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Northern Star (1837-1852), 27th September 1845, Edition 1 of 4, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      1 THE ANDOVER . ABOMINATIONS . fConthmcd from our sixth page . ) -iV « vote bv the " eminent accountant" with the hioks before him in open court . But this , though the onlv ri « ht course , would nave been a dangerous ! ^ ne as " Mr- Mitchiner must then hare been subjected to the inconvenience of a . cross-examination , which « ouM have confuted his statements with regard to figure ? , and stopped his opinions on diet , for which he was ' « ot as ! ie ( I ' but wllich sIl 0 W uow completel y i , i « the t-reature of the system by which he lives , he liuina tlie auditor of sixteen Pooi Law unions , jjr . Parker left Andover yesterday morning for LoiidJui , lu st before church time ; he has not returned , kat it is expected that he will be hereto-night , and re-ojicn liK court to-morrow , for the purpose either of jroing int 0 tne new cases or of stating that no f artWinquuy will be made , and the reasons why . _

      Asbovek * Sept . 23 . —Contrary to general expectation , Mr . Parker , the Assistont-Commissioner , did not come down here this morning to re-open his court ; but a letter was received from the Poor Law C ommissioners by the master , a copy of which was F also forwarded to Mr . Lamb , the clerk to the board of mardians . The letter is dated September 22 , 1 S 45 , and states , tliat the object of the inquiry was to discover the fitness or unfitness of M'Dougal for the office of m aster of the union workhouse ; and that sufficient I rvideuce havinjr been brought forward to warrant his

      I dismissal , he was therefore required to quit the workhouse with the least possible delay , as the Commissioners no longer considered him master of the house . They also state that they disapprove of the guardians having engaged him to manage the house for another month . They state further , that Mr . Parker laid before them a copy of the evidence , which would he immediately investigated and reported thereon , as to whether further steps should be taken for an Inquiry into the other charges , hinting that such Inquiry would in some measure depend upon the instant obedience of M'Dougal to their command to leave the house directly .

      I do not know who MTougal ' s present advisers are , but they appear to be Tery unwise persons if they have instructed him to pursue the course which he declares he will take , lit considers the Poor Law Commissioners are not his masters , but that the guardians arc so , and them alone he will obey . He has therefore closed the -workhouse door against all comers , and acts a 3 porter himself , keeping a lookout from his office above to see who approaches it . lie says that he will not go without a warrant , and that he will admit nobody unless lie pleases . His m friends should tell him to complete his resistance to | | : the orders « f the Poor Law Commissieners by fortify-M i& £ the workhouse and arming the male inmates , H who , so doubt , from their great affection for the mas H ter , would rather die than suffer him to be compelled H to surrender his command over them .

      ¦ B If any more need be said beyond what has been SI already stated to show the impropriety of retaining H 5 the master in full exercise of his powers during the H 5 inquiry into his conduct , the following facts are m Strong illustrations of that opinion : — __ One of the inmates who was examined as a witness B in favour of M'Dougal , and who swore that she had H always duly received her rations , though the contrary B was the fact , has ever since evinced great distress of B mind , frequentl y weeping and expressing her sorrow B for Laving told such lies , and her wish that » he had B an opportunity to recant the falsehood and tell the H truth . This shows how much the presence and con-Bj trol of the master have influenced those inmates who H spoke favourably of him .

      Bj The second case is that of violent conduct of the B matron towards one of the inmates , who did not B scruple to stat * the truth boldly , for having done so . B She abused the poor woman , whose name is Elizabeth B Gate , for hiving said thing 3 against M'Doueal , and B threatened to throw a pot of hot gru . 1 over her , and continued to talk and act in such a manner that the B woman became alarmed for her personal safety , and left the workhouse . Andover , Sept . 24 . "Is he come ? " " 1 b Mr . Parker down yetV

      "TVJiereia the Assistant-Commissioner ? —These H were the universal inquiries this morning ; but they received no satisfactory answer . As the day wore on B it became known that Mr . Westkke had received a H letter from the Poor Law Commissioners , which in B some decree accounted for the continued absence of the Assistant-Commissioner , after his promise on Saturday to be here eithar on Monday or Tuesday , but at the latest on Tuesday . This is the letter : — " ( 11 , 400 a—45 . ) " Poor Law Commission-office , Somerset-house , B September 23 , 1 S 43 .

      " Sir , —T am directed by the Poor Law Commissioncrs to inform you that they yesterday received a I report from Mr . Assistant-Commissioner Parker , accompanied by the evidence taken in the recent in-I quirv , bv which the commissioners have been made aware tliat on the 20 th instant Mr . M'Dougal placed Iris resignation of the office of master of the Andover "Union workhouse in the hands of the board of guardians , and that his resignation was then accepted by the guardians . " TJ / is was a step entirely within the discretion of tlieUiinnli . iHs to tike , and , as they have accepted Jlr . il'Dougal's resignation , the inquiry by Mr . 1 ' arkcr—the object of which was-to ascertain Mr . M'DougaFs fitness for the office which he no longer holds—is necessarily terminated .

      " The commissioners could not now issue an ordw dismissing Mr . and Mrs . M'Dougal , since such an order would be a nullity ; inasmuch as there is no longer any master and matron on whom an order of dismissal could take effect . "What further proceedings it may he incumbent Upon the commissioners to take in this matter , after a perusal of the evidence , now for the first time before tkin in any official shape , they will proceed to consider . "lam , sir , vourmost obedient servant , " Geokgb Coode . Assistant-Secretary . "

      The commissioners do notstate what length of time tlipy will take to consider what further proceedings it may be incumbent upon them to adopt ; and , therefore , the rate-payers are still in suspense as to whether the master will be criminally prosecuted , or suffered quietly to walk off , being enabled to say wherever lie goes that he was not dismissed or punished , but thnt he magnanimously resigned . The lcHer is silent also upon another subject upon which -Mr . W ' estlake has for the last three or four davs expected a communication from Somerset-house , namelv , tbe personal attacks made upon him in the course of the inquiry by Alt ' . Assistant-C-ommissioncr Tavke : * , and upon which the following correspondence has already taken place : — "A . VD 0 VER , Si-PI . IB , 18 i 5 .

      "Gentlemen , —Upon one passage of your letter of the loth instant I 1 » £ leave respectfully to make an observation . Tou stat © that the summonses on the witnesses are to be served by ' persons employed l » v you or by your assistant-commissioner . ' * ' This method of proceeding will cause inconve nience and delay , but nevertheless you are the proper judges to determine upon the course to be pursued . I must , however , lay before you a complaint not unconnected with this subject , against your assisUutcomniissioner , Mr . Parker , who has thought fit publicly to state that the summonses served by me aaJ iuy solicitor , Sir . ilay , were surreptitiously obialueJ , by which , as I was the person by whom they were obtained , Mr . Parker was un&rstood to mean , and must have meant , that I had surreptitiously obtained such summonses .

