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Northern Star (1837-1852), 25th January 1845, Edition 1 of 4, Page 4, CHAMBERS' PHILOSOPHY REFUTED.

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    • THE NOETHERN STAR. SATURDAY,. JAKUART 25, 1845.
    • CHAMBERS' PHILOSOPHY REFUTED.
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      Untitled Ad

      Just published Price Fourpcnce ( forming a Pamphlet ' of 56 pages demy 8 ro ., in a stiff wrapper ) , A FULL ana COMPLETE BEFOTATION of the PHILOSOPHY contained in a TBACT recently published l > y the 1 IESSES . CHAMBBKS , of Edinburgh , entitled tile "Emplojer and Employed . " This valuable little : work contains the most complete defence of the demands of the "Working Classes for their fair share of the enormous wealth created by Machinery , as weU as a justification of Trades Unions . The numGrous appeals that have been made to ' M * . O'Connor from nearly every part ofthe kingdom for the publication , in pamphlet form , of those Dialogues that have recently appeared in the Star , have determined him to gratify what appears to be tha almost unanimous wish of the labouring Classes . neywood , 58 , Oldham-street , Manchester ; Cleave , 1 , Shoe-lane , London ; Guest , Bull-street , Birmingham ; at the Northern -Star Office , 310 , Strand , London ; and may be had of all Booksellers and News Agents in Town and Country .

      Untitled Article

      V SHffHNCTNEWS . r ; Faial Shipwreck . — Letters received in town , inform ^ of the total loss , in Carnarvon Bay , of the ship William Turner , commanded toy Captain Evans , trim all hands on board . The melancholy catastroplS Mcarred either during the night of tnelOth or early on the morning of the 11 th instant . Tie wind was blowing strongly from the south-west atthetime . The "William Tomer was 488 tons burden per register , and was laden with guano at the port oi Ic&boefor Liverpool . Portions of ihe wreck and manifest were found on the beach . -rLiverpool Albion . Loss of Five British Ships at Tagashog . —The Mowing is an extract of a letter received at Lloyd s : — " Taganrog , Dec . 11 , 1844 . Since my report of the loss nf the si > hnoner Elizabeth , and the dangerous

      positionof four other Br itish ships , the masteand crewa of thelatter havebeen obbgedto abandon their vessels , and are now here , like the men oi the Elizabeth , all destitute ; for , although the said ships have not yet gone to pieces , their position is such that no hope remains of their being saved , and I fear that by reason of their distance from the land and the dangerous state of the ice , very little of the cargoes or even of their stores can be got out of them . The Ann Metcatte is Jying on her beam-ends , and is full of water , and the crew , of twelve persons , have saved nothing . The Countes 3 of Duumore is lying on her side , and must upset with the first shift of wind . This vessel , notwithstanding an early application

      mm myselfto the acting governor , both verbally and in writing , for the protection of the property , has , it il this day discovered , been plundered by the fishermen of all her stores , &c ., the crew , consisting of twelve persons , having previously reached the snore with extreme difficulty , and without being able to bring away anything . The crews of the Hants and British Queen , which ships having their sides cut through are mere wrecks , were more fortunate , having brought on their shoulders some effects , but most -of their clothes were lost daring their passage to the shore , their lives having been in great peril while passing over the moving ice . These two crews conT sist of twenty persons . ( Signed by the British Vice Consul . )

      Loss ofihe Brigs 2 « xe asd Pbixce Albert . — The following is an extract of a letter from the British Consul at the Cape de Yerds : — " Boa Vista , Cape de Verds , Jfov . 14 , 164 i . —Ihave to report the hiss of the English brigs Mne , Captain Sinclair , on tlic 19 th of September hist , upon the Hartwell Reef , at the north end of the island ; and the Prince Albert , Peter Berry , master , upon the north point of the island of Fuego , on the 16 th of September . Both vessels were bound to Ichaboe , for guano , and were in ballast . I am happy to state no lives were lost . The crews hare been sent to the River Gambia , there being no chance of their getting Irani the islands , an opportunity direct to England seldom or ever offering . Some clothing was given them .

      A San ? Destroyed by Spontaneous . Combustion or Guxsq . —The steam-packet Water Witch , arriving at Hull , from London , Wednesday week , brought into port themaster and crew of the barque Ann , Storey , of Sunderland , who bad been pickedup by the packet in an open boat , to which they had taken on the destruction of their vessel , near Ilasborough Sand , on Tuesday evening . It appears by the statement of the shipwrecked men that the Ann , a new barque , on the first voyage , was returning from Ichaboe with a cargo of guano , and unfortunately struck on the sand -while beating over , shipped a quantity of salt

      ¦ water , which , penetrating the cargo , caused almost instantaneous combustion . A volume of smoke rising through the fore hatchway warned the crew of this new danger , and induced their taking immediately to the boat , without saving anything but themselves ; and scarcely had they done so , when a tremendous explosion of the gas , engenderedby the partially fired guano , blew the stern out of the vessel , which " then filled aw , sank in deep water . It is said that three vessels , belonging to the same owners , started together on this voyage , one of which was lost on the passage out , and the third had not arrived at Ichaboe ¦ wh en the unfortunate Ann left the island . —Hull

      racket . Melancholy Shitwbeck . —Tramore , Jan . 11 . — About half-past four o ' clock this moraine a vessel was driven on shore at the Burrow , in this bay , about hatfa mile from the town . An immediate alarm was given , and several of the inhabitants were on the instant in attendance . When nearing the place where the vessel had struck ( within a few perches of the beach ) , the cries of their fellow-men fell upon the ear in such deep-toned agony that almost r endered the party incapable of action ; however , the spirit of humanity soon set all in motion tor the rescue of a brother ironi the dark shapeless hulk of the ill-fated vessel . At this particular moment a scene the most agonizing presented itself . The vessel broken up—the shore strewn with fragments—ihehollow shriek of the shipwrecked mariners for succour , dinging to the ¦ wreck , nowahnostimpereeptible , woundup the feelings

      of the brave fellows , who were waitingwith breathless anxiety , some of them stripped , panting for leave to face tfie tempestuous billow , to rescue the distressed or die in the attempt , Two men , Kenny and Sinnot , plunged into the foaming surge in the teeth of the floating wreck , and succeeded in reaching a portion ¦ where one man was clinging , who was very soon safely landed . . Xenny and Sinnot , following up their success with awful effort , boarded the hulk , and succeeded in like manner in getting onshore the three other survivors . The ' party thus snatched from the Jaws of death are John Travers ( captain ) , Michael Fleming ( mate ) , and Michael Neiu and Patrick Murphy ( seamen ) . We learn that the ill-fated vessel was the Elizabeth of Bristol . She had on board , in addition to the crew saved , a fine cabin boy , named James Nugent , aged sixteen , who literally died from extreme exhaustion . —Waterford Chronide .

