united with SUILMBEER'S PATENT FUNERAL CARRIAGES , respectfully intitepublie attention to the economic and convenient arrangements for performing every description of Funerals complete , atcharges so mederate as todefycoinpetition , and no extras ; by which the comfort of bereaved fwniUeB will be materially promoted , and expenses limited . City-road , Finsbury , next Bunhill-fields Burial-ground ; 21 , Percy-street , Tottenham-court-road ; and 136 , Union-street , Southwark . Shillibeer ' s Patent Funeral Carriage , with two horses , £ 1 Us . Gd . ; Single Ilorse , £ 1 le . A respectable Carriage Funeral , combining every charge , £ 4 4 s . Hearses and jjourning Coaches . Cathelie Fittings . Four Horse ttneraK £ 12 l 2 s

      Untitled Article

      Between six and seven o ' clock on Thursday morning the inhabitants of Arbour-square , Commercial-road , were alarmed by loud calls for the police and screams of murder issuing from the hou 3 e , No . 1 G , in the square , occupied by a respectable man named Baxter , ' employed as a clerk in Templeman ' s coal wharf . Police constable Sutherland , who was passing the hsuse , which is within abont eighty or one hundred yards of the Thames Policecourt and station-house , immadiately entered , and , on descending to the back kitchen , received in hit arms the body of a young woman in the last gasp of death , from a frightful wound on the right siie of the ' throat , which gaped to the extent of several inches . She died almost immediately , without uttering a word . Having laid tha body ou the floor , ha proceeded to the next apartment , which was furnished in

      tb * way of a parlour , and there , on the . floor close to the fire-place , lay the body of a man about twenty-six years of age , with his head nearly xevered from hi * body , hit throat being cut quite across . A pool of blood had issued from the wound , and where the woman lay iu the other apartment the place was also deluged with blood . There wat a pond of blood at the toot of the staircase , and the door , the tablet , and the chairs , were spattered and smeared with gore . The fender , fire irons , and furniture , were scattered about in every direction , and all things betokened a silent but terrible struggle . It teems the deceased young woman , who had not yet atJ tained her sixteenth year , was the daughter of Mr . Baxter , the proprietor of the house . Against the father ' s consent the married her murderer , Jeremiah Speace Stark , about nine months since . Thvugh averse to the

      match , her poor father took them into the house , in the hops that he might further their future prospects ; but the son-in-law was of a gloomy and morose temper , and apparently idly disposed . The only discoverable grounds for the terrible tragedy , which has fearfully alarmed tli « neighbourhood , are these : —A little brother of the young woman Ellen Baxter , aliat Stark , slept in tfce same apartment with her and her husband , and on the previous night heard tlie latter abusing Iier and calling her odious names . This he toU to his father , who mildly remonstrated with Stark on the impropriety of his conduct . It would seem this galled the fellow , and must have rankled all night in his mind . From the

      appearance of the front kitchen , which seemed to be the breakfast room of the family , the jouiig woman must hare been at work in the place when Stark made th « attack upon her , and the silent straggle between them must have been terrible . Her hands were cut in several places through the gloves which she had on doing iier work . The poor young woman , who is supposed to have been ia the family way , is said to have been a sweet , goodtempered girl , of very prepossessing appearance , and her life might have been saved had not her too great love for the murderer and suicide prevented her giving a timely alarm , ai there vrers several persons in the house at the time .

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      Gbbbk ' iTiCHj DmFuRD , « $ sc . —A publio meeting will 1 ) 9 held at the Lecture Hijll , Roy ^ hill , Greenwich , on Wednesday evening nexfcj ttie 18 th « f February , '" for ' the' purpose of-adopting a petition to the House of Commons for the restoration of Frost ,. Williams , Jones , and Ellis . - The chair to be .. taken at eight o ' clock precisely . FeargnB O'Connor , Esq ., will attend and address the meeting . Admission free . ^ rbest , hch , Depiford , « $ sc . — A publio meeting will " 9 held at thft Lecture Hill ! , Royal-lliU . iirCen-

      The Northern Star. 8aturday, February 14, 1846.

      THE NORTHERN STAR . 8 ATURDAY , FEBRUARY 14 , 1846 .

      Untitled Article

      MINISTERIAL CONFESSION OF CHARTIST STRENGTH . Whatever may be the fate of Sir Robert Peel ' s gigantic and statesmanlike moasure , it is , after all , but the experiment of a , wise and far-seeing caution , which irresistibly forces upon us a belief that the policy of Sir Robert Peel so far differs from that of his Whig opponents , that ho looks beyond the mero patching of the thing , and aims beyond the paltry desire of making it last his time . Doubtless , much of the material witkwhiah he has to work is of his own creation , while , nevertheless , his mind seems

      capable of grasping the great collateral questions , which , if not met by a comprehensive course of legislation , may bo brought into antagonism with his general policy . lie has not been awed into inconsistency by the mere debire to ensure the possession , or even the permanency of office , by pandering to the caprice of the Corn Law League , neither has any immediate dread of famine induced liim to make an onslaught upon that interest which he was pledged to protect and defend against the assaults of its opponents .

