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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th September 1845, Edition 1 of 4, Page unpag

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    • jforifrttmmjj ffitttin$&
    • ffovtigii fittteiiigaue*
    • THE LAND!
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      Untitled Article

      TO THE WORKING CLASSES . Mt Deah Friends , — -I am now about to redeem the pledge that I would yisit Belgium , ia order to instruct myself in the practice of agriculture followed in that country . I start for Belgium on Saturday next , trith the intention of making a profitable agricultural tour . I will be the Northern Star ' s " Comjqssioxek" in Belgium ; and as it is my intention to perform my journeys on foot , I shall be able , like the 2 imes ' s Irish commissioner , to poke my nose into every field , if not into every parlour . You must natn-Tally suppose that I have a greater interest than any man living in the success of the Land project ; and , as I told you in . the outset , that much of its success must depend upon confidence in myself , I have deemed It my duty to clear up , and " settle my accounts" as acting deputy treasurer , before I left the country ; which . I now submit to you as follows : — Feanpis G'Conr . or in account with the Treasurer of tllC Chartist Co-opeitttlve Land Society , Dr . as per acknowledgment C / v in the SorHiern Star . £ s . H . £ s . d . June 14 cash- - 15 2 0 21 „ - - 18 16 0 raid to Trca . 28 „ - - 6 2 7 BUTcr * s account July 5 „ - - GS 8 6 hi Bank- - - 323 12 01 12 „ - - S 3 10 3 19 „ - - G 2 16 3 25 ,. - - Go 9 11 Aug . 2 „ - - 57 7 4 9 „ - - 57 S 9 16 „ - - 32 11 6 23 „ - 1 S 3 1 Si 30 „ - - 971 C 8 " Cash received from Secretary 22 o 0 0 £ 923 12 01 £ 028 12 01 3 fow , tliere is my account ,, ^ . t- o Saturday ihe 30 th of August , without the tsechiction of one penny expenditure . This account does not include this week ' s receipts , because th \> re wsuld not he tune , for the post-ofiice orders to lie . seat for llr . Roberts' signature , aad to come back , to ibs ; however , if Ishould never return , tlie post-o face orders are in the custody of my nephew , to Air . Roierts' account . Ilaviiig performed so much of my task , I hare now to solicit a favour at your " hands , vrlilch 1 expect tcu readily to grant , &ecav « doing SO IVlli further and p rotect your own interests < $ «

      not make asy alteration ' ui the Rules until my return , when I pvepose the following course as the best mode of securing the satisfaction and permanent interest of tie Society . It strikes me , from communications that I iave received from all parts of the country that before Christmas this Land fund will amount to a prodigious sum of mency ; a sum , the control over ¦ which I should like to sec vested in hands that would be sure to give universal satisfaction . To this end , I would urgeapou you the propriety of the following course : that the shareholders shall , as speedily as the proper arrangements can be made to do this on syskm , proceed to neminate delegates to

      meet at Manchester , to discuss the rules and the whole quesbhn of the Laud , 4 md determine on the alterations necessary ; that a levy of threepence per member be raised to discharge all the expenses of the delegation , such as travelling and boarding expenses ; au&thatcucry 200 shareholders appoint-me delegate . The Conference being held at Manchester , and the travelling expenses of the Lancashire , Yorkshire , and Cheshire delegates being trifling , SWH enahh sis to have a fair representation from dis _ taut parts . The various secretaries in the snore distant localities conld easily confer with their several

      branches , and arrange for a delegate amongst tnoni , after they arc classed for-that purpose by the general secretary .. I anticipate , that before you can act upon this suggestion , we shall have 4000 paying members . Indeed , I believe we have nearly that numberaow . However , we will suppose 4000 ; this ¦ will give a delegatiou of twenty representatives , which atJded to tiic , five directors and our treasurer , would give us a Conference of twenty-six persons , who-e -object would be scsixess and not talk , and from whose deliberation I would anticipate the most glorious results .

      I should like to see -our own Buncombe and the glorious Oastlcr acting nnitedly as the patrons of the Society ; and such men as James Moir , George Ross , and vohu Colquhon , of Glasgow * ^ Jauies Macphersoir , of Aberdeen . ; L . Pitkeihley , and Joseph Thornton , of Iluddersneld ; Titus Urooke , of Dews-Iniry ^ Wm . Lonsdale , of Manchester ^ David Weatherlead , of Keighley ; John Linton , ^ f Selby ; and several suchlike men , appointed as trusteesi men \ riio , one and all , would have an interest in the sttcees 5 < if the oWeet , andVno could Lave no object

      in thwarting or retarding our views . Believe me , my friends , that great , very great caation , circumspection , and wisdom will be required to cany out our plan . I propose Manchester for the meeting of the delegation , because tlicrs we can have the benefit of Mr . Roberts' counsel without cost . For myself , vrithont trenching on your funds , I have submitted the whole plan and rules to an eminent counsel in that branch of the law . ; and I shall , at the appointed time , be prepared with his advice upon all points . I shall also be strengthened by what I see in mv travels .

      I will new suppose that vrc have the 4000 members ; a levy of threepence each will ameunt to £ 58 z a . sum qnits large enough , without trenching on the fond—for that , I am resolved , shall remain whole and untouched—to pay the expenses of the Conference . Bccoileet that this Is but a pint of ale each man ; caul the object is to allow evert -siurehoi . deii to have Ms finger ¦ tipoa the foundation sto : ie , so that none shall say hereafter ihat he had not his fair share in the design . Though I ask yon for a little delay for niy own convenience , yei 1 beg of you to bear in mind "that there is no necessity whatever for an earlier

      consultation . Tie tiling is going on as rapidly and as successfully as it could possibly do : and tiie very fact that the shareholders are to he brought togeth-r l ) y their representatives at a sutHeicntly early period , to make ali necessary arrangements for the future , will give iKereased confidence . In order to ihe carrying out of this plan , I would strongly urge npon the several see-staries to communicate with the general secretary as to the -number of ecrolled niam-&ers in their several districts . This may be doue so as to appear Ib the Star of the 20 th : thatis , by Monday , the 15 th , the several secretaries should state to the general secretary the exact numbers of members they iare -enrolled , aad then the general secretary bki ? , in the following week ' s &ar { for I want to save

      expense of printing ) , 'issue the proper direction for the election of delegates . That done , the elections should be proceeded with forthwith : and , as soon as the delegates arc appointed , it should he tlie duty of the slifli-eholders . who elected them , to Lure meetings asliegjieBlly as possible , in order to instruct them as to their duty ; not trammelling them too much , because that presumes that the one district may not be indiieed io change its opinion by communication "ffitliihooliei ' distrkis ; bat they should discuss the tvlc- ' c question deliberately , maturely , and continuously ; ajidb jso doing , iheir delegate will bring their judgment to bear upon his brother delegates . I wish the . shareholders to discuss the several propositions that I have laid before Iheia from fiine to time in the Star .

