Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 21st December 1844, Edition 1 of 4, Page 7, £ormt}ix>nti*ntt>,

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (4)
    • £ormt}ix>nti*ntt>,
    • zttinut aits mu
    • Hgi t u ral Column.
    • MARKET INTELLIGENCE.
  • Text (12)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      Untitled Article

      MALTHUSIA 2 * POLITICAL ECONOMY . Ail errors aw mlscliievong ; bat some are more dangerous than others . Tie ? are not owv airway , bat collaterally injuiioTis—roots from whence evil ramifies in all directions , like the TnOian tree , vrbose ¦ branches descend to fhe earth , tike root , anil throw ont other branches which follow the same law , and at length overspreads acres -with its vast shade—a forest in itself . Of this character is the doctrine of IUithcs -with regard to population . It holds the same jxvsitioit , and - performs the same functions in modern Political Economv , as the doctrine of original sin in Theology . Tpon each , as basal doctrines , rests the -whole superincumbent ma = s . If the foundation be removed the whole must tumble to the . ground , as easily as the feagile houses of cards wiiich children build up for the pleasure of Imociing lilfcm down

      ag&m-Morilists hate been for centuries in the habit -of declaiming against human selfishness : philanthropists hare Eionraed over hmnan suffering's- Tie Malthusian philosophv proved "both to have ba ^ n foolishlv as vr ^ I ] as uselessfr engaged . In two oeiavo volumes i : - » vas elabo ratclj argued that selfishness -was trne benevolence , and suffering the irremediable result of the decrees of an Omnipotent Providence . ICot all the sermons' ever preached "br Kshops of the church of which Hr . ilalthus iras a minister , were half so efficacious in propping up a ivstcm based upon injustice as the carefullT-compiled

      tables , by which it was shown that people bred too fast . especially the " Imc-er orders , " whose " eariv marriages *' Trere the sole cause of their degradation and destitatioiL . The statement that it was a law of nature that population should outstrip subsistence—the one increasing in a geometrical , the other ia an arithmetical tstio— -backijQ a * I : was ~ b j plausibilities aiid a formidable array of figures , was hailed as a tJodsend by all who fattened on the labour of others . Tte drones in the hive had at last got s conclusive answer to the grumblings of the "ignoram " and " unreasonable mob . " The . unremitting toil—scaim

      pittance , pauper ' s doom , and early death , so generally awarded to ths " workers . " were nahtraZ a nd inecitoi'U The horrible injustice inflicted upon them , was shifted from defective human institutions to an inscrutable and irresistible power ; and henceforward a weapon was put into the hands of the wealthy and privileged classes , h \ which they _ couli alienee all complaints , answer aU objections , aye , and eren satisft the " still nrrail vole . ;" Trithin . Hunger , disease , and early death were rife : - ; . greal piry , " bul it couldn ' t be helped . '" God had so ordained i :: and these terrible scourges were bat the instruments bv ¦ which Tit vroAi-d out his supreme wall .

      JSo wonder that such & doctrine as this should b ^ re been eagerly adopted bj the rich of all creeds and political opinions . >* o wonder that it met a more rapid and universal acceptation than any theory ever before propounded to the wurld : it made everything so seuj : quieted uneasy consciences so meely ; and iad such a pious And unanswerable appearance . About the same time . Adam Smith popularised the ideas © f former writers on Political Economy , and gave the system that consistency and filling up which , until then , i : lacked . His doctrines , expanded and amplified by various subsequent writers , had an almost equally ready reception . "Why ! Because they pandered to the selfishness

      engendered by antagonistic interests , and , in more measured , if less plain and pithy language , inculcated that principle which Alderman Brooks lias since made so famous—" Xkxt 3 love you : -ne * re all for ourselves in tJiis world V Such opinions were too congenial not to speedily fiad converts and advocates . They became the soul of our legislation and commerce . They multiplied wealth and poverty simultaneously . The boundaries of knowledge and science were extended ; but the masses still sat in the saidst of thick darkness , fresh powers for producing wealth were invented and set to work , which enabled out man loprodnce as much in a given time as 203 men coulJ liave done -without their aid- and then Politii-a !