      He sees that the present move , not only in England and Europe , but throughout the civilised world , is an amalgamation of science and industry , of conception and thought , against long cherished dogmas and idleness , worn-out privileges , and usurped authority . Peel has found it impossiblo to govern the growing mind , strengthened by over thirty years of peiceful teaching , by antiquated statutes , which but mirk the ignorance of their founders on the one

      hand , or bespeak the contrivances of tho wily upon the other . He has read of , or witnessed , the great revolutionary changes that have taken place in Eng land from 1683 to the passing of the Reform Bill and in one and all he has discovered the one great deficiency , tho absence of all popular triumph and popular amelioration—that is , that that comparative scale of improvement which should equally distinguish the elevation of the several classes has not been observed .

      . For many years of his more youthful life he was a zealous advocate for the ascendancy of an oligarchy , acd evinced a strong disposition to walk in the path of the " GREAT STATESMAN NOW NO MORE ;" but the sudden rush and crowd of circumstances that have sprung up , as if by magic , in this new world of active thought and quick conception , has convinced him of the fact , that we live in new times , and require new ideas to mould them to fresh necessities . When Russell proclaimed the Reform Bill to be a final measure , we told him that he might as well

      attempt to stop the sun in his course , as to stay the onward progress of mind . We told him , when he gave expression to the folly , but a few years after the perftction of that machinery , from whose working so much good was anticipated , but which had even then failed to . keep pace with the progress of mind—we told him , that as well might he attempt to stop the tide of ocean , as to arrest the rushing streams of knowledge , by sitting before the flood-tide of public opinion , and saying to the mighty swell of . mind and thought , " thus far skalt thou go , but no farther . "

      It was this hopeless struggle to uphold practical tyranny , amid the boast of theoretic freedom—it wng the law ' s antagonism to public opinion , that drove Rusjell and his colleagues . from power . Peel sees tl at he cannot safely follow the policy of Pur or Russell , and , to hold power , he is compelled to extend his views beyond the narrow limits which circumscribe the one , and to contract them within a nar rower sphere than that which capriciously bounded the ambition of the other .

      It was Pin ' s policy to turn England intoa leviathan hobgoblin , to affright the revolutionary spiri that was spreading its influence , and casting a halo around every crowned head in Europe . It was Russell ' s policy to hold office with the motto , " Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof : let the morrow provide for itself . " It is Peel ' s policy to preserve as much monarchical power , and for as long a period as the continuously changing circumstances of the times will warrant or permit . Although the corrupt press of England and of Europe will only convey that description of intelligence calculated to serve the interests of their respective parlies , yet the very facts admitted by Sir Jambs Graham iu his

      speech on Tuesday night , prove that there i 9 a possibility of conveying knowledge , and even terror , to the ear of the Minister , which it might be prudent to withhold from the community at large ; and while the League and the Whigs were trumpeting forth the victory that they had achieved over the consistency and long-cherished prejudices of the Minister Graham thus strips them of their laurels , and gives the honour of triumph to the Chartists , whose power was only communicated to- the superintendent of police and the HorsejGuards . " This measure , " says Graham , " is neither to mark the triumph of the League nor the humiliation of the landed aristocracy ; it ia a step rendered necessary to ARREST

      THE PROGRESS OF CHARTISM , and to avert such another calamity as the country was threatened with in 1842 . I ( says the Home Secretary ) was in daily communication with the police authorities and the Horse Guards for six whole months ; and never was anxiety and suspense greater than that fclt by her Majesty ' s advisers during that long and critical period . Nightly assemblages of Chartists were held in Lincoln ' s-inn-fields , aud throughout the metropolis . This state of things was brought about by high prices and low wages , and lam sure that no honourable member would desire a return of such times . "

      What other construction , then , can we possihlyput upon the proposed measure , than tint it marks the progress of ChartUm , as aTOW'ed by a Minister of the Crown , —a terror , aa we learn , participated in by every ose of that Minister ' s « olleague 6 ? ItisnoUhe Secretary for Foreign Affairs—it is not the Secretary for the Colonies—neither is it the Chancellor of the Exchequer who speaks thus . No ; it is the most vigilant ,, the most prying , the most spying Home Secretary that England , or the world ever saw ; the Secretary , whose especial duty it is to receive ' and digest for the Cabinet the tittle-tattle and idle gossip

      of tie back parlour , as well as the opinions publicly expressed upon the platform ; in fact , he is the digester of tho Home mind ' for the Cabinet , and through him alone can they receive its impression ; and eueh is the impression that the threatening position of Chartism forced upon him , and , through him , upoa the Cabinet ! Hence , we learn that the police force and the Ilorse Guards are to Chartism what the press is to the faction ; but if the dungeon , the dock , and the scaffold—torture , starvation , imprisonment , and outlawry , and all the appliances » t tho disposal of tyranny , together with the

      crushm ir silence of the press , have not had tho effect of Bmothering tho Chartist cry ; if , upon the contrary , despite of all , it is the Ministerial bugaboo , the police hobgoblin , and the bogie of tho Ilorse Guards , is it not high time that some more prudent concessions should be made to its power , its acknowledged strength , and just demands , than the poor , though proud and tardy , tribute paid to its threatening influence and commanding position , by the English Home Secretary ? Sir Robert Pbbl may rest aisured , that while we admire the difference between his sweeping policy and the niggling of the Whigs , that , nevertheless , he ; will , erelong , be compelled to