      DbexdtuIi SmpwnECKS . — -During the dreadful ¦ storm on the night of Friday week , a vessel was lost in Carnarvon Bay ; she was the brig Mariner , Captain Robinson , master , laden with coals , from Llanelly , for London . The boats happily saved the crewl 'in the course of the same morning three ves-• sels were driven ashore in Sandy Haven Bay , near Milford , and great doubt is entertained that they can be got on . Several losses happened in other parts { luring the stem on Friday night . A vessel was wrecked off Wick . She was a sloop , the Jean and Ann , from Finland , laden with staves and bark . Her crew were saved . Near Scarborough a third was lost . It was the Aquillon , of Newcastle , whose crew

      were preserved . On the French coast the disasters ¦ were very considerable . In one instance , atBardeur , near Cherbourgh , a schooner called the George Sand , « f Lnbo , from Bordeaux , struck on a rock . There were seventeen persons on board , eight of whom perished in ^ n attempt to gain the shore . - The remaining losses are those of the undermentioned vessels : —The Lucy Ann , of Bristol , wrecked on some rocks near lflnsale ; the Belle Isle , of Maryport , lost at Jurney Point ; the Princess Alice , of London , on shore at Southend ; the North Esk , wrecked near Arbroath ; the English brig Perseverance , from Texas , for Liverpool , wrecked on the coast of the United States ; and the Potomac , . from Calais , lost in Tarnauline Cove .

      Loss of the Baio John Natlob . —The Medway West India steam-packet , brings intelligence of the loss of the brig John . Naylor , Captain Orr , off Fayal , fronrlehaboe , with a full cargo of guano . She was 263 tons register , and was insured . far £ 2 , 000 . In eon&quence oflosing herrudder , she put up in the island of Ascension , having previously thrown upwards of 100 tons of her cargo overboard to lighten her . ' The brig made Fayal on the 21 st of December , and endeavoured to enter the harbour , but in consequence of her disabled state , the captain could not effect his object . On the 22 nd she bore up , the wind blowing a strong gale , and endeavoured to get to the leeward of St . George ' s Island , and on the following day was Tunning down the land , when her temporary Jiteering machinery gave way on the larboard side , and the vessel immediately canted with her head on

      shore . Captain Orr , thinking to save her , let go anchors , but seeing no chance of doing so , ordered the boat out . and got eight of the hands , who were dreadfully ill of the scurvy , in first , and then made for the shore , a heavy sea running , with a tremendous surf . The landing was most difficult , and one poor fellow , in his anxiety to save himself , jumped into the water to swim for his life , and was drowned , The captain , on the boat striking , was violently bruised . Three others died on the same night from exhaustion and exposure to the cold . The vessel drove on shore on the 24 th , and became a total wreck The weather was so boisterous that it was impossible to get to her , and consequently everything was lost . The captain reports that there were upwards of 400 ships at Ichaboe when he left , loading and -waiting for their turn . He supposes by this time the guano is pretty well exhausted .

      The Wbkck . of the William Tbhser . —The Car narvon Bercdd contains a lengthv account of the loss of this ill-fated vessel , reported in last week ' s Star . Every one on board , crew and passengers , supposed to have been not less than thirty persons in all , were drowned . The vessel is completely broken up , and tvery vestigejof the cargo lost . Gibraltar , January ; 6 th . —Last night we were visited by a tremendous storm at east ^ accompanied with very hi ^ vyj ^ ui . ^ Li . little after midnight , inte l ligence was . se ^ tmT ' from , our outposts , that a ship had been : vnrc&f& ? onA $ , . Eastern Beach , where there was a very heavy surf , and that all the crew had disappeared from , the ' deck , supposed to . have

      taken refuge below , , fearing tope washed overboard . On receipt of this information , Ms Excellency the < 5 overnor , accompanied by Captain the Hon . J . R . Drummond i -If .- N ., of her Majesty ' s ship Scout ; Colonel Sir JohnjCampbell ( field-officerofthe night ) , -and ^ . vLoriglatids Cowell , ; the , agent for Lloyd ' s , proceeded to thespot for the purpose of ascertaining the facts , and ^ vmgsuch . assistance to the crew as the circumstance ^ * qf the case might render necessary . -7 She- ^ pipveS to be the American bark Joshua EniMem , ^ 3 .. Wilcox , master , of Palermo , with iralphfi / wiiiesi &c ., bonndto the United States , fier mainmast went b y the board . It is feared she ¦ will prove a wreck , though' the cargo may be saved . Gibraltar Chronicle . -

      The Noethern Star. Saturday,. Jakuart 25, 1845.

      THE NOETHERN STAR . SATURDAY ,. JAKUART 25 , 1845 .

      Untitled Article

      O'COjSNELL , THE POPE , AM ) CIVIL LIBERTY . Our position / with the Irish at this side , of the water is of a very carious character . Their feelings respecting us alternate from hot affection to cold dislike . There is no medium : we are either loved cr hated—applauded or condemned : but our act ' s and deeds are seldom deliberately canvassed—approval or disapproval of Mi-.. O'Connell ' s policy being the standard by which we are most generally judged .

      When we have recommended a course which subsequently Mr . O'Conxell has been induced to adopt , we hav « been stigmatized as " firebrands " and " inipracticables - , " when we have opposed a policy which he has been compelled to abandon after trial , we have been " enemies" and "disturbers . " We are now apparently on the very best terms with , our Irish friends , as manifest by the extensive and flattering encomiums bestowedjupon our last week ' s faithful exposition of the state of . Irish feeling , and our preference for civil liberty over religious tyranny .