      "Xow , I beg to inform you that shortly after the evidence taken by the guardians had been fovwavded to you , ainLyou had directed an inquiry should take pla ' cv , I saw Mr . Lamb , the clerk to the guardians , wuo apj . riscd me of your determination , and , produe-Hi ? a number of summonses hearing the siguaturc of Mr . Parker , said to me , ' I have received these from air . Parker : you arc to have as many as you please , reserving a few for JMr . M'Dougal . ' " I had no kind of desire to be troubled with the service of summonses , nor had I the least notion tip to that moment that I was to be called upon to take zii-Q u myself the prosecution of the charges which I b > l preferred ; but consiucrinir that Mr . Lamb was

      aetiu- in pursuance of your instructions , I received from Slim a number of summonses , which , at great expense and very considerable trouble , I either served Or caused to lie " served . And I ask you , gentlemen , Aether it is proper that a gentleman clothed with ycur authority should , under these circumstances , JiuulieJy in ihetovrn in which I am living and practising my profession , charge me with surreptitiously obtauiiiiir tJiese summonses ? I am in the discharge of apuUlievlutV j toTQCtrf aTDry difficult kind , thrust nr « n we by peculiar circumstances , and I respectfully subm it that I ought not to be grossly aud unjustly c alumniated by * the person appointed by you to hear charges which I have thus been compelled to support .

      1 think it right also , gentlemen , to bring under jour notice a circumstance which occurred during the inquiry yesterday . " 1 was sitting on a seat which I had oecuoied on lornicv occasions , and a witness named Anr . etts was Under examination , when Mr . Assistant-Commisswuer Parker publicly stated that he saw me looking 3 i the witness in a way I ought not . I denied , and J must distinctly and unequivocally

      ^•'• t your assisLint-commissioncr ' s accusation was Hiifuiuiiied br other unquestionable testimony . Still , * w imputation is publicly made , and I am again unjuslk calumniated by the person whom you , gentlc-* P ° Ji , have appointed to discharge an . iniuortant pub-Mt trust . " I kave considered it a Mix tolli to yon , gesitleffi « i - autl myself , to drcur your attention to tiiCSC ftniioi 1 * , not inevcly Ivccausc i » prosecuting this 5 n'i "ty 1 consider m / self complying with ycur wishes B :: ; i iissiracuwis , * bnt becaase 1 know of no other ]• & • ¦ , «• .. r iritoinsl t' > wliw-U 1 can appeal for the proifctliwa I nszcd , aud io -wlaeli 1 think i am cnUtkd .

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      " Personally , I care but little for these unjust attacks upon me . but since they may tend or be intended to prejudice the inquiry , I feel bound to repel them , and most respectfully to call upon you to prevent a repetition of anything of the kind . " I am , gentlemen , your most obedient servant , "T . G . Westlake . "

      ( Answer . ) "No . 11 , 209 a—45 . " Poor Law Commission-office , Somerset-house Sept . 19 , 1845 . > " Sir , —I am directed by the Poor Law Commissioners to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 18 th inst ., complaining of the conduct of Mr . Parker , Assistant - U » mmissioner , in connection with the inquiry now being carried on b y him at Andover , and to inform you that the statements which you have submitted to the commissonere will meet with their consideration . "I am , sir , your most obedient servant ,

      " Geoiioe Coode , Assistant-Secretary . " T . C . Westlake , Esq ., Andover . " There was a pretty full gathering to-day of the friendsandadmirers of M'Dougal at the reading-room , over the door of which , singularly enough , is a signboard , bearing the inscription , " Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . " What connection there is between such an object and the moral , or rather immoral training , which for nearly ten years lias been upheld at the workhouse , it is difficult to say ; but tbtre it is , that the guardians , —not of the poor , but of the master , —lay and clerical , congregated during the inquiry , with a f « w select friends , to strengthen each other ' s hands in their labour of love on behalf of th « " most chaste and delicate-minded

      man" ever met with by the schoolmistress , as she declared upon oath . She has since resigned her office to bo married ; the character which she gave the master , founded as it was upon comparison , must be a great compliment to the bridegroom . There was a great deal of conversation to-day among the "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , " both Bitting in the reading-room and " standing in the streets and in the market-place . " I understand that one topic discussed avbb the abrupt vocal resignation of the Rev . Chairman and others on Saturday last , and the probability , no formal resignation having been made , of their quietly resuming their functions , lest parties whose principles are the very reverse of those upon which _ they have hitherto acted should acquire too much influence at the board . Another topic was naturally enough the departure of the master . It appears that the

      pro-Poor Law clique regard him as a persecuted man and a martyr ; the victim of wholesale perjury . It is very easy to Bay that a witness is perjured ; but why not indict the parties for perjury , and prove to the world their guilt , more especially as wrongful damage is pretended to have been done by their evidence ? One legal gentleman , who asserts that all the witnesses against the master were perjured , and that all who spoke in his favour are those only who are-worthy of belief , was asked whether the fact that a Woman had at some ptriod of her life had an illegitimate child would disqualify her ever after from speaking the truth ? II « replied emphatically in the affirmative . By the same rule , the evidence of one of Hie clerical witnesses for the master might he rejected . I spare him the publication of his name . The learned clerks can translate " Qui copit ilk facit , " So much for ihw "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . " Next Saturday will develope their new

      move . The master and matron still remain exercising their functions at the workhouse ; and , strange to say , notwithstanding the letters from the eqmmis . sioners repudiating them as servants of the union , no actual means have been resorted to for causing their removal , or for establishing any other persons in their stead pro tempore . The master expresses his willingness to go away as soon as his accounts are made up and his salary paid to him . It is said he is about to take a public-house in Andover or Stockbridge .

      THE CORN TRADE . ( From the Mark Lam Express . ) The reports received from the northern parts oi the kingdom speak in a very desponding tone of the probable eilectsof the extremely wet and boisterous weather experienced during the week on that portion of the cropsstiU outstanding . That injury , to an extent difficult to be remedied at this advanced period of the year . has been done is greatly to be feared and unless wthav * an immediate return of dry weather the consequences may bo serious . Even if the northern harvest had been got in well the yield of wheat could scarcely have been expected to prove an average ; and , under existing circumstances , the deficiency in quality , if not in quantity , is likely to be much greater than was previously calculated on .

      Notwithstanding the fine weather exptrienced for three consecutive weeks , there is still a great quantity of grain abroad south of the river Huniber ; whilst further north much is yet uncut . Of the total produce of the united kingdom probably twothirds may have been saved ; but it is needless to remark , that the manner in which the other third may be secured must greatly influence the whole . Our previous estimates of the probable result of the harvest have therefore , we fear , been too favourable : and we now apprehend that , besides the already admitted deficiency in wheat and potatoes , the crops of barley and oats , as "well as those of btans and peas , may prove inferior to what me were induced to hope .

      As thrashing is proceeded with , the complaints of the yield of wheat certainly increase ; nor do the accounts of the quality improve . The loss in weight alone is a serious consideration ; supposing the same to be 31 b . per bushel ou the entire quantity grown , which is a moderate computation , and taking the whole produce of wheat of the united kingdom , in an average year , at 20 , 000 , 000 quarters , this item alone would make a difference of a million of quarters . Regarding the acreable deficiency little can as yet be authentically knojvn ; but , from the dissatisfaction generally expressed by farmers who have put the matter to the test of thrashing , there is reason to suppose that there will also be a material falling ofi in that respect .

      These considerations have had some influence with holders of wheat , aud the disposition to sell at present prices has much diminished . Those parties who have still stocks of old , naturally conclude that the superiority of last year ' s growth over that of the new will cause it to command a ready sale at any period ; and , though fair supplies of new have bceu brought forward by thegro / . m-s , they have refused to sell e . xcept at enhanced l ' -ates . The increasingly unfavourable renov ' ts relative to the potato crop hare also had their weight ; and tho trade has assumed a decidedly firm tone .