      Untitled Article

      go beyond tke mero adjustment of peculiar interests by any . sliding system of mutual concessions to general necessities ; ho must not hope , he caRnot expect , much longer to legislate for the peoplts without go beyond tke mero a < yustment of peculiar interests hvanr alldillC RVsfom of mutual nnnnnacinna f . nm < HP .

      THK PEOPLE . . ' In the old dull times of parchment government , when the Statute-book-was sacred aa the Bible , and when he who transgressed any one of its provisions looked upon every bush as an officer ready to avenge any insult to the law , which the poor equally with the rich had an interest in upholding , such a sweeping measure as that proposed by Sir Robert Peel would have been considered as a firm foundation for

      centuries for any legislation that folly might think proper to pile upon it ; but a succession of eventful changes , from 1829 to 1845—from tho passing of Emancipation to his extended Tariff of 1845 , should have convinced him that each page in the country ' s present history stands for more than a volume of antiquated rubbish ; each day is a reign , while each reign reminds monarchy that its days are numbered .

      Tho Emancipation was intended as a final measure . The Reform Bill was intended as a final measure . The Tariff of 1841 was intended as a final measure . The Tariff of 1845 was intended as a final measuro ; and yet has the infinity of machinery disturbed the finality of one and all . No man , not the wisest statesman in existence , can judge , not only of what may be final , but of what may continue to give a single year ' s satisfaction even to its own propounded In legislation nothing can be final . What we are to look for is the adaptation of existing circumstances to immediato requirements ; and it is out of the

      power of tho most subtle or astute to devise ofter means of accomplishing this end , otherwise than by Universal Suffrage , Annual Parliaments , Vote by Ballot , Equal Representation , No Property Qualification , and the Payment of Members . From suoh a combination alone can we expect the fitting machinery to adapt the world ' s progress , the country ' s improvement , and the nation ' s wealth , to toe requirements of justice and the necessities of the people . And these truths the landlords , shorn of their prescriptive rights and usurped privileges are already

      beginning to see , inasmuch as , when threatened themselves , they now begin to brand as abuses the very evils of which the ChartiBt 3 hare complained , and to correot which Chartism was established . We have no reason to despond , then , but , on the contrary , every reason to hope ; and after the tardy tribut paid to our strength by Sir James Graham , let the cry , "OnwaVd , and we conquer ! backward , and we fall ! " " The Charter , and no Surrender ' . " once more be the watchword jind rallying paint of the Chartists . -

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      NO VOTE , NO MUSKET . As there it no tingle principle that has been dearer to ui through life than the uninterrupted preservation of peace , there is naturally no proposition which more alarms us than that of . a threatened recurrence to war . Up to the proclamation of peace in 1815 , and for many years subsequently to the cessation o ( European war , England had no other mind than that whichjeraanated . from the foitered prejudices of an ancient and pampered garistoeracy , whose title wai

      plunder , and whose mode of supporting it \ m , War t War !! War !!! War , however , in which they only participated to reap the . laurels of [ chivalry , a distinction and an honour for which they paid heavily ; while the ignorant poor were seduced by bounty , coerced by law , induced by povarty , or pressed by " brute forco to fight the battle * of their oppressors . Every brutal act that appears upon the Statute-book , and that befouls the . country ' s records , is an emanation from that confidence or fear inspired by the terror of our arms or tha splendour of our triumphs . "

      • With us " peace" is no new doctrine , while we have cheerfully borne all the odium that the advocates of physical force who have deserted our ranks entailed upon our party , rather than injure th « popular cause by an over-nice censure of th « enthusiasm of ardent minds . We are , nevertheless , able to quote from imperishable records what our earlier and preaent impression * have been . From time to time we hare expressed ourselves in the following terms : — War ig to trade what the hot-bed it to tha plant , it forces it , but strengthens it not | iii its growth ; while peace it as the pure » ir of heaven , which forces it uot , but itrengtheus it till it arrives at awlioUaome maturity , Speech delivered in . Cork , 1831 . '•

      I trust the day will yet arrive when all matter ' s in dltpute between nations will ba left to the impartial ' arbitrutionof tbe wisest selection from the industrious cla » a « s , who hare the greatest interest in the preurvution of peace , because in war their oppressors triumph and they sunVr . —Spceeh at ifacroom , 1831 . What do you call this but peaceful mittauce to tyranny , although threatened by the pretence of yonder martial arraj ! But I tell those who ure now armed fcr the tlaughUr , that tlie voice Of knowledge will silence the camion ' s roar , and that the peaceful universal shout o ( liberty will bs louder than the neighiug of the war horse . —Speeah at Femoy , 18 S 2 . - ..

