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Northern Star (1837-1852), 22nd February 1845, Edition 1 of 4, Page 6

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    • Imperial ^arltammtr
    • ^Siinilture aii & Smttcultum
    • ilaSet intelligence ,
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      Untitled Article

      Guaxo as s Maxcbe . —To Ilcwit bavis , Esq . —Sir , It Is always-vrith pleasure that I peruse any article Iwaringyournaine , and your letter on guano afforded me much . gratification . It was high time that some one called the attention of farmers to the fact that guano docs not possess all the good properties which hare been attributed to it : at the same time , in some cases I consider it a valuable assistant to the farmer , but cannot allow that four cwt . is to cany through the whole conrse of crops . Its greatest use

      is in urging on young turnips , to get them out of the -war of the fly , and tor green crops , as early yetehca . At the same time turnips require backing with good van ! manure , to carry them through . I cannot agree with yon in your calculation of the composition of the dV ^ S , as I conceive you are taking credit for elements which it is not in the power of any man to supply , which I will endeavour to show : — Your iable takes 4 , 3031 b . of oxygen Gil lb . of hydrogen 5 , 0741 b . of carbon

      10 , 293 lb . from the sod or land . We will just examine from what source plants in a great measure derive these elements . The source of the oxygen of plants is easily perceived , for the water thev imbibe contains a great quantity of oxygen , eight-ninths of the weiglit of water being oxygen . But there are other sources from which it is derived : the atmosphere contains 21 per cent , of oxygen , and carbonic acid contains 72 per cent , by weight . From any of these sources a sufficiency is to be obtained ; but it is from the first that plants are supposed to derive their principal supply . The source of hydrogen is perhaps more limited , as it is not known to exist in nature in an uncombincd state , and it is supposed to enter plants in combination with some other element : and we arc . limited to water as the

      substance capable of forming that element { with the exception of the very small amount of hydrogen contained in the nitrogenised constituents of plauts ) . Aud as your table shews , a very small amount of hvurogen , only 6111 b ., water will provide a sufficiency . aioiie , as it is composed of one part hydrogen and eigUt parts oxygen . The source of carbon is -equally evident " as that of oxygen and hydrogen . It is from the air that plants derive their carbon , or more correctly speaking , from the carbonic acid of the atmosphere . Again , carbonic aci d is produced by combustion and respira tion . It is estimated that the carbonic acid derived from the cmubustioa of coal and wood annually in Great Britain is alone iiiflicieiit to supply carbon for

      seven eighths of the arable land of this country . It is estimated that a full-grown man gives off , in the course of a , year , lOUlb . of carbon , in the form of carbonic acid ; and supposing each inhabitant of Great Britain , youug and old , to give off 001 b . per year , the 20 , 000 , 000 wouldgive off 200 , 000 tons , and presuming the otter animals to give off twice a 3 much more , the wMe weight of carbon returned to the airby respiration intbis ' island would be about 2 , 000 , 000 of tons , or the quantity abstracted from the atmosphere by 4 , 000 , 000 of acres of arable land . Lapandus found thataplantof lor ^ goojklnalis , after a growth of five months , produced ten tiinesas much vegetable matter . as the soil in which it srew had lost during the same

      . period . The experiment of Bourssingauld proved . that peas planted in pure sand , and watered with ^ distilled-water , and fed by the air alone , nevertheless Stand in the air all the carbon necessary for their development , flowemg , and fractification . May I ask how it can be otherwise ? for if we turn to the noble oak , and inquire when the acorn fell , whence sprung this noble tree some centuries back ? If the ground contained one millionth part of the carbon which the - oak . now contains , it 13 the carbonic acid of the at-- Biosphere which has furnished all the rest ; that is to say , almost the whole mas 3 of thia noble tree . I am -willing to allow the nitrogen to go to your credit , at the same time a portion ot it is also derived from the atmosphere .

      Untitled Article

      Then if we deduct 4 , 3031 b . of oxygen 6111 b . of hydrogen 5 , 3741 b . of carbon j 10 , 2931 b . of elements from 11 , 0501 b . of dried matter , it leaves 7571 b . Even allowing that you have helped to contribute to the supply of carbon by the decay of vegetable matter , and leaving that out of the question , we find that the oxygen and hydrogen ( two elements that you cannot claim to have supplied ) amount to 4 , 9191 b ., or near half the crop you claim as lost to the land . Should I be wrong in my calculations , I hope some more scientific friend will put me right , as the object of my letter is to call the attention of agriculturists to the value of chemistry . . Thos . Kieb Short . Martin Hall , Nottinghamshire .

      On Manure . —Sir , —Manure cannot be kept too close together , and the less exposed to the weather the better , but it ought not to be permitted to overheat itself . It is the practice of the farmers to iotlder their cattle in the fields ; I do not ^ hesitate to say , that such a practice is inconsistent with the improvements of the present day ; no man can calculate the loss sustained by such a method . All cattle ought to be housed by night from November to April , if allowed to range a few hours in the day on a rough piece of pasture . Good manure cannot be made in the open field , nor scarcely in a farm yard , if the droppings of buildings are allowed to soak through it ; all farms ought to be provided with sheds adequate to the quantity of stock for consuming the produce for the winter . Cattle require but very little Mom if tied up j there is some trouble

      attending this plan at first , but in a tew days every beast will know its place , they will then be able to enjoy whatever food is put before them , and are not subject to be driven from , one place to another by ^ the master beasts of the herd . There are two things of the greatest importance on the farm—draining and manure ; it is dHHcnlt to say which preponderates . You may extol guano , or other novelties , bat there is nothing equal to animal manure , as Mr . Davis has demonstrated in his excellent letter . The farmer's particular attention should be drawn to this subject now , since steam has so much superseded horse labour . Where there used to be hundreds of stagecoach horses on the highroad side , there is not now one . The urine of the cattle is the most essential tiling

      in decomposing vegetable matter , and every drop of it ought to be preserved ; which can easily be done in the following inexpensive manner : —If the farmyard is on a declivity , so much the better ; if not , lei a pit be dug- in a convenient situation , of an oblong form , the one end sloping in until the opposite side is four or five feet deep , u the bottom is composed of hard gravel there is no occasion for it being paved with brick or stone ; the sides ought to be walled up , but if this cannot be afforded strong stakes may be driven in about a foot and a half apart , and roddled up with stout rods to keep the sides from falling in from the action of the frost . No water should be allowed to enter this pit but what falls from the clouds , and to its margin the dung from the

      stables and cattle sheds should be wheeled every day , but on no account turned in , but shook in promiscuously with a fork and evenly together . As to the saving of the surplus urine that is not absorbed by the litter , I would recommend the following simple and economical method : —Let a shallow gutter be made beilind the cattle to drain into a receptacle ; brick tanks arc rather expensive , but in most market towns there are oilmen who sell their large casks for very little money : let one of these be sunk level with the surface as a receiver , and give one of the labourers , a trifle to attend to it regularly , and empty it , when necessarv , into the manure pit . A boy can

      perform this work with ease with two stable pails . This liquid should be spread evenly over the surface of the dung by a trough extending across or into * the middle of the pit , with holes perforated In Its boitom . Manure made in this simple and inexpensive manner is very efficacious ; one cart-load is worth three or four of that generally procured from farm-yards . A common labourer can do all that is required ; and I think no landlord would object to find the materials to accomplish a thing so desirable as providing substantial animal manure , on which the permanent hopes of the tenant for bountiful crops chiefly depend . —A Farmer of Thirty Years' Experience , Middlesex , 1845 .