      We have more than once asserted that civil liberty alone can lead to perfect religious freedom ; whereas the most perfect religious freedom furnishes no guarantee for the enjoyment of civil liberty . To , this rational conclusion , therefore , must be ascribed our preference for Mr . O'Coxsell inhis present struggle , not merely with the Pope , but with the English Protestant Ministry , through the agency of his Holiness . Revenge is sweet ; and while the short-sighted observer may confine his view of the infant schism to the mere question of difference , as to religious discipline between his Holiness and Mr . O'Conkell , the more searching inquirer will discover Ministerial intrigue in every maze of thenew . kbyrynthin which it was expected to ensnare the ; Irish mind . It has been

      a charge frequently made , and never contradicted , that Catholic Emancipation was yielded with , a bad grace by Sir Robert Peel . The measure was extorted from his fears ; and if its withholding had been practicable , even at any sacrifice , we doubt its concession . Feel has been more taunted upon the question of Emancipation than upon many others that have left lasting evil consequences ; and therefore to avenge himself , and to satisfy the scruples of those who yielded acquiescence to his will , in the belief that Emancipation . was but the shadow of a bauble to beproudly . worn by emancipated slaves , he has now determined upon revenge- ^ -a revenge which , if gra tided , would , in truth , exclude the Catholic people of Ireland from any , the . most remote prospect , chance , or even hope , of possessing the rights of freemen .

      Jit is quite true that his Irish , puppet-king " , Lord Heytesbuby , has , in his letter to Archbishop Mkbrat , denied any Ministerial arrangement or understanding with his Holiness . But . " what a meek dove of the Church" his Grace of Dublin must be to have supposed in thesimplicity , of his heart that any other answer than " no" would have been given to the question of "Ask my brother if I am a rogue ?" Or did his Grace suppose that the cautious Peel would have trusted even a vicerKing , —who is not of the Cabinet , and who is removable at pleasure , — with aU the secrets connected with this delicate

      embryo intrigue ? No , no ; and , in truth , the very inquiry of his Grace , leaves a strong impression on our mind that the question and answer were important items in the Ministerial budget . Looking at the Charitable Bequests Bill as a whole , we were at first strongly inclined to regard it as anjinstahnent of Catholic Emancipation ; but , taken in connection withtheifescripjof Ms HolinessthePoPE , together with the " state of preparedness" of some of the Catholic hierarchyfor the "Bull , " we can now view it in no other light than that of the first spiritual arrow shot from the Ministerial quiver at Irish agitation .

      Perhaps the greatest blessing of the present age is the more equal terms upon which the laity now stand in relation to ecclesiastics . In olden times learning and education were , weapons exclusively possessed by priests and parsons ; and were exclusively used for inculcating " passive obedience and non-resistance , " —slavish subserviency to " the powers that be , " and a perfect belief in the " right divine of kings" and princes to rule and reign as to them seemed meet . So long , as those weapons were exclusively possessed by the Church , so long was the mind enslaved ; but as the abominations of our rulers led to

      complaintcomplaint to investigation—investigation to education , and education to knowledge—the veil of hypocrisy became uplifted by degrees , and the monstrous doctrines by which the mind of man had been so long obscured , were presented in their true intent and purpose . It is quite true that " Bulls , " " Concordats , " and . " Rescripts" are not now manufactured in the same nauseous language ; but we defy any man who has read the extract that we gave last week from the Rescript of his Holincssthe , present Pope , to discover in its intended effect any ,. the slightest , mitigation of those servile injunctionsmore unblushmgly conveyed in similar documents of the darker ages .. ;

      Let the critics construe it as they may , and read it as best they'dan—it amounts in reality ,-. to nothing more or less than an abetting of- an "English . Pro tcstant Ministry tosubjugate the Qatliplic ; Church of Ireland to its own . wUl and ' pleasurc , ^ ith the ulti niate view of ; withholding those . civil rights from Irishmen , by the possession of which alone they can hope , to establish ' perfect ^ . religious ' -freedom , independent of the caprice of theifPvotestant rulers .

      Untitled Article

      iAt all times disinclined to interfere in religious matters , we abstained from coriiment on the numerous articles that have appearedinthe . 2 Vmfts , from that period when ail hope of resisting the demand for Repeal by "the ordinary law" andintimidation ' . had failed . No matter where ' the shoe pinches ; no matter from what source grievances may arise or complaints may come ; our . " Church defender of the faith , and so forth , " has one infallible corrective and nostrum . If" Chartist outbreaks " take place for want of food , the mind is directed from the " outward and visible sign "to " the inward and spiritual grace "—want of religious education , —and " build more churches . " If the Irish complain of building

      churches for others to denounce and damn their religion , while they themselves are compelled to pray in ruins or under the canopy of heaven— " build more churches" is the response . For now nearly twelve months has this been the burden of the song of the Times . This has been the remedy , according to its authority , of every man who has travelled in Ireland , slept a night in Ireland , or talked to an Irish Protestant in St . Petersburgh , Calcutta , Tahiti , Cabool , or Hong Kong ; while our zealous cotemporary has simultaneously proposed such a provision for the Catholic priesthood as would make them independent of demagogues , and regardless of the frowns or the threats of their then

      excommunicated flocks . We would then sunply ask the Irish Catholic people- whether good can come to their persecuted Church from such a combination ?—from a leadiug journal tliat loses no opportunity of denouncing their priesthood as " ruffians , " and themselves as "barbarians ?"—from a Prime Minister , who reluct antly yielded what he would gladly retake?—from an apostate Papist , who has consented to become the agent of Protestant intrigue ?—from a Pope who was mainly instrumental in the enslavement of Poland to ! win the smiles of the Austrian despot , and who would now Polandize Ireland to gain the favour of her bitterest enemies ? ' ¦ . ' - •¦ ' : : ¦ '' ¦ ' ,

      His Holiness's predecessor referred him to the throne of heavenly grace for that forgiveness which , upon his death-bed , his conscience would not allow him to yield for the injuries inflicted upon the brave Poles . Mi . 0 ' Con . vell ( we irust , from a consciousness of his pon-er ) would treat the Rescript of his Holi ness as a good-natured , harmless instrument ; but we cannot close our eyes to the fact that not more than fourscore of the secular clergy refused the '' reformation" bone with the Protestant meat upon it : and even now , notwithstanding the significant

      declaration of the Irish people to resist ¦ the Pope s interference in temporal matters , we see daily symptoms of individual misgiving , which we look on as preparatory to acquiescence . Onepriest in the west has taken up the . cudgels for Dr . Crolly- ; while another , more rash and daring , - attempted to beard O'pOKNELL , on Monday last , in the Conciliation Hall , but was properly controlled by an audience who appeared to be aware- of that struggle -which must shortly take place between the Catholic laity and the good Priests , and the English Minister , and tlie Pope , and the bad Priests . '¦' ' .. " ¦ '•¦