      Ve shall meet with this consolation , that there \ rilj he but one hidivisibie interest pervading all . There will be no popularitr-liaBtcrs—no Marplots — i : o seiemevs . The one thing , which above all others I Would Impress npon you , is the necessity of appointing the wisest , most trustworthy , soberest , and besttempered men as your representatives . This plan Trill give Scotland and the West of England a fair share of the representation ; and bear ia mind that ihe first and last expense would he but threepence I'tr man : for we must try so to arrange our business , that further alterations will not be needed . 1 wish to remind vou that I fold the Convention from

      ^ lueh the plan emanated , thai it would take a committee fully five weeks io arrange it satisfactorily ; ^ that what wetto did was merely to enunciate & 0 principle : and taking all tilings into consideration , I do not think the rules were very faulty- I lave had several applications requesting that one of ^ I ' letters should be published with tlie rules . I have had no opportunity of consulting my brother directors upon the subject , hut when the Conference metis I pledge myself to be prepra-ed with a short Practical essay upon the Land , which will serve to stand as a guide , not only for oar Society but for all ¦ f anners . Tils week you will see nearly £ 200 ac-

      Untitled Article

      knowledged ; and each , week promises a vasi augmentation to our Society . Kow , my dear friends , having said so much on this subject , I shall proceed to canvass the opinions of the Times's " Commissioner" now in Ireland , picking up knowledge and information as to thc . ' eauses ol Irish distress and their remedy . The Irish pre > s treats the correspondence of the Times ' s " Cpmmisioner , " someappr * vin « ly , some sneeringly , and sonic selfishly . Many aver that what he states was known to there before . Why , to be sure it was I How could abuses so long existing have been concealed from them ? But'the question is , whether they have ever dared to assert the facts befoi-e : and , if they have , have thev

      brought the same acuteness , the same astuteness , the same wisdom , tlia sama penetration , and the same happy mode of illustration , to bear upon those facts ? Their abuse of , or rather their sneer at , the " savoury hash" made of tainted meats is their own condemnation : because , from their long knowledge of the facts , their existence is chargeable to their subsei'viency . -There is a value in this correspondence which to Confess would be to admit their own littleness , and their own proper position—the fact , that all classes believe the $ ew £ j asserted by a , strangjMywhile ^ ll equally know that if asserted by partisans they would go to till ' account of political partisanship . A " Liberal " paper never represents the atrocities of Catholic middlemen—a" Conservative" paper never divulges

      the tyranny of Protestant proprietors . Moreover , if truths ripen by repetition , why should net-the truth he now repeated , when its repetition mar carry with it a correction of the evils complained of ? Why , wise as these heroes of the Irish press thinis themselves , the Devon report came upon them like a thunder-clap : whereas it was hut the flash that preceded the noise of the " THUNDERER . " Now , vanity would induce me to speak in these flattering terms of the productions of the limes * " Commissioner , " because I assert , without fear of contradiction , ihat in my letter to the Irish farmers in 1 S 31 ; in my letters to the Irish landlords , from York Castle , in ISiO ; in my several letters in the Northern Star ; in my several speeches ; and in my Farming work , ] have asserted over and over again every material fact that has been written bv the Times ' s "

      CommUsioner ; " and now I'll prove it to you from several passages In his letter in tlie Times a ? tlus ^ Thursday ) morning's date . He says : — I will give you the expenditure of reclaiming and sowing with a first crop a field of ! acre and 18 perches , which was not worth 2 s . Gd . a-year , and the i \ suits which have been produced by It . The following was the expenditure ;— £ s . d . 30 men digging , &c , at € d . a-day . 1 4 0 9 boys dropping potatoes , at 3 d . a-day ... 0 2 3 Manuring- S 2 0 Average rent ( not worth 2 s . 6 d . ) 018 0

      IS men , at S ' . a-day , shovelling potatoes 012 0 36 men digging potatoes , at Stl . a-day ... 1 4 0 j j 36 boy . * , as gatherers , at . 3 d . per day ... 0 9 0 Expenses of reforming the ground -5 7 1 County-cess 0 2 C Total cost of reclaiming , rent , ma- During , and setting . £ 18 010 Theproduee was 52 bands of potatoes , at 00 stone the barrel , —which , at the low price of 7 s . Cd . abarrel , £ s . d . Amounts to 19 10 0 Cost of reclaiming and firtt crop 18 010

      Profit the first year £ 1 9 2 The second year the crop was laid down in oats and grasses . The produce was , 10 score and 5 stocks of straw , covering the cost of rent , seed , labour , and all expenses ; and lo sacks and S stones of oak- jit 24 stone the sack—which , at ISs . a-sack { tho then selling price ) , left a clear profit the second year of £ 13 IGs . This year , which is the third year , there have been i tons 17 cwt . of hay grown by this field , which , & s . d . At 2 guineas a-tou , amounts to 10 S S Deduct rent and couuty-eess ... ,.. 1 1 . 0 Leaving clear profit . £ 9 2 S The after-grass pays the labour of cutting and making the hay .

      I walked over this field—there was on it a thick crop of after-grass . The adjoining field had been thus reclaimed two years , ami was growing a splendid crop of oats and clover , as its second crop . At tlie other side of the hedge , Air . llamilton led me into a field , -well lying on the top of the hilJ , the land of which he said was worth 20 s . an acre rent . Two years ago it gave a crop ot' potatoes , followed last year -by a crop of oats . It was not then laid do « n in grass , nor is it drained , but cultivated after the manner which prevails in Ireland . This , its third year , it is growing a very thick crop of ragweed , mixed with rushes , a few windie straws here aad

      there , some thistles , half the ground black without any verdure upon it , and the rest natural grass , and , according to the estimation of the farmer with mc ; not worth 2 s . Gd . an acre this year . The farmers in the neighbourhood see , hy example , the advantage oi foliovi'iag this plan o ? improvement , and . of cultivating their land with skill and labour , and under the wise encouragement of the landlord , who grants them £ 1 an acre for reclaiming their barren land ; under the superintendence of Mr . Hamilton , his agent and agriculturist , twenty acres were reclaimed two yeais ago , fifty acres last year , and it is anticipated from what the formers say that 150 acres will be reclaimed this year .