      Untitled Article

      Londox Corn Exchange , Monday , Feb . It . —The arrivals of wheat , barley , and oats from our own coast , were short during last week , and the supplies of the latter article from Scotland and Ireland moderate , nor were the receipts of beans or peas by any means large . From abroad a parcel or two of wheat , one cargo of barley , and about 1000 qrs . of oats , with fair quantities of beans and peas , constituted the supplies . At this morning ' s market there was rather more wheat offering by land-carriage samples from Essex and Kent than last Monday , whilst of barley and oats the fresh arrivals were trifling . Beans and neas were rather more plentiful , particularly the

      former article . The weather is now open , though the nights continue frosty . The demand for wheat was slow to-day , and though the condition was generally good , considerable difficult }; was experienced in making sales at former rates , indeed in partial instances buyers had the turn in their- favour . lhe inquiry for ' free foreign wheat was likewise very tardy , and so unimportant werefhe transactions as to render quotations little better than nominal . Flour was saleable in retail , quantities at about previous prices . Holders of barley firmly resisted any further decline , and , with a restricted sale , the currency of this day se ' nnight was maintained . Malt was likewise held

      at former rates . The principal dealers bought oats cautiously , and even consumers showed unwillingness to take more than they required for immediate use ; the moderate nature of the supplies tended , however to impart confidence , and gooa corn was not cheaper than on this day se ' nnight . Beans moved off in retail without any change occurring in their _ value . Peas were held at previous prices , but the inquiry was far from lively . The sowing season having been retarded by the late severe weather , comparatively little business has hitherto been done in cloverseed . Thi 3 morning the trade was , on the whole , firm , and former rates were well supported . Canaryseed was again the turn cheaper . In quotations of other articles there is no alteration to notice .

      S CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER .-British . s s s a Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red i ' i 48 White 50 5 * Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 43 46 Ditto 48 50 Northum . and Scotch white 42 4 G Fine 48 52 Irish red old 0 0 Red 42 44 White 45 48 Bye Old 31 32 New 30 32 Brank 35 3 ( 1 Barley Grinding .. 2 G 28 Distil . 29 31 Malt . 32 36 Malt Brown .... 54 56 P . ile 58 62 Ware 6 a 65 Beans Ticks old & new 30 34 Harrow 33 38 Pigeon 38 42 Peas Ctrej- 32 33 Maple 33 34 White 36 id Oats lincolus < fc Yorkshire Feed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotch Angus 22 24 Potato 24 2 fi Irish "White 20 22 Black 20 22 Per 2801 b . net . s s Per 280 lb . net . s s Town-made Flow ... 42 44 Norfolk & Stockton 33 34 Essex and Kent .... 34 35 Irish 35 3 G Free . Bond

      Foreign . s s s s Wheat , Dantsic , Kouigsburg , &c 52 fit ) 36 40 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 54 32 35 Danish , Holstein , and Frieslaiul red 44 47 28 30 Russian , Hard 44 40 Soft ... 44 47 2 G 28 Italian , Red . . 46 50 White ... 50 52 30 32 Spanish , Hard . 4 G 50 Soft .... 48 52 30 32 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 30 32 Undried . . 81 32 21 22 Barley , Grinding . 26 28 Malting . . 31 33 22 20 Beans , Ticks . . 30 34 Egyptian . 31 32 26 SO Peas , White . . 36 38 Maple . . 33 34 28 30 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 23 19 21 Russian feed" , 2122 15 1 G

      Danish , Friesland feed , ... 21 23 ' 15 17 Flour , per barrel 25 27 19 20 London Sjututieuj Cattle Market , Monday , Feb . 17 . —Since this day se ' nnight , the -imports of live stock from abroad for our market have not been so extensive as in the preceding week , yet they have , for the present season , proved rather numerousthey have amounted to 136 sheep , and ninety-three oxen and cows , all from Holland . To-day there were on sale here seventy beasts and ninety sheep , the whole of which were in very moderate condition , and sold at corresponding rates . From the official returns , just issued , we learn that the following were the importations in the years mentioned : —

      1842 1843 184 . 4 Oxen and bulls ... 3165 1114 ST 10 Cows 1046 3 GT ...... U 55 Calves V 6 40 55 Sheep 638 210 2 S 01 Lambs 10 1 16 Swine and hogs 415 350 271 The . number of beasts derived from our various grazing counties were less than those exhibited on Monday last , owing to which , the increased attendance of buyers , and the dead markets being tolerably well cleared of their late large country arrivals , the beef trade was somewhat better , and in sonic few instances the primest Scots ( which were scarce ) commanded an advance of 2 d . per 81 b . In all other lands of beef .

      lowever , not the slightest improvement was noticed . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , we received 1250 Scots and homebreds ; from the northern grazing districts , 200 shorthorns ; from the western and midland counties , 600 Herefords , Devons , runts , &e . ; from other parts of England , 500 of various breeds ; and from Scotland , 180 horned and polled Scots . The supply of sheep exhibited a decided falling off , yet it was quite equal to jnect the wants of the trade . On the whole , a slight improvement was noticed in the demand , but prices ruled about stationary , though they were fully supported . The numbers of calves were on the increase , owing to which the veal trade was heavy , on lower terms . For pigs we had a steady inquiry at full prices . There were on sale about 2000 shorn sheep , and 200 lambs

      . By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the oftU ! . s . d . s . d . Inferior coarse beasts . - . . 2 « 2 10 Second quality . " - 3 034 Prime large oxen . t « 3 6 8 8 Prime Scots , &c . .... 3 10 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep . . . 2 8-32 Second quality .... 3 4 3 8 Prime coarse woollcd ... 8 10 4 0 Prime Southdown .... 4 2 4 4 large coarse calves . • • * 0 4 8 Prime small 4 10 5 4 Suckling calves , each . . . IS 0 32 0 Large hogs 3 0 3 8 Xeat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 4 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 18 0 20 0

      HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( 1 ' rom the ISooks of the Clerk of the Market . ) , Beasts , 2 , 555-Sheep , 26 , 230—Calves , 68—Itgs , 313 . London Smithfikld Hat Market . — Coarse meadow hay , £ 310 s . to M 10 a . ; useful ditto , £ i 12 s . to £ 5 3 s . ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 4 s . to £ 5 8 s . ; clover hay , £ 410 s . to £ 6 . ; oat straw , £ 116 s . to £ 118 s .: wheat straw ; £ 1 ISs . to £ 2 per load . Supply but moderate , and trade tolerably steady . Manchester Cobs Market , Saturday , Feb . 15 . — Since our report of this day se ' nnight the trade has undergone but little change , a fair consumptive demand for flour having been experienced in the earl y part of the week at about previous ' rates ;

      subsequently , however , sales were with greater difficulty effected , and the tendency of prices was towards a decline . For oats and oatmeal there was , likewise , but little inquiry , without material alteration from the currency of last market day . At our market this morning but few transactions occurred in wheat , although secondary and inferior descriptions were freely offering at a decline of full } ' Id . per 701 bs . Flour was only saleable to a limited extent in retail quantities , and must be noted rather cheaper . Oats were in very moderate request , at a reduction of Id . per 45 lbs . ; and oatmeal met a slow sale at an abatement of 3 d . to ( id . per 2101 bs . The" demand for beans was trifling , and their previous value was barely supported .