      Not only is the crop short in this country , but the lia -vest has been defective over the greater part of continental i ' uTJP In Holland and Belgium the fact is so well ascertained U » t the government ot the former country has deeded * prudent u > reduce the duties on grain to the »«»>>»» ««»* - \? T > ± alL I sections on the import of cm ? 1 Dto Bel S lum havc been removed tor a given period . -onivol from Already numerous orders have been ro ^ ° lvea " Rotterdam , Antwerp , &c .: and the moderate ^ l 0 C 1 > of bonded com are likely to be shortly , reduced into

      a very narrow compass , if not exhausted by shipments to countries whence , in ordinary years , we ire in the habit of'drawing some portions of our foreign supplies . In the Baltic ports Great Britain must expect to be out-bid by the Dutch and Belgians ; and in the Black Sea wheat has been bought up to supply Italy , where the crops are stated to have yielded indifferently . It eeeuis , tUevcloi' « , tiwit \ mkss pvices advance materially in this country we are not likely to draw any quautity of wheat fvoiu abroad .

      At nearly all the leading provincial markets held since our last enhanced vatcs have been obtained for wheat . Up to Tuesday there was not much excitement ; but since that period considerable anxiety has been manifested by all parties to get into stock . The upward movement has not been confined to the large consuming towns , the rise having been quite as great at many of the markets in the agricultural districts as at the places above named ; and , though the inferiority of the quality of the new wheat must tend to " keep the averages down , a material reaction in the duty may be expected to occur later in the year .

      The most important intelligence from Scotland this week is . unquestionably that which relates to potatoes . The same disease so prevalent in the south has attacked the plant in various parts of Scotland . This discovery , together with the unfavourable change in the weather and the animated accounts from the Endish markets , had produced much

      excitement . Some of our letters from Ireland bej ' m to express fears that the crop of potatoes has not escaped in that country ; bu | the reports thence on the subject arc not of so definite a character as from other parts of the kingdom ; aiul we still hope that the failure may be confined to this side of the Channel . The fine weather broke up there about the same time as with us , aud all harvest operations had been arrested hv the rain .

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      Wx raw tro duiect the attention of our readers to the following communication addressed to the proprietor of " Paul ' s Every Man ' s Friend , " whose advertisement appears in another column : —2 , Craven Buildings , London— " Sir , —The elfieacy of your corn and bunion plaistcr is beyond dispute . I have been troubietJ ten years with two hideous bunions , which reudeied it impossible for me to get a shoe to lit and when . I did obtain such , 1 was unable to walk in them , the pain being so acute . Having seen y onr advertisement in a weekly periodical , to which 1 am a subscriber , I was induced , from the astonishing testimonials I there saw , to give the plaister a trial ; and mv hopes have been fully realized ; I can now walk vilh the greatest comfort , in the warmest weather , without the iiiortifmtion of having tho deformity of my feet observed . —1 shall recommend the plaister to all 1 may fii : d suffering from bunions , and for the braent 1 have received , pray accent lr . y thanks . 1 : »" . Sir , youv gmteiul sei-vaul , Lues Cole . June 'J , 1513 , "

      Untitled Article

      " And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , With all who war with Thought !" " I think I hear a little bird , who sings The people by and by will be the stronger . " —Byhosj . ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE . NO . V 11 I . We resume our extracts from Mr . Mazzisi ' s work ; we shall probably bring the subject to a close ( for the present ) next week . In the following extracts Mr . Mazzixi combats the arguments of those who , looking back to the intestine quarrels and divisions which rent Italy in the midd e ages , and judging of the present by the past , disbelieve in the possibility of a national organisation and unification of the ( now ) several Italian states . To these doubters and unbelievers Mr . Mazzixi replies : —

      There is no tru « period of cessatisn for nations , so long as the purpose to which their historically-national tendence impris them , has not been attained ; so long as the faculties and powers whose gt * m th « y bear -within them hare not readied the highest dtgree of possible development ; so long , in a word—to avail myself of a phrase scarcely current in England , but that perfectly expresses my view of th » subject—so long as their mission in humanity is unaccomplished . To that period Italy has not arrived . What ehe has dona in the world , once by material force , by conquest—onc » by moral force , by the word—she has done iu the name of a city or a man ; in the name of a power or a principle incarnate in that man or in that citj , never in the name of the entire nation . The nation has n « v # r yet exi » ted jn action . There

      lias b « en a Rom » of the Caesars ; there has been a Rome of the l ' opss , the Horn * of the Italian people has yet to burst forth . But v * ytliing has hitherto converged towards this point . The internal crisis that so long vexed Italy has its meaning , its historical explanation in this ; it was the working of the Italian element , taking up subttauce by substance , reducing , absorbing , all the foreign lements , races , and cast ** , that came from every quarterofEuropetopourlikeaiioodon the Peninsula . AH that function of fermentation and ebullition that constitute ! our Middle age was a work of fusion : it elaborated « S it were tho medium adapts * for the development of that unifying Italian germ that still broods under the accumulated ruin of the Capitol and the Vatican .

      Moreover , this work lias nevor been discontinued . It went on , l « is strikingly because less varied , but with twofold efficacy , during th » tira » s that followed the fall Of tllG latter republics—times tliat apptared to the eyes of the superficial observer as swallowed up in inertness and insensibility . When civic liberty fell , the work of qualisation progressed the fastor : if it were less apparent , it was precisely that it was « ctiB £ on the nation ' s viscera . Whether before or during- th » revolutionary intvemMts that at a lattr period came from without to g itata Italy , th « people gained ground far more than tho educated classes : in fact , if from time to time thert were manifestations crowned with success , they were popular manifestations , such as those of 174 G at Genoa , such as those , hitherto so misunderstood , of Naples in 1799 .

      This grand general fact of the Italian poopls Incoming by degrees substitutsd for every partial element , influencing hereafter ey « y question , and forming the necessary and only point # departure for every endeavour at action , hag completely escaped all those who hav * taken up the Italian quesston . The book of the nation li * 9 been seal » d to them « U—to tho historian Botta , as well as to thererolutioniets Santarosa and Menotti ; toM . DeSismondi , as \ rell as to the Provisional Governments of 1831 . Among writers , Rcwagnosi alone has caught it ; but the deduction of all the conatquences vms beyond him . Among men of action , Napoleon alone , himself an Italian , somprthondeu it ; but he 553 not chooss to apply it . Franca—pjrhaps beofcuse he felt more sure of her olxsjience—was his lever of action , and h » would give her no rival . 'Twas not till St . Helena , when there was no longer a motive for silence , that lie couia declare" Unity o / manner * , of language , of literature , must at a /« - tore more or fessremote , end in bringirtff her inhabitants wider one government . " Memoirs , Vol . 3 ,

      Where is there a single difference between the Lombard , the Roinagnese , and theNeapolitan , * which is not equally marhed in France between tne Basque , Breton , and Norman families . The middle age is dead : the Guelpbs and ( Jhibellines have passed away with it ; and those who dream of them full of life , and prepared to revive and rekindle bitter dissensions between province and province , deal in romance and not in history . The factions have lost their standards : the Pope and theEmperor tore them from their hands on the day they signed their treaty of union . Threeccutvwics of an oppression exercised towards all in the name of the two , bare placed the pair on exactly the sama footing , and devoted them to the same conditions of life and death . No more wars ; no more rivalries : a « regards the elements of nationality , there exists no longerGenoese , nor Tuscan , nstrBolognese ,

      nor Roman : there exist—in . Italy as everywhe ^ s elseelements for the commune , none for the province . By an apparent contradiction that the vanity inherent , to mediocrity sufficiently explains , it is just among the class of semi-thinkers , of semi-gifted litterateurs , political or professional—the superficial crust thrown over Italy by foreign influences an 4 foreign schools , offering itself first to the sight , and not ¦ worth the probing—it is among that class tliat the distrusts and jealousies talked of are still exhibited : among that class at least is to be found a disposition to admit and exaggerate these jealousies , little reflected elsewhere . Th « people , the grand Italian mass , know nothing of them . How should , they feel them ? "Wretched slavo 3 that they are , where should they find elements of rivalry , local influences to pander to , vanities to satisfy ?