      Agriculture is not my profession , but I have taken the pains to master these tacts , and to understand wiias I have boon endeavouring io explain , I hope with the clearness which will make the explanation intelligible ; and now I will bring them to bear on the olyeet which I have isi view , We have here : > . patch of land which was nicknamed " Whistle-bare , " because of its sterility and rugged appearance—not worth 2 s . Gd . an acre rent , aad which , estimating its utility us a drying-ground or j'kv-jrround , or waste for pigs to pick up roots in , at the most extravagant rate , could not be worth one guinea a-year in value to the farmer . But take it at this value , which exactly covers the average rent of ISs . an zeie and tlie county cess , and we have it In tuvee years yielding no profit , but say worth £ 3 3 s . After Ijclnfr reclaimed , we have this same piece of land , in the last three years ,

      yielding—£ s . d . 1 st- year , over and above every cost 19 2 2 nd ditto ditto ditto ... 13 10 0 3 rd ditto ditto ditto ... 9 2 S Clear pvofit over ami above rent and — ¦ cultivation , in three- years 2-i 7 10 How , just east your eye to the amount ; of labour shown io have been employed in reclaiming this piece of lnml the first vcar alone , in the account oi

      the expense oi it whicu I nave abave given . I am informed by Mr , Hamilton , the agent and ir . e iUraicr , that this piece of land of 1 acre and IS perches , thus improved , will yield on the average from £ 3 to £ 10 profit a-yenr to the farmer ; will give employment for 40 days' labour a-year ; and it is now worth two guineas a-rcar rent ; and there are thousands of acres of such land in l 3 onegal which might be reclaimed with equal profit and advantage to all parties .

      Sow , my friends , let fools no longer talk of Feargus O'Connor ' s " exaggerations . " I have laid it down as an irrefutable fact , that by common industry any man may . purchase , as "his own for eve ; -, " any amount of land that he can : cultivate by his own labour , in four or five years : that is , if a man pays £ 5 a year for two acres of ground and a house , he can purchase it , at twenty-five , years' purchase , or thirty years ' purchase , by paying £ 150 for . it , at the end of five years . Now , observe what this writer says : — "At the end of three years , out of an aero , and less by two perches than the eighth of an acre , not wort ] , 2 s . Gd . an acre rent , he made profit , over and above

      rent and cultivation , in three years , £ 24 / s . lOd . " 2 \ ow observe , at thirty years' purchase , he could havt purcLssed that acre and eighteen perches for £ 315 s . - sO that he anight have purchased for ever exactly eight auvs of cround of the same description for the £ 24 7 s . 104 . prcfit that he made of the one acre and lets than * n e ighth I But that's not all . At the end of the three years the " patch" was worth £ 2 2 s .-a year rent , instead of 2 s . Gd . ; so that if he sold it then at thirty years' purchase , he would get £ G 3 , which , added to tliei-24 7 s . 10 d ., would make a profii over and above expenditure in three years ol £ 93 12 s . lfld . ! I take the original cost of the " patch" at thirty years' purchase , £ 3 loa ., from the

      Untitled Article

      gross . Now then , h ' s upon bog , " XOT WORTH 2 s . Cd . an-acre ;" - whereas , if it had been worth £ 2 an acre , lie would have , made ten times as much profit . Then look at " 'the slovenly acre belongiing ^ 'to Mr . IIasiiltok ' s nei g hbour , worth £ 1 ah acre ) ; bu 6 .. retluced by . inattention , " growing ragweed mixed Avith rushes ; a few windie straws here and there ; some thistles ; half the ground black without any verdure upon it , and the resfc natural grass ; and , according to the estimation of a farmer , not worth 2 s . 6 d . atv sieve this year . " Now , let every secretary of the Land Society read llmt extract over again and again to his brother members . I will give you another extract . The Times ' * correspondent , after very forcibly pourtraying the evils , thus lucidly , wisely , and-briefly proposes thu remedy —•

      " There stands a fact regarding this county , as an example of wkat Ireland " is capable of becoming what it is , is but too well known . And yet you will find Irishmen by the score declaim about the ivunt of capital and the want of employment in Ireland ! Why , here is a perfect mine of capital , waiting to be realized ; and move employment for the people than there are people for the employment . . But Ireland is disturbed , because its people warit employ- ; nient , and consequently bread ; -and therefore they

      sire read y to listen to any wild chimmra which promises them relief , or to enter into any combination or commit any outr age * which they mistakiugly imagine will procure them relief . Oh , how exquisitely absurd appear College bills , and Repeal demonstrations , and Orange demonstrations , to obtain pence , and order , and prosperity * to Ireland , after contemplating such a palpable and staiightfiivviaxd means as this for insuring plenty , and occupation , and wealth , and consequent contentment and peace !

      Yet the remedy is a social one : a Government can do little hero . If Irish gentlemen and Irishmen will not put to use those means of prosperity and greatness which are abundantly given to them , it is difficult to conceive with what face they can ask Englishmen to help them . Why whine about " English capital , " when you have capital at your very doors whenever you choose to win it ? It was not thus that Englishmen won their capital . Had , however , the Governnent proposed a-graut ' of equal amount to that which has this year been given ( apparently but to exasperate Ireland , in wounding Jut religious prejudices ) , to be spent in promoting the reclamation of waste lands in Ireland , in bonuses oi ' £ 1 an acre to tlie farmers , and in salaries to intelligent agriculturists to direct the people and certif y that the bonuses were deserved , as is now done by a private landowner at Pettigo , though the

      relief would have been but trifling as compared with the extent of the mischief , yet it would at least have had this much in its favour—it could have offended no sensible man in Ireland . In increasing the wealth and means of comfort of the tenant-fiirmcrs ( even though they paid treble rent ) and m affording employment to labourers , the capabilities of consumption of largo masses of people would have been much increased , and so many taxpaying commodities would have been consumed , that ( what cannot he said of the prosont-grant ) n considerable portion of the sum granted would have found its . way back into the Exchequer in the shape of increased Customs and Excise duties ; and according to the increased comfort would have been the probability of increased tranquillity . It is , however , tlie landowners of Ireland alone who can work out this remedy efficiently . "

