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      ' " , i ^ ai war , at least in words , i a-shoaldBiy chance 60 happen—deeds ) , fob dl who war with Thought 1 " .. i -bint I hear a little bird , who sings _ " peop le by and by will be the stronger . "—Btbok

      TI ] E DISTURBANCES IN SWITZERLAND . n \ v f 0 stp ° ne an article we had prepared on ano-I ' JnecMo makc way for the Mowing able ex-«*? : 1 of the state of aftaira in Switzerland , which p vnaet from the -May number of Tout ' s Edinburgh Uvx rf- Wc d ot » Nefl » . « 8 B » with the * £ * in Tait , but the points of disagreement are { " ! 'as , and of no great importance : moreover , the Ifjka ^ " ** vcs no room for comment . ] jo : ha ? can afford a more striking example of the " „; , ; .. <' . oils attending a federal government , than the r i « wtion of Switzerland . Distrust , jealousv , nay , ! ., ' » : « ijngs of the most hostile nature , exist between fa jiEtrtat Italian , German , and French cantons which .- > ni . & * cwMenss . Their political , commercial , and j ' . SJ > . a interests are in many instances diametrically { .- * H *» l ; o eadl other - The whole country stands , as ai > aji'fe lleud . on flle * "nk of a civil war , because the " .. , u r ; . rctnt of Lucerne has pleased to call the Jesuits to % xs .. Eiton , and to apiwint them to be the instructors of

      5 .. v .- - -: rfis Jfair is so mixed up with the politics of the tr . fliV "' - W 0 petty governments , of which the nation , if f . j .:: . an be called , is composed , that , rightly to under-- j . jd ; l . c agitation produced by this measure , it is necesjjij -. o Vow swnttlnng of -the progress of feeling , and tfe rfwnjcs which have occurred in the country dining ihc ias ; twenty years , as well as the respective positions o : it- different parties , before this new firebrand was ts 3 " m : w « cn them . It is well known that at the peace of 1 , 15 , ?« riizerland regained , with certain modifications , is andi-nt laws and governments , as they had existed before ilic French Directory forced its inhabitants to accqt a new constitution , and the name of the Helvttitme ponfrderacy . The chief differences were , that all the

      isiisbitants of the country were made burghers of their rtfi'ective cantons , instead of the political rights of freecen being confined to about 100 , 000 of the privileged , as tad former ] ; been the case ; and that the despotism of an sjisiocracy was exchanged for the domination of paid mag istrates and public officers . Every canton still continue a stale within itself , whose government is subject 10 nn : u : trferencc from its confederates , except when any of it- atss appear inimical to their common or individual iaw *^ - Then" laws and constitutions are in various d « r * tj democratic and aristocratic ; in the democratic f inwa ? * e supreme power belongs to the general assem-IIt ride citizens ; in Berne , Lucerne , Zurich , &c , the affairs are conducted bv a council chosen by the people ¦ nij ? chamber chooses itsbrni president ; it elects also the

      l 3 i » mna « er , or chief magistrate of the town , and an ti « ud » e council . The diet directs the general aSairs of die confederation , and every canton has a voice in the dia . Its meetings are held alternately in Berne , Lucerne , s-J Zurich ; and when not sitting , the direction of geneii afairsis confided to a council of state , held in the ( wufiiiese three cantons , which , for the time being , is fodirrcang canton . They each enjoy this privilege two jar ? in rotation . Zurich , since the commencement c : l'iTi , is the seat of government , and even members of j ;; administration compose the council of state . In the asi << a of Lucerne , and several others , though not in list « " Zurich , the people have the right of holdicg asjsnblks in then * communes , and passing a veto upon any - ¦ r , i . i the cantonal council .

      Thoagh the people obtained their political rights in 1 M 5 . the towns retained many of their ancient privileges is . ! ( ijipressire monopolies . In Zurich no peasant had a tuht to 5 tH anything without permission . All trades zsi manufactures were kept in the possession of the tarn , whose aristocracy was composed of silk weavers , c&s&tters , tallow chandlers , and so forth . Even the batdnK were a privileged caste , whose gains were immai « . and whose pride was not inferior to that of the j . r . uti ;< nobles of other lands . But it was impossible f * r >« rinwland long to rctaii \ these petty institutions of tee middle ages , in the midst of the great social move Brut oi the nineteenth century . In 1830 , numerous chajrs were made . The sovereignty of the people , the fcvrdMn of the press , and the right of holding assemfciits or foisting unions for the discussion of public ntasiircs , were made principles of the constitution . In Sam , in Aargau , and in Zurich , the liberals obtained j < s = c * aon of the government , and a year later in Lucerne .

      la Zurich their first measures were to grant to all the inhabitants of the canton the same privileges as the ti >* aV burghers , to do awaj with all obnoxious restraints igwii .-iuunerce , to throw down the walls of the town , &i remote the cannon which had been ever ready to be tuned against the peasants iu case of rebellious discontent . They likewise granted Catholics the permission to feftsm- burghers of the town , and allowed a Catholic eks tn be performed in one of the churches . But whilst tbrj bwtowed so many advantages on the country , they lfRufJning undone to render the peasantry capable of p « fitinp by them . Excellent schools were established in flm commune throughout the canton , of which before &re had been a great want ; a synod was appointed for fe general superintendence of education ; and high Kfcw-ls were erected both in Zurich and Berne , of which fc iToiessors are paid by the government . Splendid thU were formed jui every direction , and the post I'Tarri upon a footing with the greatest countries in &roj > e .

      But this rapid progression did not last long . The aristarats . enraged by the diminution of their privileges , 1 st no ojiportunity of exciting the peasantry , amongst * b . « n the whole country is divided as little land proprietor , icainst the liberal government , to which they owed s& much . The rural class were at that time in a state of dijionHe ignorance , and easily worked upon by the da ^ j . who were strongly attached to the aristocratical I'i rtv , sad scrupled nor , by then- dictation , to preach pelifcsavm their pulpits . The nomination , by the liberal g' jTenBnent , of the celebrated German sceptic Strauss , to a Jtrwrssorshi pin the university , unfortunately speedily £ 5 su .: aicm a pretext to make use of the old cry , " The cjum-i . < s in danger , " to arouse the peasantry ; and though titafaanistration , perceiving their imprudence , revoked

      ^ -irsi liointmentof the professor , and pensioned him ofij sritiii months afterwards , on the 6 th of Sept , 1839 , their taemiej induced a band of countrymen to march into the l-3 « n < . j Zurich in arms , and compel the liberals to resign «* comment . They succeeded to their wishes . The sn-iwrais , in this unconstitutional manner , were rc-« afe * iied in authority , and remain so to this day . But 1 ¦ - Aiir bitter mortification they have been unable to aaul theliberal mstitutions of « ieir predecessors . The schools daring fourteen years have everywhere wrought Stwt i-hanges amongst tlie younger peasantrv ; and the l « Hn » and prospects of the country are no ' lmiger the M » f x « when the aristocrats before leld the reins of E «» oianent The aristocrats of the town now detest the

      "Mrantsof tlie canton with the same earnest hatred w . b » . vich they detested them in the thirteenth century . Id >? 5 vgaid them rather as usurpers of their rights , than a- iv ' -. TO ^ onutrjuien ; they are fearful of their progress-^ te-wled gcand uidely . declaim against the danger of r' , * ua rdncation ; they are jealous of their extending ^ amerce , wjlen ^ ^ U ] c pcagant ^ nj inhabitants of ^ -i-uatry profiting by far more extensive commercial « ' -n-nses than the prond old burghers of the town , who Kf * osjoyedthe mouopoly of trade . A country cotton * «»«• , born apeasant , has derived , during last year , a | : : ' : " ^ 'tween thirty and forty thousand pounds fr * m t- » anouc establishments ; which fe more than has been t * lv by all the manufacturers of the town of Zurich put -- ' - 'IScr .