      There is enough in tho distrustful habits of the Italians of the present day , to render extremely difficult and perilous the understanding that must necessarily precede any movement ; but that movement successful , there is little or nothing to Wilder the unification of Italy : unification , I say , and not centralization , such as it semis to fee too often understood , pushed' to those farthest limits where it passes into despotism , - * « = * » * Almost tiXl the Stntts into which Italy is now divided , are net of popular national formation—they have been made what they are by foreign diplomacy or usurpation : on the other haad , there is not , there never has been , historically speaking , a settled , active antipathy of province against province . Scarcely do . you find that the boundary of one of those provinces , as now traced , resulted from

      the wars that attended th # period of Italian vigour . Those war ? , when they were not between citiz « ns of the same city— " tra quei die un muro o mm fossa serrft , " as Dante expresses it—raged between one city and another : Pavia , Como , Milan ; Pisa , Sienna , Florence , and soon . But all those rival cities have long since been engulfed into one tortex of power ; their hatreds have been deadened by ages of common slavery . What remains of them if indee : ! aught r * rr . ains—' a barely enough to furnish * proverbial eipression for household gossip , and is too feeble to reacli the forum of national regeneration , Tri soneri nuy sometimes give a turn to sorrow by qtMvr *)) :.. - in ttch-ehaius j but the first grand tmpulsetowards gene * Ta l 5 eiirel l ance will stifle-in enthusiasm this relic of the old leaven . The tocsin of the nation imposes silence on

      the gossip of the ijouseJiolil : and she slight differences exiiti 3 £ may become , . under tlie hands of able and popular nUil , an excellent siii 2 uIus to emulating efforts . Let me not be accused of nejrW * 'nff facts . "d of opposing hasty negatives to the deduction from a calm study of r * alitiss and to tbe lessons of exp » iienee : for I should be tempted to reply somewhat tartly to those grave and calm Studies that are limited to a given epoch , and to that pretended experience that breaks tradition in place of continuing it , and nullifies the present for a past often ill-understood . Why should tho recent immediate fact always be sacrificed to the ancient ? Why , in favour to the middle ages , arc we always to shut our eyes to what the last fortj- y » ors liar * l )« en incessantly repeating as to tin inevitable efforts of the impulse I h » ve betn describing

      on the Italian masses ! It those who nourish theso fears for our future had seen , as we did , the wives and daughters of the people at Genoa , who a few diiys before , in the bitterness of common misery , were singing old snatches of song against the PiedmontCSC , HOW lavishing flowers and acclamations , as they accompanied them on their route , on regiments Of those same I'iedmontese , that , after having worked out the movement of 1821 , wcie quitting tbe city to march—at least so it was thoughtagainst Austria ; if they had seen the spirit of fusion and warm fraternity that actuated tile youth of the most rival cities of tlie Popedom at the time of the insurrection of

      1 S 31 ; if ( hey had followed , as we have done , the phases of Italian opinion throughout the inconceivable eilbrts of succeeding years—then they might comprehend what a feeling of . countrjj reduced to a frank anil enei-getic formula , could accomplish in a land all the districts of which have Veen cementing their brotherhood for half a century by the blood of martyrs ; they could more easily calculate the progress , what between its consecration on the battlefield and on the scaffold , that must have been made in Italy oy an idea re-echoed for fifty yeavs , half from conviction half from imitation , by our literature , and diffused , filtered , through all classes , by an uninterrupted chain of secret associations .

      And now , - ye throned scourgcrs of nations—yc hherty-lmting diplomatists—yc English traitors , base seal-breakers and forgers , tools of foreign tyrants , shameless betrayers ' of England ' s honour —ail ye hated ami detested ones , whom tlie nations pant to trample down , read the following : list ! to the prophotic voice that foretels— aye , and forctcls truly , too —your discomfiture and Italy ' s regeneration . Jlcad , too , ye patriots , and rejoice at the fast coming of that Jiour when Italy shall burst her chains , and become once more

      " Great , glorious , aud free . " ' * Ita l y , then , wills to le a nation ; and one she must become , happen as it may . As ccrOjin as J am writing these words , this aye will not pass mvay ere the jwiocols of the treaty of Vienna rltall have served for (««(? - ( Un < t ~ palia } ts oil Ik num'ti to Vkww . itself—for tU mwl-els of i u > - Indian toUUtrij . "

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      * Tlic islands alone present : i physio-momy . loc-M .-iii . v jwrculKir : nu n tvav nilHUil 111 witliholdiug from them a special uJiniii ' wti-iitiun ,

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      FIELD- GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Oct . 2 nd , 1 SA 3 , L ; -rtractcdfromaI ) u uTof Actual Operation * on fire small tarma on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert near Lastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several mode ' ft 1 ??? on . . l , « " Eai > l of Dartmouth at MaitUwaitG , m Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell of I ' arnley 'lyas , near Iluddersfield , in order to ^ uide other possessors of field gardens , by showing then ; what labours ought to be undertaken ou their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willinedon and Eastdean . o :

      five acres each , conducted by G . Gruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private forms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—tlie former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevmgton—all of them within a few miles of kist bourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . I < ourth . Several private model farms near the same place . I he consecutive operations in these reports will enable tho curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diary is aided by "Notes and Observations" from tho pen of Mr . Novell , calculated lov the time and season , which we subjoin .

      "Let us ever remember that , in all our attempts to improve society , we ought to direct our efforts to the young and unsophisticated . By giving them sound mental and physical training , we may correct the errors and subdue the prejudices of their elders . "—Anon . Note . —The school farms an cultivated by boys , tvhe in return for three hours' teaching in the morning give t / trec fours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , ivfrich renders the schools sew-BurponTiso . We believe that at Farnly Tyas sice sevenths of the product of the scliool farm will be assigned ta the- boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who will receive the tisual school-fees , help the boys to cultivate thtir land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , < kc ,, to convert their produce into lacon , by attending topig-kecpinp , which at Christmas may be divided , after , payiny rent and levy , amongti them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . ]

      SUiSSEX . MoxjHK—Wilttngdon School . Boys hoeing white turnips sown after oats . Eastdean School . Fourteen boys digging up potatoes , and clearing ground for wheat . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Digging . Tuesday—Wilhngdon School . Boys turning dung and mould heap , to ho ready for wheat . Eastdean School . Digging up potatoes , healing them for winter , and stone picking . Piper . Carrying chalk upon the potatoe ground intended for wheat . Dum brell . Digging . Weda-esdat— Willingdon Scliool . Digging stubble for w nter tares . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the pigstye tank , gathering stones . Piper . Carrying chalk as bofore . Dumbrell . Digging .

      inunsDAY—Willingdon School . Boys digging for , wintw tares . Eastdean School . Boys digging potatoe ground , and picking up the haulm . Piper , Sowing ryo . Dumbrell . Digging , hoeing turnips , thrashing tares ; applied 24 gallons of liquid manure to one rod of ground , for rye . Friday—Willingdon School . Boys digging for winter tares . Bastdean School . TVet weather , boys in the school all day . Piper . Digging wheat stubblo for tareB . Dumbrell . Sowing rye , thrashing barley . Saturday—Willingdon School . Boys thrashing barley , the weather being wet . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable tubs and tank , cleaning styes ami school room . Piper . The same as before . Dumbrell . Winnowing barley , tares , thrashing oats , ami harrowing .