      OurB is the battle of right agninit might , of kaowledge agaiust bigotry and intolerance , and of justice against oppression and misrule , and argument and reason art tUe only weap » ni we'll use . —Speech at Marylebone , 1635 . Tou are to receive me htrv , not in that character in which the press has heralded me to your notice—not as a mtlutiotriit , anxious to set man against man , but as a peaceful propounder of the righteous principle * of justice , assuring you that I would rather bear all the ills of which I complain , and ten thousand times more or even sacrific » nvy own life , than be the means of shedding one drop of h ' umau blood . —Speech at Qlaigoio , Edinburgh , PaitUg , and other partt of Scotland , in 183 G .

      I'll tell you what y « u are doing ; you ' re appealing to me a * a barrister upon a subject , tlit-jvery discussion of which may enable tyrants to question tli » legality of our meoting . What business hare you , what necessity is there , for mentioning muskets or physical force at nil . You b « t delud * the peopl * and furnish tb « government with a justification for exciting all tho evil passions of til * timid against you . The ouly opinion that I BUnll giv * you is , that it is not only impolitic but unsafe even to discuss the queition , —Sp ( cc \ in th « Convention 0 / 1839 , I am asked to define the difference between moral end

      physical force . The diff « r « nca is this : meral power Is the deliberative quality in each man ' s mind which teaches him how to Mason , how to enduve , and wheufsrbearance becomes a crime ; and should that fail to accomplish for mau all that ho is justly entitled to possess , and should physical force be necessary , whi * h God forsfend , it will come to its » id like au elecirie shock ; hut the man who attempts to martial it , destroys it by alarming tho foe , and the man who recommends it is cither a fool or u traitor , and will b « the first to desert the standard , — Speech at Birmingham , 1840 .

      You bawl for the Gharttr , you shout for the Charter , you roar for the CharUr ; but work fur the Charter for a month , as I have worked for years ; let each say to himself , " Upon my exertion alona depends th « Charter ; " aud then if justice ia refused to th * moral appeal of tlie united people , and if the tyranny of oppression still continues ¦ too « trong to bear , when you are ready to claim by force whit has been refused to justice , then , if you can find no better leader , I will load you on to deutV or glory . —Sp « cH atJfahce-yard , 1838 . . ., I . tell you that I will not listen tamely to the speeches doliveredby Mr . Cooper , and others , in this Convention . If hi * . Shaksperians are prepared to fight , 1 um not prepared to lead an undisciplined , unarmed multitude against a disciplined and armed toldierj ! I will tuke ray stand with the country , and w hen , the country resumes its judgment , it will do justice to my couruge . —Spttch at the Delegate Meetinj . at Manchester in 1842 .

      Now BKch , with countless other quotations , have been our notions with regard to the potency , not to the justioe , of repelling force by force ; and although lomewhai tarard ' ous to the moral progress of Chartism just ho V , we shall not allow tho adoption of new doctrines to scare us from the performance ef a sacred duty , fl hiie , then , we never will countenance the notion of achieving political power by physical forco , because ? W feel assured of being able to succeed without i \ , nevertheless , we shall not prostitute ourselves to the beastly , the unchristian , the unmanly , the debasi « g doctrine of non-resistance to physical aggression . ^ ay we go further , we

      justify physical aggression" against armed or unarmed tyranny if it cannot' ^ be otherwise destroyed . We are induced to make thi * observations in conic quence of the systematic int . fusion of a new doctrine by Mr . Coopbr—an intrusion which , while it may bespeak a placid conversion from revolutionary thoughts , that old women may e . ttbraceas charitable , Christian , and balmy , must , nev 'ertheless , wear the appearance of a stern necessit y ujn . Mi the part of Mr . Coopkk to resist a doctrine which of itself has died away . Mr . Cooper , of course , isweu'dedto his new bantling , and cannot see the danger ^ "> f exhibiting it to an astonished audience . He cannot i . V will not see

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      the « vil he ia doing—an evil , however , wlnp ' jj more than manifest in the angry , and even personal crimin * tion and recrimination to which it has given rise at the several meetings where Delias propounded it . Mr . Cooper has sense enough' to see , not only that his principle is unpalatable , but that it is likely toremain so . He must have discovered that it is but calculated to lead to a diseuision as to the relative merits of moral and physical force ; moreover , he must see that the introduction of it into petitions for the restoration of Frost , Williams , and Jones is ab-. solutely childish , if not idiotic . What business has the « yil he ia doing—an evil , however , ¦ vrlno ' jj more than Tn . inifaal- in tlio ftnorrv . Anfl evfin nr . ^ unnnl nvimi-

      it tkere ? And if it has no business there , what business has Mr . Cooper to attempt to thrust it in ? Mr . Clark well illustrated the practical working of this non-resistance doctrine . He said , " I will put a case to Mr . Cooper . In the county of Wicklow , in Ireland , a militia soldier broke into a peasant ' s house , and violated his daughter , seventeen years of age , before his face . Now , I ask Mr . Cooper if the mere remonstrance , ' you're wrong , sir , ' would have been the only vengeance his nature would prompt him to take upon such a ruffian ? " Again , Mr . Harnk y , in a most powerful and able exposition of this slavish

      doctrine , observed . "How can Mr . Cooperrnconcilo to himself the high encomiums that he has passed upon Hkmtoct , William Tell , and others , and come here to propose such a doctrine to this meeting ? Again , I ask him , if he thinks the conduct of the crew of the Tory , so inhumanly butchered by their brutal Captain ( Johnbione ) , was praiseworthy or otherwise ; or , whea they saw the ruffian bent on the extermination of those whose lives were committed to his care , would it not have been better to chuck one murderer overboard , than that several should suffer from his cruelty ? ' '