      For the first time in our lives we rejoice at the increase in the weekly rent : we rejoice in the increase , as the only visible index by which "sve can truly read the popular mind . We rejoice in it the more , because its falling off at this critical moment would be placed , not to the credit of declining Repeal , but to the account of . ' his Holiness ' s triumph over civil liberty . We make no doubt that -the present gleam of national prosperity will present itself t 6 Sir Robert Peel as the fitting time to take the quiet mind of England by surprise : but we tell th ^ English people that all their " Masters and Servants , Bills , "

      all their Trades combinations , and all that the worst minister could plot against , their interests , are as nothing compared to the , danger of the threatened alliance between the "Pope" and the " Pketendeb . " Mfist not the Msli people look -with" becoming suspicion upon those nauseous encomiums now so lavishly heaped upon tlie head , of their . Church ? Can they forget the , favourite toast , of . the persecuting bloodhounds— " The Pope in tho pilloiy , the pillory in hell , and the devil pelting priests at him ? " In the present watchful and unsettled state of thelrish press we cannot

      expect to' derive very accurate information of popular feeling in Ireland ; but we can assert , without fear of contradiction , that the Irish in England , to a man , attkeh more importance to the present struggle than to the question of Repeal itself : and , remote as the consequences may appear to English Protestants at the first sight , we are glad to learn that a large number of iiiat creed take the same view as ourselves ; of the subject . Chartism has made the separation of Church and State one of its most vital objects ; and Chartism , therefore , should not tolerate the double infliction which a union of "two Churches and the

      State would impose upon its principles . Again , most heartily desiring that the Irish . people may be cautious , suspicious , and watchful , we repeat our anxious and earnest hope that the cause of civil liberty may be saved from the dangers of religious intrigue . - . . ; .. ' ¦' . ¦' . ' . " . \{ '"\' .- \ ¦' . : ¦ .

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      djtficultiea and ' | mfctortunes" that . have gathered arouiu ^ thenv ' ' i . .: ' ,, - -, ¦ .- .-. ¦; , - ¦ ' ^ I And why thischange ? How comes it to pass that those favoured ' spots of earth , which peace and contentment seemed jio ha ^ e ; made their own—where plenty and happiness abided V how comes it / to pasa that the places where every requisite is found to constitute a paradise ; where stcuHty for all once abounded , should have become places for the manifestation of tlie worst passions of our nature—where no man is safe—where the incendiary ' s torch is in constant and unceasing employ—where God ' s gifts for the sustenance of menare turned to ashes on the homestead—where the " wild justice of revenge "

      absorbs all other feelings , making . of the . fairest portions of our land a perfect pandemonium ? Through the operations of THE ACCURSED THING Through the operations of paper-money , and loahmongerihg , and DEBT , and sinecures , and umherited pensions , and high salaries , and dead weight , and allowances , and " nationalfaith . " Through the operation of all these , which have ' made it necessary to reduce the wages of labour , and to make the . labourers LIVE OS " A COiRSER SORT OE rOODl" This ii the cause of the wondrous change that we of this generation behold ; arid ' -this it Js that will tear the whole . franicwork of society to atoms , if , the knife of equitable adjustment be not sternly applied , and the cancers that are eating up our very vitals

      removed . . i Bankr-restriction and loan-mongering , in the high and palmy days of Pitt- " prosperity , " | " When George the Third waa king , " sentthe "Bull-frogs" out of their seven senses . The immense issues of " paper-promises to pay" by the bank , when it was " restricted" from " paying" according to " promise , " caused nion prices—caused wheat to ran up to twelve shillings a bushel—caused the . landlords and farmers to act more like the

      inmates of a lunatic asylum than as men of ordinary sanity . Inclosures of commons became the order of the day . Land was broken up in every direction , suitable or unsuitable / Wheat at twelve shillings a bushel . was sure to pay : so thought the farmers , and they strove to get the twelve shillings . A dozen small farms were knocked into one large one . The labourers were sent out of the farm-house to dwell in "independent" hovels , on daily or weekly "hiring ? . " The jumped-up gentleman got bigger notions , into his head , and swelled more with importance , than ever the frog did who tried to swell itself

      to the bull size . Farmer Hawthorn became "Mister ; " the Dame of tlie dairy became "Mistress" of the parlour ; daughter Dolly of the milk-pail , became "kiss" with her piano ; son Hodge of the ploughtail , became " Young ? Squire" with his hunter ; and the whole household became metamorphased from homely , useful beings , into stinking upstarts . They soon learned to despise the labourer . He was hardly in any case permitted to enter the house—that house where his progenitors had had their home—faring as . therest did—eating at the same table , and partaking of the plenty , or sharing in the deficiency ,

      with the " hirer of their services by theyedr . " Nay , in some instances did the feeling of repulsion operate on ; the puffed-out Bull-frog so far , against the man that earned his wealth , that lie caused a ' small hole lobe made in the ' wall , of his dwelling , that through it , ! when standing in his ' " ' office , " he could hand the miserable money-wages of the degraded " hind" without his having occasion to set foot inside ! But peace came ; and witli . it came no " plenty" ! Instead thereof , there came a necessity for doing away with "Bank-restriction . " With that necessity came the necessity for " contracted issues . " Contracted issues caused low prices . Whcai , instead of being at twelve shillings a bushel , felLto ' six , and less . The " puff " of ; the Bull-frogs was considerably abridged . They

      stcired with wonder and astonishment at the altered state of things , and they knew . not why ; but the evil effects of the change they selfishly sought to shuffle from themselves . The labourer was the most defenceless of those with whom they had to deal . They had their contracts with the landlords , who had the power to enforce or oust . They had their customers to meet , who could not give more than market-price—who could not give , twelve shillings when " contracted issues" ; had only left them six . They had the labourers also to deal with , who were rendered "independent" of the farmhouse-table , or the farmer ' s larder , and who had been taught to" live from ' . " ' hand ' to-mouth ' in their own homes . "; Of the three parties it is easy to see which would suffei \ Reduction soon became the

      order of the day . Isolated in position , and truly dopendant on the Bull-frogs for existence , the labourers could offer no . effective resistance . It is true that they murmured , and grumbled , and routed , and smashed thi'ashing-machines with sledge-hammers : bui the Bull-frogs mounted their horses , as Yeomanry Cavalry , put pistols in their holsters , and sabres on their sides , and rode , and cut , and slashed the " poor devils" " down . " To reductions , therefore , they

      had to submit ; . ; Universal pauperization followed : Auction-marts for English labourers were established ; and the , " free" and " independent" were openly and ' unblushingly bought and sold ! Men were set "to dig holes , ar id then to fill them up again . " Women were harnessed to gravel carts , and made to draw like beasts of burden . The once well-fed and well-clad labourers on the soil , about whom and of whom , as the enjoyera of . '