      Now , how often have I told you , and how often have I told the House of Commons , that the remedy " IS A SOCIAL OKE , and the Government can do little . " flow often have I told you , not only that Ireland was not over-populated ; but that under a good system she would maintain five times the present a-uount of population ; and how often have 1 told you , English working men , that the prosperity of the Irish labourers was a question as much affecting you as them ; because the want of profitable occupation at home , where there is an ample field for their labour , compels then to come as competitors into YOUE nuirlcst . But see the other remedy that the

      Times ' s " Commissioner " HpropoTca | as a means of enforcing a uettor cultivation of the soil , He proposes labour premiums , and agricultural premiums . & 1833 , without as much knowk dgo of the subject as 1 have now , I proposed to the House of Commons tlie two following remedies : —Firstly , that the landlord ? should bo compelled to ^ make leases for ever of their estates at a corn rent , and that the power of-distress should be taken from them ; and , as a substitute for Poor Laws , I proposed a gradual scale of taxation , to fall equitably upon tenants having leases for ever landlords in chief , middlemen , resident laudlovds , non-resident landlords , excepting altogether tenants who had no leases : and that this tax should

      constitute a premium fund , the effect of which would havt been , that for every hundred pounds so levied and distributed , an extra £ 2 , 000 , and more , would be spent in competitive labour by those who competed fov llic prizes : and thus the man who gained the prize wouid be honoured and enriched , while all those who competed with him , though they lost the honour , would have reaped the benefit of ransuASivn ixnustkt . Now , that was my remedy ; and not unmindful of the labourers , I proposed premiums for them also—for the neatest cottages , best cultivated garden s , and best brouaht-up children . But the

      foundation of all these improvements must be certaixt \ of texuhe ; and for this reason : that without ' that basis , you can have no scale of taxation : for the landlords of steel will throw it all , with a jnvjlt , oi ! ( heir own shoulders on to those of the tenants of stvaw . Awl vftll knowing tV . c power winch is required to keep what niy own industry and your confidence in me may put you in possession cf , I here give notice that I shall submit to the consideration of the delegates the propriety of adding some educational plan , as well as a labour premium plan , to the " Rules of the Chartist Co-operative Land Plan . "

      Again , how often have I told you that the remedy is a SOCIAL ONE , and " that Government can do little ; " and that- " cdl is in your oim hands . " j \ ow , my friends , weigh those things which I put upon record twelve years ago , and have been repenting every day since , which the Times ' s " Commissioner " now announces as crying sins ; and bear in mind , that the " ragged rascals" who have been eating and drinking and wearing the very sweat , and the mil !" * row , ami the blood of the poor Irish penple , have never yet proposed one single solitary practical atom oi' social relief for them . They got Emancipation ; but no further relieved themselves from tithes , than

      b y a change of masters from parsons to landlords . Tliay lost their for-fcv shillings' holdings ; and became paupercd beggars . They got Municipal Reform ; and their share was tlie "honor" of dressing daws in peacocks' feathers . They got'Iieform ; and their share was ousting , ejectments , clearance , and distress , while their leaders were made Lords , Members of Parliament , Baronets , Knights , and Salaried Paupers ! No wonder that such a set of ragamuffins should clamour for- objects which they never intended should be realised ! If they had spen t all the money they have filched from the people in agricultural improvements , Ireland would now have been a paradise , and not a single Irish labourer would be In the English market . We have set them the

      example ; and before this day twelvemonths . "impracticable C'har&m ? ' will have erected its own monument ; and every occupant located upon tn e land will be a good auxiliary in the Chartist ranks . Now , my good friends , before I wish you farewell , I have to holloa in your ears that awful word dishonesty and the Executive . I will say no more , than that you employ them , and contracted to pay them their wages ; that they have worked hardly

      and honestly ; and you have withheld their just reward . You must lay a levy in your several districts , and pay off your just debt . And let me sec that my absence , instead of increasing apatby > will increase your desire to teach me that you do not require me to teach you youv duty towards yourselves . In my absence all monies may be sent precisely as heretofore , addressed to me , and made payable to Mr . RoaEnrs . My nephew will sec io their insertion each week in the Star ; and he ¦ and Mr . Wheeler can confer upon all money matters .

      Untitled Article

      yt After this week you will read ' s / niy tour . I shall jjeeessarily address you at considerable length ; for it is' my intention . that my tour shall he a profitable one to you . Farewell , then , my friends , till we meet ilgain * I am powillg aetltnliy childish in my desire to see the first hundred treemen sitting down to dinner , in commemoration of their release from the house of bondage , —the rattle-box and the damnable bastile | ; and iw monarch at his coronation , no warrior at the news of victory , no culprit at the announcement that his life has been spared , will more rejoice at the announcement that what has been done by a hundred may be equally effected by a nation . Again farewell , and God , bless you and prosper our righteous object , until the return of Your faitfhul servant and affectionate friend , Feahgijs O'Conson .

      P . S . — -One . circumstance which I had to communicate to you on my return from niy recent tour , but which slipped my memory till now , will bo very pleasing to you to hear . It is tin ' s : —Mr . Forrand , tlie member fov Knavesborough , hus let out in allotments a considerable tract of ground , I believe , as much as fifty acres , in the neighbourhood of Keithley , at the same rent that it would fetch on a lease in the bulk to a farmer ; while parsons and "Liberals" in the same neighbourhood are charging at the lvite of as much as £ 20 , £ 80 , and MO an acre . This circumstance , together with his well-known humanity , hatred of humbug , and love ofjllStico to tllO WOl'king ; classes , should recommend him to as us another valuable patron to our society . Once more farewell . * F . O'C .