      Liverpool Corn Market , Monday , 1 * eb . 1 J . — We have this week bad a fair arrival of Hour from Ireland , but the imports of oatmeal and of grain are of very moderate amount . The trade has at the same time ruled exceedingly dull , and moat of the principal articles have again receded m valuo . The finer qualities of Irish wheat have been sold at Id ., and secondary samples at 2 d . per bushel below the quotations given in our last . Foreign has been held at previous rates , but has met a Very limited demand . Flour must be * noted Is . per sack , and oatmeal 3 d . to till , per load cheaper . Oats are id . per bushel

      lower ; 3 s . per lalbs . the top price for Irish mealing . We reduce the quotations for beans by 6 d . to Is . per quarter , and cither this article , or barley or peas have moved only in retail , the two latter at about previous rates . No change has occurred in the duties on foreign produce this week . Leeds Cloth Markets . —We cannot report any material alteration in the state of trade in Leeds , except that prices , in consequence of the advance ot wool at the recent London sales , are rafter higher . The late severe weather lias given a check to the spring trade ; but a speedy favourable re-action is confidently looked for .

      Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , Feb . 18 . —With a limited supply of grain here this week , we have no change to report in the value of any article , and the demand is still confined to the supply ol' pressing wants . Our principal millers hold off , waiting for a better selection in fine dry wheat . - Barley maintains last week ' s prices from the sraallncss of the arrival . Oats , beans , and shelling without change . Richmond Corn Market , Feb . 15 . — We had a plentiful supply of grain in our market to-day , and the prices much the same as last week . —Wheat aold from 53 . to 6 s . Gd . ; oats , 2 s . 2 d . to 3 s . ; barley , 33 . 6 d . to 3 s . 9 d .- ; beans , 4 s . to 4 s . 9 d . per bushel .

      York Cork Market , Feb . 15 , —The dulncBS which has characterised the com trade for some time past still continues , and millers and maltsters only purchase to supply their present wants ; and , if anything , a trifling reduction has to be acceded to , to make sales . Oats are not very plentiful , and the price of good mealing ] qualities is fully supported . Beans as Wore . Maiton Corn Market , Feb . 15 . —We have a good supply of wheat , but moderate of barley and oats , offering to this day ' s market ; wheat fully Is . per quarter lower ; barley and oats same as last week . Wheat , red , new , 44 s . to 48 s . ; white ditto , 48 s . to 50 s . ; red ditto , old , 60 s . to 52 s . ; white ditto , 528 . to 5 fe . perqr . of 40 stonea . Barley , 26 s . to 30 s . per qr . of 32 at . Oats , 9 * cL to Wid . per stone .

      Untitled Article

      HOUSE OF LORDS—Monday , Feb . 17 . The report of the Board of Trade upon projected railways was again the subject of discussion ia the House of Lords . ' Lord Brougham , with increased information , renewed his charge against Mr . O'Brien . That gentleman , he said , had purchased 201 South-Eastern shares as late as December 17 ; the prices instantly rose when It was known who was in the market , and the result did credit to tho sagacity of the speculators , for the committee decided in favour of the South-Eastern lines . Their Lordships were

      told that these decisions were only intended to assist Parliament , but he maintained that in almost every case they would , although unsupported by evidence , have overwhelming weight with Parliament , and thus affect most seriously the rights of , private property , He objected to the constitution of a tribunal to which such immense powers were intrusted , and suggested that as 30 much importance was attached to its opinion , the public should at least know whether the members were unanimous . lie wondered whether this was always the case . Rumour said that it was not , but the rule was , that every member signed the report whether he approved it or no .

      Lord Dalhouste declined to give any answer to tho Noble Lord ' s questions . He had " wondered" very much , and wanted a solution of his " wonderings , " but he should leave him to " wonder" on . The rule of voting in the Board of Trade was the same as that in the Boards of Admiralty os . of Customs , in neither of which was any division of opinion ever explained ! These objections , too , to the constitution of the committee came too late . Ithadbeen established by consent of Parliament , the extent of its jurisdiction and the nature of its powers had beon entirely approved , and it had in no respect' exceeded its authority or acted inconsistently with the course which had beon prescribed for it . He repeated , that its decisions would only be eutitled to iufluenee so long as they were founded in reason and justice ; but he claimed for the system a fair trial , which it had scarcely had when its first report had been but just laid upon the table of the House . ,

      The Duke of Wellikgton said , that he had some acquaintance with both the Messrs . O'Brien . The one had been a most respectable and estimable military officer , and while the other had acted as Sir J . Graham's secretary he had had every reason to be satisfied with his integrity and zeal . Lord Brougham denied that he had ever imputed the slightest collusion to either of these gentlemen , but rejoiced that he had succeeded in eliciting so much inforriiation . So far from " wondering" any longer , he

      was now entirely satisfied that his information as to the internal dissensions of the Board was correct ; and as their reports were not like those of the Admiralty or Customs , but only the exposition of opinions , he still contended that those members who dissented should not sign the report as if it had been unanimously adopted . His objections to the conduct of the committee remained unabated , and he thought the public justified in entertaining suspicions when the mere connexion of Mr . O'Brien ' s name with ¦ the South-Eastern Railway had in a few days raised the price of the shares from 13 to 40 .

      Lord Damiousie shortly replied ; and , after some observations from Lord Campbell in condemnation of the committee , and from Lord Wharncliffe in defence of its constitution , the subject dropped . Tuesday , Feb . 18 . The House of Lords sat only for a short time ; and at their rising adjourned till Thursday .

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      HOUSE OF COMMONS , Mokdav , Feb . 17 . The House met at four o ' clock . Mr . S . Herbert took the oaths and his seat on hia re-election '¦ for the southern division of the eountv of Wilts . Aft JI 6 N . Mmibes presented tlih-teen petitions from as many parishes in the county of Norfolk , for the repeal of the malt-tax . Mr . T . Duncombe presented petitions from Captain Stolzberg and another , who had presented petitions to the House last session , complaining that their lettershad

      been opened in the Post-office . They stated that their petitions had been referred to a secret committee ; that that committee had made a report , part of which they were informed was injurious tothe character of the petitioners , and they prayed that if another committee should be appointed they might be examined , in order to have the opportunity of clearing their characters from any imputation . The lion / Member then moved that the petition . , as also that of Joseph Mazzini ( presented on Friday last ) , be printed with the votes , as he intended to bring them and the subject to which they referred under the consideration of the House to-morrow ( Tuesday ) . —Ordered .