      -Economy doomed the om swm to longer hours oi laborrr for less remuneration in return than he tad to endure when simply a mannal worker , -and creating only two-hundredth part of the « ealtb . "Women , and even tender childhood , were pressvji into the service of Mammon . The scattered homes of thr ¦ domestic manufacturers , with their comfortable gardens and "bit of land" outside , substantial furniture , w ^ U filed meal chests , jolly looking ditches , and luscioulams inside ; gradnallv disappeared . They trers succeeded iy the huge factory , with its bell to summon its myriua labourers from the thicklv-clnstered lasts and alle . i

      aronnd ; its loekrd aoors , interior slavery , and absolute dependence . Man became the slave of his own inventici . He baa created a new Frankenstein , which , threat etn-3 v .. devour him . \ Sever has the world seen , in so short a period , so gre ; t % revolution as that effected "by the inventions of llargreaves , Arkwright , "Watts , Crompton , Cartwright , aiid Boberts . Political revolutions pass like the hurricor . or earthquake—produce terror and death in their progres-. and leave their mins "behind to witness to their destrucii > . powers . Bat "how poor and superficial is any politii-i revolution to that effected by the new mechanical a ~ Ju KaeEtrne powers , introduced by the men we have nain-.-ti andihor eo-labonrErs I The one is but mechnnScal : tkt Other , to use the words of Bacon , " eats hte a strong docs- '' into the son ! o : socjetv .

      Had a better and higher philosophy of social aerl « : i accompanied this wonderful and magnificent ovation oi ne"K power , we might , long ere this , have had the peoi « K placed in the enjoyment of wealth and leisure : but unfortunately , selfishness in the guise of philosophy wa > entrasteu with its direction—asd the sorry , the lamentable consequences are bni too apparent- Ymri jare » : requisite to age tither in men or systems . Umlera poliiiCal economy affords a good illustration of the truth-Scarcely half 2 . century old—it already exiiibits ever ? sympiom of decrepitstle . It has utterly failed io yro-Hutc national % vell- * DeiD?—^ wiih resources at its commanti &r doiag so , E £ ver paralleled . A stream of wealtL

      xicher , more auiple , than the pactolus of classical liii-ir has Sowed xr . zn society ; bn : it has neither enlarged its r « - servoir * nor provjd-.-d adequate oudets . The waters ' art accumulated and accumulating in dangeroii ? and uiiiealtby masses in some few % -Uicti . wh 2 ? the lan ; i-it pro pvrtj'in is arid , thirsty , saj'ing with cracks is ? vru- j' ••' tLe requisite UMii ^ ture . Indeed , even some of the lor ^ - mosi iupportcrs of the philosophy begin to see and adun : this feet as line of the iao ? t startling and jironiiuei-t anomalies of iEi > dcTH ririlizati-jn . " Withineeiuiag t-aj » itai , " # ay the } , ~ tbeie is a te ^ ieacy lu its atciiuiulan-.-a ii tbciiaadsof theiVn , acci * u ; j > xiaied l « a cyrrrsjjvudkt- ^ l ^» c " riomiJon of the condition of the many . ' ' The- jroij-vj : ' ; thev must nov . * et "hsn ^ riirttu solve is . h ^ v . -j rjmcJj

      Ani it ir * Ii be rcmfcUiiA An ^{ ivaECe the poj'Uiiii mind in this direction is not less obvious thar ; tlu- on ; coaunented upou las fvreek . If DennMrrsc ; - ba > ninn ^ - -.- ' over Torvism ia tiie one instauee , humauit ^ ba » n-j U - ^ : gained ^ tosm mx > n-non-i » jivdlcrt 2 Mnlr'KiT'of .- ^ i ^ Ti : « ja r ; t .-t » ther . Th = iiizh oi its v-. > tajies ir on the wane : Ihe eye ? of the public are more tridely opened to it > &ll 2 ci - ? ; the xiiiT . of s »^ c- ? ry revolts a : ia selnsi-u ?;^ a ~ A cnifin

      The SrTT Pcrjr Law Axniii'iaical Aci , wiiicil oi ; i- _ iignest lejpilasve triumph , is Eited to be the instrjrrent t 01 it * downfall . It has exhibited so umnistakeabij . aU it ? r : latent evil Tendencies , and its utter iiiadequat-y to ieit : v the social and economical requirements < -f tb . tr ag =, tliat ii 5 ? ' final do-jla ;? certain . Perhaps , too , xhe aij '^ : udcji biw r tver aiinc-Q a . - the j * : > pula . tioa theory of iliiTHi ^ , l-i * > been -deci ; by the secretary of th ? very connuisst- > n wLich , K iriih the aid of Lord Brougham , brought that tiu-ory in :-j ? existence . TVe allude to the report -of Edwin Chadwick

