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Northern Star (1837-1852), 26th April 1845, Edition 1 of 3, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Famp Jfltotoments.

      famp jfltotoments .

      Untitled Article

      " -n ^ ar , at least in words , " ** SfflJ <* ance » iappen-deeds ) , SKffS *** " ** " * - v I hear a little Mrd , who sings "I tto * I ^ by ^ jQije ae stronger . " —Bisos The peQP _ ¦ - ^ rinFO 4 SDBUEM 0 S AYRES . —THE M 0 } C WAR Ef THE RIO DE LA PLATA . nnts which have so often disfigured our The 3 t ^ ri , e massacres perpetrated on the banks of f ^ Ta de la Plata—the fact that many of our il > ^ nen have beenthe -rietimsinthose massacres , ^^ flierecen * change in our diplomatic relations with ti m 4 vres , together with the now certain interiien « fr * B ™ tisn Government—renders a few * Vmatory remarks on the past and present state of ^^ r ^ Iatpartp ftheworJdnotunnecessary . For l following description of the seat of war , and the rln of tl * * irar » yfe are principally indebted to an ' jjjgjfticle in thai excellent publication , Simmvnds's r < f £ fRio dela Plata , or the River Plate , originally ai called from the supposition that the country

      pro-Vnml silver , is rattier an inland sea tnan a river , tV at the entrance , from Gape St . Mary to Gape < £ " intonio , 170 miles broad . A vast number of river * traversing the whole extent of the South American continent , empty their waters into this murlitv stream , rendering its shores the fitting seat of j ^ n « -antie commercial empire . These natural capacities have not as yet been very extensively developed , owing to the thinness of the population , the slothful system of the old Spanish rule , and the still more fatal results of the sanguinary struggles which lave of late years scourged those unfortunate regions . Still , considerable trading interests have risen up , both at Monte Video and at Buenos Ayres , and a large population of English , French , and Italian traders are residing in the former city , where their nersons and properties have for a long time past been exposed to suffering , loss , and destruction , the consequences of the savage warfare we have to describe in

      this article . The Rio de Plata , at the part where Monte Video is situated , : s only fifty miles broad , and an inlet jroni the river forms the harbour ; which , though very capacious , and , as far as extent of surface is concerned , might hold a very large fleet , is so shal-] ow , that even merchant ships are confined to one side , and there is no anchorage for men-of-war , except for those of a small draught of water , so that larger vessels—such as frigates—generally anchor about five miles from the landing-place . It is formed by two promontories ; on the side to the west is the mount , on the other to the east is the town ; and within the harbour there is a small rocky island , called " Rab Island . " which is now fortified with thirteen guns ,

      and derives additional protection from the rocky nature of the ground , as well as the shallowness of the water round it The town , situated on the east ade of the harbour , presents a fine appearance from flie sea ; it is of Spanish origin , and was captured by a British force in the year 1807 . Since it threw off ilie Toke of Old Spain it has been tJje-snbject of contention between Brazils and BueucsAyres , being at limes subject to each , till at last it became independent of both , and the whole province of the Banda Oriental , of which Monte Video is the capital , forms a good boundary to the extensive territory of the Emperor of Brazil . Monte Video is well built ; its streets are perfectly straight , and intersect each other at right angles . There are several handsome

      dicrehes , the largest of * ucli , dedicated to St . Jrlulin and St . James , is a noble structure , built in the Jsoiman siyle . The houses , having all flat roofs , ¦ would form so many fortresses against an enemy taking the town by assault , as a few resolute men on ihe roof of one of these houses ^ might do much dajnage to a party in the street , without incurring any risk for themselves . This has been often very sensibly felt , and the importance of it is well appreciated by the natives , and by none perhaps more so than by Obibe , who has never made the least show of attacking the town by assault , even before the present Rails were erected . These walls were erected by a French engineer , and are about half a mile beyond the citadel , and planted with cannon taken from the

      vreek of the Agamemnon , which was lost in the river . The inhabitants of Monte Video are of a mixed nature , composed of various nations , among which Spanish , Indian , Sardinian , and French blood is very abundant . There are , besides , many English and other foreigners Tesiduiginthe town for the purpose of commerce . The women are described as being mostly very handsome , particularly those of Spanish descent . If the statements of travellers are to be relied on , coupled with die well-known atrocities of the existing war , cruelty 2 nd an utter recklessness of blood-shedding would appear to be a too-distinguishing characteristic of the inhabitants of the river Plate , and we fear that &e Moute Yideans form no exception to the general rule . The Catholic religion , of course , preponderates .

      The causes of the war between Monte Video and Ineiios Ayres appear to be twofold : the one arising from the fact that the French , who had been assisted by Monte Video as an ally in the war they waged against the Argentine Republic , of which Buenos Ayres is the capital , omitted to include their friends in the peace which they made with the Republic in 2 S 36 , and thus left them to prosecute the war , which has continued ever since , single-handed and in the best manner they could . The other cause arises from a civil feud between twoparties in the Republic , jespectivel y claiming Rivera and Oribe as the legal president . Rosas , who holds tide whole of the power , with all the resources of Buenos Ayres , in his own hands , has long wished to add the Banda Oriental ,

      withjits capital Monte Video , to his present extensive territory , and for this pu rpose has made use of the specious word " confederation , " having raisedaparty eren within the walk of Monte Video , advocating federal principles , in opposition to the majority , who sre desirous ofkeepingtke town free from the tyranny as well as the restrictions on trade which the Argentines experience at the hands of Rosas . From the circumstance of wishing to act alone , they are denominated "Unitarians , " and it was as fat back as 383 S that an event occurred which enabled Rosas to attempt the execution of his darling object of reducing the Banda Oriental to a province of Buenos Ayres . It appears that when the Brazilians evacuated Monte Video , Rivera was unanimously elected

      to the office of ' Camp General over all the Monte Videan forces , without civil power in the towns ; and an attempt having been made by Oribe to deprive Tnni of this office , he raised an army of Orientals , and advanced to the walls of Monte Vide , for the purpose of displacing Oribe from the president ' s chair , m whichhe had been placed by the Chamber of Repre-EentatiTes , when Oribe , Eteing no prospect of opposing his adversary in the field , considered himself obliged to give in his resignation as president . Obibe , when Ms resignation had been accepted , and Rivera elected as his successor , left the town , and , without endeavouring to make use of any honourable means to regain the post which he had resigned , allowed himself to become the tool of Rosas , who ,

      annex the pretence of restoring him to his office , was glad of the cloak thus afforded him of hiding his real designs upon Monte Video , and therefore welcomed him to Buenos Ayres , to which place Obibe repaired . Thus the matter remained till the autumn of 1842 , ¦ sfcen Rosas collected and equipped a force of 8 , 000 Ben , principally cavalry , and placed them under the command of Obibe , who marched towards the Banda Oriental , aisd met and defeated the forces of Monte Video , at a small stream called Arroyo Grande . Ojuee arrived in sight of Monte Video on the 16 th xebniaiy , 1 B 13 , and was supported at sea by a few snail vessels of war , belonging to Buenos Ayres , under the command of an Englishman named Browx , holding , though in naval commandthe rank of