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      * s »~—THE PRIZE ESSAYS . I have had some communications relative to three p rize essays that were sent to tho Trades Conference , and I have been asked why no notice has been taken of them ? My answer is that my disappointment was as great as the writers ; and upon appealing to Mr . Barrett for some explanation , he told me that , the essays were not in his possession in sufficient time to use for the purpose for which I intended them , and for the only purpose they could serve ; namely , as a means of assisting the Conference in drawing up tlie plan of organisation . I have not had time to read more than one essay . It is admirable , On ray return I shall read the remaining two , and shall then communicate on the subject with the writers , if they will favour me privately with their address . Feargus O'Consor ,

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      GERMANY . TIIE NEW REFORMATION . It is now something like six months , or nearly so , since we first introduced to ouv readers the question of the "Now Reformation , " now agitating Germany , and exciting the attention of Europe generally . Y > e dare say at the time- some ot' our readers thought we were rather iwnceessarily occupying our columns with what they would look upon as the mere quarrel of religious sectaries . We , however , took a different view of the question , and acted accordingly . - We thought we saw from the outset of this movement something more than what at first viciv was apparent . Rosok denounced the imposture of the " Holy Coat , " thu supremacy of the Pope , and the despotism generally of the Romish

      hierarchy : bnt these denunciations were regarded by us but as indices of the spirit moving beneath the surface—tlie spirit of free inquiry , which , not eoulining iis exertions to the merely pulling down of one priestianity and setting up another in its stead , was gradually undermining all priestly power , and all domination . founded on fraud , whether of priests , kings , or any other-descriptiou of usurpers . Every fresh event , every new stop taken by the new movement , convinces us of the sounduess of our viuws . Six months ago wo foresaw too , and predicted the success of this movement . Then we almost stood alone . Now there is not a paper , daily or weekly , but is devoting article after article to a subject which six months back weraade our readers conversant with , in again calling attention to the subjout , it may not'bu unnecessary to present a briof review of the question and its progress . In this country , seeing the Pnseyite schism in the Established

      Church—witnessing , loo , the system of proselytising , which tor some years past has been carried on by the Romish priesthood , and listening to tliu " avi-ogant assumptions" of the Irish Romish hierarchy , we might have been tempted to have believed , not only in the vaunted impregnability of the Popcdoin , bnt more than that , in its asserted gradual re-conquost of universal dominion . But what are the facts ? Why , that while in England , apostate Protestant priests , and a few unfortunate ignorant dupes , numbered by units , have been gathered into the "true fold ; " in other countries—in States where even Ihe efforts oi Lutiieu and his compatriots bad been without effect ; in some of the oldest strongholds of Romish power , there has boun , for many years past , a growing spirit of resistance to Papal tyranny ; and , at leiigth , an insurrection against that tyranny , which , at the present moment , bids fair to relieve "his holiness " of the trouble of ruling some millions whose fathers were content to be the " slaves of Rome . "

      Tho much calumniated French Revolution first called into active life the seeds of free thought sown by the first Reformation , and by the subsequent progress of intelligence . So far back as 170 S , tlio spirit of free inquiry had made a lodgment even in the ranks of life priesthood . and one of tha . t orduv , tho priest Beckci , of Padevboon ( Westphalia ) , was imprisoned i ' ov a time , by order of his ecclesiastical superiors , for certain " heretical" doctrines avowed by him . His "heresy" consisted in this : he had laboured to establish Sunday schools ; had inveighed

      against religious processions , as inciting to , and productive of various immoralities ; and finally , he had assailed tho laxities and tyrannies of the superior orders of the Romish priesthood . For these " offences" he was persecuted through life : but his persecution did not prevent other Beckers i ' rora raising their voices , from time to time , against the monstrous abuses existing in their church . 'Die Silosian priesthood began to clamour against the odious celibacy imposed upon them , and demanded to lie allowed to take unto themselves wives . At

      length Johannes , or , Jonx Roxoe—he who has been called the " second Luthkr . "—arose : and rallying all the elements of dissent and resistance , produced the explosion which is now vevei-bonitiug through Germany , The Roman Catholic elovgy at Tceves lay clsum to the possession of the coat which , it is said , Jesus Christ tuorc at ais crucifixion !! and for which the Roman soldiers "cast lots . " There arc a-number of other " coats" in existence : all ' asserted by Ikeir possessors to be the true and genuine " old do' . " All those coats have of eouvse " worked miracles : " and tho devil himself has been regularly floored several times by the exhibition of the rotten old rag at Troves . In ISM , the semi-centennial anniversary of the exhibition of ihe " coat" came on : and not

      to lose so excellent an opportunity of strenghteuiiig the belief of the faithful , confounding the " heretics , " and stifling the growth of dissent within the bosom of the Church , Bishop Aitsoi . ni determined upon renewing the exhibition of former times . The garment was exhibited for only one month : but in the course of that time , so well had tho priests succeeded in inflaming the swperatitio ) . iind curiosity of the people , that it is calculated thai more than a million and a half of pious pilgrim * visited Trevcs to get their shares of the beneficial influence of the holy relic . Miracles , of course , wen not wanting ; and even several members of the very highest society declared themselves healed from diseases oflong standing by a mere touch of the wonderful frock .

      So far the impostors had cause for triumph : but in the height of their intoxication a dread voici sounded in their ears—the voicb of truth asi » common sense , exposing the fraud , and denouncinp the fraud-mongers . That rara avis , ' an honest priest , appeared in the person of Jons Ro ' xou , who boldlv denounced the farce as he called it , of tho "hol j coat . '' Ills letter to Bishop Akxolm appeared in tliiV papcr some months ago ; and we need not now goovei its contents . The earnestness and eloquence of tht writer , exhibited in every lino , will not be soon forgotten ^ This letter inftnediately placed Roxge at thi head of the liberal Catholics , who shortly altervravdt renounced their allegiance to Rome , and resolved themselves iuto an independent German Catholic Church . The progress of the movement has been from time to time- noticed in this paper . There isat present scarcel y a town with a Roman Catholic population that has not one or . move congregations ^! the new ; . Church . Even at Cologne , for centuries past the stronghold of Popery , two congregation !

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      have been already formed . Indeed , the movement daily advances with giant strides . We confess our sympathy with the new sect : and we do so , nob because wo feel any particular hostility towards , tho crcetlsj and religious notions of the Komis / iC / iurcli ; but because wo regard that church as a political tyranny , setting up a monstrous despotism over the souls and bodies of men , and enjoining all to acknowledge and bow to its infallibility . From the time that tho Popjjs have sat in the scat of tho C . tvsars , to the present hour , they have oeen the champions and representatives of despotism in its worst and deadliest form . To tell us that "Rome

      has changed is fudge . "Wherever " His Holiness " has full and uncontrolled sway , the darkness of the middle , ages yet survives ; and tyranny , mental , political , and social , is maintained by lies , corruption , persecution , and death . The selections we have given from Mr . Mazzixi ' s pamphlet , showing the horrible condition of tho " states of the church , " prove this . The Popedoin , an a political as well as theological despotism , stands in the way of human progress , and its fall is necessary for the salvation of mankind ; Therefore it is that we are compelled to respond to the appeal cf Rosok , as recently addressed by him to the nations of Europe : —