      • "The Roast-beef of old England—! , O , the English Roast-Deef , " . ¦ '; bards had sung and historians recorded , were reduced to the pitiable condition of being compelled to go to the fields with COLD POTATOES in a bag for dinner . Denied food , or wages to procure it ; all but houseless ; naked ; with a starving wife and crying babes , the fiend of reckless despair whispered in the ear of one of the smitten sons of toil ; and he , listening to the suggestion , and maddened with the frenzied delight of revenge , snatched up the blazing brand , and fired the homestead of the man whoto mkappeared

      as the oppressor . The example was contagious . ' It waa given among a population similarly situate . Unable to reason from cause to effect , save to the first link of the chain ; unaware of the nature of the measures which had produced Bank-restriction , with its immense issues and more stupendous debt ; innocent of acknowledgeof the devastating effects of areturn to cash payments with a " national faith " expenditure ; not being able to trace their sufferings to the fountain head ; ' hut seeing in the supercilious and purseproud farmers those who had reduced their wages and denied' them employment , they naturally gave

      their bad passions full SWING against those they knew ; and every village and every hamlet in . the south of England blazed away to tell of the misery and discontent widely existing . In 1830-31 Swisg ' was in full operation . His presence was exhibited nightly : and the fears of the . farmer class were so operated on , that wages were advmiced—to the extent of some two millions of money more through the hands of the labouring tillers of the soil . This was more than " nationalfaith" could bear . If the labourers had it , the Jew and annuitant could not have it too . The selfsame necessity that had rendered ithecessary to get at the

      wages of labour in the first instance , existed still , and in stronger force . . Wages must therefore be got at i again . " Coarser food" must the labourer be brought to , or "the estates would be swallowed up . " To- accomplish this "hellish , purpose , was the hellish new Poor taw sehome : concocted ; and backed as it was by the Rural Police ] its authors deemed it ' sufficient for two purposes : reducing the wages of labour , aind preventing ; the i-cycngful feelings of the robbed ones from exhibiting themselves in blazing stack-yards .

      The first of these objects has ' been accomplished . The New Poor , Law has done its work > Its intention has been fulfilled .: .. Waoes have , been got at—have been reduced . "' Not ; only has the advance caused by the ; fear of Swing inl 830-3 i-2 , beehltaken away , ' but mubh more of the miserable stock that then existed . So far has'the infernal scheme succeeded : but this is the exteni of its success . ' It has '' not " down" Swing ., The Rural Police have not ¦ been able to ' , lay" Am . by the heels . lie . eludes all their vigilance ; and in spite of all their watchings

      Untitled Article

      arid spymgsj—ricks blaze away ; barns are burnt down ; and the farmhouse , and even the mansion itself , are not spared ! "Like causes produce like effects . " Low wages and COLD POTATOES in 1830-31 set Swing Agoing . He eluded thief-catchers then . Low wages andno potatdeainlS' ^ rd have caused him to renew his efforts : and % the exertions of all the bubals are not able to prevent him from lighting up a light in England that opens up to view a hideous mass of poverty and suffering .

      It is the cue , just now , of the Press not to report the cases of incendiary fires—in the hope that absence of publicity may either operate as a damper on the fires themselves , or prevent the spreading of the fear and alarm which their constant recurrence is sure to cause . This is an old game—and will fail . It was tried before , in the S win a . times of 1830-31-2 ; but it did no good . The fires continued to blaze ; the fear spread ; and higher wages were given .

      The present . stfence . of the Times on the fires and their cause , is most singular . It is not many niontlis since liia pages literally blazed with the flaming accounts he daily gave of them , culled from every source . Nay , not content with the ordinary sources of information , that very ubiquous personage , " our own reporter , " was sent down into Norfolk and Suffolk to " see witli'his own eyes and hear with his own ears . " Well and faithfully did that gentleman execute his mission ! too well to ensure continuance of

      Iu 9 inquiries . lie vent to the hovels of the workers . He listened to their complaints , in their own language . He learned their sentiments on the nature of the " crime" of burning stacks . He examined into their circumstances—their actual condition—their life—their means : and he boldly proclaimed that POVERTY .. WAS IKE CAUSE OE IKCESDIAMSM . His revelations stirred up the stagnant waters of Bull-frog pride in the districts he visited . Loud were the denunciations hurled at his head : indignant were the

      wealthy and the purse-proud at the veil being torn away , with which their horrible treatment of the labourer had been covered up from public view . The stonnofvitupertation was too strong even for the Times to face . " Our own reporter" was taken off the track he was so well following up . The revelations ceased . The account of tlie occurrences themselves soon ceased to be given : and in a short time Swing and his doings in 1844-5 were buried in forgetfulness by those who had set out to devote column after column daily to his service .