      ^ > -t aristocrats regard even the singing clubs , now y--- ~ J throughout the country , as nests of radicalism . ~' a . as « mhl y of these soeiefies , ayear and a half ago , l ' ^ - ^ i when a dinner for two thousand persons was * - ~ u < 3 in a pretty temporary building erected for the fete , ••¦ r _ arjtortats tousiuered it would be inconsistent with *?* l r'nciples , either lo be seeuin the church where the * ! 'rang , or at tbeir welUserved dinner . Some went ^ ; as actuaUy toforbid tbeir children to lookout of the ; i - ' v' at the processions of tl > e angers . Such is in ^ * :: -rland the petty malevolence of i « r ^ feeling . Yet ^¦ ¦ - - -. t annoyance was given by the liberal spirit tliat } ' - ! ued the national meeting of free-sliootera at Basle

      * ' < utnmer , where the loudtst dLipprobation of the ^ - « s was openlv expressed . !; . - . he canton of Lucerne , the government , after being Jf-j'ars in the hands of the liberals , was recovered by J Tistocrats in 1341 ; but although the Jesuits , by acit "L : ° 3 ni nnaet"rt : u'ted agenu , have for some time lent Ut ^; wirfulas . < dsiance , tiieinfluenceofthe age has also . J'Vy-iitHt , and averypowerfulliberal party still exists . ^ - '« -: ad themselves from its further progress , the admis-jiu . . ?\; ll 0 nsllt 5 t ^ Peditnt , at the end of last year , to It avw " . 3 eSunst 0 tllfcir churdles and their scliools . crai-¦ . / '* -, ** fllt !» e CathoUeand l'rotestantaristoin :. , -, !; . ' * "lT ^ ^^ ttsion of knowledge inimical to their iu : "" » ' ' Dfcarl - 1 bc ssme 1 ime fllat the JesuiU 5 i " " eu t 0 tt « nSse their svstera of education iiiciruiuiun & % aiciu ui cuuuauuit

      n .. narrow tnIr- « i — " ^ L in Z ^ -i j * Wnntschli , the leader of the government fcuT . Vr ¦ propos tnft . ii ? i "cnioers proving uirougnout uie

      » trt d wiar !^ Oti ! 7985 a S ainst 18 . 24 <; » ^ e Jesuits } itT < . . on *** S « i of January to be fully installed . *• " "><•*« obn ^ - eVeiy Otbcr comtr S , this religious society rrli ?« us , Ii - ! t ' Us t 0 theliberal Party from political than ^ n-iiiacr '" * ' In fact > "difference as to doctrine Eirii i ' r t « tr , ^ aEnre to llave re P laced ai e zeal of the a » v ] iui un ^ T Wtlle nOTth of Switzerland ; and it is ttat l ** wiadon' !! h Iltl ' ^ "ssed by the aristocrats of forti ; i . Tj CI 1 ( nJ ^? u'ata Jesuit is preferable to a Liberal ; oni , and that th - ^ Naples of the Jesuits are their fcverjtijin-iiij ,. f "" ! ° utual object is toe destruction of Bbttals are , on « ° > l ) t > thin church and state . The aw- rt ason ) as ™ ' « utrary , opposed to them , for the 8 ucc , a and ggf ' ^ fte consciousness that their owu man . * onld be compromised by their supre-, ' friends nf * i . , btr , frvq uenU tte J «« "ts amongst the Protestants as the *; Kh ,. -J" *« that they are no longer the same 'ormerh renderedtheirsodety so obnoxious ,

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      taat .. ; ij i ! re influenced by diiTeraat feeua ^ ic v- -, ^ answer to this assertion has been adnrfraw ' ' address made to the diet laS yZ fn T J v ' ? an t ^ iSfH thevSrT « i ^ f r aUCti 0 nintoSwitzerland - Sin ^ Zt ^ 1 61 . when they first obtained afooting in the country , they have repeatedl y been expelled from it , and Si . T ^ "" ftdr former ina « " « nce their « caU to Fmburg in 1818 . By missions , miracles , fauT Ucal pamphlets and journals , they have disturbed the peace of the people , and filled them , to the utmost of their power , with mistrust and hatred of all holding different opinions in religion or in politics , whilst they have represented all

      improvements in education or the laws as dangerous to the true faith . But their activity has been most restless since the year 1830 , when the establishment of the liberty of the press , the right of forming public political unions , and the acknowled gment of the sovereignty of the people , gave new vigour to the liberal party iu Switzerland . The Jesuits lost no time in turning these changes to their own advantage . They instituted all kiiids ° of unions , or clubs , amongst the Catholics , where weekly and monthly contributions were collected , to be applied to influence the elections and to various other political purposes ; and everywhere the press was made the artilierv of this secret spiritual army , and waged war against the spirit of improvement with ever increasing virulence Their influence extends far and wide , by means of their religious political unions , of their secret emissaries their

      gold , their flattery , and their missions of faith , which they have sent even into the Protestant cantons- but above all , their principles of education are considered as most dangerous to the republic . In the canton of Schwytz , they are said to have rendered themselves exceedingly obnoxious to the peasantry , though the town has largely contributed to the erection of the noble college they have recently built there . In the Catholic canton of Uri , though its inhabitants are ready to march to tlie assistance of Lucerne , not a Jesuit is permitted to enter ; and Berne has recently dismissed from all public employments every one known to have been a pupil of the order . Miffler , the chief magistrate of Lucerne , was once a radical , and the most violentenemy of thefratcmity of Jescs , though now their zealous supporter . His ardent efforts in their behalf have principall y contributed to their establishment there .

      But though all reasonable men , who respect the liberty , and desire the welfare of their country , have beheld this triumph of the Jesuits with regret , they equally deplore that the liberals of Aargau , some time ago , made a foolish , inefficient , and illegal attempt , to change the government of Lucerne , and drive the Jesuits from the canton by force of arms , instead of endeavouring to obtain redress by constitutional means . Their success must legally have bceu useless , and their failure has multiplied the difiiculties , and the evil feelings previously existing amongst the allied cantons .