      , General , as Buenos Ayres has no naval rank separate from the military- In the meantime they were not idle within the walls , for Rivera having left the town to scour the country , and cut oft Oribe's supplies , left foelihul him a ministry to conduct the defence of the torn . This ministry left with very few troops at their command , set about their arduous task with zeal and activity , and the French settlers , to the aumber of 3 , 000 men , were induced to enrol themselves as Tolunteer soldiers , and the Italians , also settlers , were induced to follow their example , to the aumber of 800 . The blacks too , being principally « aancipated slaves , enrolled themselves to the number of 2 , 000 ; these , with a few German riflemen , ?> d some natives , formed all the force which , though

      i ^ ge ianumerieal force , were perfectly inexperienced Jn war . In addition to this the present walls were hastily verted and fortified , and several gun-boats were also equipped and placed under the command of an Italian ^ ed G-TCBALDO . From that time to ihe present the blockade of *« mtc Video las continued by sea and land . Obbie ^ s established a strong cordon of posts across the Promontory on which the town is situated , thus presenting any communication with the country beyond ; "" ^ i at the same time Buccaneer Bbows , with Ms squadron , has been equally active at sea . The horn "je protluaations of Obibe , breathing vengeance juai death io the Monte Videans , whom he terms f infamous rebels and savage Unitarians , " have been .. oiW ed by barbarities and murders so horrible , as * 9 « e bevond the tmwers of descrintion . It has all

      along been the custom of this miscreant and his crew ? 1 desperadoes , to put to death all theprisonerstaken 30 the almost daily skirmishes between the outposts , j ? K" as much torture as they possibly could ; and " ^ nenfly after ^ th i « mutilate the bodies , and place them within the wsach of the outposts of the Monte Videans . As mightbe expected , this produced pkhatwn on the part of the opposite aide , and for a iong time past it has been the rule with both parties aeiflier to ask nor give quarter ; death is the certain doom of those who fall . tfosAS sent a further force to the assistance of X ^ consisting of 1000 men and 6000 horses , under « ee ( nninandofUB < imzA . Thisforce , though checked Mr a time by Colonel Flores , at length joined Obibe , 30 ( 1 vas goon afterwards gent out again , greatly inweascd , to keep Rivera at bay , which he has done ever since .

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      The Monte Videans have now been for more than twelve months destitute of provisions , except rice , farina , beans , and oil ; they haveno money , and nearly all their horaes have been killed and eaten ; they have an army before their town superior in numbers , discipline , and resources to themselves ; a squadron of the enemies shipB blockade them by water ; and , lastly , their own general , Rivera , is somewhere in the country , nobody knows where , but wherever he is Urquiza is watching him with a superior force ; yet the Monte Videans , despite all these adverse circumstances , have not yielded ; they still hold OHt , fighting , suffering , and perishing , in an almost hopeless contest . TheBritishresidentsatMonteVideohavedeclaimed bitterly against the apathy of the British

      Government in allowing this barbarous war to continue , occasioning , as it has done , immense destruction of life , and ruin to most important commercial interests . The conduct of Mr . Masbeville , the British envoy at Buenos Ayres , has been fiercely animadverted on , and while he has drawn down upon himself the hatred of the English residents , who denounce him as the " tool of Rosas , " he appears to have at the same time failed in satisfying Ms own Government of this his recall , and the appointment of Mr . Gore OusELEr to fill his place , is sufficient proof . We must defer till next week ^ the reasons justificatory ol the interference of the British Government , and also the account of the atrocities of the miscreant Rosas , which atrocities alone would justify such interference .

      Agriculture An& ^Artfatitmtt

      Agriculture an& ^ artfatitmtt

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      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , May Gtii , 1844 . [ Extracted from a Diary of Actual Operations on five smallfarms on the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willinerdon and Eastdean , of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the sameplace . Theconsecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diab * is aided by "Notes and Observations " from the pen of Mr . Lowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      " The culture of the ground is thy happiest state , O man ! Envy not the possession of gold , silver , or fine raiment—their joys may not be so great as thine : for these things lead unto sloth , and a life of slothfulncss is prone to vanity and imaginings of evil . " Note . —The school farms are cultivated by bops , «/ A » in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in ihe afternoon for the master ' s iene / t , whichjendm the schools sblf-SBPPORTDJG . We lelieve that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm ivill be assignedtothe boys , and one-seventh to the vuuur , ivho tiM receive Hie usual school fees , help the boys to cultivate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , < &c , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keep ing , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and bemade thus indirectly to reach their parents in < t way the most grateful to their feelings . ' ]

      ^^ SUSSEX . Mosday—WiUingdon School . Boys digging and manuring for potatoes after rye . Eastdean School Ten boys digging , and planting potatoes , hoeing the forward ones , and weeding . Piper . Planting potatoes . Dumbrell . Dibbling mangel wurzel seed , digging . Tcesbat—WiUingdon School . Boys digging and manuring . Eastdean School . Planting potatoes , sowing carrot seed , hoeing tares , picking up the weeds for pigs and cows . Piper . Drawing manure to the ground where rye has just come off . Dumbrell Dibbling mangel wurzel seed , and digging . Wedsesdat—WUUngdon School . Boys digging and manuring . Eastdean School . Boys emptying tanks , and pouring liquid along the drills , chopping sods , and preparing for turnips . Piper . Digging rye stubble , mowing tares for soiling , above three feet long . Dumbrell . Dibbling mangel wurzel

      seed , and digging . Thursbat—WUUngdon School . Boys digging and manuring for potatoes after rye . Eastdean School Boys digging rye ground , planting potatoes upon it , gathering stubble , and laying it in the trench . Piper . Planting potatoes . Dumbrell . Digging rye stubble ; placing mangel wurzel seed . Friday —WiUingdon School . Boys digging tyestubble , and manuring for potatoes . Eastdean School Boys planting potatoes , thrashing oats , cleaning piggery , and mixing the dung with mould . Pijier Planting potatoes ; always watching my five pigs , which I feed on boiled potatoes and pollard . Dum-Lrell . Drilling tares , cutting potatoes , and digging . Saturday—WUUngdon School . Hand weeding wheat . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing and cleaning oats , digging , cleaning out portable pails , school room , and tank . Piper . Digging rye stubble . DiimbreUi Planting potatoes . YORKSHIRE . Slaithwaite School . Boys finished draining , preparing ground for turnips , rolling oats . COW-FEEDKG . WiUingdon School . Cows fed on green tares once a day , and green clover the other . DumbreWs . One cow grazed in the pasture .