      But though we do not noiv get the direct accounts , we have that occasionally which tells of the ' great prevalence . of the " crime , " and of the imminent fears of landlords and landholders generally . Such , for example , is the following account from a recent number of the Doncaster Gazette : There must " needs be" when the "devil drives" in the manner that journal details . Incendiarism must be pretty rife when it is necessary to form a special association for the special purpose of specially " putting it down ! " Of the wisdom , or of the probable utility of such an association , we shall not here speak , but give the account of its formation , as follows : —

      A public meeting was recently holdcn in the Townha ll , Samaborougli , for the purpose of forming an association to arrest the progress of incendiarism . "Several influential landowners and fanners were present , but the meeting was not so nutnerously . attended as might have been expected on such an occasion . The'chair was taken by Sir John Beckett , Bart ., who briefl y introduced tlie subject , oftlie meeting by remarking that all were aware of the necessity that existed for giving a check to incondiarism , . which seemed to be ghowing inio a ststeji . It had become necessary to . exhibit a spirit of determination / and nothing seemed so likely io stop the progress of rkb burning as the cerkdnty of ' punishment . A desultory

      conversation took place , as to whether it would be advisable to join some neighbouring association , or form a distinct one for Gainsborough . It was deemed expedient to confine the operation of the association to the Lincolnshire side of tlie Trent . ; The proposal of a secret committee was also favourably received , . who should have poiver , in case of a fire , to adopt some active measures on the spot , without losing tiaie in sending : for advice and authority to the general committee . The Rev . IK Veel thought it advisable to interrupt this conversation , and proceed at once to form the association . Kesolutionswere passed , establishing the constitution of the society , . and gentlemen were

      appointed to iorm a committee . In answer to an observation that something should be done towards removing the causes of incendiarism , ; Mr . Wilson remarked that labourers never earned so much bread as at present , in consequence of the price of bread beinglow in proportion to tlie rate of . wages ; au assertion which was confirmed by ^ Yn ^ .. Hutton , Esq ., who stated that in his neighbourhood no labourer , wasreceiving less than from ten shillings to twelve shillings per week . Thanks having been voted to the chairman , Sir John . Beckett , a subscription was forthwith commenced , and £ 700 was realised before the meeting separated . ¦ . •'" ¦ ••" .

      Come , one factis established by this , report , spite of the wonderful and unanimous silence o ( the press ; viz ., that . incendiarismis rift , and is "GROWING INTO A SYSTEM" ! How long will it be ere it becomes to be " part and parcel" of our "blessed constitution" ? Swing is becoming systeniatised , according to the evidence of a late Judge Advocate ! And yet the press is silent I How strange ! The old military Judge could not get rid of his ideas of military governance . " Nothing seemed so likely to stop the progress of rick-burning , as the certainty of punishment " . ' But you must catch Mr . Swiss first ; Sir John ! And the " certainty of punishment" has

      not operated to stay the progress of rick-burning . Punishment has been : " certain" enough , and ' . ' severe " enough , in all conscience ; else the "flogger of soldiers" is hard to please .: Has he forgot the Special Commissions of 1830 , whea Taughajt , and Parke , and Alderson , and Wellington , arid DbiY man , and Sturges Bourne , and Serjeant Wilde , condemned five persons to death ; sentencing scores to transportation and banishment ; and scores of others to imprisonment ? Has lie forgotten that four out of the five condemned to death wbre hanged--two of them protesting their iimocence with , their dying breath !! , Has he forgotten

      that the recipients of the merciless sentence of transportation from tlie Special Commission ers are still in exile—still in the penal settlements—excepting those that have been released by death from . a cold and ungrateful world ? O , yes ; " punishment" has been ' - ' certain" enough , and heavy enough ; ha it has failed to staythe progress of . incendiarism ! Sir John Beckett must seek for the means of putting a stop to the " crime" in another quarter , if he intends to be successful : and he may , if he loolia - about him , find his secret " committee , " about which the Rev . P . Peel was so sensitive , something better to do than to act' as spies and informers , or the employers of

      spies and lnformors , to make punishment " certain . " It is not alone in Lincolnshire that " agricultural associations" arc taking measures " to stop the progress of rick-burning . " ^ In Kent ; in tho garden of England : " in tlie heart of the most beautiful arid most fruitful portion of our isle ; even there we find the curse—even tltere we find the agriculturists conferring together as to the best means of protection for their produce , after it is garnered . In the Maidstone Journal was lately given the following lamentable instance of folly—proof positive that tlie

      man whose stupid noddle conceived the "suggestions" therein contained , and the men who "considered" on them , arc alike demented—alike hopeless of ever arriving at , or acting on , the truth . With the fact before them that when the labourer was only middlingly paid for his toil incendiarism was unknown—and with their present knowledge that wages are not more than 7 s . or 8 s . a week , these men of the earth , earthy—these men , dull ' as the clods of their own fields—sappy as the " rank weed that rots on Lethe ' s wharf , "; set about " considering" on the following notable suggestions : —

      The following suggestions have been submitted to the committee of the West Kent Agricultural Protection Association : — " The prevalence of the most frightful and desolating of _ crimes , the blackest which can stain humanity—a crime without limits , warring against the precious mercies of the Most High , and involving in its ravages the lives of innocent . uiioffenaing animals , and even of mail him-Bolf— calls loudly for some prompt and efficient measures to arrest its progress , as well on the principle that it is better to prevent than punish crime , as for the security of oiir dwellings , our property , and' our lives , " which cannot be held to be safe while so alarming a system exists . ¦¦ ¦¦•¦• - ¦ ¦¦*• ¦ ¦ ° , <> j ... "

      . . " From the observations I have been able to make ii would appear that many , of these fires have arisen-from momentary impulse , joined to ' the facility ' of accoml ' pushing the crime and the difficult y of detection ' facility principally afforded by the unrestricted sale of lucifer matches , and the constant exposure of them ' for sale by the indigent as a cloak for mendicity , which I- am inclined to believe has , in some instances , giveu birth to crime .

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      " To remove so serious a temptation , I yjou l , that restriction ' s should- be laid oh the sale a d 5 ^ these dangerous combustibles , and that they si USe ° ? placed under such regulations as may tend to cli oT * 1 be indiscriminate use , by preventing improper porj eif vending them . To accomplish this , I wQuld l ) ro ° * "" * every person selling . them should be Obliged to ta ^ "' at licence , which , although small in amount , should 1 ° ' trusted to those whose respectability would be ae e "" against their sale to improper persons ; and , as a rant H security , the persons so licensed should be reqi ¦ " keep a book , iu which they should enter the Cliristi ^^ surname of the purchaser , under a penalty for ev ^ * lect in so doing . ' . '" i ' leg . : " That lucifers ; being solel y an article of ctom utility , any person found in possession of them o ^' doors , under any pretence , except in conveying them t "' the manufacturer to the vendor , or . from the vend the house of the purchaser or their employer , sliouldV ° considered guilty of a misdemeanor , and punished cordingly . "—3 faid ) tone Journal .

      ac-O ! these wicked lucifer matches ! They are tl cause of all the mischief ! In them lies all * the < J ] Stacks are fired ; barns are consumed ; ric ^ J wheat , and barley , and oats , and hay , and l ) e . au « i , , burnt to ashes ; the farm-house and even the loiiil mansion , fall a prey to the devouring flames , —^ ii l fire to by starving men , rendered desperate and reck . less by gaunt hunger : and the sufferers from the fires turn their attention to lucifer matches , ami set about devising means to " check their indiscriminate use ! " Sappy and cruel-minded as Sir Jon . v Bkckeh and his Lincolnshire troop of " yeomen" arc , tliov are not so hopelessly silly and utterly daft as th ' Kent Agricultural Protectionists !