      - " CQ Utt BealSt of Toarm . 3 vo one tiiing ^ ia tiiat reitort is more j completely laaIt out , iruzn incontesdble statistie&l eril 4 eoce , titan that the - ^ crUdity orcasoaed am&ng £ du 2 r 5 !>; -, " = Tic * and misery doss not a * z < & ( as Malthus assumes ) but £ rather nhaT&i ' ii the inertase of population . Its principal ^ CSsct con ^ sls merely in snbstiiaiiing a jouug , and at the am ? Qme ivtaily population , for one fairly propoi-tion-t i imongthesfc . enagesof man . Ihereportproves that , pr-.-p »» ely in those placas where l > y accurate records , it is Lnovm teat dftit

      * -y that d' / it / . ' st- * i ? tr ? j 3 ri ^ iil t * h ^ ?< v ;» m < 'p f ^ nmririTi j , ~ lifr pr -. s are /¦ eirf ^ t , and the average duration -of lift ¦ _ r wgttt , there occurs also the smallest annual number 01 pt ixrfki ; a&d as rmproTein ^ tiit occurs in ihe one re * . peci , ili ^ - OOnsegnsacas are more asd more felt in the other . One g of the most marked illustrations of this feet adduced i ^ ^ that of Geneva , where registries have been carefully i-. 5 . g . _ ance the year 1549 . By t ' as tables compiled iroia i ^ rfr ^ registries , and « iven in the report , Mr . Chad wick

      JI-m fincfl y ihows , to use Lis own -nords , that " ths prop .-ei Jwn of Qn population , and the increased duration of lift , j || Tras altended by a progrtn ' tonin happiness f and for tLi ^ |> - matter-of-fact refntafioa of an absurdity which < jbtaiireo |* Ead aa ^ nScence over the minds of our legislators , w g : are indebted to the Maitiiusian Poor Law Commission er * . ^ It is K > t , however , oa abstract grounds only that thi-^ 3 System is losing its hold- Legislation >»» " recently eihi--g iited some instances of proceeding on principles to v . hic-V

      Untitled Article

      modern political economy is altogether hostile . Its essence has been variously expressed ; but all end in the same conclusion , whether it is the " Hare I not a right to do -what 3 like with my own V of Xeiveasfle ; the " Lord lore you , we ' re all for ourselves ia this world , " of Brooks ; or the " can't a man wallop his own nigger" of an American slave holder . To these queries the world is beginning indignantly to answer " no . " The principle of protecting the weak and helpless against the strong and powerful has been acknowledged and embodied in our legislation . Human flesh and sinews are taken out of the category of those things which may be subjected to unlimited competition . As yet the enunciation of this fact is but indistinctly articulated The thin end of the wedge has , however , been introduced . Bv and bve it will be driven hoine .

      The common fallacy , so long fostered by the doctrines now under notice , that if wealth was only produced abundantly happiness would follow , is now seen through The terms are no more synonimous in national than in private affairs . Wealth has been abundantly created , but happiness for the masses has notjfbllowed in its train . It is beginning now to be suspected that those who assume to themselves the title of economists par excellence , have only studied one section of the science , that of production . They have yet to b « rin the srudv of distribution .

      Co-ordinate with these indications of growing enlightenment on this subject , there is evidently a disposition on the part of the influential and wealthy classes to pav more attention to the physical well-being of the masse 3 than obtained in the palmy days of Malthusianism . So long as the mortality engendered by damp dwellings , innutritious diet , insufficient clothing , and vicious habits , was regarded as the means by which nature got rid of the " redundant population , " of course no one thought of arresting it . To have done so would havt oaen a flat flving

      i n the face of Providence . Kow , however , that mure correct ideas are spreading , 3 more humane spirit keeps them company . Sanatory reforms take their place among the topics of the day . Moral health is admitted to depend on good physical conditions , improved divellings , parks , and public tvalks . Baths and wash-houses are evidences of the growih of a more kindly sympathy—a better humanity . In themselves , these efforts are too fragmentary to command unnualiSed approbation . Their true value is more for what thev indicate than what thev can

      accomplish . I ' nder this head may also be noticed the efforts for promoting the allotment and small farm system . These efforts proceed upon totally different bases to those assumed by the Adam Smith and Mai thus school . They aim at making the labourer comfortable at home—at making dear " fatherland " support all its children , and of emancipating , in a greater or less degree . Labour from the fell jripe of merciless CapitaL These are mere jottings—incidental memorandawhich may suggest to the reader numerous illustrations of a similar description . What has been adduced , however , may in the meantime warrant us in concluding our present remarks in a hopeful manner .