      The government , though so weak as to have been at the point ofabdicatingatiheirapproach , quickly obtained a victory over their rebellious subjects and the free bands , which , after a slight conflict , took to flight on the first alarm . The little cantons and Zurich assembled their soldiers to proceed , in case of need , to the assistance of Lucerne ; but it is believed , that had their aid been required , the soldiers of the Utter , who are all Protestants , would have refused to march for the defence of the Jesuits , however much their governors might have desired it . An immense number of arrests have been subsequently made in Lucerne . A kind of military law has been declared ; and the property of all concerned in the rebellion , who have either fled , or are in custody , nearly fifty

      persons , has becu sequestered before theyhavebeen tried , or found guilty , under pretence of paying the expenses arising from their rebellion . The government has even refused to be responsiblefor their debts ; a measure which Dr . Kasitnir Pfyffer declared in their great council , was a death-blow to the credit of the canton , an exasperation of both parties , and a measure which must provoke conflicts with other cantons . It is asserted that more than four thousand pounds are due to inhabitants of the little towns on the lake of Zurich alone . Serious fears are entertained , that at least the chiefs of those naw in custody will be condemned to be shot ; and as several are natives of Aargau , the Protestants of that canton are in a state of fearful agitation .

      After the suppression of this petty rebellion , the grand council of Zurich sent a deputation to Lucerne to request the government , as friends , to restore the peace of the country by dismissing the Jesuits . This they refused to do , till compelled by an order from the diet , which it is the duty of all the cantons to obey . As this assembly , according to the ordinary regulations , would not have met till the commencement of July , the liberals were anxious that , to restore the public peace , a special diet should be summoned as soon as possible . Thepowepto do so this year rests with Zurich ; but though Berne and Aargau sent a special embassy to request that it might be done without delay , the council of state at first refused to comply with their wishes ; but it soon afterwards found itself compelled to summon a diet , which , after a great

      deal of debate , separated on the 18 th of March , without doing anything either in relation to the expulsion of the Jesuits or the suppression of the free bands , —leaving , in spite of their professed fears of ultramontane influence , the Jesuits nearly four months more of certain dominion in Lucerne , and the excited country , for the same period , exposed to all the dangers of a renewed civil war . There was not even a majority for requesting Lucerne to dismiss the Jesuits ; and the whole question is deferred to be decided by a second diet , which will probably leave it for a third , while , in the meantime , the Society of Jesus secures the ground it has gained . It is the general belief that the Jesuits cannot be rooted out without a civil war ; and one of the first results of the state of suspense in wbich the separation of the special diet without

      having come to a decision has left matters , was the late attack of tlie free corps on the town of Lucerne . On Sunday the 30 th March , the free corps , to the number of eight or ten thousand , with the refugees from Lucerne , entered that canton from Aargau . On the 31 st , they car ried all before them , and reached the walls of the town of Lucerne . For two hours they had it in their power to burn and destroy it . But anxious to spare the place , they negotiated for a capitulation . Reinforcements hat-ing arrived in the interval to the aid of the govern , ment , the insurgents were driven back with great slaughter , many of them having been taken prisoners . Iu the meantime the Jesuits are retained ; and it might almost be suspected , that whilst the obnoxious order has openly triumphed in the one canton , it has not less been secretly

      at work in the other , where the aristocrats do not scruple to throw the whole blame of the disturbances on the liberals , and flatly to deny their assertion , that the Jesuits are the authors of the eviL They show no anxiety for the removal of this order ; because they believe the radicals desire their expulsion from the country , as the first step towards a complete change of the present state of things . In fact , they assert , there exists a powerful party in the country , discontented with its present constitution , and who consider that for its commercial and political prosperity it is absolutely necessary to establish a central government , and to equalise the representation of the people , instead of the little cantons having , as at present , as much power in the diet as those which have more than twentv times their number of inhabitants . Were this the

      case , Berne would be the seat of Government , andKeuhaus , its present liberal burgomaster or schultheiss , in all probability the first president of these new United States . Zurich and Lucerne , no longer , in rotation , the seats of Government , would decline into mere country towns ; and their citizens , who could hope no more to have the felicity of enjoying the dignity of Secretaries of State on a hundred a-year , or dividing amongst them a uumber of other subordinate offices , loudly declare they would rather submit to be cut in pieces , than cons ' .-nt to such a change . These little honours and emoluments , in a town of seventeen thousand inhabitants , arc as much the objects of intrigue , vanity , and ambition , as the employments of an empire . Such desires aud feelings , united-with the re-awakening of religious enmity ,

      appear to be the fundamental causes of the present disturbances in Switzerland , which it is too probable may be of long duration . Many well judging people consider the centralisation of the Government as absolutely necessary to bind tlie Catholic and Protestant cantons together , and to preserve the country entire as a nation ; whilst , by putting an end to the uudue influence of the little agricultural cantons in then-presentation , its commercial interests can alone be advanced , and a union formed with the Zollvcrein . But few of the most sanguine hope that this can be effected in our time . Too many conflicting juvjudices , too many opposite interests , aud * bitter passious , are called into existence by tlie mere idea of such a measure . From the Catholic peasant in the mountains .

      to tlie rich silk merchant of Zurich at his desk , all those attached to ancient usages and privileges , see in it the ruiu , not ouly of their country , but of their own individual canton , and individual interests , —involving the loss of power , which all have now the hope of one day enjoying . The aristocrats believe that the principles of the Jesuits are a barrier against this , and all other such liberal innovations ; and to this the order is principally indebted for the influence it has recently obtained in Switzerland . On this point there appears to be an excellent understanding between the Catholics and Protestants of this party . They both protest that all the steps they have taken are to protect the country iron ; the demoralisation and anarchy with which it is menaced bv the diffusion of radical

      principles . But whatever may be their professions , it is quite certain that Switzerland is no longer the seat of those disinterested sentiments , and noble feelings , which once illuminated its history . On the , contrary , the chief characteristic of its riders and of its society is littleness!—the littleness of small towns . Ambition is little , political views are narrow , and intrigues are for paltry objects . Great talents find no exercise worthy of their powers ; and it is not wondeiful that where they do exist , their possessors desire fo see a capital in their own country , and a means afforded by a central Government for the development of a burger svstem both of commerce aud of

      politics . Though great advances have been made in education , much yet remains to be done a 3 regards moral culture . The Protestant clergy are unfortunately regarded with little respect throughout the canton of Zurich , since many of them allowed themselves to he made the tools of party ; their churches are thinly attended , whilst drinking houses , dancing rooms , and the theatre , are crowded every Sunday to excess . There is no country in the world where there exists in proportion such an enormous number of public houses , and those of the worst character , or where they are so continually frequented , alike by you&g students , thepeasantry , and the townsmen . The universal laxity of morals is almost incredible .