      ; Did-it never occur to these . wiseacres to inquire or " consider" whether Swixg was known to commit ravages before the , " indiscriminate use" and " un . restricted sale"' of lucifer matches ? Because if such sliould turn out to be the fact , the total banislunent or even the hangixg of the wicked matches couUlnot stay Swing ' s progress ! It is only as yesterday sine ? lucifers came into " indiscriminate use . " Who in the agricultural , districts even heard of them

      in 1880 ? And yet the fires then blazed . Means existed to produce the spark , and to fan that spark into a flame , long before lucifers were known of . Therefore , should the wise men of Kent-Gotham succeed in making it a capital oftencc to be found in possession of lucifers , they will not have thereby " put down" incendiarism ! The fact is , that of all the acts in this world of a criminal nature the most easy to perpetrate , the least liable to detection , the least inconvenient to the perpetrator , is that of setting fire to outbuildings and ricks . A pipe and a match , —( not a lucifer , but a common

      brimstoned one , )—or a piece of rag ; a flint and au old knife , will do tiie work quite as effectually as the most carefully prepared " lucifer" on earth . Besides has not Lord Bhougium ' s Society been teaching the labourers the nature of chemicals ? Has not a knowled ge of combustibles been made to " inarch" into Kent ? Have the Penny Magazine , CItambcrs'Journal , Ciiam bers' Course , Chambers * Information for the People , arid the Saturday Magazine existed for nothing ? Has all the stuff we have heard about fire-balls , and air-guns , ' and mixtures for spontaneous combustion , been all humbug- ? Is it irue that none

      of these have been used , but that all the fires have been lit by the mischief-making lucifers ? If so , tli « people of ¦ ours has been most grossly practised on . Credulity has been most severely taxed : for we have been assured , over and over again , thai every one of those other means have been , resorted to ; and that , too , in so secret and cunning a manner as to defy . detection of tho perpetrator . O , no , it is not the lucifers ! It is the absence of good-will in the breasts of the pining workers ; it is the want of food and adequate shelter that prompts them to fire the stacks and burn the barns : and the Kent farmers mav sit

      lamenting over lucifer matches till doomsday , — -if the building they , assemble in to " consider" on their misfortunes be not sooner burnt about thciv cars ; but they will not thereby ' " arrest the progress of this most frightful and desolating of crimes . " They may annihilate' tlie lucifers—but flint and steel will remain ; they niaymake it felony to possess even thesebut the " cheap-knowledge" books will remain , to tell what . simple chemical substances will produce spontaneous combustion , when united togethe ' r ; they may hope that the poverty of the rickburuera . may prevent , access to suoh works , and jiuf

      it out of their power to purchase the ^^ jgnicals "but the knowledge imparted to them by o " ther Agricultural . Associations—that . , dry' burnt-lime shells mixed up with dry sawdust will in a / eu > hours pi ihe ] heap , and produce a . most excellent fertilizer by carbonizing the wood—will remain—and the simple sense of the labourers will show them that a heap of this mixture " placed underrieath'or near to a stack or barn , will as effectually- produce fire and consume the vfhple , as the dveaded ' lucifeifs themselves ; the Solon-farmers , mayforego the use of charred sawdust , fearful that the lesson taught , in ' , producing it may be

      turned against ; their homesteads—but it is possible that the news of the vessel being fired through guano becohung saturated with water , may ' spread among the workers , on . thp land—and now . that guano lias become so fashionable a manure , and to be found on every farm , the mischievous may -be induced to try " experiments : " and even if all ' or any of these means . are' not come-at-able , the' common knowledge - of . optics , -which ' ., teaches the effects of concentrating the sun ' s rays by means of lenses , may suggest to the more . " scientific" of the clod-poles ! that if they suspend , at a given distance fronitlie stack / or any other easily combustible matter , the lump from out of a broken bullion-windoir pane , 'or the bottom of a broken wine bottle , the sun ,

      even in their absence , will as effectually accomplish their purpose as if all -the - . iucifers ; and / all the flints and tinder , and ' all the chemicals , and all the limeshells and sawdusfci and all the 1 guano and water in the world , had been employed I Nor no ; " restricting" the " sale of lucifers" will not " stay the progress" of the crime which " wars against the precious mercies of the Most High . " The Kent agriculturists must try some other means . What tki . nk tiiev of Punch ' s remedt ? HeprescribedI food , and clothing , and good diuellbigs' ? - Suppose the Kent farmers were to consider how these could be secured to the labourerswould it not do more , not . only to " stay the progress" of incendiaris m ; but to render it a crime unknown , than the most vigorous war they can institute and maintain against lucifer matches ? Let them try tlie

      experiment ! Let them catch one of the rick-burners , and , instead of " hanging him hy the neck till he be dead , " feed him well ; clothe Mm well : ' give him something better than a hovel to shelter in ; cause his family to share in his comfort—and try if ever he will fire a stack or homestead again I It is likely that if this plan was tried , Punch would turn out to be a better philosopher , and a better physician too , than the Kent Solons sitting round the committee table of the "Association , " considering on the enormousAvick edness of lucifer matches !