      COW-FEEMXG . Willvngtlon School . Cows feeding on white turnips and a little chaff . Piper ' s . In tlie morning a little clean straw while cleaned out , while milking , a gallon of potatoes mixed with chaff , afterwards turnips or tares . Dumbrell ' s . One cow stall-fed with Italian rye grass , ami white turnips till Tuesday night , afterwards with Italian rye grass and lucerne . One cow and heifer staked out on the young clover , and fed m « rn and even with tares , potatoes , and wheat chart' till Friday night . On Saturday , stall-fed with turnips , potatoes , carrots , and barley chaif .

      Composting Manure . —In every moment of leisure attend to youv mixena , compost mould and dung together in the mixens . Some one may say , "Where is the raou \ d to be procured ? " You may ¦ reply , " Every one that has land is not without mould of some sorb or other . "—Then agnin it may be said , " Where are we to get dung ? " And your answer at once may be , " By growing plwty ot food for cattle . " It may be said that there is an immense deal of trouble with these dung mixens . This is very true ; but we can get nothing in this world without trouble . The real question is this , not whether you have great trouble from it , but whether it will pay you for your trouble . Be not afraid of getting too much manure ; for if you neglect the chief object , your farm will be a failure ; while with plenty of manure , you can double crop and double your stock .

      Method os Composiiso . —Spread equally , and cover the whole of each mixon tftor with a layer of cow dung ; horse litter , &c , to the thickness of eight or ten inches , and keep tho long straw nearest the floor . Then ior every cart load of fresh dung , take 10 or 121 bs . of gypsum pounded from the rock , which will cost you from 2 s . Cd . to 3 s . per cwt . Sprinkle it over the surface of the layer of dung . Bring in a load of mould from headlands , decayed roots , scouring of ditches , road scrapings , stubble , saw dust , nothing can come amiss , and leaving it on the composting yard pavement , the cart may pass through the cow-lodge without the trouble of turning round . Let the rubbish , so left , be handed to either mixen , and spread over the surface , and when you can obtain

      a load or two more at intervals , you may spread it upon the other . In this state let it remain until you have a fresh supply of dung under the manure doors , tlicn fork the first layer wall ovcv > , and proceed just as before , careful ' neither to omit the gypsum nor mould , in forming your second layer . Previous to forming a new one , always fork over the last layer , and alter a few repetitions , pump and diffuse over the whole surface as much tank liquid as will completely saturate th « manure heap , and any excess will fall back again into the tank ; and this repeat , from time to time , when it may be deemed necessary to do bo . "With plenty of cattle in the byres , ami plenty of space in the yard } > you may thus create an enormous bulk of manure , rich , and well mixed .

      Further Means OJ ? Esmcmxo the Mixex . —Your pigs must be continually supplied with fresh mould . They will \ rC 3 il \ it and make it into the richest compost . Itiiiaytlion be handed over to , and compounded ' into tlie mixen . The night-soil compost may be p 1 used in the same manner , " < i

      AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . C Continued from the Northern Star of August 1 Q . J

      ASHES . 02 , We have already alluded , incidentally , to the existence of ashes in the residual matters of all organized substances , when tlie volatile matter and the carbon have been bwvnt away . It would tend only to protract and perplex our inquiries , should we attempt even to enumerate all tho residual substances which ingenious persons have seen or imagined in the ashes of organised beings . Gold , for instance , has been discovered in tamarind stones ;' copper in codec , to a large amount ; and arsenic in tho remains not merely of poor Madame Laffarge , but of many

      Other persons less unfortunate , it may be hoped , in their domestic relations . Much more useful was th > observation of Sir 11 . Davy , that jlint , or silcx , exists in the stems of wheat , oats , and other grasses ; and it is perhaps by a continued investi gation of the influences exercised by even minute portions oi ' somo inorganic or mineral substances upon the growth of certain plants , tiiivt we can hope to establish the practice of agriculture on a truly rational basis . Our countrymen have contributed little to promote such inquiries since the time of Sir II . Davy , but continental chemists have done more ; of this the pages of Professor Johnston , Licbig , Graham , &c , bear abundant

      testimony . 93 . About four years ago , Mr . lligg published the results ol some interesting experiments " of the influence of nitrogen ou tlie growth of plants . " ( Phil Trans . 1 S 3 S , p . 3 < J . 5-1 Q 3 J JIo notices the remarkable connection between t ! : c nitrogen and the residual as hu calls it—i . e . between the nitrogen and tho ashes , lie points out the influence of both upon tlie growth of plants , lie observes , "that in that part of the seed where germination ( 8-1 ) takes place , nitrogen preponderates , when compared with its quantitv in other parts ot the seed ; " " that those seeds of tlfe same kind which contain the largest quantity of nitrogen , germinate the earliest : " " that the quantity of nitrogen is largest in the spring , and diminishes with the season . " lie finds more nitrogen in the roots than in the stems and trunks of different plants and then makes this important observation : "Kot only is the nitrogen more abundant in the roots ol

      plants and trees ; tlie residual , also , when compared with the quantity in the trunks , will be found inexeoss in the roots . " " Now , if we admit the principle that nitrogen is a powerful agent in favouring chemii cal action upon vegetable and animal matter and that this residual is essential to the healthy performance ot every Junction of the roots , as well as everv other part oi the plant , and forms , as it , were , a most perfect skeleton of the . whole , we have in these roots that which will favour ,.. xh action in an eminent degree wlien compared with the other part of the tree . 1 1 "' sap-wood is very differently constituted fi-oni the more perfect part , the heart-woodi an CXCUSS Ot nitrogen bung invariably found in the Cornier . " ' Tho Hiip-wooiliniorc readily passes into a stato oi decay than the he : irt-wood . lleru , again , the nitre-{ Mi ami the residual beinj ; present hi liirgor quant " , ties 111 the lorniOl" than in the latter , we Jiave tlr . |( CACv ; hi : ; " Uivu wiluyutu us in'oniotora of decoa « , \ ti ' . i !; , " " -

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      , - r 7 T . r ^"" i * . , , * - ' m '"' . ' . ™ We have also ti 10 greatest quantities of nitrogen and residual in thoso timbers which grow the quickest ; and furti ' than this—for directly asisthe quantity of nitrogen an ( ' residual , taken collectively , so do we appear to ht v etlie decay ot ' tiiabcv , all other circumstances being e « l « al . " In Dautzie and English oak , the quantity of-iii trogenand residual are both very small . In Ameri \ '• "" > birch , the nitrogen and residual are in large qua , 'itities , and , as ia well known , this timber decays verj . quickly . " But it is not enough for us to find a din ' erence in the proportionate quantity of nitrogen in the different parts of-the sanio

      plant or tree ; we must also ! observe , that the quantity appears to be proportional t * > the functions which tlie parts of the plants hare le perform in vegetation . For instance , if the agency o . f any part of the plant be great in the scale of vcgefcii ' 'le physiology , so is the quantity of nitrogen , and vice . versa . So apparent is this , and so universal is the opt ration of this law over the whole sphere of inquiry in ? , hicli I have been engaged , that we might almost coi isider this element , when coupled with the residual '; to be the moving agent , acting under ihe influence of tlie living principles of tlie plant , and mouldi n « into shape the other elements .