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      Wst , however , the vie <« of the Liberals are more enlarged , and better calculated to enable their conn ™ o keep pace with the progrew of the age , than those of the £ opponents , it is to be regretted that they have afforded them , , n vanous ways , just grounds for reproach . Many of the leaders of the party make no secret of their want of respect tor the established religion ; and on severa ^ cca-HS £ " * 8 nat WMlt ° poHtieal Prudence m provoking the enmity of the clergy of their own persuasion , and by precipitating measures which , without effecting an ? Sood , have excited the malevolence of their opponents , and the distrust of their more prudent

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      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commenting Monday , Hay 13 */ i , 1844 . [ Extracted from a Diarv of Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Famley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrcll—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastboume . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the sameplace . Tlicconsecutiveoperationsintuesevepovts will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value p f the south with tlie north of England . The Diary is aided by " Notes and Observations " from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time aud season , which we subjoin .

      "The wisest men—the greatest philosophers—after in vain seeking for happiness in every variety of pursuit , hare found it in the cultivation of the ground . " Noie . —The school farms are cultivated bu boys , wh » in return for three hours' teaching in the mornwj give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benejit , ivhich renders the schools sf . i . fsurroimxo . We belivve that at Farnlv Tyas dxsevtnths of the produce of the school farm will be assumed to the boys , and on&twcnth to the master , who will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to adtivatc their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , < L-c , to convert tlteir produce into hacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after ixiying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and bemude thus indirectly to reach their parent * in a ivwt the most grateful to their feelings . ]

      SUSSEX . nox » Ki—Willingdon School . Boys digging and manuring ground for swede turnips , setting potatoes after tares . Eastdean School . Boys digging and manuring ground for carrots , hoeing tares , and gathering roots and weeds . Piper . Emptyin" the tank , and mixing liquid with ashes , usni" this mixture for turnips ; the fly has never meddled ivith them . Dumbrell . Planting potatoes . Tuesday—Willingdon School . The same as yesterday . Eastdean School . Boys digging , planting potatoes , hoeing forward ones , and tares , collecting roots and weeds . Piper . The same as yesterdav . Dumbrell . Setting potatoes , and dig < nng Wednesday—Willingdon SchooC'Bms , di « gin « and manuring for swedes . Eastdean School . Bovs digging and dibbling mangel wurzel , pouring tank liquid along the drills . Piper . Sowing turnips j

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      J ^ S | t in June will I 10 t answer at Beaohy-liead , DiS . may ° " l a riober soiL ^« n ' ^« ' ' ^ ZtlZ 1 ™ ^ 0 ' 1 Sch 001- Boys digging , &c ., f w i E ? sulea » School . Preparing ground S . SV'H tares ' l ) utti " £ chaflc among the tares and wheat . Piper . Cleaning piggery ; aS ko tL H ? S I f CVentive a W » st & attack ot the fly . Dumbrell . Digging . Ynwxr-Wdhngdm School . Boys digging , Ac , for swedes . Eastdean School . Boys preparing for Enf ^ « 'ff turnips . Dumbrell . Saturday- Willingdon School . Boys bveakinc clods the ground very dry . Eastdean School . SmuK " ging , and sowing garden with lucerne seed , ml nurms with tank ltqmd . Piper . Seeking about for mould , planting cabbages , earthing up beans Dumbrell . Digging . ' ¦¦¦

      YORKSHIRE . Slaithtvaite Tenants . John Bamford , cleaning about and conveying roots to mix with tank li quid . ' COW-FEEDIXC . Willingdon School . Cows stall-fed on winter tares and green clover . DumbreU ' s . Two cows fed in the stall with Italian rye grass , afterwards grazed in tlie pasture , and fed morn and even with Italian rve grass . Heifer stall-fed with potatoes and hay . " NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Drilling I cnsiw ox tub Lkvel .-Iii tka li « ht lauds , with a chalk sub-soil , during a very drv summer , whole fields ot turnips drilled upon rid ges failed , while adjacent ones drilled upon the level bore a good crop , irom such experience , and after much consideration , Mr . Ahnacksays , that for wkite as well as swede turnips on thin and dry soils generally the balance of probable advantage appeared to 6 c in favour of the level system . —Journal of the R A Societu of England . ' '

      'Tis liarmony , By which all beings are adjusted , each , To all around , impelling and impell'd , In endless circulation . E ' en animals subsist On animals ; in infinite descent ; And all so fine adjusted , that the loss Of tlie least species would disturb the whole . —Thomson . Harmonies in Nature . —In manuring ; for turnips do not rely upon saline mixtures as substitutes foi farm-yard manure . Use them onl y as auxiliaries , scattered in with the manure partly , and oartlv as

      tOD dressings , lou may use guano as a substitute it being of animal origin . —It comes from the gnano , a bird . The guano lives upon fish and sea carrion . Ihese extract the animal matter directly , or indirectly , through inferior tribes of beings , ' from the waters of the ocean , and the ocean receives from the land the excrements of man and animals through its tributary streams—the rivers . Thus , how beautiful the harmony displayed . We allow precious manures to be swept into the sea . They arc not lost . They sustain life in myriads of creatures . After the lapse of centuries we gather them from the rocks in foreign climes , and bring them home once more to furnish elements for the food of man .

      Bone Solution . —The application of bone solution , diluted with much water , has been tried in different parts as a substitute for dung . R . W . Purchas , Esq ., of ChepBtow , in Monmouthshire , has published a treatise giving a detail of his own , and a summary of many experiments that have been made by others , which shew the extraordinary value of the application . Without acquiescing entirely with M . Leibi g , that 401 bs of bones so decomposed may be sufficient for an acre of turnips , we must acknowledge that the experiments of the Duke of Richmond , Mr . Laws , Mr . Purchas , and others , prove decisively , that from 3 * to six bushels of dissolved bones , have produced greater crops than a large quantity of farm-yard manure , and shewn greater energy of action than a much greater quantity of bone dust .

      Remarkable Discovery . —Electricity and Aoricultube . —The element which now promises to be turned to the increased uses of man in the most extraordinary way is electricity . Already we find communications made , and conversations sustained , between parties fifty miles apart , with nearly as much rapidity as could be performed by any system of symbols in the same room . By means of the electric telegraph , London is brought into instantaneous proximity with Windsor , Southampton , and other places , and before long there is every reason to expect that communications may be made between all the important parts of the country in a few seconds . We have already seen some extraordinary examples of the effects of this rapid communicationnot the least

      , striking of which was the capture of the late unhappy man Tawell . On the other hand , we now hear of games of chess and whist being sustained and carried on at distances of fifty or sixty miles , as if the parties were all in the same room . Hitherto it has been thought that a man having the start for any object by railway was secure from pursuit , but now tlus new agent will arrest his progress , or anticipate liis arrival at any point with more ease than a man on the fleetest horse could overtake another on foot . But of all the uses to which this new and marvellous agent has . been applied , none promises such remarkable results as to agriculture . It is a principle which has been long admitted and understood , that electricity had a considerable effect on vegetation : but it has not

      been till now that any practical application of that aid has been attempted . Of late many experiments have been made , in a manner , too , which afford means of j udging , not only the comparative result but comparative cost . And we are bound to say that they are such , that \ ye look upon this new agent as one likely , before long , to produce as great a revolution in agriculture as the inventions of the steamengine or the spinning-jenny have done in manufactures . We have before us the result of one experiment on a considerable scale , which , we think , cannot but prove highly interesting to our readers . It took place in the north of Scotland , and was made by Dr . Forster