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      fertilising effects of banes dissolved in acid than any sort of bones not so prepared , were clearly shown in the following results , in which the crops from the dissolved bones took the lead from the commencement !— '

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      Bones Cost of Bones State of Amount of Produce per acre . P eraere - Bones . per acre . £ s , d , tons . cwt . st . lb . 16 2 0 0 Crushed 10 3 4 8 2 Dissolved 9 12 0 0 2 Dissolved 11 10 0 0 4 Dissolved 12 11 6 i 4 0 19 6 Dissolved 14 6 4 0 4 10 6 Dissolved 14 11 7 0 8 19 9 Dissolved 18 15 7 0 8 1 13 0 Dissolved 15 2 5 0 8 Dissolved 16 1 3 6

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      From which it appeared , that two bushels of dissolved bones per acre would actually produce as good results as sixteen bushels of bones in their ordinary state in some cases ; that eight bushels of dissolved bones would greatly surpass sixteen bushels of bones used in any other manner : and that four bushels per acre would be a fair quantity to apply in the state of solution ; the results being greatly superior to those from four-fold the same quantity of bones applied in the usual manner , and the cost of the application less in proportion to the amount of effect produced , evidenced by the weight of the crop , than that of any other quantity . —II . Proportions . —1 . Bones and Add . —The proportion of acid had generally been one-half of the weight of bones employed ; but onethird , or even one-fourth of the weight of bones

      might be used with success if occasion required . That was an important point in the economy of the manure , as it affected the cost materially . —2 . Water . —The proportion of % vater had generally been 100 times the weight of acid ; but fifty or twenty-five times the weight of acid would serve the purpose required very efficiently . That fact was one likely to be of great use , one of the main practical difficulties to contend with in the application of dissolved bones being the large quantity of water which had been considered necessary . Mr . Hannam ' s result showed that four bushels of bones ( 12 st . ) , 6 st . of acid and 300 st . of water ( fifty times that of acid ) , gave 420 gallons of dissolved bones to be applied per acre ; while 150 st . of water ( twenty-five times that of acid ) would suffice . It was , however , worthy of notice , in

      reference to the preparation of the mixture , that the bones should be pulverised as much as possible before they are mixed with the acid , in order to render the solution more complete ; but should that not be the case , and a few of the larger portions of bone be left undisselved , that circumstance would occasion no injurious effect , as there would be bone enough dissolved for the plant in its early stages , and the larger particles would disintegrate by degrees and come into operation towards the end of the season . —III . Dissolved-lone Compost . —Mr . Pusey thought that however great a point was gained by reducing the bulk of the water employed for diluting the solution of the bones , a still greater step was attained by substituting altogether the compost foi the liquid form of the application . In the soeiety ' slast journal , p . 590 , Mr .

      Tennant , of Shields , near Ayr , gave the following account of his practice on this head : — " I puttwentyfive bushels into three old boilers ( of which every farm here has a supply ) , and next pour in two bottles of acid , of about 1701 b . each , and thirty-six Scotch pints ( eighteen imperial gallons ) of boiling water into each boiler . It boils away at a great rate for some time , and in a day or two we empty the boilers into two carts of light mould , and turn the mixture over . At this stage , the bones are only partially dissolved , but they heat and decompose in the heap , after being turned over throe or four times ; and in the course of seven or eight weeks the compost becomes dry , and breaks down with a shovel in a fit state for spreading by hand in the drill . " Mr . Thompson stated , that he had himself last year found four bushels of

      dissolved bones applied in the form of compost fully equal to twenty loads of farm-yard manure , there being no perceptible difference in the crop throughout the field . —IV . Cost of Acid . —The Earl of Ducie called the attention of the council to the price of the acid employed for the solution of the Ibones . He understood that sulphuric and muriatic acid might be obtained for three farthings per pound . It was desirable , not only that the price of the acid should be ascertained , but that its purity and strength should also be uniferm . Mr . Hyett has communicated the following interestng particulars in a letter to Mr . Pusey : — "Messrs . Leonard and Jordan , of the alkali works , Bristol , offer to supply me with acids for dissolving bones as follows : — "Oilofvitrol ( sulph . acid ) sp . gr . 1850 per lb . Id . Brown acid ( ditto ) ditto 1700 id

      „ . Muriatic acid ditto 1100 „ Jd . " These prices are charged for 10 carboys or upwards ; for any less quantity id . is usually added . A carboy is a layge glass bottle , containing from 1 to 11 cwt . This is a reduction of 25 , 50 , and 100 per cent , respectively , on some of our printed prices ; but those who buy largely should be able to test the strength , without knowing which , the price , of course , is of no great value . This is done very easily with a small phial called a thousand-grain bottle , which costs about 6 d . Balance one of these in the scales , fill it with the acid up to the mark on the neck ; the weight gained is the specific ^ ay ity and measure of strength . Thus ^ the oil of vitriol of commerce in the thousand-grain bottle should weigh 1850 grains , and the brown acid named above 1700 grains . The

      manufacturers inform me that there is no difference between these two , excepting that the latter is less concentrated than the former . This , I think , must mean less purified as well . It probably contains some very small quantity of organic matter , which has found its way into the sulphur during its voyage or manufacture ; and which being charred , gives the colour , and renders it less saleable for many purposes of manufacture . For our purposes , this is no ohjeo tion The reduction in strength as compared with the oil of vitriol is more than covered by the reduction in orice . I calculate that the quantity of the brown acid , which would cest only £ 5 Cs . 3 d ., would , taking its relative strength into account ^ dissolve as many bones as a quantity of the oil of vitriol which would cost £ 6 7 s . This , of course , presumes that

      there are no impurities in either injurious to their effect on bones , and is mere calculation , which should be tested " by actual trial . In all sulphuric acid , I believe there is a little lead , derived from the leaden vessels in which it is manufactured ; and sometimes when made from pyrites , a little arsenic , but not enough , I suppose , to have any decided effect on the specific gravity or strength , nor on the vegetable or animal that feeds upon the crop . " Mr . Thomas suggested , that as it was often difficult for a small fanner to find a vessel of sufficient capacity to contain the mixture of the dissolved bones and water , it might be found a simple substitute to form a sort of pond , puddled with three or four loads of clay , in which the mixture could be made . When the solution was complete , the clay might be mixed with the compost .