      " Arise , then , men of Germany and France ! men of Great Britain , Italy , und Spain , aviso ! mcu of Europe ami America ! Let us unitu in the uoble enterprise . To the work ; like men—the woi'li of peace and freedom . The hour-is come . Let us Iiveak tho yoke impostii cm faith and conscience—Ciiitg down lying priesthood and the Hierarchy ! Annihilate disdainful Jesuitism , insulting' God and mau ; and . usher in the glorious viiign of truth , light , ami righteousness— -of virtue , of freedom , ana of love . " The recent disturbances in tcrpsic cfcmnmf a few words of explanation . These disturbances have been imputed to the independent Catholic movement ; but we believe this to be not the fact . It appears that , in Saxony , about ninety-pix per cent , ot the population are Protestants . The new Catholic movement , therefore , cannot muck affect that kingdom . But a new movement has also taken place amongst the Saxon Protestants . Wo find the following explanation of this new movement in the Times : —

      Tlie liberal religious sect or party in Protestant Prussia anil l ' rotestant Saxony has assumed tile title of the Licht-I ' reuuclu , or Friends of Light ; and are simply Protestant Dissenters—secedcrs from the forms of Protestant worship which are established in the Kortli of Germany . It is beside our purpose to inquire into tlisir tlicuUigittil tenets , though we suspect that they are more mmirlciblc for the extreme laxity of flu- ' u- own interpretation , both uf the doctrines and moral precepts of Clirisriauitj , ' , thaiv Vor aught of tlie dogmatism and severity of tlie eider reformers . It is sufficient for us to observe , that in Prussia this sect lias manifested n spirit of active opposition to what are termed tlie Pietists , or High Church party , iu that country ; and in Saxony they have formally dissented from the doctrines of the Confession of Augsburg . The King- and the It oral family of Saxony belong

      to that small fraction ot' the Suxou people ivWcJi adheres to the Roman Catholic faitJi . Tho spiritual affairs of the kingdom ore conducted by three ministers , who are specially designated as ministers hi ecolesiaslicis ; they are of course liiithcreuns . As the guardians of the Lutheran church , professing to hold by the Confession of Augsburg , which may be re ^ iirded hs tiie established religion of tlie Saxon people , these miuistovsmcccfesicisd ' cis viewed with extreme dissatisfaction aud aliirm the progress of a sect of Protestant Dissenters hostile to that church and creed . They proceeded , therefore , a fen- weeks ago , to promulgate a decree , in the name of tlia King , but ill reality on their own responsibility , forbidding the formation aud assembly of religious congregations professing opinions at variance with tiie Confession of Augsburg . This measure was , of course , especially calculated to check tlie progress of the Protestant Dissenters calling themselves

      the Friends ot Light . As might have been anticipated , SUC'll ( 111 edict ci'uateA vury !; vcat surprise arni iirit . 'itimi , Saxony is a country possessing a constitutional Gorcrnment , and s \ n educated and intelligent people ; and it required no very great penetration to discover that to tie men down to the Confession of Augdburg by a royal ordinance was singularly inconsistent with the true principles of the Reformation of 1520 , and with tliu toientut usages of our own age . Prince John , of Saxony , who , like most of the German Princes closely connected with the throne , has . a seat in the Council of State , and , we believe , presides over that body , is supposed by the people to have contributed to iudu . ee the ministers in ccclesiasticis to try this unlui'liy experiment . It was -regarded tit Leinsic as a direct encroachment on the fundamental principle of the Protestant Reformation ; and the citizens , or rather the mob , visited their indignation , probably most unjustly , on an unpopular Prince .

      The above is the version given by tho Times ,- but other journals represent the excitement to have been caused by tlio King ' s refusal to permit tho Catholic Reformers to assemble for the exercise of worship . Be that as it may ; whether the " rioters" were Protestant 1 ) issentere | or Catholic Keforincrs , or composed of botli parties , which is the most likely , judging by their shouts tind songs , one thing is certain— blood has been shed . This blood-shedding rankles in the hearts of the Saxon people , who , with the Germans generally , are beginning to learn the lesson ot practical resistance to kings .

      We know that some of tho friends of political and social progress in Germany look with distrust on these religious movements , as calculated to mislead the masses from the pursuit of political and social freedom . We do not share"theiv fears . So long as the people a ? : e the slaves of religious fanaticism , they cannot lie brought to listen to the truths of p olitical and social equality . Once "the dry bones arc well shaken , " and the masses are brought to think on religious questions , independent of the dictum of any church or priesthood , they will not pause there . lloxoK is but the prccuvsor of others who will teach the people to { / un / c , independent of kings and masters , us well as popes and priests . Indeed , the Prussian Government , already alaniied at tlio revolutionary tone of some of Rosen ' s late discourses , have

      placed him under tlie surveillance of the police . On the other hand , the King of Saxony , incited by the Romish and other zealots who surround him , seems determined to crush , if he can , tlic ^ Protcstan fc Dissenters and Catholic Reformers , both . lie finds himself , however , opposed to a people who , if roused , are very likely to crush him . The students and the Civic Guard of Leipsic gave their assistance to restore order and prevent the further effusion of blood . But , that accomplished , they forthwith demanded of the king , in a tone little suited to tlio taste of the court , that a strict investigation should be made into the circumstances of the riot ; and that tho . se who had caused the blood of the people to bo shed should be punished . The king replied , stating that his confidence in the loyalty ot'thc

      people of Lci psic was shakun ; reminding the citizens that his brother had been " grossly insulted . " and the public authority defied by the " mob . " Of course , the good people of Lcipsic care not a straw for this "kingly lecture . " It is enough for them that the kiwj has refused them justice . The consequence will be , that when next he visits Leipsie , ho will stand a good chance of being liimscif "grassiy insulted" and /«'»• authority "defied . " "KingMob" is dully acquiring increasing ^ contem pt for all rival kings * ! It is not difficult to see that the next great revolution will be in Germany . All the educated classes scorn the superstitions of the various priesthoods ;

      and these new religious movements will tend to open the eyes and hasten the mental enfranchisement of ' the masses . The principles of Republicanism , Communism , and " a Germany , one and indivisible , " arc the principles of nine-tenths of the students and otln-r young men , who constitute tho strength of " Young Germany . " The present time is pregnant with a movement which the future will sec brought forth , and that too at no distant day , when all the existing despotisms , spiritual , political , and social , will be swept away by the lava of revolution ; and what in ' 93 France talked about , Germany will DO !