      We rejoice to find that Mr . Cooper s amendment shared the same fate at the National Hall , on Wednesday night , that it has met with upon the several occasions when it has been propounded . Loth as we may be to enter upon the subject at all , we have nevertheless felt it to be our bounden duty to arrest the progress of a slavish doctrine while in its infancy , instead of being compelled to reason against the absurdity when it had achieved strength through mistaken lenity . NYo shall here , in order that our

      opinions may stand of themselves distinct and apart from the notions of others , print them , and stand by them . We hold , then , that it is right to repel force by force ,, and that resistance—armed resistance to tyranny , is a question of policy , not of principle—no doubt existing as to the justice aud the right ; while we hold that doctrine which : recommends nonresistance under all and every circumstance , slavish , debasing , cow » rd ! y , unmanly , un-CUristian , and un-Chartist .

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      . ^~~— ' ? ¦ . — : —~~ . PARLIAMENTARY REVIEW . Pasliamest hai this week been almost exclusively occupied with the discussion on the new commercial scheme of the Premier . Other and important subjects have been incideatally mooted , but the real strength and interest of members have been concentrated upon this measure , which , for the time being , throws all others iato the ' shade . ' Nor is the measure itself unworthy of the prominence given to it , and the interest it excites . The Times has truly

      remarked :-. " It ii indeed a great commercial scheme . It is also something more than a great commercial scheme . It is a revolution—a social revolution ;" and though we may be less sanguine as to its effects than it suits the present purpose of " the Thunderer '' to be , it ia impossible not to perceive that it is but the commencement of a long scries of political , financial , and social changes , which must , in the natural progress of society , have come sooner or later , but the advent of which will be mightily accelerated by the impetus derived from the passing of this

      measure . As to the debate itself , it has , up to the time at which , we write , been more novel in the manner than matter . The old arguments in favour of free trade in corn have been urged , but by new men . With the exception of Lovd Jons Russbll , no speaker of note has risen on tlie Liberal side of the house . While the Ministerial benches have exhibited the strange spectacle so graphically described by Sir It . Isolis , of " a numerous and once respected party , firing into each other ' s ships . "

      Some of the new converts to the doctrines of the League have shown themselves not inap t recruits , and handled their weapons with considerable dexterity and address . B y far the most hopeful of the now pupils of Messrs . ViLLiEiis and Cobden is Mr . Sidvet Herbert , the Secretary at War . He " pronounced" against protection in a style which must have excited the envy of many of the League orators ; and which at any Covent Garden meeting would have carried off th e laurel from Mr . J . Fox himself . Aa to Sir James Graham , the only other occupant of the Treasury bench who lias spoken up

      to this time , little surprise can be excited b y his familiarity with the free fcadfe view of the question . The lion . hart , has so often changed sides , that auy change now can merely be back into some former position . At the command of Sir Robert—a la militaire , " as you were "—tho Home Secretary has goneback to his youthful opinions ; and again swears by the disowned and celebrated '' Corn aud Currency ' * pamphlet . Other converts have at least the graceful and plausible apology of changing from the immature and crude opinions of inexperienced political boyhood to the more enlarged and comprehensive

      viows of manheod ; but Sir James has no such excuse to offer . He is the most unfortunate of politicians and statesmen . He cannot even do right in the right way . This unhappy idiosyncrasy of the hon . baronet Bhowed itself forcibly in that part of his speech in which , after professing himself ready to submi t to any sacrifices to promote the welfare of the poorer classes , he declared , first , that the operatives had changed their opinions as to the relation between wages and the price of food , and then proceeded

      to eulogise the recent conduct of Lord AlonpEin with reference to the Ten Hours' Bill . He proteased that "it would be the happiest day of his life to see that measure carried into effect ; " but he will take no steps towards securing himself that happiness . It must bc ' broughf about " by the mutual agreement of the masters and men . " If the former will not consent , so far as Sir James is concerned , the latter shall have no help from the government . This gratuitous , and at the same time nn .