      Hewing out a Farm . —Day after day it was no slight army of trees against which we had to do battle : we had to fight hard with them to gain possession of the soil , for the trees in those days were giants . I then felt thankful , knowing well how to appreciate my advantages , that having been born and brought up on an English farm , all kinds of tools , agricultural and others , were at home in my hands . There was a world of work , digging to lay bare the roofs , felling , and then cutting the boles and boughs up with the saw and axe . Such of the boles as were good for anything we cut into proper lengths for posts ; splitting and mortising them for that purpose . Rails also we had to get when there were any boughs straight enough . Some ot the trees were of unconscionable girth , six or eight yards in circumference . Immense

      was the space ofgroundthathadtobedugaway to lay bare the roots . And then , what roots ! they were too large to be cut through with the axe ; we were compelled to saw them in two with the cross-cut saw . One of these monsters of the wild was fifteen days burning—burning night and day , and was a regular ox-roasting fire aft the time . We entirely routed the quiet of that old primaeval forest solitude , rousingthe echo of ages on the other side of the river , that shouted back to us the stroke of the axe , and the groan and crash of falling gum trees . Night never came too soon , and we slept without rocking . Then what curious and novel creatures—bandicoots , flying squirrel * , opossums , bats , snakes , guanas , and lizards—we disturbed , bringing down , with dust and thunder , their old domiciles about their ears . Sometimes , also , we found nests of young birds and of with

      young wild cats ; pretty black creatures , spotted white . The wild denizens looked at us wildly , thinking , probably , thatwe were roughreformers , desperate radicals , and had no respect for immemorial and vested rights . It was unnatural work , and cruel ; especially when , pile after pile , we added to our other ravages , the torment and innovation of vast fires . The horrid gaps and blank openings in the grand old woods seemed , I felt at times , to reproach us . It was reckless waste , in a coalless country , to commit so much fuel to the flames . Timber , too , hard in its grain as iron almost , yet ruddy , and more beautiful than mahogany . No matter , we could not eat wood ; we must do violence to our sense of the beautiful , and to nature's sanctities ; we must have corn land , and we , with immense labour , cleared seventeen acres . —Howitt ' s Australia .

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      Can it be True ?—Whether the following be true or not , I will leave your readers to judge . Going over Bedlam the other day with a party , a supposed lunatic presented himself , of most gentlemanly deportment . He spoke in several languages to the foreigners of the party—in French to one , German to another , Spanish to a third , and English fluently to all . On asking him how he came there , he said it was for writing letters to an illustrious personage ( not her Majesty ) to get the appointment of teacher of languages to H . R . H . the Prince ot Wales . The assertion was not contradicted by those who were near and heard it , and ought to have known whether it was true or false . It surely cannot be true ; for the public , through the usual channels , has not heard of any such committal to Bethelem Hwpifc" - Edinburgh Weekly Register ,

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      LONDON . Metropolitan District Cocnoii , 1 , Turnagainlane , April 20 th—Mr . Rowland in the chair . Reports respecting the Convention were received . The secretary was instructed to summon the whole of the delegates for Sunday next , to hear and carry out the measures agreed to by the Convention . . ° ?^^ AIlL > *> Turnagain-lane , Sunday morning April fOth . —A numerous meeting was held to discuss the following question : — " Whether the mass of the people are sufficiently enlightened to be entrusted with the franchise ? " Mr . Overton was called to the chair , and an . ahimated discussion ensued—Messrs T . . Clark , Dorman , and Cowan taking the affirmativej and Messrs . Dalrymple and Connor the negative side . The discussion was adjourned until Sunday morning next .

      Re-opening of the South London Chartist Hall . —The alwve hall was re-opened on Monday evening , April 22 nd , with a festival . Feargus O'Connor , Leo ., was called on to preside , and took the chair amid loud applause . In proposing the first toast , "the People—the Land—and the Charter , " he said they had assembled that evening for . the double purpose of receiving instruction and amusement , but more especially to celebrate their re-union . ( Cheers . ) He loved the people , and believed when they were fully , -iware of their own power , they would obtain their rights . He looked on the Land as the means of obtaining the Charter . There were a few friends now assembled in Convention to keep the claim to those thlnss alive . The Deonle

      had a perfect right to them from their birth ; and he knew of no bar the lapse of time had placed in their way . A National Trades Conference , consisting of ninety-seven members , had recently met . They had agreed to the Land question , and were for the protection of industry ; which were the things the Chartists looked for : and although the Trades did not take our name , they were taking our principles . ( Cheers . ) There had been a Conference also of a single Trade , yet a very important one , the Shoemakers , consisting of thirty-seven members . Well , they followed in the same course . It might be weakness that they did not acknowledge the Chartist principles , but they were progressing in the ri g ht direction . It was his ( Mr . O'Connor ' s ) full conviction that there

      would be no security for social rights until they obtained their political rights . ( Loud cheers . ) The present " lull" in . the agitation gave him no alarm . He saw their principles progressing . Let them look which way they would , Chartism was more diffused than ever . He cordially gave the people "the Land and the Charter . " ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . Candy proposed the second sentiment— " The Executive Committee of the National Charter Association . " He said that body had stood the test of public opinion , and had not been found wanting , but had given general satisfaction . They were working men of the right sort . The glorious example set by their excellent chairman was worthy of all praise . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Dron said the best test they could have of the

      efficiency of their Executive , was their re-election by a very large majority . ( Cheers . ) Mr . T . M . Wheeler rose to give the third sentiment— "More Chartist Halls and fewer Churches , " which was received with a burst of loud applause . He said he cordially concurred in the sentiment . He believed if halls were more numerous , their principles would meet with many supporters . ( Cheers . ) With the latter portion he equally agreed . Churches , as at present conducted , were complete nuisances . The parsons did not educate the people , and consequently those edifices were worse than useless , and the sooner they were converted into Chartist halls for jhj $ . teaching of morals and science the better . ( Louacheers . ) Mr . O'Connor then eavethe next toast , "T . S . Duncombe ,

      M . P ., the Representative of the People . " ( Loud cheers . ) If it was necessary to say anything to add to Mr . Duncombe ' s well-earned popularity , he would have to bid them look at his herculean labours on behalf of the working people —( cheers)—almost undivided and alone . Look _ at him in his only week ' s holiday , devoting his time in the daily presidency over " Labour's Parliament . " ( Loud cheers . ) The next sentiment was , "Frost , Williams , and Jones , and the other Exiles , " which was received with loud cheers . The Chairman then gave " The Ladies , " which was heartily responded to ; and thus coneluded the speaking portion of the evening's business . Dancing then commenced , which appeared to afford much enjoyment .

      Democratic Festival . — A densely _ crowded musical meeting was held on Tuesday evening , April 22 nd , at the Crown and Sceptre , Brompton . This festival was held for the benefit of the juvenile nortion of the . family of a well-known democrat , William Wlritehorn , Mr , Doyle presided and Mr , Dorman occupied the vice chair .