      Sir . Corrt brought up the navy estimates , which were ordered to be printed , Mr . M . Gibson gave notice , that on putting the resolution of the Right Hon . Baronet as to sugar duties in the Committee of 'Ways and Means , he would move as an amendment , " that no arrangement respecting the sugar duties can be satisfactory or permanent which does not include an equalization of duty on foreign and colonial sujrar . "

      PltlNCE ALBERT . Mr . P , Borthwick , seeing the Hight Hon . Baronet tho First Lord of the Treasury in his place , wished to ask him whether there was any truth ia a rumour which had appeared in the Morning Post and other newspapers . The rumour was one on which ho did not ask for any information , because it was sufficiently absurd and ridiculous to contradict itself ; but monstrously absurd and ridiculous as it was , it was calculated to excite unpleasant feelings . Before he put the question he would read" the paragraph itself , — " It is rumoured , and we believe upon sufficient authority , that the title of King-Consort is about to be conferred on his Royal Highness Prince Albert . This , we presume , would be preliminary to a demand for an increased grant . " He wished to ask the Right Hon . Baronet the question , simply to afford him an opportunity Of contradicting a rumour , mischievous , absurd , and preposterous in itself , but calculated to do serious injury to the object of the loyalty and affections of the nation .

      . Sir E . P £ Et . —The House will , I am sure , admit that it is not a good practice to ask a Minister for explanations as to rumours which have appeared in the newspapers ( hear , hear , and laughter ) , particularly when the Hon . Gentleman who puts the question declares that the rumour to which he refers is sufficiently absurd to be its own contradiction , and wants no explanation from me . ( Cheers and laughter . ) I think that it is rather hard in this particular case that the Hon . Gentleman should put me to the ordeal of answering his question . However , sir , I feel that I must leave it to the discretion of Hon . Members themselves to put such questions or to refrain from them , because I know that inferences are sometimes drawn from silence . On the . whole , pci-haps , sttenc j would be the best on the present occasion ; but to guard against the possibility of dny erroneous inference , I will state , for the satisfaction of the Hon . Gentleman , that the paragraph to which he refers is wholly without foundation . ( Cheers and laughter . )

      A discussion respecting the Haihvny , Department of the Board of Trade , and the recent gamblings on the Stock Exchange , in consequence of the business of that board , ensued , the subject being introduced by Lord Howick . Its purport was similar to the one we have noticed as having occurred in the House of Lords , When it > vas over the House " considered " on

      THE GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL PLANS . The House having resolved into a Committee of Ways and Means , the discussion on the financial plans of the Government was resumed . Mr . Greene ( the chairman ) having read the question proposed on Friday last by Sir K . reel : — "That it is the opinion of this committee that towards raising the supply granted to her Majesty , the respective duties on property , pvofesswrns , trades , and ottices , and the stamp duties on Ireland , granted by two several Acts passed in the fifth year of her present Majesty , be continued and further granted to her Majesty for a time to be limited , "—

      Lord John Kussell rose and said , that he had always considered the incomc-ta x as one which might be necessary in time of war , or some other great emergency , but which was , oven then , liable to the greatest objections from its inequality , its vexatious character , and its liability to fraud and evasion . Such being its faults , he was surprised that Sir U . Peel should have declared that ho would not attempt to modify it , because any such attempt would only aggravate the evils which lie was anxious to cure . When he originally proposed to impose the income-tax , he justified it on account of the political and financial difficulties of the country , and expressed a hope that by altering certain customs duties he should so invigorate commerce , and so encourage industry , as to bo able to improve *)> p . condition of the people , and to get back in a few years the

      revenue which lie was then sacrificing , n by , then , had he declined to tell the House on Friday night what had been the consequence of his reductions in the tariff , and to show that they- were even now producing , and would continue to produce , an increasing revenue ? Clearly because it was not in his power to do so ; aiul hence lie concluded , that if the House consented to the Government measure in its urcseut shape , it would give its . con . sunt to an income tax , to be renewed , it was true , from time to time , but still to be renewed perpetually . The real question , therefore , for the House to consider was , whether it would consent in a time of profound peace to render the income tax permanent . That being the ciise , he proceeded to consider whether a permanent income tax would be sufficiently repaid to the country by the benefit to be derived from taking off certain taxes , which Sir R . reel had cnumornlcd to the amount of his assumed surplus of £ 3 , 300 , 000 arising from the proceeds of that tax . Many of the . taxes which he had

      determined to repeal were judiciously selected for the promotion of industry and the encouragement of commerce , as , for instance , tho duties ] on cotton wool and on glass . He could not , 'however , see any reason why £ 300 , 000 should have been given away in the auction duties ; on the contrary , he thought that the reduction of tho duty on fire insurances and on soap—which was now the only tax left on the absolute necessaries of life , so much condemned by Adam Smith—would have been a more expedient and advisable reduction . The Right Hon . Gentleman's inter , ference with the article of sugar was also most injudicious and impolitic , Instead of interfering to break down restrictions and to restore the country to a more natural condition of society , he interfered to bring in a constant prohibition against certain countries , which would 6 end us sugars at alowerprioe than that atwhiehwe could get it from our colonies , and that , too , on the pretence that it was the produce of slave labour ! Sir R , Peel estimated the loss to the revenue , by Ms reduction of the sugar duties at

      Untitled Article

      £ 1 , 300 , 000 . ' * 'ire ' conte ' iiUed / on"the other hand / thiit if the sugars of all foreign countries were admitted on the same principle as that of our own colonies , there would be no occasion to abandon any part of our revenue . He did not think it right for the Government to propose , as they now did , a permanent income tax without their declaring explicitly whether they considered it as one of the best permanent taxes that could be imposed . If they did so consider it , let them further consider ^ vhethel they could not , either by a select committee , or by a committee of the whole House , modify the defects which were known to exist in it . ) Tho Government , moreover , was not acting upon sound principles , but where great interests were concerned , and where great opposition was expected , was proposing to continue , if not to aggravate , monopolies which it found existing . His view was , that we ought to continue the income tax for the present ; that we ought to make

      some of the reductions of taxation proposed by Sir E . Peel , as on cotton wool and on glass : but that , as to some others , as sugar , we ought to take a different course . If the question were between a permanent income tax and a continuance of monopoly , he had no hesitation in declaring that he was for a short incoiuotax and the relaxation of monopoly . He , therefore , could not give his hearty concurrence to the plan of the Right Hon . Baronet . He would , however , give his assent to an income tax for three years . Ho ' regretted that the Government had taken a course which would render it necessary to continue it for a longer term of years , but hu hoped the continuance of so inquisitorial and odious a tax for any great length of time would induce the people to resolve upon setting trade free , and to endeavour , by the benefits which free trade would confer upon their industry and enterprise , to get rid of an impost which it is not expedient that theyshould have to pay in time of peace .