      called-for declaration , is only a specimen of the manner in which the Home Secretary contrives to spoil even his own efforts to be popular . It should at the 8 ame time incite the Short Time Committees throughout the country to active efforts , iu order that Mr . Fielden , in the prosecution of the bill now before the House , may have the benefit of that power which Sir Jamks ' s own speech shows to be now omnipotent—namely , public opinion . But to return to the debate . The majority of the speakers on the first two nights were Protectionists . The arguments principally adduced in defence of tho

      existing system , and in opposition to the Ministerial measure , were : —Fii-st . That though the Premier , and alibis supporters , had justified the introduction of ihe measure mainly on the ground of the failure of Jhepotatoecrop in Ireland , and a consequent apprehended famine in that country , such a famine grievous as it would be , was no sufficient basis for so great a change . The evil , however great , could be but temporary in Us duration , and might be met by temporal ? remedies ; whereas tueMiiusteml BChenW involved a radical and permanent change in the in . Btitutions of the couuk y . Secondl y . Alarm , not only at thnature and extent

      e of the proposed changes , but » t the greater and indefinite ones to which they would lead , and to which they were only the prelude . Thirdly .-That the country had flourished under a protective system , and that each BucccBsivo relaxation of that Byatem , durinc the last twenty years , had been injurious Fourthly Th , t there was no parallel itrn manufactures and j ^ ifauttum , i «« cn „ the one could be carried on in all seasons and at all hours , while the other * a » subject to allthe variations seasons and weatker . Fifthly . Th&tthe

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      burdens on farms in re 3 pect of poor and other rates * eve much greater than . on . mills , vthftu the annual returns from each- were taken into consi deration , Sixthly . That protection should be given in propor . tionto the manual labour empleyedin the produc , tion of any article , but the present measure gave tiie least protection to agricultural produce , which was almost entirely produced by manual labour , and thQ greatest to manufactures , which were altogether or partly produced by machines . The idea of exclusive protection to agriculture was . disclaimed , andthQ right of every department of native industry to Its benefits emphatically asserted . burdens on farms in re 3 pect of poor and other rates mm . n mitn > i orootar than on milU nhnn + V »^ „ .

      The main force of the opposition to the measure however , wa « concentrated upon the inconsistency of the Ministers who proposed it , and the shock that such a profligate abandonment of principle waBcalculated to give to confidence in public men . What . ever change may have taken place in the opinions of the Premier , he had no right to demand that a Parliament , which was elected to support the principle of Protection , should turn round at Ids bidding , and voto directly the contrary , in the teeth of all their former professions , and of that confidence in those

      prcfessions which induced their constituents to elect them . If the present professions of the Premier vftve not a 3 baseless and hollow as his former ones ; if he was really convinced that the country was prepared for his measure , let him at once dissolve Par . liament , und , by an appeal to the people , save the character and consistency of a large body of men who still wished to be useful to their country , and were unwilling to sacrifice that character which could alone enable them to bo so ; and , at the same time , test the statements made as to the popularity of free trade doctrines and measures .

      VVhat answer Peel will make to this ; remains to be setn . ' Of its reasonableness there can be little doubt . If the great majority of the communi ty really an converted to the political economy of the League , its application to practice could Only be < ie layed ; while such a course would prevent that wholesale abandonment of previous professions , which even for tho attainment of undoubted public benefits is to be deprecated as a great public evil .

      « uatever may be the result , one thing is certain . Tlie great Conservative party formed by Sir Robert Peel with such pains and skill , after the passing of the Rvfona Bill , is utterly broken up and disorganised . In five years he has destroyed that which iD took him nine to construct . Into what new forms the elements thus decomposed will hereafter combine , it is impossible at the present moment to predict . But there are at least strong grounds for the belief that henceforth the party of Progress will be in the ascendant . The unqualified admission of

      the power of ' public a&itation , and of an organised public opinion , directed against any plan in our institutions , lays the foundation of a new era in national progress . It is a lesson which will never be forgotten , and the mighty influence of which on political and social well-being , posterity alone will be able to appreciate . The press and public meetings are henceforward the most potent weapons of the Reformer . Against these , when skilfully wielded , error , either in the abstract or the fact , has no chance of maintabling its ground .

      The progress , onwards to more liberal institutions , to the embodiment in practice of what has heretofore been a barren axiom , " the greatest happiness of the greatest possible number , " will be greatly accelerated by . the settlement of this Corn Law question . It is ripe , and ready for plucking . Its disposal will clear tho board of one fallacy which has long misled superficial reasoners ; and when the exaggerated fears of its opponents , and the equally if not greater exaggerated hopes of its advocates have

      , Loth been disappointed ; when the great mass of the evils peculiar to the present ¦ system shall be found to be untouched by this vaunted and popular panacea , a more profound analysis of the causes of these evils will be forced on the national mind . The quf tsttwa of the franchise ; the right of labour— its participation in the wealth it creates , and its better organisation , will command that attention , and ultimatel y secure that triumph , which is guaranteed by the . present aspect of an important but still inferior agitation .