      SPAII \ . The accounts from Madrid of the 24 th and 2 utli ult ., show the complete restoration of tranquillity . Tho shonocraey have no stomachs for fighting , and , as their passive resistance could not long have remained " passive , " they wisely succumbed . On . the 25 th all the shops were ' open as usual . M . Mod was persisting with the utmost activity in the execution of his financial plans , calculating , no doubt , that a suppressed Gnwato would rather aid than otherwise the resolutions of the Government .

      INDIA AND CHINA—OVERLAND MAIL . The overland Mail has arrived , bringing advices from that Presidency of the 10 th July , from Calcutta of the 10 th July , and China of the 22 nd May . The news from Scinde is of some interest . The tract of country on tho western bank of the Indus , recently ceded to the Governor by Mcer Ali Moorad , having been invaded and plundered by the neighbouring tribes , it had been deemed expedient to send a wing of the 18 th Bombay Native Infantry for the purpose of chastising the marauders ; and the non-avi'ival ol news from this detachment had led to the inference that reinforcements would be wanted , and that the afiair had been found to be more serious than was in the first instance anticipated . Tlie dissatisfaction occasioned by tiie re-introduction of the transit luties , after theiv abolition by Lord El ) enboron » li , had suifcrccl no diminution . Our intelligence from Lahore comes down to the 24 th of June , and is of

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      some importance . The cholera was «» ns £ ™ J «> J . the decline , the averagc nuniber of dcatJib pci dg having dwindled down Irom C 00 to A ° ' » £ tlurtv ? . This tcrriWc -diW , however bhJ ¦ eont £ nucd ' ils ravages in oilier part ? ot «« ¦ £ «» ; £ had occasion ^ a grea t mortality ntt 1 b jto ^^ !^ S «§ S movement of Pcshawur Singh . a « J his « irpi £ andcapture of a party with a largo amount ot treasme . An aUvinptto . 4 as 3 in . -ne GhooJab Siiigh . linil been Jiwo-Tmd ;; in ( Uhooi'igiiiatoi-ofthcpldt . attwliavinKt . « m VUJ I'll . iilJU Wli ; ulU ; illcli ~ UL mwiv-y ^* . ,- " - . -, / ii Lall [ the

      poison , denounced Jewahir Sin ? !! and Smg » commando * of the iovcos ) as U » instates . anil cm- ^ plovers . It is added that Jewaliir Singh , in a suosctittenl attack with ftlaracftrce on Ghoolao bingn , had been wasted with « Joss of 3 , 00 ? nien . 1 Ji » acuount was , however , considered somewhat apociyphal . and had certainly not been confirmed irom any < v \ auilientic source . Gh ' oohil ) Sinsh still continued at ^ X Lahore . The rumours that were current- ol tuo >> intention Of th ( s Government to mate an incursion ¦>« , into the Sikh country appears ' to rest on no better f jundation . From Southern Mahratta we have 1 ttle news beyond the fact that the cholera hail proved , exceedingly fatal at JSelgaum and Kholapore , and had not spared the Etironeuu residents . Byae-

      , ; counts from Afghanistan , we learn that Akhbar \ Khan hoped to obtain a remission of his sins by a journey to Mecca ; an arrangement * of which the ^ Dost , his father-, altogether disapproved ; steing that the King of Bokhara had intimated his intention to invade and appropriate the territory- ' of the \\ ullee of Khooloom . The cholera , wna still raging at > Ghuzneo and Jcllalnbad . In China , trade was stated , to be rapidly improving . Jt appears . that Koyeing , j 5 who had been degraded last year , had received a seat / ^ in the Cabinet , as Assistant Minister , the post / \ formerlv held bv Keshen . J

      ITALY . The Itawas Ixsurubsts . —Letters from the Ionian Islands mahu mention that on the 25 ili of July , the first annive-sai-y of the lamented death of the small band under the ' brothers Bandicra , a . funeral service was performed in the Latin church of Ccphalonia in memory of the deceased . The death-bell tolled , the Sacred edifice was lumg with black diwery , and in the centre of the aisle was erected a magnificent catafalque , surmounted by a- crown of palm leaves , svmbolieal of niartYrdom * No scroll or inscription

      indicated the names , or on what occasion the deluded victims surrendered their lives , but two groups of Italian ladies at opposite . ingles , aiuJ other two v . roiips o f Italian gentlemen ni f Ac other angfes , attired " in tleep mourning , knccHus- and shedding tears , and the wcU-reniemboied day of the preceding year , marked out plainly the eraifc . After the performance of high mass , aud the offci'ing up of a solemn prayer to tlie Almighty for the souls of the dead , a funeral dirge , pvintcd in gold , on black-edged paper , was distributed to all the devout assisting at this melancholy ceremony . ¦ ' ' SWEDEN . A Liberal Kino . —It is known that in the last Swedish l ' avliawcnt seMval bilis , containing ovgam& and radical improvements in the constitution , > vere thrown out by the Lovds ami the eiergy . in opposition to the votes of the burgesses and ' the pcaMiniry , which latter is represented in Sweden . Tlie King was , it seems , reluctantly compelled to yield to such a power ' . ul impulse . In one ease , however , he did not-, and gave his assent to a bill equalising the law of marriage and inhoritanee in ail id asses of society , which the nobles had protested against . This is the first step , as it were , to do away with primogenitureand the CKtii ' . iiug of property . Tiie Swedish papers arc full in praise of King Oscar , and consider this act as an indication ot" a liberal and enlightened reign , like that of his late father . . '

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      CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY . Meetings for tho purpose of enrolling members and transacting other business connected therewith ave held every week on the following days and places : — 8 \ 3 KS > . V [ TSVES 1 SG . South London Chartist Hall , 115 , BlaeldViars-rOi > d , at l \ aU " -past six o ' clock . —C'iij / Chartist Hall , 1 , Tiirnagain-laiif , at six o ' clock . — li ' estminslcr : at the Parthenitvm Club Rooms , 72 , St . Martin ' s-iane , at halfpast seven . —Somers Totvn : at Mr . puddrege ' s , Brick * layers' Anns , Tonbridge-street , JS cw-i-oad , at eight —Tower Hamlets : at the Whittiugtoii and Cat , Ohuruh-row , liethnal-green , at six o ' clock precisely , —Emmett ' s Brigade : at tlie Rock Tavern , Lissougrove , at eight o ' clock i , reeiseh \

      MO . YPAY KVKXIXG . C ' ambenvell : at the Montpelier Tavern , "Walworth , at eight o ' clock precisely . TUESDAY EVENING . ' Tomer Hamlets : at the Whittiugton and Cat , Cinu'ch . How , Bcthmil-grccn , at eight o clock .- — Greenwicli : at the George and Dragon , ISlackheathhiil . at eight o ' clock .