      95 . "Throughout tho whole coit'se of my experimental inquiry , " says Mr . Mr . ltigg in another place , " 1 have not met with one instance 'whereim we have a large proportion of nitrogen and rciidual , that we have not violent chemical action , and quick growth of the plant , all other circumstances being favourable . " " I have not analysed any produc * in a natural state wherein I have not found both nitrogen and residual . " Mr . Rigg concludes his most valuable remarks , of which the preceding extracts form only asK \ a . \ part by stating lus otgectto \> s , " to < feaw attention to an element which , comparatively epealcing , has escaped unnoticed , ami to vindicate the necessity of a most scrupulous attention to those pyoducts which , though so minute in quantity as to be with difficulty detected in our balances , have ,

      nevertheless , been wisely designed to discharge the most important functions , " ' DO . lt \ for the sake of experiment , we burs wood , peat , or wood charcoal , and collect the ashes tliev afford , we shall be very much surprised to find them so light and so t ' e \ r . If we fill a wide-moutlied bottle with the dry ash thns obtained , we shall find tliat it will afterwards receive a considerable quautity of water . We pour in water until it rises to the bottle ' s neck , and set it aside for a day or two , shaking it now and then . We can then pour off a clear liquid from the dregs at the bottom , can fill the bottle with more water , and again pour it off clear , once or twice . We shall thus divide the ashes into two portions , the ono soluble in water , constituting the clear liquid , tlie other remaining as dregs at the bottom of the bottle , undissolved or insoluble . 97 . The clear liquid will be found to contain

      alkaline salts ; the dregs , or insoluble part to consist oi earthy matters . The clear liquid obtained in tin ' s way from the burning of shrubs and trees , is , in some countries , especially in America , boiled down until all tho water is driven away from the alkaline salts , which arc converted into potash ; if prepared in another way , they are called pearlash . "Wormwood is a weed abounding iii potash , and was formerly much employed as a source of the alkali , especially for medicinal uses , and was termed salt of wormwood . 08 . Plants growing near the sea , and all kinds of sea-weed , when burnt to ashes , y ield alkali called soda . ( Potash is sometimes called vegetable alkali—soda , mineral alkali . ) Soda is the alkaline basis of common salt ; and most part of tlie soda so extensively employed in the arts is now obtained from th » chemical decomposition of common salt , by processes , frequently ^ injurious to vegetation and prejudical to lenlth .

      » 9 . Peaty lands are pared and burnt with considerable advantage . In this process many ashes arc produced which , if left exposed in heaps to tiie weather , resolve themselves into a seluble aud an insoluble portion , as described above ( 90 ); the consequence of which is , that the soluble portion sinks into the soil , and produces burnt and barren patches in some places , in others rank and luxurious growth , instead of impartimg uniform fertility , which it would do if evenly spread over the field at an early period . 100 . A very large consumption of peat and firewood is effected daily in many rural Districts , and a

      corresponding production of ashes is the result . These are too little attended to ; they are heaped up , generally nearlsome open ditch or drain , into which the soluble portion , by far the more valuable , as far as it goes , is washed away by the rain . There , meeting with decayed vegetable , perhaps , also , animal matter , it haatens their unprofitable and deleterious composition . The very property which gives value to the soluble portion of peat ashes , when judiciously applied to the soil , renders them , in this way , active instruments of mischief . Peat ashes ought to be protected from the rain , whenever they arc found to afford much soluble matter .

      101 . According to the views entertained by the most eminent chemical authorities , it is tlie loss of what constitutes the ashes of plants , and not , as was believed _ by the best authorities , down to a very re cent period , the loss of carbonaceous matter , that impoverishes tho field from whence a scourging crop has been taken ; and , of the ashes , tlie vegetable alkali potash , it is contended , is the substance most usually carried away , and tlie one which is most slowly returned to the soil . It is an opinion very prevalent with tho _ owners of land , that tlie way in which the farmer disposes of the produce of his iields , whether by consuming it upon the premises , by selling off hay , niiJk , straw , grain , potatoes , Ac . &c . ' , will , at the expiration of the lease , tell heavily iu one way or another , according as the conduct of tho tenant is fair

      and prudent , or tho reverse . There are various sys teias established by usage in different parts of the country , mostly founded on experience , which ought not to be lightly unsettled on theoretical grounds . Yet it is obvious , that when the tenant can fully restore , to the land in one form those elements of fertility which he bus carried off in another , ho will at least maintain its condition unimpaired , whatever may be lm system ; and if ho attend diligently to the mechanical state of his soil , he may perhaps effect some improvement . But in every district , perhaps in everv Held of every farm , tkore is an excess of one , and n deficiency in " another , element of fertility . This holds especially true of th » numerous substances

      constituting the ashes of plants , and those azotised matters which go to modify tlie juices of vegetables . 102 . Carbon , after all , is U \ c staple of evevv organised matter . In 1000 parts of heart-wood 0 ^ ImHTsIi oak , there are 42-i parts of carbon , oOT of v ., 'ater , nitro gen 2 , ashes 8 . Wheat consists of carl 410 ' water 500 , nitrogen 20 , ashes S . If the clement of water he ieit out of calculation , the relieve proportions of nitrogen aud ashes to 1000 of carbon were found by Air . Kigg to be as foIIov ; . _ Young l& giigU onkmtrogen 18 , ashes 3 ; ' ^ art-wood of oak-nitrogen 4 , ashes 1 ; barley-v iiU , . gcu 40 , ishes 30 wilcat _ , litro Sm 4 o , ashes , ^ , ^ instauccs are adduced to

      Ul V' _ »¦«¦» . . 1 * ... ^ H . !_ .. _ . __ ^_« r . mm r * ^ -ht- * l- * v \ t ^^ 4- a **«\ X \ W tile }) Vi . menSc disproportion in quantity between the ' earboimeeous »«<» otllei " iugredionUofvcgthibl substance ' , l ) 0 t the disiJI'fljioviiott-1 » '" -w-iar from it . The object of agriculture is to" produce cwotiaed carbonaceous matters . Carbon forms the mass , nitrogen th « qualit y ; the ashes—the saline matters—s : era necessary accompaniments to the nitrogen , Carbo ' i ) institutes the bulk , nitrogen the valuable ingredient iii ail vegetable substances .

      iicirr and D .-vnivNEss . 103 ., Light and Darkness act in a manner totally opposite one to the other upon organised matter , animal and vegetable , Jiving or dead . The modern art ofyhotogenic drawing affords a remarkable illustration of the chemical effects of Jight , and has led to the observation of a singular fact—that the green leaves of vegetables give no image on the dagucrrotype , the chomical rays of Jight being entirely absorbed by the green leaves—an extraordinary circumstance , but one which easily explains tlie enormous expenditure of chemical power rcquiied for the decomposition of a compound so stable as carbonic acid . 11 is only under the influence of light that vegetables exercise their reducing or deoxidating powers , already rcftrred to ( S 3 , 90)—that they decompose carbonic acid ,

      retaining Us carbon for their own use , and returning oxygon to tiie atmosphere . Plants , then , possess energetic means of reduction which we cannot imitate ( 88 ); for chemists have no method of decomposing carbonic acid at ordinary temperatures . 104 . In mines and other gloomy subterraneous caverns , there is either no vegetation at all , or it is conlinedto a few species of fungi , &c . The shade is always injurious to vegetation . Green colouring matter , tlie most abundantly diffused of vegetable products , cannot be formal without the influence of light . In the dark , vegetables are . etiolated ; they arc not merely blanched , deprived of colour , but altered in taste and form , insomuch that they cannot be recognised , and acquire properties that do not belong to their natural state . An acute French