      , of Findrassie , near Elgin , who produced from a single acre one hundred and eight bushels of chevalier barley . A portion of a field of barley , to which the electric application was made , produced last year at the rate of thirteen quarters and a half to the acre , while the surrounding land , similarly treated in other respects , produced the usual quantity of > e to six quarters to the acre . The following is a detail of the very simple mode in which the electric fluid is collected and applied to influence the land . A field is divided into oblong squares , 80 yards long and 604 yards wide , and containing , therefore , just one acre each . The following is a plan of such square : — L O B North . E „ g . i ™ ~ F south . § c 5 ~ At each of the points A , B , 0 , and D , pegs are driven into the ground ; tlie external lines represent strong iron wires , extending from and fastened to each of the four pegs , and communicating with each other , so as to form a square of wire , sunk three inches below the surface ; at the points E and F poles are fixed in the ground fifteen feet hi gh ; a wire is connected with the cross wire beneath tfie surface at the point E , —carried up the pole and alo » " the centre of the square to the top of the pole at F , " down which it is conducted and fixed to the cross wire beneath the surface at that point . We must here remark that the square must be so formed , to run from north to south , so that the wire passing from

      E to F shall be at right angles with the equator . It is well known that a considerable bod y of electricity is generated in the atmosphere , and constantly travelling "' from cast to west with the motion of the earth . This electricity is attracted b y the wire suspended from E to F , and communicated to tlie wires forming the square under the surface of the ground from the points A , B , C , and D . It has , however , been suggested to us , by a very competent authority ' who has at this moment a number of experiments going forward to test this extraordinary new power in a variety of ways , that any quantity ' of electricity could be generated that might be required , bv iilacine

      under the ground , at the point G , a bag of charcoal and plates of zinc at the point II , and to connect the two by a wire passing over two poles similar to those at E and i , and crossing the longitudinal wire passing from those points . The cost at which this appli-! cation can be made is computed at one nound per , acre , and it is reckoned to last ten to fifteen years ! the wires being carefully token up and replaced each I year . « e may mention the result of an experiment j on a small scale of the effect of electricity on vceta-! tion . I wo small parcels of mustard sce ' d were sown ! —to one e ectncity was applied , tlie other was left ! to its usual course : the result was . that while tlie

      former grew three inches and a half , the latter grew only one inch . We should also state , that the barley produced at the rate of thirteen quarters and a half to the acre , weighed nearly two pounds more to the bushel than any other in tlie neighbourhood This discovery is certainly likely to present a verv full compensation for the exhaustion of Icliaboe * In rep ly to several inquiries we may say that the cost ofa TK \ Pr 1 * ^ * «* a of half an acre , would bc-for 6 lib of iron wire at 4 d per lib ( for burying ) 2 s ; 4 Ub of ditto at 3 d per lib ( for sis- pension ) is ; two poles of dry wood Is ; labour , &c , Is ; totalos . As the area increases the cost diminishes . Unvement and desirable areas are , for two ? , creS > 12 * 7 t 3 rds yards : one acre > 80 bv MJ ! 73 l-3 rd by 33 ; quarter of an acre , 55 by 22 ; one ejghth of an acre 40 by 154 . The mode in which the p lot is laid out is as follows . With a mariner ' s compass and measured lengths of . common string , ^ - ° / J& SIT \ ' i * & woodeu Pin 8 > t 0 which * & binflf « ue is attached ( by passing through a small

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      ¦ ¦ ¦ ^ ¦ MMHW ^ HMH ^ PMMH ^ MM ^ WM ^ MMMMiMMMa ^ staple ) . Care must be taken to lay the length of the buried wire due north and south by compass , and the breadth due east and west . This wire must be placed from two to three inches deep in the soil . The lines ot the buried wire are then completed . The suspended wire must be attached and in contact with the buried wires at both of its ends . A wooden pin with a staple must therefore be driven in , and the two poles ( one fourteen feet and the other fifteen feet ) being p laced by the compass due north and south , the wire is placed over them , and fastened to the wooden stake , but touching likewise at this point the buried wire . The suspended wire must not be drawn too tight , otherwise the wind will break it .

      lhe above calculations will perhaps enable our readers to decide the quality or size of the wire used . When our attention was first called to this question , we were forcibly struck with a practical difficulty , if it should be carried very generally into practice , viz ., that the free electricity in the atmosphere wouM be insufficient to influence an extensive surface , to which this means of attracting it miulit " 1 applied . But wc were indebted to the suggestions ot the accomplished geologist and agricultural chemist , the Rev . William Thorp , of Womcrsley , for the easy and simple mode mentioned in our * last , by winch electric fluid could be generated . Tlie principle win g once known , the means of applying it aiv thus furnished without anv limit . —Economist .

      1 ' rokkssou Lieuig ' s New Manurks . —These manures will be brought out very shortly , in order that they may be tried on the present year ' s crops . We understand that the principal ingredients of these manures are the siune as those contained in the most valuable manures now in use , such us guano , stable dung , Ac . ; and their superiority is expected and intended to consist in the more economical application ot the ingredients . At present the most valuable parts of the different manures used arc applied in a state of extreme solubility , and are , in consequence , washed away by the rains , whilst , in the manures oi Liebig , these valuable essences are combined with substances which cause them to puss very slowly into solution . This is especially the case with the ' alkalies , winch , as at present annlied . are lost nlmnsfc im .

      mediately , but which , when chemically combined with other substances , are expected to last for years . The following is Professor Liebig ' s account of the principal constituents wbich it is desirable to combine in any artificial manures , and which it hits been his endeavour to combine in his - . —Earthy Phosphates : The most important of these is phosphate of lime , which occurs in nature as a mineral called apatite . It is the principal clement in bones , which , it may be observed , have been found most efficacious if calcined , consequently deprived of their auimal matter . The rapidity of the effects of phosphate of lime on the growth of plants depends upon its greater or lesser solubility . Its amount of glue ( gelatine ) diminishes this solubility , if the soil is rich in vegetable matters , which furnish carbonic acid by their decomposition