      ' Mi * . Roebuck , was disappointed at the lame and impotent conclusion of Lord John Russell ' s speech , after the manner in which ho had impugned nearly every portion of Sir Robert Peel's financial statement . Had the Noble Lord made it for any other object than to find fault and to guard himself from any consequences which might result from the changes now proposed ? He , too , should impugn all the plan of Sir Robert Peel ; but , unlike the Noble Lord , he would end his observations with a substantive amendment , on which he hoped that the

      Noble Lord would vote with him . It was a perfect delusion to suppose that the income tax was proposed as a mere temporary tax—he should assume it to be intended as a permanent tax , and should contend that its permanence greatly aggravated its mischievous tendency . Sir Eobert Peel proposed the income and property tax to meet a deficiency in tho revenue . The income and property tax were to give him £ 5 , 000 , 000 . That was an amount of revenue which more than covered by £ 8 , 000 , 000 the . expenditure for the public service which the Right Hon . Gentleman had to meet . He therefore insisted that

      the Minister was bound , first of all , to show that his expenditure was a legitimate expenditure ; next , that liis mode of meeting that expenditure was the best that he could devise ; and , lastly , that he adopted it not only to meet the demands of the public expenditure , but also to enable him to make great and important changes in our commercial policy . . Now , he should contend that the tax which it vfas intended \ o impose was an onei-ous , mischievous , and obnoxious tax ; next , that the taxes which it was intended to remit were not so onerous , mischievous , and obnoxious ; and , lastly , that there was a mode of meeting the deficiency better than that which Sir R . Peel proposed . Mr . Roebuck then pointed out , at great length , the unequal , vexatious , and inquisitorial nature of the present income tax . To a property tax on realised

      capital he had not the same objection ; and he thought that if , in addition to such a tax , every man were called upon to return his age and the amount of his income ; and if the duty of two or three per cent , were to be applied to the permanent value of that fluctuating income , which could be calculated easily as property , it would nearly cover the demand of the Government for the public expenditure . He insisted that the House was bound to inquire , before it rendered such a tax permanent , whether the mischiefs it created would be less than those created by the taxes which were repealed . Now , none of the taxes which it was proposed to repeal crossed any of the great interests of the country . The agricultural interest was very cautiously handled in the speech of Lord John Kussell , and the West India interest in the statement of Sir R . 1 ' eel . He wished it had been otherwise ; for he was quite certain , that if the Right Hon . Baronet had

      not determined to keep up the differential-duties on sugar , he would have had no occasion to sacrifice a revenue of £ 1 , 300 , 000 on thatarticle . He also pointed out the loss which the revenue suffered in the present mode of levying the duties on timber ; and insisted that , by a . property tax levied upon the principles which he had already declared , and by the equalisation of the duties on foreign and colonial sugar , and also on Baltic and Canadian tnnber , the demand might be met on account of our expenditure , and the country might be freed from the odious and inquisitorial impost with which it was now threattencdi He then concluded by moviug that the words " professions , trades , and offices , " be omitted from the resolution moved by Sir R , Peel , not with a view of excluding them from taxation altogether , but with a view of subjecting them hereafter to that discriminating scheme of taxation which he had already , described .

      Sir G . Grey called upon Sir Robert Peel , or some of his colleagues in the Ministry , to explain to the House the grounds of the confident expectation , which on Friday night he professed to entertain , that it might be possible for the House , at the expiration oi'tliree years , to dispense with the income tax altogether . He was prepared to agree to its reimuositiou provided that he could be convinced that this confidence was well founded ; but when he looked to the measure which was proposed as to the sugar duties , he could not bring himself to believe that the revenue derived from that source would be so restored at the end of three years as to compensate tho sacrifice which tha House was now called upon to make . In withholding for the present his opposition to the vote for the continuance of the property tax , he withheld it in the hope that he should bu able to get rid of the discriminating duties upon slave-grown and free labour sugar . He concluded by stating that he had heard nothing from the Learned Member for Bath which induced him to assist in carvyimr out his amendment .

      The Chancellor of the Exchequer , in voply to tho question , what grounds the Ministers had for supposing that the income tax would not be 'permanent , and on what foundation their expectations of the future were based ? observed , that his expectations of the future were based on his experience of the past . The income tax was originally submitted to the consideration of the House in 1842 , for the purpose of covering a large deficiency , and of releasing a number of articles from restrictions which pressed heavily on industry . What was the situation of the revenue on the 10 th of October , 1842 , and on the 10 th of October , 1844 ' ? In the former year the revenue derived from the ordinary sources of Customs , Excise , i-c , was £ 47 , 000 , 000 . The measures proposed to Parliament in that year , and in the last , for the reduction of taxation ,

      withdrew from the public income no less a sum than £ 1 , 400 , 000 ; and yet , on thcJOth of October , 1844 , the same taxes produced not £ 47 , 000 , 000 , but £ 47 , 497 , 000 . He then referred to several finance returns , for the purpose of proving that both in 1835 , and again ia 1842 , the revenue was greatly bDnufittedby the judicious repeal of taxation ; and insisted that upon such data he was justified in expecting that , when this tax should expire , the country would be in possession of such n revenue as would leave it free to decide whether it would abandon it or not . He thon proceeded to refute Mr . Roebuck ' s argument that the income tax was unequal and vexatious , and quoted the authori ty of ilv . Pitt to show that it was inexpedient to make any distinction between realised and fluctuating capital . He

      then briefly adverted to the course adopted during the last and present year on the subject of the sugar duties . The Noble Lord had wished to fight over again that night the battle which they had often fought previously upon that subject ; he was not afraid of the contest to which the Noble Lord had challenged him , and would give him a speedy opportunity of discussing that question , when he brought forward , as he should d <» at a vevy e&vly period , the rcimposition of those duties . The House seemed not to be prepared to object that night to the resolution in the hands of the chairman , and he therefore thought that he should best consult the convenience of the House by reserving what he had to say in defence of the remission of the duties on cotton woo ) , o : i glass , and on auctions , to when the fitting opportunity for thvnf should arrive .

      Mr . C . Wood expressed his dissatisfaction with this explanation . He recollected that , whea the income tax was first proposed , it was on grounds of a temporary nature ; those grounds had now ceased to exist , but it was quite clear that the income tax would long survive the causes which had given rise ¦ to it . Nothing which he had heard that night led him to believe that the income tax would not be permanent . He could not agree with Lord John Manners that it was a tax which pressed exclusively on the riuV . ; on the contrary , it pressed also on the lower classes with much sevoiitj , ia cO ' iioCijucr . cc of the great check which it placed on employment . He suggested that the tax should be extended to Ireland , as he saw no reason why an Irish gentleman , with an income of £ 5 , 000 a-vear , should not pay his proportion to the

      income tax . He paid no assessed taxes—why should he also pay wo income tax % lie then entered upon a review of Sir R . Peel ' s statement , both with regard-to the probable / e ' xpenditure and revenue of the country during the next three years , and stated that , in his opinion , tho Right Hon . Baronet had considerably overrated the amount of revenue which he would receive during that period . He had estimated the surplus revenue which he sxpected to collect at £ 3 , 400 , 090 , and the amount of taxes which he remitted at £ 3 , 310 , 000 , and had thus left himself only a surplus of £ 90 , 000 of disposable income , which , under existing circumstances , was much too

      inconsidiTable . with regard to his vote of that evening , he had no hesitation in saying , that it would be given to Sir R . Peel . There might be a surplus in the year . ensuing after the year 1848 , but that would be occasioned by half-a-year ' s receiptof the income tax . In , the next year afterwards there might be no surplus at all . If that were so , then the year after that there would be a still greater deficiency of revenue . As men of common sense , they were therefore bound to provide against that deficiency . He thought it was better in such a case to continue the income tax than to impose new taxes . Though such was his opinion , he was not to be considered favourable to any plan for placing this tax on a permanent footing .