      philosopher Jias drawn a useful practical distinction between nocturnal and diurnal tcgetation—the vegetation of light and the vegetation of the shade ( Raspail , Physiol . Yegetale , < fcc . ); obsciving , however , that there is no vegetable absolutely diurnal or absolutely nocturnal—that tho more elaborate plants are nocturnal in their roots , diurnal in their leaves , stems , and flowers ; and the most minute and simple fungi require light to perfect their iloweis and seeds . 105 . The great character of diurnal vegetation is the green colouring matter of the leaf , and a firmer , more fibrous or woody structure ; noctt rnal vegetables are pale , soft , and pasty . Night and sliade check the growth of the former , daylight that of the latter . In a warm and motet atmos phere the advance oi ilnmial

      vegetation , and the dep th of its green colour , are proportioned to the brightness of the bum . ; liillucnceil by the same w , rmth and moisture , but lirouded in tho dm-knesattf the night , and trader the thick clouds ot autunWi weather , the vegetation of the riinde isso sudden and so notorious , that the vulgar , who trawjr ., i the results of their experience in proven * , say -of unslavt men that they spvnig toi-th like mushvo'jms The mushroom tribe , and many minute vc-Ve l-Uions such us Uioso which cause tnight , numew , L' are nocturnal plants . The dry rot ofilark cell'VM and various RiieciOA ol movndiness , dui-ive : vs n-ujh ' of their destructive agency iromiliirkncssas r-. oiii damp . Whilst diurnal vegetation , ¦ under tl-. c influence of light , tends to restore oxygen to the air ,

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      it is found that mushrooms absorb oxygen , and disengage carbonic acid gas . 106 . The germination of seeds proceeds best in the dark , bene » th the surface of the ground ; the seed soon establishes a diurnal vegetation in the leaf , whilst tlie opposite function is performed by the root . Skilful gardeners know the mischievous effects result " ing from injudicious burying tlio stems of trees and slirubs beneath a heap ' of mould , and from the opposite error of laying bare the roots . They also know how to profit by nocturnal vegetation , in the blanching of celery , kale , Ac . Tiie cabbage head is a cood specimen of diurnal vegetation in its external green leaves that have been exposed to tbeliglit , and the nocturnal growth ol tUMoft , watery , white internal portion to which the sun ' s rays could not penetrate .

      107 . 1 \\ % chemical influence of light upon dead organised matter , upon the remains of animals and plants mingled with the soil , has not been muclr attended to . The subject is not attractive , yet musfc not be passed over entirely without notite . * We willi at least briefly advert to some singular effects of lighfcm promoting the combination and combustion of certain inorganic gaseous matter . It has been stated alread y that the decomposition of organised substance is in reality a sort of combustion—a combustion too , of substances in rapid progress from a solid or fluid to a gaseous state—from tiie organL' to the morganie kingdom . We may also refer again to the daguerreotype , as an instance of the ehemical agency of light in electing decomposition and reduction .

      10 b . When the water of the river Thames , wki It contains no small portion of organic- matter , is puc into casks , ami of course excluded from the light . it soon undergoes a kind of fermentation , emitting a disagreeable llarrowgate sihgII , tiniil all ihe organic piaster is dissolved into volatile gsrees -which escape into the air , nsad black insoluble carbonaceous powder which subsides to the bottom of the cask , leaving tho water purified , clear , and wholesome . If a glass decanter filled with Thames water , os > any snch compound , be placed i « the aimshiiio , and continue exposed te-the daylight , no such cftauge as the one above described takes place ; on the contrary a quantity-of ! green matter soon forms inside the glass , and increases day by day , for a certain time , ( hiring : winch poin ' od the green matter , under the influence of light , gOC 3- 011 purifttillg the wat .-r in . its pecnJi . tr

      manner , with this marked differenso . - that the gas emitted is pure oxygen . So that wha £ > we may term the diurnal' decomposition tends to purity the airnocturnal decomposition to vitiate and ' pollute it . The mixture of waterand organic nia&si- is-supposed to be the same ^ -the temperature the 3 flllie ^ H ! VCrytliing the sarnie , except that light is . admitted in tho one case and excluded in the other . l () 9 .. The green matter of the vegetable-leaf appears to be at once a product of light , and a chemical agent , which ,, under the influence oi ' light , elieots the reducing ptocess so often mentioned ( 103 ) . Chemists , as is their custom , have bestowed many names upon the green colouring matte *—chromulc , ehnwnulite , chlorophylJ v cMoiop&illite . TCgetable , chameleon , « Sjc ., &c . So excessive is the colouring pov . or of this substance , that scarcely ten grains are reported to be contained in the entire mass of leaves of a large tr-. &

      100-. It were Ibroign to our purpose 10 discuss afc ongth , and yet it were cruel not to mention at all , the salutary influence of light upon animals as well as vegetables . There can be no doubt whatever but light—sunshine—is essential not mereljto the maintenance and renovation of health—to ' the beauty of complexion in the human species—but even to tho development of form and beauty in tho lower animals . The very tadpoles , it is said , will lira-and grow ia ic dark , but without light they are unable to acquire the perfection of their nature ; they cannot become complete frogs . 111 . The salutary influence ofliff ' itin purifying the air of the atmosphere , and in decomposing unwholesome gaseous matters of inhabited apartments * will- not be doubted by any one acquainted with tko

      rudiments of chemistry , though we > cannot adduce vigorous proof of the fact ; for we know little of such emanations , except their effects . Itisecnis , however , that nitrogen and hydrogen aro the gases most remarkably affected by light in their compositions and decompositions . In many cases , bodies which in . obscurity remain totally without : action on one another , are brought into combination by exposure to light , and the rapidity of their action is proportional to the brilliancy of the light . I'bns chlorine and hydrogen mixed , remain unaltered for any period ia the dark ; if exposed to the difjuse d * yli » ht , theysilently combine , but explode suddenly if a direct rayof sunshine fall upon the mixture . There aresoms ' chemical experiments for which only a few days ia summer were found bright enough in Dublin ; others

      for which the sunshine ol Dublin was totally inade .-. quate , yet which succeeded perfectly at Paris . 112 . It was time , rather than air or light , that gave rise to tho sudden and remarkable effects about to be noticed , but they belong « o our subject , and will not be misplaced here . Iu thsyear 1815 tbe leaden , coffin of King Cluwlcs I . -was-opened in the presence of the Prince Regent , afterwards King George IV . An account of the appearances then observed wa 3 drawn up for publication by Sir Henry Ilalfcnl , and countersigned by his Royal Highness . We shall only quote on » sentence— " Tke left eye , in the first moment of exposure , was open and full , though ifc vanished almost immediately . " The unfortunate diaries had not been interred quite 200 years . The

      following is a still more remarkable instance of the effect of tim > upon organic matter . The Gonfaio-. niere Avoltaof Corneto discovered , in Tarquinai , th « - body itself of an Etuuscan chief , though he was only permitted one rapid glance before the ,.- appearance was , mingled with its . mother earth , from which it had . been so strangely kept apart for thousands of years . " He saw him , erowncd with gold , covered with , armour , with a shield , spears , and arrows by his side , and extended on his stone bier . But a change soon came over tbe figure—it truabled , crumbled , and vanished away , and by the time an entrance was effected , ail that ; remained was the golden crown , and a Uswiu'M of dust , with sonic fragments of the arms . "—Edin * Review , Lxxviii ., 127 . ( Tole continued . )

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      BANKRUPTS . [ . From the Gazette of 1 'ridaii , September 19 . ] ¦ William Mills Koliinson , of tfuruham , Buckinghamshire , draper—George Fordlmm Blow , of 21 , Groat Dovavstreot , Kuwington , currier—liobert Ludjjate Harness , oFDulvcrtun , Somersetshire , spirit-dealcr—Jaincs Fleotwood Cannoil , of Liverpool , bookseller—Jaincs Muck , of Kuarilcau ^ Gloucestershire , coal-pvowictor .