      , and which acid is required for rendering the phosphate of hine soluble in water , and introducing it into the organism of the plants . In the calcined state tlie bones act sufficiently quickly ; but in those soils in which this cause of solubility is wanting , their action is slower . In my work I had recommended the addition oia certain quantity of sulphuric acid , both in order to render the bones more soluble , and to change the neutral phosphate of the bones into gypsum and into a phosphate which contains more acid ( superphosphate of lime ) . 1 have been informed that this advice has been most extensively adopted , that the superphosphate of lime has been found to be a most efficacious manure and that it forms already a most important article of commerce . A second earthy phosphate , not less important , is the vhosvhate of

      magnesia , which it is well known enters in a still larger proportion than the phosphate of tone into the composition of the grain . The Alkaline Phosphates , although not originally found in nature , are important elements of the seeds of grain , of peas , beans , Ac . A rational fanner must provide them in sufficient quantities to those plants which require them for their development , from knowing that human excrements increase the produce in grain in a far greater proportion , because they contain alkaline phosphates , than the animal excrements , in which they do not exist . The Alkalies ( potash and soda ) must be constituents of every rationally composed manure , because by them the original fertile condition of the fields is preserved . A soil which contains the alkalies in too small a quantity is , perhaps , fertile for

      gram ; but is not necessarily so tor turnips or potatoes , which require a great quantity of alkali . By supplying an alkaline manure , fallows , or the cultivation of those plants which arc grown during the time of fallowing , become less necessary . Sulphate of Potash is a constituent of all plants , although in small quantity , as well as common salt and chloride of potassium , which are found in milk in rather a large proportion . The salts of lime , especially giipsnm , are important nourishment for the leguminous plants . Silica is never wanting in all sorts of soils—it is a constituent of all rocks , by the decomposition of which all productive soils are formed , and the cerealia find it everywhere ill sufficient quantity , and in a form capable of being taken up by the plants , if the alkalies are provided wherever they are present in too

      small quantity . Salts of Ammonia : it can be regarded as certain that the azote of the plants is derived either from the ammonia of the atmosphere or from the manure which is provided in the shape of animal fluid and solid excrements , and that azotic compounds exercise an effect on the growth of plants only in so far as they give up their azote in the form of ammonia during tlieir decomposition and decay . We may , therefore , profitably replace all the azotic substances with compounds of ammonia . Decaying vegetable matters , winch contain carbon , are useful to the fields in so far as they provide a source of carbonic acid ; but they are not quite indispensable in manure , if the latter be rationall y combined , as the atmospheric air is an inexhaustible source of carbonic acid , from which the plants draw their carbon , if , in the manure , the mineral substances are provided which

      are necessary for the assimilation of the carbonic acid . These are the substances which together give fertility to the ' soil ; but , although each of them may , under certain circumstances ( viz ., where the soil is defective in it , or where it is not indifferent to the plant to take up one instead of the other , as , for instance , may be the ease with soda instead of potash ) , increase the fertility , no one of them can be regarded as manure , according to the common meaning of the word , for the simple reason that only all of them , in certain proportions , will fulfil the purpose for which the common manure is applied . This purpose is the restoration , or an increase of the original fertility , and by manure we must replace all the elements of the plants which have been taken away in harvest , or which are contained in the plants which we are desirous to cultivate .

      The Mighty "We . "—On Monday last , the Botanical Society of Huddersficld held what they pompously termed a public meeting , at which some score or two of persons were present . Their object was to present to Dr . Coffin , lecturer on Medical Botany , or Botanical Medicine , an address and a silver inkstand . Some calumny having been cast upon the Doctor since his last visit to liuddersfield , his botanical disciples there and then agreed to the following resolution , ready cut and dried for the occasion— " That We ( the people of Iluddersfield ) ? in public meeting asspmbleu , having heard the vile and slanderous assertions made by Mr . David Ross against Dr . Coffin , and the said David Ross having shrunk from publicly maintaining the same , after

      the opportunity had been offered him ; the said David Ross having declared that he would at the first opportunity prove the said charges to be true , He ( the people of Huddersficld ) ? are constrained to affix to the name of David Ross , the names of base calumniator and private slanderer ; and ive are ot opinion that he is unworthy the confidence of our party . " It is to be hoped Mr . ltoss will not expire under the slashing censure of "The people of liuddersfield , " amounting' to a few score of Botanists , whose language appears to have been extracted from the Savaiis of Botany Bay . [ The foregoing is taken from the Leeds Intelligencer of Saturday last . With that journal , wc trust that the censure so liberally bestowed on Mr . Ross by the mighty " \ VK " ot liuddersfield—a tailor , a packer , and a carpenter

      !will not have a very fatal effect . With the merits of the dispute between Mr . Ross and Dr . Coffin we do not meddle . We know not whether the hero of Cayenne Pepper is to be ranked along with the Brandy and Salt , the Morrisonian Pill , and the Galvanic Ring gentry : but we do know that the bitter censure conveyed in the above pompous and silly " resolution" does not denote a righteous confidence in a good cause . It is more the act of a bulbi than that of a scientific man : and if Dr . Coifm hail anything to do with its concoction , or countenanced its adoption by the score ov two of adherents to his mode of curing disease , lie gave both himself and svstem a blow which it will take much to recover from . The man of science depends on facts . He has no need to resort to the calling of names , or the administration of

      t r ' 1 1 i ' . public " censure . " When he abandons the platform ot fact , and shelters himself behind the dirtv mound of ' calumny" and " slander , " he proclaims his own weakness , and degenerates what ought to be a scientific dispute into a fishwives' brawl . Respecting ths impudent and pompous " resolution" itself—the arrogant and lying assumption contained in the " WE , the people of Iluddcrsfield , " there need little be said—as we happen to know its author , and know that it is an exact " sketch" of his own " character "false , treacherous , inflated , lying , and blackguardly . The censure of sucli a lump of ignorant pomposity and dark-heated treachery will redound more to Mr . Ross ' s credit , than if he had been the recipient ol the slavering praises of the " cabbaging" botanist . —

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      London Corn Exchange , Mond ay , May 5 . —The arrivals of English wheat were only moderate during the past week , and ot'barley , oats , beans . and peas , the receipts coastwise were quite trifling . With the exception of a few hundred quarters of oats we had no supplies from Scotland , and from Ireland the

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      7 OTIHMMMaMNMMMMnWMMMM ^ MaHMaMiVjHiH ^^ a ^ arrivals consisted of a moderate quantity of the last named grain and a couple of hundred sacks of flour . The supplies of foreign corn have not been large during the last eight days , a small cargo of wheat from Launceston , some barley and oats from tlie north of Europe , and several thousand quartere of beans from Alexandria and the Mediterranean , constituting the entire arrival . At this morning ' s market there was again a moderate show of wheat by land-carriage samples from the home counties , nor was there much spring corn fresh up , either of British or foreign growth . The demand for wheat was of the same retail nature as last week , and some difficulty was experienced in effecting sales at previous prices ' ; factors were , however , tolerablyh ' rm , andtlie business done wasataboutthecurrencvof Monday last . The

      transactions in free foreign wheat were also oh a strictly retail scale , and quotations uudenvent no alteration requiring notice . In bond nothing whatever was done . Hour hung lipavil y on hand , but neither town nor country manufactured wasencapor . Tlie inquiry tor barley was exceedingly slow ; sellm were , however , unwilling to submit to > any further decline , and the tnflingsalesnuiderealisciltlio rates current on this day so nniglit . Malt was likcwi s 0 taken off very tardily , and its previous value was barely supported lor oats there was a steady demand , mul the recent advance was well maintained for al ! drci-rintions of corn . Beans , notwithstanding the tuioimi arrival wore takon on much the same terms as before . Teas were also saleable at tlie recent enhancement , in seeds there was very little passing , and quotations have become nearly nominal .