      Colonel CoHotLY thought that the advantages which had arisen out of the income tax during the last three years were a sufficient justification for continuing it for three years longer . One advantage of it was , that it had reduced the interest on money so much as to enable the Minister to reduce the interest' on the national debt . It

      Untitled Article

      ^—^^ ^^^^ had also . greatly . beiiefitted . the . agricultural ini ^ ^ Ireland , by enabling them to relieve their esf t St ' " pecuniary embarrassment , and to employ Upon wj ' ' " greater amount of capital and labour . " ^ t Mr . G . Bankes complained that Sir R , £ „ .. financial statement on Friday night , and that th !• " ''' cellor of the Exchequer , in his speech of that nvi a " made no allusion whatever to the distress of th ' ) " $ tuval interest , though that distress had been f ' ' communicated to them . In Sir R . VqqVs plnu „ . ' "" !! } had been given to the mercantile , and noting J «" ' ' 5 cultural interest . Why was the establishment Sri ' army so great 1 To protect our colonies , and o . Olit merce with them . Why were the navy estini'it CW 1 K increased to . the amount of one million ? Bet- CS to ^ in China and in the Pacific new naval stati ' " ' * necessary to defend the interests of ouv merchant " W er * vicinity . Did the agricultural interest objcV > "' " ' No such thing . Then let not that interest , if ' j t tllis ) powerful and predominant as was stated , be t ^ ^ future as selfish and ungenerous . As to the ^ " ^ ltl before the House , those who represented distil" "len tricts could only act as circumstances permitted n that both sides of the House were prepared to voter ' continuance of the income tax . He ilaU ( a ' or "i « choice , and must accommodate his vote to his sit ^ The farmers were at present ill able to beat- th- ^^ other burden . KOr » ay

      Mr . IVabburto . y thought that if the Government prepared to act with energy , and to lay open all tli . T ** branches of trade which could he laid open by ' thed' ^" tion of gigantic monopolies , the revenue might bi / l '' " equal to the expenditure without the income t ; , * differed from the resolution , which not only cout « ' also increased the differential duties on sugar . Ji ; s ? . was , that the prosperity of the country would be ino * . !" ' if instead of an indirect , we adopted a direct "syste ^** ' taxation . The sura which then readied the i ^ i ,, , ' ' " would be much larger than that which * reached it i ? 'f the present system . He repeated liis opinion that if f income tax were rendered permanent , all theobjU to it would vanish : but , as it was not to be render ed " ^ manent , he considered it to he most unequal and « , ; ! ' and should certainly not give it his support . •

      Mr . Robekt Palmer thought that , if Government ,,, unable to apply any relaxation of taxation to the amy tural interest , it might still have avoided the slik . ] passing over that interest in total silence . He Jiopcd u , ? , ' the reduction of taxation proposed by Sir It . Peel m J . " be beneficial to the commercial classes ; but he couhJ ,. conceal from the House that the agricultural interest J , ' mu « h disappointed that it had no share in that reaijcij , He agreed that the income tax , as a permanent tax , fcrj be a grievous and intolerable evil ; and he recollected ft' some years ago , when the present Duke of Buekir . »! ,. ' then Marquis of Chandos , brought forward iu that liiS a motion for the repeal of the malt tax , Sir It . p | ci . ; that motion successfully by stating that there was no m stituto for it except the property tax , and by condemn ! -, ' the property tax as a substitue for it almost in as m ^? terms as any that had been used that evening in ti . ° House .

      Mr . il . Gibson , m reply to the complaint of Mr . Ba «!; e and Mr . Palmer , that the agricultural interest had ^ unjustly neglected by the Government , parodied tiie uwcr vation of Sir J . Graham on the Irish question , and dwh ^ ' that concession to the agricultural interest hail at ] s 5 ( reached its utmost limit . He showed that a graiuuted scale of duties had been applied to the income of all y * sons engaged in trade and commerce under the Incoiiie . tax Act which passed the House of Commons in 10 D 2 ; ari he thought that a select committee ought now to bj a ,, pointed to inquire what amount of duty should be : i [ niij e , j to the income of those who had capital engaged in wj . merce , and whether a better mode could not be devbod or raising the income-tax on person ! engaged in trades and professions . He should vote for the amendment of & . Roebuck , though he should have been better pleased fca'i his learned friend reserved his resistance to the iiico ; i !} , tax till the' bill imposing it was brought in .

      Ilv . Miles objected to the permanence of the iiiMae . tax , although he believed that Sir It . Peel had introduced it for three years with the very best intentions . H <; foucni that the commerce and manufactures of the country » ers now flourishing , but that agriculture was in a state of the deepest depression . No attempt was mads tu relieve agriculture from any part of its burdens . He cwiM not ask the Right Hon , Baronet for the repeal of tho malt-tax , because the surplus would not allow the Right Hon . Baronet to repeal that tax , and , even if it . would , he would not ask that the whole relief from taxation shouid be given to the agricultural interest . But when taxes to the amount of £ 3 , 400 , 000 were taken off , he thought that the agriculturists should have some share in the remission . He would give the House a future opportunity of deciding whether , in this great remission of taxation , the- ngricul tural interest should not lmvc some share in its benefit .

      Mr . YEBS . ON smith thought that the House was now going to saddle itself and the country with a permanent income tax ; but he could not vote for the amendment of the Learned Member fur Bath , because circumstances might arise within the next three years to indues tho night iron . Baronet to make some modifications and alterations in the income tax which he now propsul He should certainly rote , if such a resolution were proposed , for the extension of that tax to Ireland . He obsewed that the Right Hon . Baronet had swept from the tariff 430 articles , by which a revenue of £ 320 , 000 was lost to the country . Would the Right Hon . Baronet haveany objection to state what were the principal ajricks s ' o removed from the tariff ; and what amount of reTciiue v . ra lost on tach ?

      Sir K . Peed defended himself from the charge of being insensible to the distress of the agricultural interest , and reminded the House that if he had not alluded to ' . hat subject in his speech of Friday night , it was simply becauso ho had entered upon it at some length in a speech which he had made two or three evenings before , lie had the firmest conviction that if the agricultural interest would agree to the continuance of the income tax , and to take their share in the general ^ prosperity which he believ ' ed WOUld be derived from it , they would be more benefitted by it than if he were to relieve them from some local taxation , and to burden the Consolidated Fund with a grant of £ 500 , 000 for their benefit . He pointed out the advantage which the agricultural labourer would derive fl'Om tllO l'Gpoal Of the dtltv on cotton wool In the diminished

      price of his clothing , and which the fanner would find in the case of transferring his property , from the lv-pi-al of the auction duty , which , though the Noble Lord thought it of little value , appeared i \ very injudicious tax to his late colleague Sir II . Paruell . Considering that the Noble Lord had described the income tax as a tax which was the most unequal , inquisitorial , and onerous that could be devised , he was somewhat surprisi-d ; it the compliment which the Noble Lord had paid him in stating that he would give him the support of his vote if ' a division were pressed against it . He knew not what the cause ot " the Noble Lord ' s vote might be , but he could assure him that if he should be restored to office he would timl this surplus of £ 5 , 500 , 000 a very comfortable addition to the public income . In reply to the question put to him by