      BRIGHTON . At a General Meeting of the Chartists of this town , held at the Cap of Liberty , Portland-street , Mi . William Flower in the chair , it was proposed by Mr . Tullett , and seconded by Mr . Williams— " That it is the opinion of this meeting that the conduct of T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., on all occasions in the Commons House of Parliament , but more especially Ms detection and manly exposure of the Post-office espionage system , as practised by Sir James Fouche Graham , is deserving the gratitude of all classes of reformers ; and we furthermore trust that they will unite with the working classes to assist the hon . member for Finsburyin abolishing a system pregnant with danger to the lives and liberties of the democrats of all Europe . " The resolution was carried unanimously .

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      THE MINERS' STRIKE AT DUKINFIELD , TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN 8 TAX . Sir , —I have again to trouble you with a short exposS ot another act of "Coal-king" tyranny which , 'if you will insert in your invaluable journal , you will much oblige the Coal-miners of the Duckenfield district . On whose behalf I am , dear sir , yours faithfully , Manchester , April 22 nd , 1845 . William Dixon .

      TO THE PUBLIC . It will be remembered by the readers of the Star that the Coal-miners in the employment of Messrs . Swire and Lee , at Ducinfield , were recently compelled to strike , through the tyrannical conduct of an agent employed by that firm . This gentleman considered himself justified in taking 7 s . out of 17 s . ( id . earned by the men ; in addition to which he took so much of the men ' s work from them under the plea that there was dirt in the coals . Nor was this all they had to complain of . His regulations requiredjthat thev , sn . ouW shovel dirt for days together , and receive nothing for it . The men , therefore , laid their case before the employers , but they refusing to give them any redress , they had ho alternative but to strike . They are now in the ninth week of their struggle , and are as

      determined to-day as they were at first , not to return to work until they have justice done them . The masters have , through the press and by their agents , which they have sent up and down the country , stated that they had offered to give them all they wanted , but they would not return to their work . It is true that they offered terms to the men , propounded by Mi . Matthias Dunn , similar to the terms given to the Miners of the north by the northern coal despots—niimely , that they might come back to their work at the same price they had when they struck , providing they would sign a bond , some to serve for a mo ' nth , others for two months , and others for three , six , and twelve months , and the masters to be at liberty to discharge a man at any time

      ly giving Mm fourteen days , notice . The Miners , with all their ignorance , saw the drift of this . They knew it was introduced for the purpose of getting rid of the " barking dog , " and binding the rest fast to the master ' s will . They , therefore , rejected it . The masters have taken every advantage of the men in order to intimidate them , and make them go to their work ; they have sent the bailiffs into the men ' s houses for rent , and that at the time they owed the men more money than would pay the rent ! The men frustrated this generous move , by paying the rents out of the funds provided by a generous public , The next act of tyranny was to turn the men out of their houses , and throw their furniture into the streets . I know one man who had lived twenty-seven

      years in the house , and who , at his own expense , had built several outbuildings , and stocked the garden with valuable trees and plants , for which these just gentlemen woulu not give him a farthing , but tumbled him into the street because he would not become a willing slave . But notwithstanding all these petty acts of oppression , the men stand firm , and will continue to do bo as long as the public support them . Every praise is due to the operatives of Ashton , Stalcybridge , and Dukinfield , for the manner in which they have responded to the Miners' call for help . Nor is this the only pleasing feature in this struggle : it has been the means of bringing the Miners and the other trades into communion with each other , which bids fair to accomplish in this district the amalgamation of the whole of the Trades in the great national compact . There in a committee of sixteen in Ashton .

      composed of eight Spinners and eight Miners . These men go out , a Spinner and a Miner together , three nights in the week , for the double purpose of impressing on the Trades the necessity of all uniting in one great body for the purpose of ' assisting each other , and at the same time to get subscriptions for the Miners on strike . This is as it ought to be ; and I hope other towns will form committees for the purpose of visiting the Trades on this important question . Before I conclude I wish to say a word to the Lead 'Miners of Derbyshire . Tou have had , and now have , a , gentleman amongst you who , by his misrepresentation and falsehood , is endeavouring to lure you from your homes for the purpose of taking the bread out of the mouths of your fellow-men . You are the only men in the miningdepartment they now can fly to , and why ?—because you have not joined the Miners ' Association . The gentleman above alluded to has told you that the men could get 13 s . per day , out of

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      ————ie——^— ^ mm—^—————which they would have to pay * 3 s . for a waggoner , which would leave 10 s .-per . daycleav . Believe him not , if you don't want to be deceived . I have seen hundreds of men ' s pay tickets , and it would take four days ' wages to make 11 s . ; 2 s . 6 d . per day is something nearer the mark . A number of Lead Miners hare come and commenced working , two or three of whom have been nearly killed with the buzzard falling on them , andtheothersmust take themselves away again , They are kept close prisoners , having for their sleeping-room a lumber-room in the engine-house . Their living is bacon and bread . When they come out of the pit they have to run to the coal-pit cabin and fry their bacon , and go to their sleeping-room and eat it . This is the " splendour" that was promised them

      before they left their homes . 1 hope , therefore , that this will be a warning to you not to be trepanned by empty promises which can never be fulfilled , fov if you are , when you have answered their purpose they will send youladrlft , and you may get home as best you can . Only this last week they brought four poor fellows out of your county on the representation that it was not a strike , but a new establishment ; and if it was a strike . when they got them there they would give them money to take them home again . But did they do so ? No . When . the brave fellows r efused to work because it was a strike , instead of giving them money to go home , according to promise , they wanted them to pay for the "bread and cheese

      and ale they had had on the road . " " No , no , " said the men , " . we have done that little bit of work for you because you engaged us to do it , but we will not be knobsticks . " They came to the men on strike , and they treated them kindly for their honesty , and sent them home , although the honourable gentleman who kidnapped them from their families left them to beg their way back , or starve . Trusting that the above will be sufficient to prevent others from coming to Duckenfield while the strike is pending , which cannot be long , provided the Miners of other counties keep away , ' I am , dear friends , on behalf of the Miners , Manchester , April 22 nd . Wm . Dixon .

      To THE PiOPEMAKERS OF SCOTLAND . —FellOW WOl'kmen , —Mi . Robert Hood Haggie . of Willington Ropery , and No . 61 , Clese , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , having sent printed bills into Scotland , offering good wages and constant employment to Ropemakers , we beg leave to acquaint you , in order to prevent your being cajoled by this man , that the reason of his thus advertising is his refusal to nay the same rate of wages that every other master in this district is paying : our sole demand being the rate at which all our fellow workmen in the surrounding roperies are

      receiving—and not one farthing more—which he refuses to pay , threatening to fill Ids ropery with Scotchmen , whom he says he can get tor fifteen shillings ner week . In order to subjugate us , he has sent the bills to Scotland . We , therefore , trust that you will not suffer yourselves to be misled by this great Free Trader and zealous distributor of " gospel" tracts : but that you will treat his bills with the contempt they deserve , and not lend yourselves to assist him in reducing the wages of your fellow -workmen of the trade . —By order of the Ropemakers on strike at Willington Ropery , James Armstrong , Chairman .