      CURUEXT I'lUCES OF OltAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUAKTEK .-flritoA . s s as Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new it old red 42 -IS White 49 54 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 43 47 Ditto 48 51 ) Xurthuiu . aud Scotch wliite ii 47 Vine 4 . 8 W Irish red old 0 0 Red 4 i U Wliite 4 « 48 Rye Old SI ) 31 New 28 80 Tirank 34 35 Uurley Grinding .. ' 26 21 Distil . 'Jd 30 Malt . 30 32 Mult Uvown .... 54 . 5 G l ' nle 58 60 Wave 62 63 Beans Ticks old & new 32 3 "> Harrow 34 38 Pigeon 39 42 Peas Grey 35 3 G Maplo 37 3 S AVhite 37 39 Oats liiiicolns it Yorkshire Feed 21 'J : i Poland 23 25 Scotch Angus 22 24 : Potato 24 28 Irish Wliite 20 22 lilaok 20 21 Per 2801 b . net . s si Per 2 ii 01 b . net . a g Towu-inuile Flour ... 42 44 | J . '» rfWk & Stoi'ktou 32 33 Essex and Kent .... 34 85 I Irish 34 35

      Free . Bond Foreign . at s a Wheat , Duntsie , Konigsburg , ic S 2 56 3 G 38 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 51 32 34 Danish , Uolstein , and Frieslaml red 42 45 ' Hi 28 Russian , Hard 44 -16 Soft ... 44 46 2 ( J 28 Italian , Hod . . 4 G 48 Wliite ... so 5 > : > d 32 Spanish , Hard . 40 48 Soft .... 48 50 28 32 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... ' 2 ' J SI Undried . . 21 ) 30 20 21 Bailey , Grinding . 25 28 Malting . . 30 32 20 ' » 3 Beans , Ticks . . 32 34 Egyptian . m 34 25 28 Peas , White . . S ( J 38 Maple . . 35 S 7 28 30 Oats , Duteli , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 Russian feed 20 21 15 16 Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 24 2 G 19 20

      London Smitiifild Cattle Mahkkt , Monday , May 5 . —During the past week the Giraffe , Ocean , and Batavier steamers have arrived in the river from Rotterdam , having on board 101 oxen and cowa , together with S calves , in , for the most part—though their quality has proved by no means so prime as we have noticed on some previous occasions—lair average condition . The number oi" foreign beasts here to-day did not exceed 25 , and which mostly found buyers at full rates of currency—viz ., from £ 1 U to £ 18 per head . The calves were worth from £ '<} 10 s . to £ 4 5 s . each . At the outports no stock has been received from Holland ; but several imports are shortly expected at Hull . It will be observed from our weekly returns that a very great increase has taken place in the importations of Dutch beasts this season compared with those of

      last , yet we arc quite of opinion—judging from the accounts which have just come to hand—that a further improvement will be noticed in them for some time hence . Although a portion of the beasts and sheep hero to-day was suffering from the epidemic , the disease presented itself in a mitigated form , and very few losses have been experienced in transmitting the supplies to our market . On the whole , the numbers of beasts here this morning , derived from our own districts , were seasonably extensive , while a slightimpVovement wasapparcnt in those rcceivedfrom Norfolk . The dead markets being well cleared of their late arrivals , the weather somewhat favourable to slaughtering , and the attendance of buyers rather numerous , the beef trade was active , at an improvement in the currencies obtained on this day se ' nnight

      ot quite 2 d pw 8 lb , the primest Scots and homebreda readily producing < ls 2 d per 8 lb , at which a good clearance was effected . Mr . Vorley had on sale 10 of the most extraordinary shorthorns , fed by Mr . G . Everett , of Caslow , near Yarmouth , we almost ever recollect to have witnessed here at this season of the year . These perfect animals—which weighed about 1-10 stones—were disposed of at a high price , and dispatched per railway to Bristol . The supply of stoic things was rather limited , while the transactions in them , from the more plentiful supply of grass , were at somewhat improved quotations . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , were 1500 Scots , homebreds , and shorthorns from the northern counties ; 200 shorthorns from the western

      and midland districts ; 300 Herefords , runts , Devons , &c ., from other parts of England ; 250 of various breeds ; and , from Scotland , 200 Scots . The most important feature in to-day ' s market was the activity in the mutton trade , and the great improvement in the currencies . For instance , the best old downs produced 5 s per 8 lb withont difficulty— other breeds selling readily at aproportionate advance . Itappears to be the pretty general opinion that a further enhanced value will be speedily realised . From the Isle of Wight we received 240 lambs , but from other parts the arrivals were rather limited . Tho lamb trade was active , at fully Friday ' s improved quotations . The veal trade was steady , at 2 d per 81 b more money . Pigs , 100 of which were Irish , moved off slowly at late rates .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . 8 . d . s . d . Inferior coarse beasts ... 2830 Second quality .... 323 $ Prime large oxen .... 3 8 3 10 Prime Scots , &e 4 0 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep . . . 3 4 3 10 Second quality .... 4044 . Prime course woolled ... 4648 Prime Southdown ... 4 10 5 0 Lambs 5 0 6 4 Large coarse calves . . . , 3 8 4 2 Prune small -I -I 4 10 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 0 Large hogs 3 0 3 G Neat small porkers . . . 3 8 4 0 Quarter-old store pigs , each . , 16 0 20 ft HEAD or CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 2 , 915-Sheep and Lambs , 20 , 650-Calves

      103-, Pigs , 320 . Richmond Corn Market , Saturday , May 3 . —We have a heavy market of all kinds of grain . —Wheat sold from 5 s . 3 d . to Cs . 6 d . ; oats 2 s . 4 d . to 3 s . ; barley , 3 s . Gd . to 4 s . ; beans 4 s . 3 d . to 4 s . 7 d . per bushel .

      Liverpool Coux Market , Monday , May 5 . — There has been a moderately good supply of Irish produce during this week , but from our own coast , or from abroad , the arrivals are trifling . A reduction of Is . Der quarter on beans is the onl y alteration in the duties . The sales of wheat have still been almost confined to the demand within our own locality , and prices have further receded fully . Id . per bushel . Fine quality of Irish red wheat has been sold at Us 6 d ., and good fair samples at Gs 2 d to Gh kl per 70 lbs ., being the lowest range of quotations for this kind of grain since last harvest . In foreign wheat there have been only a few casual transactions , but the

      value is scarcely altered . The market is full of sack flour , and the sale rather heavy . Irish snpernne has been sold at 33 s to 35 s ., extra superfine up to 37 s per 280 lbs . Since our last week ' s report the weather has continued as favourable as possible for the country , and the demand for Spring corn has rather fallen off . The best Irish mealing oats have been held with firmness for 2 s Hid , but very good mealing quality was disposed at 2 s 1 hi per 45 lbs . Choice cuts of oatmeal have commanded late rates . The malting season being nearly over , fine English barley has been offered at a decline of 2 s to 3 s per quarter , but there has been no alteration in grinding descriptions . Beans and peas have each receded ( Jd to Is per quarter .