      BANKRUPTS . ( From Tuesday ' s Gazette , & •!>' TheodoreLoelOiavtand Ch .-r" - " # * i 1 S 4 SJ side , and of 1 ' iilliani , M > . - ^' s'toclthart . oflaG . Cheapj Little Albanj-strc' .-ulescx , ilurists-James G : i ! e , ol —Chai-lts 1 * —• -Kcgent ' s l ' nrk , candle manufacturer ter— "' - » cBt , Of 5 , St . Jomus ' s-WSilk , Clurkcnwcn , 1 , TJU . uiomas Sanderson , of Liveij . ool , conl-mercliaut . DIVIDENDS TO ilE ifciAKKl ) . In the Country . Wi ! Iia ; n Bowen , of Alertliyr Tvdvil , Glamorganshire , grocer , October 14 , at twelve , at the Court of JJankrujitcj-, Jirtatol—Gvorg'c lfy foril , of Livci-pool , wholesale arocer , October H , eleven , at tlie Gouit of lianIcni ] itcy l "

      Liverpool—Wilson Porster , ot Liverpool , tailor , October 1 } , at lisi'f-pnst twolve , ; it Hie Court ot' JJunkruptcy , Liverpool—Henry Coolc , of Liverpool , painter , October H , at li .-ilfjiast twtlve , at the Court of liankruptcj , Liverpool—John James Brez , of Chester , tailor , October 14 , at tKchu , at Ihe Court of Bankruptcy , ijverj . ool—J 0 J 111 Mine , of High Cl'onipton , Lancashire , de ; i ' K"r , October 14 , at twelve , at » the Court of 15 iinkruj > tCY , . SLweliestei—James HascJdcn , of BoHoii-lc-Moors , cutton-spiim . * ' )' . October 1-J , at twelve , ut the Court of IJanUnijitfy , Manchester—William iVelJ , of AriivicU and Manchester , couniio . n brewer , October 22 at twelve , at the Court of Hankruptcy , Manchester . CsKTincAJKS to hftgrauted , unless vaust be shown to the contrary on tht day of meeting .

      Peter "Walker , of Quickset-row , ^ w-rond , builder , October 10—Thomas Sims , 23 S , Whiteehapel-road , victualler , October IU—John ( Sunn , of Woolwich , bricklayer aud builder , Oatober 10—l- 'nuici'i Harrington Chnreh , of Suutliuwvtun , suvijeou »» d siyirtueeuvj , October . 30—Henry l'rior , o > Sist-lam ? , Lumlbn , st : itiuuev and . wine merchant , October 14—James I ' ou u ^ , of liui'y St . Edmund ' s , tobacconist and tea denier , October 14—Thomas Foot l'ijier , of U 4 , Chenpsidc , -1 , Bishoiissrate-strvet Without , - ami 2 . Thomas-place , North-street , 'VVhiteeliajiel , and of Uniun-Ywul , L ' . unAiw > Yt , Hawts , wliuWsulu s . V . v > - manufac - turer , October 14—James Vavveii , of Jiristui , merchant , October 15—luinas Uvysm , of lit-istol , chemist ami drus-¦ 'ist and tobacconist , October Hi . Cektificatks to be granted by the Court ot Kovieiv , unless cuuse hu shown to the contrary , on or before October 14 .

      John Crabtreo aud William BuriiU-y , of 1 unstead , ia the Forest of Kossendale , Lancaster , woollen manuiilUtur « rs-l ) : md Tarry , of I ' . utliin , l ) cHW lishive , currier ind leather seller-James Jleakiii Garduer , ot Liverpool , wine and bramlv merchant — Edmund Smith , Hubert Smith , and Joseph Swum , of ' iVoudhead , Chester , provision j ' ealers ami beer sellers—William Hay-ward l ' .-. nve , of ¦ portsea , Hants , currier ami ltaUiur seller—Louis LcplfStrier , of 50 , Alfred-street , lliver-terraco , Islington , Uutcll , , ker—William Johnson , of 8 ( i , West Smithtield , wino , merchant—William Walters , late of 28 , Crawford-street , Marylelionc , silk mercer , now of 14 , llurcourt-struet , IMarylebone , assistant warehouseman .

      PARTKEttsmre dissolved . Henry Morson and Thomas Winston , Of Copthall-chanibei-s , City , West India merchants—Htmry Slorsou , Thomas Winston , mid James Udall , of St . Christopher ' s , Wesfc Indies , merchants—Itichard Kendall and iiuwlaud Hill , of Nottingham , brown net uummissiuu agents—Henry Thompson » nu £ dward Uic-hanlson . of i . ' , Co « iiei ' s-court , Coruliill , aud of Southampton , ! -hi ]> brokers—Dorothy Iligginbotloin and Surah Uusisley , ot Ciiestwlk-W , Derby , shivc , lntlliiin-s—ltussell Taylor aud William A burrow , Of 2 , Idol-lmie , City , druggists—Thomas Smith Parker and l ' eter Taylor , of IJirkeuhead . Cheshire , veterinary surgeons—Jo ' sejdi Applctou and Itichard Holland Ufadey , of C-veenwitti , Runt , surgeons—J oscph Tldmum \ Vool and nivalin attorr /

      Charlf-5 Stevens , of 3 , Fin- 's-n , City , , ;»— , Thomas Chtdwk-W and Willlnm Onslull , of . iitJHici- 'irtftVi cotton dealers—William Lea and JJeiijamiii-CiJe . v ., of-Birm ' mglimn . i . vthiteets — Claries Ar . tUce and ltaijamiu ' Gvvwelicv , of l'ljmouth , soda' waier nu \ r . u . f :: ctu- < : vs—Ihr jamin Higjs and Thomas Wright , of likicehlmad , ChtAkft . ironmoiiK « -s—Jolin Alcock and JiimeiT . Yf j \ s (> i > , o ? U . v j ) oi « l , fi-uit mtrclmnts—Edward Slllttl , Ufi ( i '\ : l ) li ; i \ i \ ;«• ofSuwark-iipt > n-Treiit 1 Nutfm 2 lmiiiKhii yi }; vocf 3 r ! s . —; itli . Lous find r ' oi'dllale , juu .. of Si . Johvusirei < x "" -twines field , oil merchants—Joint Siu \ y » oy "lul&V" ' . csl Smith , of Market Wei «? htv > n , Yorkshire , Ury-W- " ' "' Si'H'SOn ami Isabella Kulus , of West Awli- . ^¦ . s-John Jiaici turs of a Imiat . c asyinm—l , rn \ v "'"• 1 ) li ' i ' « H , JlVopVlC lli . tli . con-. I ' iiciors-Chiivli . • j > 7 ' >>; '' : lml . 01 > S ° W O . -SKi ' miri Asllcy Yi ' estOU U' , , !' I >! V " , " HovRlU-Xclsoi ford , chemists , "d KeSIU ! lW J «« u « SS , ot Here ,

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      f - ¦ . . ¦ ¦ . ¦¦ I S ™ fggL ^ ? 1845 : _______ THE NORTHERN STAB . " , 7

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1334/page/7/