      Co 3iieal»A^^Cbmgponiyentg*

      Co 3 iieal » a ^^ Cbmgponiyentg *

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      Dixon FoKD .-The : Committee beg to acknowledge the r « . evptof ths following sums , for which they return then- hearty thanks : — £ s . d . Rochdale FemaleChartists o 10 o ' OLDIUH SUBSCRIPTION . Proceeds" of dancing clas « 2 5 11 Thomas Yardlej ' s book ... .. ' . . . ' . ' 021 John Grimshnw ¦ do , 0 16 John Burdekin do " !!! 0 8 3 William Hatner do . ... ' "' n ' a A . P . Taylor do . ... . ' n - * Thomas Wild do . ... * "' 0 2 in Hirah Jackson do . . '" q \ , » A Friend do .., ! " / . " \ 0 J J COAI , MISJEKS SCBICK 1 PT 10 X . No . 1 BookThomas Evans a AuwuiuD

      , ... ,, , - -. • 'vyiij Mtulla ,, » ft \ A 1 No . 2 do ., ' ¦• y \\ no . 3 do ., ;; ;; : ; > io . i do ., Robert Whitworth 0 6 6 No , 5 do ., Thomas Evans ... "' 0 4 5 No 6 do ., ..: *'" „ , „ , Roy ton , —Samuel Taylor 0 2 0 „ . . £ 5 18 5 J Dubursed 0 OlOJ

      Total £ 5 u 7 The committee - request the immediate return of allcash and books , as they are desirous of brincinir their labours to a close . Address Thomas Wntaker 68 , Devonshire-street , Chorlton-upoil-Medlock , Man-HOKKXBLE Ol-PilESSION BT F » EE TlUDE JIlUoCBATS Of Drj . vDEE .-ilr . O'Connor hn » . received the following letter from a correspondent at Dundee , whose veracity and trustworthiness is unquestionable : — " De-ir Sir — There has been a case of great cruelty and injustice perpetrated lwv « on six younjj factory girls , bj their musters , who are great millowners , bankws , anil shipowners , of the 'firm of Baxter and Brothers These poor girls , for being absent one afternoon from their work , hare been cast into prison , and underwent ten dajs confinement , with hard labour . They had not a ¦ ^! P ?" ^ ere ' ied i « aP"vate mannerl >

      ^ r , , some jiubces ot the peace , friends of the masters . What makes , the Ca « stiU worse , is , the youngest of the ,, prl ,, who , s only thirteen , is an orphan nhlout father or mother . Four of the girls hare no S «¦ and their widowed mother , depended on thpm fni support . They had beeniu theS-le work from thd inuney , and had never given offenee tUl nZ ¦ ttv even got a * ood character from the mB » a » r bit « II was of no effect . Tho council of the OtaK ' it Asm elation gave these poor girls some relief when ih « came out of prison , and till they were able to get work elsewhere , though their masters would w T -. taken them back . A few friends ofw ? g J > meeting on their behalf , , £ It Z IZZ ' " ^ ?¦ I amemorial to the Lord Advo ato ^ ASX' Ration , was unanimously R JdiSd ^ J ? ? 'fv ' ordered an iiiouirv - ^ .. „' .. _ ? ?! Hls lordship ffSM - tVJSCB

      ^ PP . 1 .. W on Ih . p « « ,, " ; ii * ° ' "' . » " »•«• s ^^ sSrS'f-. KSrfi ^ -i- ^ 'wte mmmsmt Isssilsi ofl-lin ^ ? mbe reqUe 5 tinS U ™ tomoveforacopy ? . ^ £ ° ' andother W «* connected wkh thia fed convinced " < ™ "

      c . se . We t ^ f ™ « T'lVT " UbM * ^ "d-cteS , but lit c 4 n I ^ BSaSS ^ pSHSSt SSSEfS ? &S 5 « a = £ n&S 3 Sdon ' olr r - fUS 8 d t 0 8 h * W tlle a » ' » er , Hn « Z" S n ° lett < : r - * ' * i « isa cart tint 1 am BUMjou will considerrequircslsomeinvestigation : i nave written to ten members of Parliament to support « r . Uunco . 'nbe , and would feel truly thankful if yoa could see thit gentleman , aud uso jour iuliueucc to

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      Also , just published , THE BARON'S YULE FEAST . - - A Christmas Rhjrae . In Four Cantos . ( One Vol ., 5 s . ) "There is a rough earnestness ; both in its thoughts and verse , which is strictly in accordance Trith the genius ef ova : ballad minstrelsy . If it does not show , in point of ability , an advance on the author ' s previous productions , it yet shows that he can chaage his hand without Joss of power . "—Tlie Britannia . " Mr . Cooper appears to much greater advantage in this seasonable poem than he did in his more ambitions attempt of " The Pargatory of Suicides . " "The Baron ' s Yule Feast" has a genial spirit , Tarious subjects , and a popular animated style . The poem is the best of Sir . Cooper ' s productions . "— . Speefofor .