      Sir

      were adopted , would not expire till the oth of April , 1348 , and as he would have a right to extend a credit of £ 2 , (> 00 , 000 over the year 1849 , on account of half a year ' s income tax then to be received , the benefit to be derived fvomthe income tax would extend over four years . He could not foresee what events might occur in that period . The public , at the expiration of that time , might , from the experience of its benefits , be of opinion that the income tax should be further continued ; and if so , he ought not to be bound by any guarantee given at present to allow it to expire . All he should say further was , that he made this experiment with a perfect confidence that , whatever happened , the House would maintain public credit . The tax was admitted to be much less onerous in iv ^ oolluction now than it was in the year 18 W ; and he did not believe that there would be any urgent demand for the repeal oi it during the period for which he jiroposed to

      reimpose it . Lord Howick expressed his great disappointment tli . il Sir R . Peel had not given a more- satisfactory answer tc the admirable speech of Lord J . Hussell . From thai speech he saw that the period for the continuance of th < i ' . ' . eomo . tny wis . perpetually moving onwards . First i was to be three years , » ot > t :. cy heard that Sir Rober thought five years better . The number of years , like tin horizon , was ever flying before them . Ife called the atten tion of the House to the fact that the Minister had but ; surplus of £ 90 , 000 left him after his taxes were remitted and that he made up that surplus by an increased con sumption of sugar , which he ( Lord Howick ) considered t be very problematical , and which was calculated as likcl to produce a million of revenue . If the Ri ght Hon . Ba vonet were disappointed in that calculation , there w '

      be a deficiency , and not a mrplus , in the revenue . H then dwelt for some time on the impolicy of levyin <* differential duty between foreign free-grown and foreiffi slave-grown , sugar , for the purpose of showing that if ths differential duty were abolished , a great stimulus woul be given to the commerce and manufactures of the coun tr lie thought that if the Minister had dealt with the dutii on the importation of cheese and butter , of foreign , spirit and more particularly of tea , he would have promoted ft interests of the . umldle and lower classes more than he wt likely to do by many of the modifications of taxation whic he had to propose . With regard to his vote on the pr < sent evening , he had only to say , that he did not see ho the income tax could be dispensed with at present an therefore he should vote for it as a temporary , but not a permanent measure .

      Sir John Xtsell thought that justice had . not bes done to the agricultural interest , either by Lord Jot Kusseli or Sir Robert Peel , in their capacity as Minister He taunted them both with inconsistence in their deel rations towards the agricultural interests , and ende voured to convict Sir Robert Peel of it , b y quoting speech which the latter had made on lord Althorp budget on . the Uth of February , 1834 . It was very dif ( Continued in < xw seventh page . ) :

      Untitled Article

      «¦ - FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS , For the Week ending Monday , Feb . 26 th , 1844 . . [ Extracted from a Diary of actual operations on a number of small farms in Sussex and Yorkshire , i nablished by Sir . John Nowell of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , Yorkshire , as a guide to other possessors of field-garden farms to the labours which ought to be taken on their o \ ra farms . The farms selected as Models , arc—First . That of the Willing , don school , five acres in extent , conducted by G . Cruttcnden . Second . The Eastdean school , also five acres , near Beachy Head , conducted by John Harris .

      Third . That of Jesse Piper , consisting of four acres , at Crnttendcn . Fourth . That of John Tumbrcll , a farm of six acres , at Jevington , near Beachy Dead . Fifth . An Industrial school farm at Slaithwaite , near Huddersfieltl . Sixth and Seventh . Two small model farms at the same place , occupied on the « state , of the Earl of Darfciiouth , by Charles Varley and John Bainford . The consecutive operations " in these reports \ rffl enable the curious reader to compare the climate and sjgri-ciiltural-value of the south -with the north of Engbiid . The Diaht is aided by "Notes and Obscrvjitl » us " from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the lime and-season , -which vre subjoin . !

      SUSSEX . Monday . — Willingdon School . Boys raking wheat stubble from the young clover . Eastdean School Twelve boys digging for carrots , applying tank liquid , picking np roots and stones , ftper , Getting flints for future use . DumbreU . From home . TwsDXY . —WilHngdon School . The same as yesterday Eastdean School . Digging for carrots , treading and weeding the tares , putting in beans , and planting cabbages . Piper . Gleaning pigs out , and composting the dung with mould , Dambrdl . Digging , and stacking litter . Wsdxesdat . — Willaigelon School . Boys raking clover , turning dung , sowing a little rye for experiment . Eastdean Softool Soys emptying pigstye tank , carrying dung to potatoc mixen , weeding clover , picking stubble . Piper . Removing potatoes within doors . DumbreU . Digging , carrying manure for

      oats . Thcksdat . —UTRingdon School Boys raking clover . Eastdean School . Putting in peas , carrying manure for tares , treading wheat , picking stones . Piper . Digging ; has a wonderfully fine calf to-day , from thfl com he works in harness . Dumhrell . Digging , pulling turnips , wheeling manure . FuiDja-. —inaingdon School ., Boys raking stubble . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing oats , trussing straw , and clearing the oats for seed . Piper . Emptying the tank , pouring liquid upon the mixen . Bumbrdl . Digging , wheeling out manure , putting tank liquid to lye . SiinsDAT . —Willmgdon School . Boys gathering stones off the clover . Eastdean ScJiool . Boys emptying privy pails , and tank , from the cows , cleaning out the pigs , and school room . Piper , Digging for carrots , to be sown in the latter part of March . Dumbrdl . Disging and wheeling out manure .

      YORKSHIRE . Slaitiuvaite Tenants . —2 fo return . Cow-feedisg . —WIHiiuidon School . White carrots and straw . J ) umbreU . One cowstall-fed with turnips , mangel wurzel , and straw . A cow and heifer ted with turnips , carrots and straw .

      WfES AlfD OBSERVATIONS . Soor . —Provide soot for wheat , or seeds , and sow it about the beginning of March , after the rate of 30 bushels an acre , with o or 6 bushels of rough salt . HCMBS COMPOST , No . 1 . —[ ""Woody fibre in a state of decay is called / uantu . "—X& % . ]—Compost together , and mix intimately , peat , tanners' refuse , saw-dust , weeds , the greater variety of vegetable substances the batter , with SO 6 l * 401 bs . of common salt : and about 8 gallons of quick lime for each couple of one-horse cart loads of such materials . Turn the heap over several times , and when wholly decayed apply the mixture , along with farm yard manure . It will be rich in faunas , or partially decomposed woody matter . This substanee in its further decay , when within the ground , nourishes the embryo plant , and is a kind of pap to support it in the early stages of its growth . The base of it , charcoal , in combination with another element , afterwards enters a more mature plant , as

      food , and thus , what was previously part of a dead plant , becomes , once more , a part of a living one . Hcsids Oompost , No . 2 . —When you have a nias = s of stubble roots , loaded with earthy matter , sods , and weeds , and much soil , you ought to ferment it into humus , if yon would not wish to bring it to the niixen . Cany it to cow or stable dung . Horses' litter is best for such a purpose . Compost it into a humus niixen in the field , as follows : —Place a layer of duug , and then a much larger layer of the rubbish before mentioned , proceed and build laver upon layer of themf see that the ieap ferments veil , and turn it over several times . In a few months you willfind the roots decayed , and converted into very perfect himw , if the fermentation has been properly managed . Never burn such good things as these ; the ashes certainly remain , but thft * woody part , which in its dctay furnishes humus , is destroyed . This humus , or its combination humic acid , plays too important a part to be sacrificed .