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      Smoke Nuisance . —The Select Committee of the House of Commons appointed to bring in a bill for abating the nuisance of smoke , have again resumed their sittings . In the voluminous report published by _ the committee last year the evidence of numerous scientific and practical men was given , on the advantages to the public , as well as the economy to the owners of steam-engines , of the adoption of efficient modes of consumings moke . The evidence shewed that upwards of sixty or seventy inventions for this purpose have been proposed , and the principal part of this number have oeen patented ; and although , a vast majority of these inventions have been proved to be inapplicable or defective , there are still several which will accomplish , the object , or will at least greatly reduce the evil . Many experiments have been made at her Majesty ' s dockyards on some of the most promising of these inventions with various degrees of success ; and it appears by the reports made from Woolwich and

      Portsmouth dockyards , that after alengthened trial of two years , it has been determined , to adopt Godson ' s patent smoke-coKSUining apparatus in the Government , yards , in consequence of its satisfactory performance . This invention combines the two principles of coking the coal and introducing heated air into the furnace , by either of which methods scientific men are agreed that a yeij large proportion of tlie smoke of furnaces may be consumed ; and by the j oint operation of the two it is to be expected that the most perfect combustion of the smoke will be obtained . Owing to the Immense increase In steamengine chimneys within the last few years , the evil of smoke has reached a most intolerable height , and it is to be hoped that the committee this year will not expend their labour so uselessly as they did last year , but will devise some efficient plan for compelling the abatement of the nuisance , since no doubt now exists as to its practicability and the advantages to be decivedfromit .

      Utility of the Electric Telegraph . — On the 19 th inst . a gentleman , a passenger by the twelve o ' clock down train to Bristol , from the Paddington terminus of the Great Western Railway , discovered , shortly before the tr » 3 n arrived at Slough , that he had lost his purse , containing Bank of England notes to the amount of £ 900 , besides £ 2 10 s . in gold ami 8 s . 6 d . in silver . Immediately on the arrival of the train at the Slough station he proceeded direct to the office of ihe electric telegraph m a state of great excitement , not knowing whether lie had been robbed

      of his money in the railway carriage , or lost it before he entered the train . Information of the loss was instantaneously transmitted to the superintendent of the electric telegraph , at the Paddington station , who immediately proceeded to the booking-office where the gentleman paid for his ticket , where the purse and its contents were found untouched . Within five minutes from the time of the loss being made known at Slough , the gentleman had the satisfaction of knowing that by means of tins extraordinary invention his property was safe , and shortly afterwards received it by the following train .

      The Rev . Dr . Hook , vicar of Leeds , lias buwi appointed chaplain to the Leeds workhouse , without stipend .

      DEATH . On Tuesday evening last , April 22 , at seven o ' clock , Mrs . Sarah Monk , of Pond-terraco , College-street , Chelsea . Deceased was an opulent laundress , employing a great number of hands , and she was also a thorough and most benevolent democrat , relieving freely the Chartist victims ; and to such of our poor and oppressed brethren who fell in her way , her heavy loss will be long and widely lamented .

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      Baptized , by the Rev . Mr . Irvin , of the Free Church , Falkirk , on Sabbath , March 20 th , and duly registered , George Feargus O'Connor , son of Ann and William Wilkie . On Wednesday , April 9 , at the parish Church , Sheffield , the son of John and Ruth Murray was baptised David Ross Murray .

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      London Cobn Exchange , Monday , April 21 . —The arrivals of English wheat and flour were good during the past week , but of barley , oats , beans , and peas , the receipts coastwise were on a moderate scale . From Scotland , a fair quantity of bavl&y and oats came to hand , and of the latter article the supply from Ireland was liberal . In addition to the arrival of British grown grain , a cargo of wheat was received from Sydney , and rather important supplies of oats and barley from the north of Europe . At this morning ' s market there was a small show of wheat by land-carriage samples from the home counties , and the display of beans and peas was also trifling , but barley and oats were plentiful . U p to the close of the week the weather was cold and ungenial : since

      then the temperature has risen , and to-day it is very warm . The demand for wheat was by no means lively this morning ; factors were , however , firm , and owing to the smallness of the quantity offering , they were enabled to effect a tolerable clearance at about the rates of this day se'nnight . In foreign free wheat there was not much doing , but good qualities were not cheaper . Flour moved off tardily , quotations for both town and country manufactured remaining much the same as on Monday , laat . Barley of all descriptions was difficult of disposal , and the value of this grain underwent a further decline ; capital malting qualities were offering at 32 s ., and othersorts at corresponding rates . Malt hung heavily on hand , and excepting for choice qualities ! , it was difficult to obtain former terms . Notwithstanding thesomewhat

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      — in —~ - ~ 22 ' " SSaSggggg liberal manner in which the market was : supplicit with oats noanxietv was manifested , by factors to force business , and ii steady consumptive demand enabled them to realise very nearly the currency of this day week . Beans were enquired for , and comraanded a trifling advance . Peas were also . in fai * request , and quite as dear as on Monday last . . In Iwndeil grain nothing of interest transpired . Ihe cloverseed trade is drawing to a close , and quotations have become almost nominal . Canary seed ww saleable to-day at prices which could scarcely nave , been realised on .: Monday . In other articles there ia no change to report . *

      CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . s s ¦ i Wheat , Essex , < fc Kent , new < fc old red 42 49 White 50 85 Norfolk and Lincoln . . . . do 43 47 Ditto 49 S 3 Northum . and Scotch white * 2 W Fine 49 58 ~——Irish red old O 0 Red 42 45 White 46 49 % e Old 31 32 New 30 32 Branfc 34 88 Barley Grinding . . 26 27 Distih 28 30 Malt . 31 3 * Malt Brown .... Si 56 Pale f > 6 60 Ware 62 68 Jeans Ticks old & new 32 31 Harrow 33 38 Pigeon 38 40 Peas Grey . ... 34 35 Mapl ( J 3 ( J gr WWte 36 38 Oats Lmcolns & Yorkshire Feed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotch Angus 22 24 Potato 24 28 « ™ S ; L , " VVIlite - ° Black 20 2 i Per 2801 b . net . s s 1 i > 280 lb net s 8 Town-made Flour ... 42 441 Norfolk k Stockton 32 83 Essex and Kent ..... 34 351 Irish 34 35