      Manchester Corn Market , Saturday , May 3 , — With a continuance of most favourable weather since our last report , the demand for flour has been on the same restricted scale as previously noted , fresh made parcels of the very choicest quality only having supported their value . Oats and oatmeal have been in fair request , without change in priceB . A very limited inquiry was experienced for wheat at our market this morning , and all descriptions might have been purchased oil rather easier terms . Flour continued to move offslowly , but prime fresh qualities cannot be quoted lower ; whilst stale granaried parcels were extremely difficult of sale and nominal in value . There was a moderate demand for both oats and oatmeal , at the currency of this day se nnight . Beans in fair request at fully previous rates .

      Liverpool Cattle Market , Monday , May 0 . — There is little or no alteration to quote in the number or quality of stock at our market lrom ourlast week ' s statement , the supply being an average one for this time ofthe year . There was a numerous attendance of buyers , with an advance in price . Beef old . to 6 } d ., mutton 7 d . to 7 id . per lb . —Cattle importedinto Liverpool , from the 28 th April to the 5 th March : — 1445 cows , 15 calves , 3030 sheep , 478 lamba , 7984 pigs , 459 horses . Yokk Corn Market , May 3 . —We have not a large show of any description of crain at our market to-day ,

      but what has been shown is quite equal to the demand . Wheat has slow sale , at a decline of Is per quarter . Barley , oats , and beans , in request , at fully last week ' s rates . Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , May 0 . —Our arrivals of wheat this week are large , but we have only small supplies of all other grain for this day 8 market . Wheat is slow dull sale , and last week a prices ave barely maintained on the limited business passing . For fresh malting barley there is yet a fair inquiry . The value of oats is well supported in consequence of the scarcity , and beans are the turn higher .

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      FRANCE—THE JESUITS—THE FORTIFICATIONS . The proceedings in the French Chamber of Deputies have withm the last few days been more than ordinaril y interesting . The progress ofthe Jesuits in trance has at length aroused public attention , and ? *™ fey M . Thieks raised a debate by interrogate " the Ministers as to their intentions with respect to that order . As in Protestant England , so in Catholic * rance , the Jesuits are proscribed by the law ; vet Ithough they were driven out of the lattercountiy bv the revolution of 1830 , —which revolution they mainlv provoked , —they have within the last fifteen years stealthily returned , aud are now spread over France n considerable numbers , everywhere plotting against liberal principles , and everywhere strivinsto brinsrtlic

      population under their debasing influence . The revelations of Eugene Sue , and the insolent assumption of the clergy to direct the education ofthe people , has at length excited public apprehension ; which apprehension has been strengthened into excitement by the recent events in Switzerland . The question at issue 111 France is , whether the Government will continue to tolerate the illegal and dangerous existence of the Jesuits , or order their expulsion . M . Iuiers himself is the very incarnation of political Jesuitry ; anything therefore straightforward from him is not to be expected . In all probability his motives lor mooting the question are , that he as pires to gam popularity with the classes opposed to the Jesuits , and also wishes to divert public attention at .

      111 s moment from the question ofthe arming of the Paris fortifications . The debate , however , has drawn out the Government , who , in the persons of the Attorney-General and the Keeper of the Seals , have declared m emphatic language against the intrigues of the Jesuits . The Attorney-General concluded his speech as Mows : — "The laws exist and are efficacious ; wisdom , perhaps , counsels that they be allowed to sleep for a time , —for peace is better than war , and terauasion better than force ; but if peace be no longer possible , and persuasion fruitless , the laws I repeat , exist , and ought to be executed . " That the French Government are in earnest is shown by the appointment of M . Rossi as an envoy to Rome , te endeavour , if possible , by amicable means

      to procure the withdrawal of the Jesuits . Should this mission fail , more potent measures will probably be adopted . It must not be supposed that it is from any love of liberty that Louis Philippe and Co . are opposed to the Jesuits . The cause of their opposition is , that they know that the Jesuits , not content with enslaving the people , aspire also to " rule the rulers" of the people . This , Loo ts Philippe and Co . have no fancy for . They have no objection to use the priests to gull the ignorant people , and thus render them fit slaves for their political tyrants—but the tyrants themselves have no inclination to be governed by the priests . Lows Philippe is too cunning to be made the miserable dupe that Charles the ( Tenth was made : the Jesuitsmust not attempt to rule Mm . The discussion on the arming of the fortifications has ( up to the time of writing these remarks ! nnt . vet

      terminated : buttheresult , anyone may foretell . That result will be the arming of the forts , and then no more " glorious three days" for Paris ! No matter what the grievances , what the slavery of the people ; no matter what their bravery ; no matter how willin " they may be to die for liberty : die they may—but small chance will they have of winning liberty . The forte and wall once armed , there will be but two modes left by which a revolution can possibly be effected in Paris—the one the gaining over the army to the views of the revolutionists ; the other the Moscowing the city , and thus compelling the bourgeoisie to yield to terror what they would deny to justice . The National is , at last , when too late , beginning to view the fortifications in their true light . That paper says : —

      On the least reflection , it will be admitted that the cannon placed in the forts , or on the continuous Wall , could never be employed to put down a revolution ; but , although powerless as effective means , they may become very perilous as means of prevention . Persuade an entire population that at the first disturbance Paris will be bombarded ; render this fear general , especially among those who have houses and shops—among the bourgeoisie who possess property—and you will see the whole of that bourgeoisie turn with violence against those who should have been excited to revolt by an attempt against the national sovereignty . This is what has been calculated upon . It was , above all , the moral effect that was aimed at—it is by preventive intimidation that it is hoped to prevent revolution , and to secure the strongest chances bv placing beforehand the timid on the side of the government .

      lhe National does not favour the world with the extraordinary reasons on which it grounds its opinion that the cannon of the forts could never be employed to put down a revolution ; but it now admits that the forts were intended for that purpose , and will be effective for that end . The National supposes the possibility of an " attempt against the national sovereignty , " which would justify a revolt ! Why what a humbug this is!—as if there was any "national sovereignty" in France to make an attempt against ! The only sovereignty that exists in that country is the sovereignty of the profit-monpers , guided by a perjured king , and backed by an overwhelming military force . The "national sovereignty" in France—heavens , what a mockery ! The National should remember that to its party—the rabid , unprincipled anti-English war faction—is mainly to be attributed the embastillement of Paris

      and the Parisians will yet curse those who misled them into the tolerating of this liberticidal scheme . It is on the frontiers the integrity of France must be maintained . If not maintainable there , no Parisian forts can save France from the foot of the invader . This the crafty old sinner , Louis Philippe , knows very well ; and it was not against foreigners that the fortifications were erected , but to keep down the MASSES of Paris . Poor fools ! Theybuiltwallstokeep out the English ! If the Parisians had none but the English io guard against , they might at once "beat their swords into ploughshares , and their spears into pruning-hooks . " It is not the stranger without , but the domestic spoliator and oppressor within , whom the Parisians have to fear , and whose rapacity and tyranny they will now strnegle against in vain . In aiding in the embastillement of Paris , the National and its party have earned for themselves the condemnation ofthe patriots of all nations .

      Untitled Article

      Afv 101845 . — ¦ THE NORTHERN STAR .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 10, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1314/page/7/