      But , then , ask the sappy ones , how is this to be done ? How is comfort to be secured to the labourer ' ? We cannot do more than we are doing . ' Employment we . cannot , find for want of capital . Higher wage 3 we cannot afford to give , for the same reason . Prices are down , and rents are high . What can we do ?—Dowhy , bring down rents and tacces to the rate of pricet , to be sure . Ask for , and demand , equitable adjustment . It is this course alone that can give you capital . You are now producing for-sthe pensioner , the annuitant , the dead-weight men / the salaried officers , the collectors of taxes , and the landlords with their

      bosom companions , the Jew mortgagees . Aid in ridding the nation of ; tho . heavy load of DEBT , and the other depressing iiicumbrances she has to bear ; put down , / the ; " rag-rooks " of every denomination / who , by ; their speculations in spurious " money" are continually changing the value of property , stripping the wealthy of their wealth , and conferring it ' oh ari'aut swindlers and yery rascals—and who , from the Very nature of tilings , must ever do so , so long as they , have the power to " coin" and circulate mere '' promises to pay "; sweep the Augean stable

      of cpriiiption , ' and bring together real representatives of the people ^ legislate for the people : aid in doing this , ' and capital with you will be plentiful enough-When r you have ^ produced , your produce ^ will stay with you ^ ; to be consumed or exchanged for your otjb benefit ; instead of Tieihg silently filched away bv the operatiwvof an INFERNAL THING , whieh reilueei thc peopletoheggarj'lthatthe wants . of . the cormorant " class may he satisfied—induces " crime , "—and then sanos Ha own created criminals ! Tou will ^ enabled to give employment to the sons of the soil , or to aid them to that "bank of earth" for tkmsd tW

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      TEE NORTHEiRN STAR ;! : AND NATIONAl-TRADES ^ OURNAL , ESTABLISHED in Leeds in 1837 , and since then the leading Provincial Journal in the Kingdom , is now published at Xo . 340 , Strand , London . , The ODject of tneJProprietor in establishing the Northern Star was to furnish a ^ fearless and faithful organ for the representation of the Labouring Classes , whose interests from time immemorial have been shamelessly neglected . Tie removal of the Star to London has enabled its conductors to suppl y the reader with the latest intelligence , as well as the most interesting news ; in consequence of which its number of readers have materially increased in the Metropolis , and its country circulation can be equalled by few , even the most extensively circulated Metropolitan newspapers .

      From the extensive circulation of the Northern Star , together with the fact that it is read by all classes of society as the organ of the movement party , Advertisers will find it to be a medium of communication with the public at large worth notice . Books and Publications for review must be addressed { post paid ) to the Editor , 340 , Strand , London . Advertisements and orders for papers to be addressed to Feargus O'Connor , 3 iO , Strand , where all communications will be punctually attended to . ¦ . The following extract from the Newspaper Stamp Returns for October , November , and December , 1843 ( since which no returns have been made ) , show that the ¦ Northern Star is far at the head of many old-established London Weekly Journals : — " ' ' '

      1 YOKTMERIV STAR .. .. .. ,. 117 , 000 News of the World .. 86 , 000 United Service Ga-Kecora .. " .. .. .. 83 , 500 zette 19 , 500 Examiner .. .... 71 , 000 Patriot C 0 . 000 Britannia 66 , 000 Spectator .. .. .. 48 , 000 Mark-lane Express .. 54 , 000 Era .. .. 41 , 000 Tablet .. 45 , 000 John Bull 39 , 000 Observer 41 , 000 Watchman 33 , 000 Atlas .. 37 , 000 Age and Argus .. .. 22 , 508 Nonconformist .. .. 30 , 000 Sentinel .. .. .. .. 20 , 000 Bell ' s Hew Weekly Journal of Commerce 13 { 500 Messenger .. .. 22 , 500 * # * Observe the Office , SiO , Strand . London .

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      AGRICULTURE AND " INCENDIARISM . ' ^ . ' The question of the utility of Agricultural Associations has been much canvassed of late , — -one party stoUtly maintaining that they are of no use whatever for good , but only afford opportunities , for presidents ; secretaries , and influential ^^ members ait the annual dinners , to spout arrant nonsense , and insult the

      labouring "hinds , by distributing to tho " 'deserving " of ; the ' class " prizes , " for ; their good . husbandry and behaviour , accompanied by lectures for the benefit of their less enlightened and less active brethren ; an 4 another party as stoutly Contending that they are' admirable mediums for . the imparting of agricul " tural information , and for the spread of correct notions among all classes of workers on the land . Into the question of utility , generally it is not our present purpose to enter , believing that there is a good portion of truth in the representations of both these parties ; but we do purpose to remark on the silly and childish proceedings , adopted by some Agricultural Associations for the " putting down" of incendiarism . . "

      The crime of incendiarism is one almost new to the proverbially industrious and obedient labourers of England . Respect for the law has always been * a distinguishing characteristic of the English people ; and it has always been matter of boast with Englishmen that the constable ' s baton had in it more of weight and authority than the bayonet and musket of the French gehs-d ' arnie , or the sabre of their falselycalled "National Guard . " Co-extensive with this respect for the law and obedience to lawful authority , exited a profound regard for the rights of property . Indeed the one supposed , and implied the other ;

      Property is secured by law ,. To infringe on property , or to disturb the owner or holder in the quiet possessioA or use of it , was to break the law : and this the settled and in-woven feeling of respect for law and habit of due obedience that we have spoken of were sufiicientto prevent . So far , then , from the labourers of England , in not very " olden times , " firing the corn-stacks and barns of their employers , —wilfully causing the food that haf b * en raised and liQuseci by the : hand of Labour to " be consumed by the all-devouring flame , they scrupulously respected the property entrusted to their care and goodwill ^ and manifested anything but a destructive or . turbulent disposition , Now , however , things are changed . Now , property is

      not respected . Now , stacks and barns are set fire to . Now , the feeling of security under which the owners of property lived has given place to those of fear and dread , —not one of thorn knowing but tliat tho ; incendiary ' s torch may be applied to his garner the next , —and he , with , hisjhouseholcl ,, reduced from comfortable affluence ' to squalid beggary- ' The state of society in the land of " green lanes " and " nierry . woods" has ; become ' totpy " changed : "; tae workers sullen , discontented , ' . and ' revengeful :: liste employers suspicious ,. fearful andtoncmted-1 living in a state i qf ^ cpntmua ' l .-dread . j ^ ttie" qualify tOf eneigy—once so . prominent ' abortion ' of the Britiisii farmer ' s character—almost annihilated ' ; . - . the present race being cowed—bowed down to the earth by tho

      Chambers' Philosophy Refuted.

      CHAMBERS' PHILOSOPHY REFUTED .

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      „ „ „ Tnr VrmrMlUlM& ML ^^^^ ¦ S

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 25, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1299/page/4/