      . Free . Bond . Foreign . g , * B Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , < fce 53 sg 3 g Marks , Mecklenburg 48 82 82 34 Danish , llolstein , and Friesland red 44 46 2 G 28 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 47 2 G 28 Italian , Red . . 46 48 AVhite ... 50 52 28 32 Spanish , Hard . * G 48 Soft .... 18 50 28 82 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 30 31 tfndried . . 30 32 21 22 Barley , Grinding . 25 26 Malting . . 30 32 20 28 Beans , Ticks . . 30 34 Egyptian . 33 34 24 28 Peas , White . . 36 38 Maple . . 35 37 28 30 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 Russianfeed , 20 21 15 1 G Danish , Friesland feed 21 2 S 15 17 Flour , perbarrel 24 26 19 2 fr

      London Smitiivield Cattle Market , April 21 . — In the past week , tbree steamers have arriveS in the port of London , direct from Rotterdam , with live stock for our market , the Batavicr bringing forfcyseven , the Girafic ten , and the Columbine eight oxen and cows , or a total of sixty-five head . Respecting the quality of the above importations , we may observe that it has proved extremely good , indeed finer beasts have not been received under the new tariff for sale here than those which have reached us since this day se ' nnight . The average weight of these animals has been . about 110 stones ( 81 b . ) . The number on offer to-day did not exceed seventeen—the other imports finding purchasers on Friday last , while they commanded a steady demand at full

      prices . We doubt not that every precaution is exercised at the Custom House to prevent the landing of diseased . animals ; still , we are fully convinced that some of the Dutch beasts , which were very badly on their feet here this morning , wore suffering from the effects oft he so long complained of epidemic . As to those from our own districts , we regret to observe that large numbers of them were thus affected . Although the supply of beasts from our own counties was , the time or year considered , very moderate , and of middling quality compared with that brought forward on some previous market days , the beef trade this morning ( owing to the dead markets being rather heavily supplied ) was by no means so active as many persons were led to expect . Still , however .

      the pnmest Scots were m good request , at fully last week ' s enhanced currencies—they moving off at from 4 s . to 4 s . 2 d . per 8 lb . ; but all other breeds hung heavily on hand , and some difficulty was experienced in effecting a clearance at late rates . The arrivals from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire embraced 1900 Scots and homebrals , while from the northern counties we received 300 short-horns , Ac . ; from the western and midland districts , 350 Herefords , runts , Deyons , &c . ; from other parts of England , 300 of various breeds ; and from Scotland , 180 horned and polled Scots . Nearly 400 store beasts have come to hand from Scotland in the week just concluded , but the number here to-day was small , though , in consequence of the shortness of grass

      more than adequate to meet the wants of the few dealers in attendance . Prices ruled very low . The number of sheep was rather limited , yet the mutton trade was in a sluggish state , at prices barely equal to those paid on Monday last ; yet the best old downs in the wool were taken at from 4 s . 4 d . to 4 s . 8 d . per 8 lb . From the Isle of Wight , 170 lambs were received by the Southampton railway ; while from other parts , the receipts were moderately extensive . Prime Down lambs sold steadily at from os . lOd . to 6 s ., but other kinds were a dull sale , at barely stationary prices . The supply of calves was rathcr ' linuted , yet the veal trade was dull at Friday ' s depression of 2 d . per 81 b . From Ireland we received 120 pigs , the demand for which , as well as English breeds , was heavy at barely late rates .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . s . d . s . d . Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 8 3 0 Second quality .... 3 2 3 6 Prime large oxen . . . . . 3 8 3 10 l ' rhne Scots , &c 4 0 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep ... 2 10 3 ? Second quality . . . . 3 6 3 10 Prime coarse woolled ... 4 0 4 2 Lambs ...... 4860 Prime Southdown ( out of the wool ) 3 10 4 2 Ditto ( in the wool ) ... 4 4 4 ii Large coarse calves .... 3 4 4 2 Prime small 4 4 4 6 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 29 0 Large hogs 3 0 3 6 Neat small porkers . . . 3 8 4 0 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 16 0 19 0

      HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 2 , 722-Sheep and Lambs , 28 , 700—Calves , 112—Pigs , 309 . Richmond Corn Market , April 19 . —We had a plentiful supply of grain in our market to-day , the prices much the same as last week ; wheat sold from 5 s . 6 d . to 6 s . 6 d . ; oats , 2 s . 4 d . to 3 s . 2 d . ; barley , 3 s . 6 d . to 4 s . ; beans , 4 s . to 4 s . 6 <) ., per bushel . Livekfool"Corn Market , Monday , April 2 L—The arrivals of grain into this port during the past week have been moderate , but the quantity of British produce left unsold last Tuesday has abundantly supplied our market . There has yet been no extension of demand on us for wheat , which has still been

      confined to the wants of the immediate neighbourhood . At the same time , the sale of sack flour has been particularly dull , and in the few transactions that have occurred in either of these articles it has been difficult to maintain previous quotations . Oats and oatmeal have each fully sustained their value , but the extent of business in either Las been only moderate on Friday good mealing oats ' were sold at 2 s 103 d to 2 s lid per 4 olbs ., and oatmeal at 23 s Gil to 24 s per 240 lbs . Egyptian beans were held firmly for 33 s per 480 lbs ., but notmany sold ; and a cargo of low quality of Egyptian barley was disposed of at 3 s Cd per 60 lbs . For English beans or malting barley there has been scarcely any demand . In bonded articles the

      transactions have been comprised in the sale of a cargo of yellow Indian corn at 20 s per 480 lbs ., and a small cargo of Polish Odessa wheat at 4 s 3 d per 70 lbs . The value of guano has declined fully 10 s per ton during the week . The continued dry whether may have had some , influence in lowering the pretensions of the importers , who are disappointed in the limited extent of demand as compared with that of last year , at this season . African has been sold at £ 7 down to £ 62 aGd per ton , according to quantity and quality , and Peruvian at £ 10 to £ 11 per ton . A little speculation has been excited at the lower figures . The quantity of African guano now here is estimated at about 70 , 000 tons . There lias been no change in the value of linseed or linseed cake .

      Liverpool Cattle Market , Monday , Apsix . 21 . — The supply of cattle at market to-day has been ratliei smaller than last week . There was n numerous attendance of customers from all parts . Prices a shade liighei \ Beef did . to Old . and Mutton CJd . to 6 f d . per Jb . Manchester Corn Market , Saturdat , Ap ril 1 & . — The weather throughout . the week has been exceedingly fine , but accompanied with cold , harsh winds , which must have a tendency to keep vegetation in a baekward state . Probably from this cause rather

      more confidence has been exhibited in the trade since our last report ; still , the transactions in any article have been only to a very moderate extent ^ and in these no material variation from the previous currency was perceptible . At our market this morning tlicvc was only a limited inquiry for wheat , but holders generally required previous rates . The demand for flour was lUtewise but moderate , at about late prices . Both oats and oatnieal met a fair sale for present consumption without ' alteration in value . h \ beans no change can be noted .