      SrsJXG TjUies . —f" In March and in April , from morning to night , —In sowing and sel&tg must be your delight . " ]—Use care in selecting seed ; old seed will not always vegetate . Reject such as , when bit asunder , will not easily separate , and suck as are very Lard-or dar ^ skinaed . If you live in the south , you may by sowing early , and in an early spring , obtain a crop of spring tares , and afterwards dig and sow again , two and a half bushels of tare seed , and half a gallon of rape per acre , and still be in time to sow -wheat before winter .

      COSV £ KSIOX OF THE SpBHO TaBE ISTO TnE WlXiee Tare . —The spring and winter tare are plants of the same species , but of different habits as to ripening- TJie change of habit is thus effected : —In autumn , spring tares are sown in a well sheltered situation ; if the plants can be made to stand over winter , their former Mbit is changed , and their seed on ripening has become what is called the winter tare seed , and may be sown , in confidence that it will again stand the winter , and attain early maturity in spring .

      Imperial ^Arltammtr

      Imperial ^ arltammtr

      ^Siinilture Aii & Smttcultum

      ^ Siinilture aii & Smttcultum

      Ilaset Intelligence ,

      ilaSet intelligence ,

      Untitled Article

      This Mortality , of London , and indeed of England generally , shows a gradual annual decrease , whilst it is well known the population increases considerably . The rates of premium for Life Insurance have been greatly reduced during the last few years , yet tho offices continue as prosperous as formerly . Those facts clearly demonstrate that some cause , either unknown or unheeded , must have produced such favourable results . Amongst these causes , the increased knowledge of anatomy and the many very valuable discoveries in medicine , will stand most prominent . The small-pox , that annually carried off thousands , has been successfully , eoinbattcd by vaccination ; and gout , that used to claim its numerous victims , has been thoroughly vauquislied by Blair ' s Gout and Rheumatic Pills .

      A Gextlemax's Life Saved by taking Hoi . 1 . 0 wav ' s Pills . —A wealthy fanner , a Mr . John Robinson , residing at Wootton , near Bedford , was a short time since informed by his medical man that in two days lu £ would be a corpse . He then measured seven feet round the body from dropsy ; his legs were so full of water , and so large , that they sburst in three places . In this dreadful state lie dismissed Ids doctor , and had recourse alone to these wonderful :. Fills , which saved his life , and immediately carried off all the water from the body , and he now enjoys perfect health . This gentleman is well known , as likewise his family , throughout the county of Bedford .

      ltOMAXCK IX THE LIFE 01 " A FacTOKY GlRL . —Miss Irene Nichols , daughter of Mr . Nathaniel Nichols , of Monmouth , Kcnnebec Co ., while at work in a factory in Dorchester , Mass ., some four years since , was offered very liberal ivajres to go to Mexico , and engagc in a factory just established thero . She , with eight others , accepted the offer . While there , she became acquainted with Ferrera , the present revolting and successful General , with whom she contracted marriage . She made a visit to her friends in Maine , last summer , during which she received frament

      letters from Ferrera . She left here iu July or August last , for Mexico , via New York , where she obtained a license , and was united in marriage to Gen . Ferrera , by his representative , the General not being able to leave Mexico—a step rendered necessary , as the parties were both Protestants , and could not be married in Mexico , a Catholic country . Ferrera is now President of Mexico , having his head quarters at the national palace in the city , and this Kcnnebec " Factory Girl" now " revels in the Halls of the MonteEunias . " Gen . Ferrera is of German extraction . —Kennebec Journal , Maine .

      Metropolitan Improvements . —rLhe new street from Long-acre to Uolborn , forming tho continuous line from Waterloo-bridge to the new Holborn-road , has been named Endell-street ; and the fine opening which connects High-street , St . Giles's , with Monmouth and St . Andrew-streets ^ is called Rroadstreet . The new street connecting Long-acre with Coventry-street is in such a state of forwardness th . it it is expected to be open for traffic in about another month . UbvoiiCTion at IcniBOE . —Strange as such a fact may be , it is not more strange than true . By letters which have arrived iu town this week , it is stated that a complete , and , happily , a bloodless revolution had taken place at Ichaboc , at the date of' the last dispatches . It seems that in the operations of the

      fiwt six months after the island was visited , a host of agents or supercargoes established themselves on the island , erecting tents and temporary residences . In a short time they had marked off the ground , and laid claim to all the principal parts as their own bona fide property , on behalf of themselves and their employers at home , Greeting loading stages , and selling pits at extravagant prices . Till the revolution no opposition was made to this mode of procedure , and the consequence was , that ultimately no ship , unless the captain submitted to these land sharks , could get a shovel ' s breadth of ground to land upon . When an agent had a ship loading at Ms stage , he purposely kept dallying with the work until another ship from bis icus ? at home would arrive to take up the berth ,

      although there might be S 00 other ships surrounding the little island , and waiting access to the beach . Squabbles and small fights were of continual occurrence , and increased till a sloop of war arrived to preserve order . Her commander remained till he believed his presence was no longer necessary . On the following day the demurring shipmasters held a meeting , and it was very soon resolved that a general reform should be inade instanter . There were about 309 ships at moorings , and each ship agreed to send her proportion of nien ashor with guns and bayonets , mustering altogether about 1400 men . Supercargo town was attacked , and its entire population p | ut to the route at the point of the bayonet , and driven into the sea , up to their chins , awl the uiscomnteA

      landlords there and then made to swear that iroin that time henceforth they had relinquished all right and title to the soil of lchaboe , after which declaration they were permitted to return to their respective places of abode . This summary proceeding produced an entire change in the ci vil affairs of the island , and ships are now loading at the rate of 50 tons a day , after lying idle for months . — Grecnock Observer . Lewes ELKCiiox-On Monday last , pursuant to public , notice , the nomination of a burgess to serve m Parliament for the borough of Lewes , in the room of the Hon . Henry Fitzroy , who had accepted the office took lace in the Nisi

      of a Lord of the Admiralty , p ? riu 3 Court , in the County Hall , at 11 o ' clock preciselv W C . Mabbott , Esq ., stepped forward , amidst cheers , and said he had the great gratification of nominating the Hon . Henry Fibre / , who had so many years represented them in Parliament , as a fit and proper person for that purpose . Having accepted offiee under Government , it became necessary that he should be re-elected , and he had , therefore , the pleasure of proposing him . Mr . R . Flint seconded the nomination . Mr . Fitzroy was then declared duly elected . The Hon . Member returned thauks , and the proceedings terminated .

      Untitled Article

      ¦^^—1 m ^ mmmmmm i — * « ' THE NORTHERN STAR , February 22 , i 845

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 22, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1303/page/6/