      ' WEDNESDAY EVENING . Mcmjlebone : at the Painters' Anns , Circus-street , at eight precisely . Cm- Chartist Hall , 1 , Tuunagain-lane . — Mr . Cooper ' s fifth lecture will take place next Sunday evening , at a quarter past seven precisely . Subject : " English History . " The Cymri , and other earl y inhabiting of the country ; expedition ot * Julias Ctesav ; Roman conquest and colonization of the island ; arrival of the Saxons ; tlio Heptarchy ; Jna , I ' enda , Olta , and other Bretwaldas , or kingsin-chief ; Egbert ' s union of the Idngr ' oui ; Alfred ' s birth , early struggles , learning , philanthropy and patriotism , laws and enactments , battles with the Danes ; Venerable * Bode : Edgav the great , ami

      remaining ; Saxon kings ; impostures of St . Dnustan ; reign of Canute ; Edward the Confessor ; Harold ; Battle of Hastings ; accession of IVilliam the Conqueror . The lecture to be interspersed with occasional sketches of Saxon manners and e-. istoms , religious ceremonies , their poetry and literature , ifcc , Ac . The lecturer , from tiie fulness of the subject , again most respectfully desires early attendance . Vjii'i-. UAN Patriots' Fund . —A public meeting will beheld in the City Chartist Hall , I , Turuagaiu-lane , on Monday eveninjr , September lath , to consider the propriety ofushiblislm . g a fund for the velUif « f sutfeving advocates of democratic principles , —the

      recipients of aid from , the proposed iv \ ud to lie not under sixty years of age . Chair to bo taken at eight o ' clock precisely . Fciwgws O'Connor , Esq ., is invited to preside , and Messrs . Thomas Cooper , Julian tUuiuev , W . lUdov , IIAloss , iUlidicy , T . M . meokr , Skclton , Shaw , Dron , and Bolwell will address tho meeting . At the same meeting , a proposition will also be made to establish an "Exiles Widows' and Children's Fund "—with a view to giving permanent ' relief to tiie suffering members oi' the fomi ! ies "' of chose who have been banished from their country foe Chartism : the difficulties under which Mrs . Elite is now labouring have especially led to an intent to make this proposition . —Thomas Codfei \ . . ""

      Camnkiwem , and \ VAj , woimi . —A meeting will be held at the Montpelier Tavern , \ Y « hvorth , on Monday evening nsxt , September 8 th , at eight o clock precisely . Cm- Chartist . IImx , 1 , Twvnacain-lanc , I ' arrinifdon-strcet . —A meeting of shaiviibhkrs will be held at half-past ten precisely , in the coli ' ee-room of the ¦¦ institution , on Sunday morning next , September iTth-—The public discussion will be resumed in tiic Lall at flic same time . —At five o ' clock the Victim Coin- . - mil tee will resume its sitting , when every member is requested to be present . Liv £ Rfooi . —Public Disci ssro . v . — "Have tho Chartists done anything towards aiieviatiin ; the condition of the working classes ?"—A lecture will bo delivered on the above subject in the Tewperonco Hall , 52 , ltose-plaee , on Monday evening next ; chair to be taken at half-past seven . Discussion invited . —K . B . The above room will be open for lectures and discussions every Monday evening , admission free .

      liiii Oiiautjsts of Newcastle und Gates-head . will meet in the house of Martin Judo , Sun Iun , Sido , j \ 6 weaatlc-upon-T ) -ne , - on Sunday evening , Sept , 7 th , at six o ' clock . South Shields . —The members of the Chartist Co-operative Lund Society will meet at the house of Mr . Dagleas , Scarbro' Spa , Kinjr-street , on Friday evening , Sept . 12 th , at haU ' -past " sevcn o ' clock , anil continue to meet every fortnight from that date until further notice . . .. Barxsley . —A general meeting- of the members of the Land Society will be held in Mr . Thomas Acklan ' s large room , on Monday , Sept . 8 th , to revise the rules and elect director .-:. West-Riding Delegate Mektixg . — The next West-Ruling delegate meeting will be held on Sunday , Sept . Uth , in the large room , Bullclosc-Iane , Halifax , to commence at twelve o ' clock .

      Mossier . —A camp meeting will be held on Hartshead Tike , on Sunday , when Messrs . Christopher Doyle , Philip M'Grath , and Thomas Chirk will attend . To commence at two o ' cloek in the afternoon . ' / Mussns . C . Doyle , P . M'Grath , and T . Clark , will attend a camp meeting at Mossley , at two o ' clock on Sunday afternoon next , Sept . 7 th . Rochdale . —Mi ' . Thomas Clark will lecture here . in the Association-room , at half-past ^ ix o'clock , oa Sunday evening next . The proceeds of the meeting will be handed over to the Dixon fund ; it is therefore ; , hoped that the friends from the surrounding districts will be present . -i- ¦ Messiis . C . Dotle , T . Clark , and 1 ' . M'GrHihi ^ . ^ - will address the people of Mot tram on Monday . ; ' ' Staleybridge , Tuesday ; Maeclesfiolil , Wedncst \ s \" y ~ ; ' , Ilanlcy , Thursday ; Longton , Friday ; and Manclies- ' ¦ ' . ter on Sundav .

      Asiitox-UiVdek-Lyxe . — Messrs . P . M'Grath and C . Doyle will address the people 0 ? tins place on Sunday evening next . —The shareholders of the Ashton branch of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society ¦ arc requested to attend at the Chartist room , Bentmck-strect , on Sunday next , Sept . 7 th , for the purpose ol electing newoflieevs fov tho next quarter , and to hear the accounts of the last quarter read ; likewise to propose any alterations that may be thou » ht necessary iu the rules of the Society . 1

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      P amount tat cold ¦ YOL Yin ^ m 403 . LONDON , SATUEMY , SE ^

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  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1331/page/1/