      Leeds Cork Market , Tuesday , April 22 . — -Our supplies of all grain this week aro extremely small , and in the absence of a better show of wheat , the trade to-day is quite of a retail character : fresh qualities however firmly maintained last week ' s rates , on the little business done , As the malting season draws to a close , the inquiry for barley necessarily becomes more limited ; in the value of good qualities there is no variation , but low descriptions are as difficult as ever to quit . Oats and beans are scarce and rather dearer . Leeds Cloth Trade . —There has been considerable briskness in the cloth market during the past week in most descriptions of goods suitablefor summer wear . The summer trade , however , being now about over , Manufacturers are beginning to turn their attention to fabrics suitable for the autumn and winter trade .

      Maltojs Corn Market , April 19 . —Tfe-have a moderate supply of all kinds of grain offering to this day ' s market . In wheat and barley no alteration Oats same as last week . Wheat , red' 44 s . to 48 s white ditto , 48 s . to 52 s . per qr . oHOst ; Ba ; ley . 27 b to 30 s . per 32 stone ; oats , lOd . to lid . per stoi& York Corn Mabket , April li ) . —We ' : b * ve attain , had a small supply of all grain to this day ' s market . Wheat has sold readily at last week ' s prices / ' Barley meta slow sale at ig . per quarter -reduction /' , Oats and beanB coaunanded rather more money . ;

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      Tchsips . —[ Seed sown , ljlbs . per acre , either in drills , or broadcast . ]—As a general rale , turnips may with advantage be sown at an earlier period in the north than would be suitable for the same species , with other circumstances equal , in the south of England . In the East Riding of Yorkshire it is common to commence sowing swedes the second week in May , and to finish white turnips by the 21 st of June . In Suffolk it is usual to commence swedes near the end of May , and -white turnips a month later . The effect , however , of difference in latitude is partially counteracted by a greater or less degree of elevation , as well as by a difference of soils where other things are

      Distance of Swede Tubmps . [ You * turnips will be small and spare , If you deprive them of fresh ah-. ] They require plenty of air and space . They may be sown on ridges 27 inches apart , if the land be stifi and tenacious ; if , on the contrary , it be loose and friable , they may be drilled on the level . Keep away from the " sides near the edge-rows , reserving side lands and shady places for your whites , or yellow bullocks . Swedes require deeper soil , richer land , and more manure than white turnips . Distance of White Turnips . —Many farmers prefer having the rows , some less , others about 22 inches , because they are better to clean ; and because if placed at 27 inches the shepherd may have to remove his net too often when the sheep are eating them .

      Size OF Tcrmps . — [ Iheir roots extend both far and wide , Conveying food from every side . ]—The more distant your turnips are in the drill , and the further these drills are from each other , the larger will be your turnips , as Mr . Tnll has beautifully demonstrated . It is a point , however , that has been much contested . Learn from experience to pitch yours at the best distance , and perhaps the mean distance will not be very far from the true one . '' A large weight , " says Mr . Almack , " cannot be produced but from large bulbs . Thus a turnip eight inches across is equal in bulk to eight turnips four inches across ; while a turnip twelve inches across is equal in bulk to twentv-seven turnips which are tour inches across . " * But the twenty-seven small ones , it is probable may be far superior to the large one in nutritive matter , a point that you ought carefully te ascertain from experiment .

      ' Drilles-gTuexips os the Level . —LSoils light upon the level sew , Soils heavy ridg'd up in the row . ]—In the light Lands , with a chalk sub-soil , of the Yorkshire Wolds , during a very dry summer , whole _ fields of turnips drilled upon ridges failed , while adjacent ones drilled upon the level bore a good crop . From such experience , and after much consideration , Mr . Almack says , that for white as well as swede turnips on thin and dry soils generally , the balance of probable advantage appeared to be in favour of the level svstem . —Journal of the R . A . Society of England .

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      Boxe MiMiBE . —At arecent meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society , Mr . Pusey informed the council , that the prize essay of Mr . Hannam , on the application ef bones as * a manure for the tumip-crop , contained , in Ws opinion , not only a detailed account of the best experiment ever made in agriculture , but some points of so much importance at the present season , when the time for sowing turnipswas coming on that he felt anxious that not a moment should be lostin communicating ihe facts to the members , for their information and guidance . Mr . Pasey having adverted to the great discovery of theeconomical and efficient employment of bones asa manure , when disenlwrl hv maceration in sulphunc acid , proceeded to

      read extracts from Mr . Hannam ' s prize essay , ot which the following is the substance :-I . Superiority in Economy and Effects . — This result consisted not onlv in a greater amount of crop obtained atless cost than in the case of bones emp loyed m their ordinary state , but also in the condition and dtewtar * tte plant itself , as well as in its . growth ; the crops derived from dissolved bones bemg both more abundant , healthy , and less liable to attacks , of ttsecte , and the plant more rapid kite growth 0 ^* m &OT in the first month , and the gam of amontft ^ ttne end , the turnips fr ^ m the Solved bon ^ teingready for use several weeks before any other ) , whde it exhibiteda decided tendency to form bulbs at a much earlier period . The greater and more readily

      Cto

      cto

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      WHIPPING IN , AND THE " CUT " DIRECT . { From , the Globe . ) Our readers must not ~ be too curious to learn how we hare obtained possession of the following correspondence , which explains why Captain Meynell , though holding an office in the household , was again absent from Friday ' s division : —

      ( No . 1 . ) MR . TODNG , M . P ., TO CAPTAIN METNEL 1 , M . P . Dear Jleynell , —Pray come up . Peel wants every T 017 vote . If we haven't a majority of our own on the second reading , it will he as much as my place is worth . D—n Lisburne . Fitzroy votes . Pringle cuts : and old Forbes Mackenzie , who has been vapouring at the Carlton that he should vote , perhaps , against , certainly not for us , has just been with me to say that he had been thinking a great deal on the subject , and should vote with us . lie pretended he did'nt know that . Pringle had resigned . O , yes ! Kelly is going to rat too . I hope he won't be sold . For God's sake come up and vote . Yours ever , Treasury , Wednesday . J . Young .

      ( No . 2 . ) CAPTAIN MEYNELL , M . P ., TO MB . TOUNO , M . P . Dear Young , —Peel and all of you may be d—d before I come up to vote for Maynooth , Because Fitzroy aud Mackenzie and Kelly are rogues , that is no reason why I should be . Yours ever , ¦ Windsor , Thursday . H . Meynell .

      Jlarkt Intrlugtnce*

      Jlarkt IntrlUgtnce *

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      . . . 1 *— 26 . i 845 . TBE NORTHERN . JSLTAH ;« .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 26, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1312/page/7/