      « The most charmin ; andfaatastic feature in this little Tolume , with its right dainty title-page , is the exuberance , jma , sooth to say . the appositeness of the different songs ¦ chaunted round the ingle in Torksey Hall . Thomas Cooper ' s heart seems brimming over with this spontaneous poetry . The book altogether is an original : it is just suited for ths winter ' s fireside , over a posset andcunis . " —Sun . " Let Cooper throw away his Chartist notions—and what has a poet to do with rude questions of politics , of Charters , and itolitical faiths , creeds , and the like ?—and he may take his place high up in the Temple of Fame , as one of England ' s greatest aud truest-hearted poets . The man who can write such ezqnisitegems as thislittle volume abounds with , may , and he will , carve out for himself a naine as enduring as the language in which he pens the thoughtsthatbretthe , and wordsthatlmrn . * Altogether , this ig the best Christmas book we hare yet seen . "LtiUsUr ( Ton >) Journal .

      " We are happy to meet Mr . Cooper in this light department of poetical labour , and to find that his muse can for a -whilelay aside her sternness , and , ceasing to brood o ' er human wrongs , can yield to the impulses of the season , and sympathise with tile kindlier emotions of social festivity . The poem before us proves how much tlie earlier efforts of the author -were imbued with true poetic feeling . ¦ The notes exhibit a tearnipg that is surprising when the writer ' s histury is tak- n into account . And yet this selfacquired learning is but one of the many singular features that characterise the productions of this singularly R ifted man , a poet of Nature's owu malting , whose extraordinary genius cannot fail , ere long , to exhibit still higher manifestations of its powers and versatility . "—Kentith Independent .

      "A clever fellow is our Thomas , the Chartist , full of roug h common sense , and as much imagination as could possibly find room in a head so crammed with the bard knotty prosaims of politics . On the present occasion he ias essayed , in his own peculiar way , a metrical story , which , although at times uncouth enough , is written irifh a heartiness that forms a pleasant relief to the namby-pamby rhymes of most of our poetasters who hare . flnng of the moon and stars above , and the streams with the flowers below , till ordinary folks are sick and tired of fceariu ? of them ; We hare notfor a long time met with A tolume of poetry that we could read through with half as much pleasure . "—Ciurton ' * literary Register .

      " Kot having seen the Fnson Rhyme , nor any of the poetic effusions of Mr . Cooper , we certainly were not prepared . to find from his pen poetry of so high an order sb the volume before us contains . The ' author of 'The ¦\ Vi £ » Sana' has written a Chrismas Rhyme , which bids fair to compete successfully with the best productions of Boron or Shelley , and which , without any great exaggeration , might be compared to the hitherto unequalled verses of John Milton . It is remarkable that every thought ig clothed in poetic diction—almost every line , taken apart , presents a poetic image of surpassing beauty . "— Glasgow Examiner . : Published by Jeremiah How , 209 , Piccadilly .

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      THE REV . T . WILSON'S CATECHISiMS . Just PiMislied , Price 9 d . THE CATECHISM OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR . Also , JVew Editions of Vie following Catechisms , by ( he Beo . T . TFtfoon , Price Od . each . First Lessons in Natural Philosophy Second Lessons in Natural Philosophy Third Lessons in Natural Philosophy First Catechism of Common Things Second Catechism of Common Thing ! Tldrd Catechism of Common Things Catechism of Bible History Catechism of English History The First Catechism of Geography The Catechism of Music . LONDON : DART 0 N AND CLARK , HOLBORN HILL .

      Horrible Murder And Suicide.

      HORRIBLE MURDER AND SUICIDE .

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      WISE SAWS AND MODERN INSTANCES . ( TwoVols , 15 s . ) "A . series of Crabbe-like sketches , in prose . They are manifest portraits , and admonish us of the author ' s skill in taking the literal likeness . "— -Athenceum . " We lvave Tead some of ifctse stories -with deep interest , and few , we are persuaded , will rise from their perusal bnt with feelings all the warmer for what they have Tead . They can scarcely fail to be popular with the masses ; ' and , upon the whole , we think they deserve to be so . "—Atlas . "The author excuses the sternness of his pictures by alleging their trnth . The justification is all-sufficient . Chartist as these sketches are , they are Wealthier , in tene and sentiment , than the tawdry fictions Tamped up for Ihe reading public by some popular writers , that profess to exhibit the life of the labouring classes . "—The Britannia .

      "Of a truth , this Chartist agitation has thrown to the enrface no moreremarkable a man than Thomas Cooper , and we much question if there ba any one se fitted to represent the manufacturing masses , to describe their wants , and expound their wishes , as he . —Kentish Independent . " Well written ana interesting . The Stories contain some trae and painful pictures of the miserable condition « f many of the poorest operatives , while others of them are of . a humorous description . . They cannot fail to be popular with the thinking and reading portion of the Korkiog classes . " - ^ Leicester Clironkte . "Many of the stories exhibit considerable vigour of pencil , shrewd sense , and clear-sighted observation , accompanied with a kindly , genial feeling and toleration , we were not prepared for from so determined a politician . " —GZasgoiD Citizen .

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      4 THE NORTHERN STAR . February 14 , 1840 . J- _ - - — . - " ¦ ' " —m < , i ¦ ! ¦ ' mi z :. ~ . - ¦ - ^ _ JSgffl Bg ~ " ^ "'' - . ^ J "" - " ?

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 14, 1846, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1354/page/4/