      The spirit of Progress broods over the chaos of Society . I > eep into its breast it is infusing holier and higher aspirations . The England that is to be , shall be better than the England that is . All the elements for realizing these aspirations are b ^ icg gradually collected . To assist in showing their proper application , and in realizing for iiZ ? their results , is the object of the efforts and writings of YorSG ESGLAKD . "

      £Ormt}Ix&Gt;Nti*Ntt&Gt;,

      £ ormt } ix > nti * ntt > ,

      Untitled Article

      . PEOPLE TAK . I 5 G THE LA"W I > T 0 THEIR OWN HAXDS . ?' ¦> THE EDITOR OF THE SOBTHEEX STAB . Stt , —In this vast well-ordered metropolis a stranger is frequently startled at the spectacle of a huge porter staggering under his load through the crowded thoroughferes , holding his way by sheer dint of that callous obstinacy so peculiarly the characteristic of the race . On 3 sudden you see him in contact with , perhaps precipitated upon , and overthrowing , or else rebounding from the s £ - > ck of a collision with some hapless passer-by . Instantly , boiling with rage , the burden is cast to the earth , and ere a remonsaaDce or denunciation can rise to llis lips , the hapless i > again a sufferer from the fist of bis antagonist , for what reason no one on earth can divine , except that as an overthrow by accident is not enough , chastisement is added for the unpardonable crime of being in the wav to suffer bv such a continirencv .

      If the stranger reflects a little , he will find a mighty iact embodied in this little incident . He will here see displayed the fundamental idea of British law—an idea not confined to the statute-book , but existing everywhere , the basis of our actions , the reason for many otherwise strange anomalies . It is wrapped np in the very being of an Englishman , and haunts him ivhereveT he goes . Let him reflect a moment . The keepers of our Jvenlth , by their system of drugging , frequently bring on a premature death , and never fait to ruin the health . For this their handiwork they levy an enormous tax on society , and thus they chastise us for the mishaps of falling into their hands . The keepers of our conscience never fail to paint in the most lively colours the depths of our degradation , till we become in reality what they describe ; and then the rithps and church rates lash ns sonndiv for the crime of

      blind credulity . Lastly , the keepers of our goods have the privilege of selling a bad article at a high price , setting the bloodhounds of the la-w- on ns as a punishment for " being done . " Throughout society universally we have cause to know that a quantity of evils may attend every transaction , a suffering for being somehow or other in the way of the transaction , and a punishment for being a sufferer . Here , then , in the incident mentioned at the beginning , without any knowledge of Blackstone or tven a glance at the "' Statutes at Large , " a stranger may perceive the natural operation of our laws , and distinguish the principle on which they are ba = ed ; so that the burly porter with fustian jerkin and angered passion , becomes a true type of the old English judge with blood-stained ermine labouring under a virtuous indignation . The sufferer is " my client , " who , whether plaintiff ot defendant , is fleeced , and fleeced , and fleeced again .

      > "or does the parallel end here . In these days of steam , Parce } -, Delivery Companies , pnnrtuaHty and expedition , great is the wonuer that porterage , —that remnant of feudalism , —still lingers amongst us , jostling us on the highuai , and pottim ; us out of conceit ivitn our oivn humanity , as ir meets us fool to fool on the broad pavement of Regen l-Strest . And so with the general diffusion of knowledge—with the manifestations of a maturing intellect crowding fast and tliiek around us—with the buddings ot a noble renius forerellinjr a plenteous harvest . How long -lia'l tiie old Juasreraaut lavr be found in the same ways ? Hi < a * Ion ? shall it follow also oos- paths ? Without it i \ - «? could pursue the wav merrily ; but -trite it we are so squeezed and stiflpd tim thr masses mu * t be crushed here L . ad cropped there tu form a line , to be marshalled in marching order : and the moving columns arc called i >^ aeeat >' . « eli-di >]~ . i * ed . and said tnbca beauteous sight , : i v .. TniK-r : ind admirarjon of the worid But the intellect

      ii ' . k-snvyed . and the irlonoiis harvest trodden under foot . A- were the order ai ; u standing of our fathers , so must ours be . As a m-ce = sity compdled them to act , so iviD tire Isiv make u > do . As it appeared to tht-m what best : ¦ . > proij-le . so urust we rraj > and enjoy the benefit of such % > visioii ' till * ve reap lo : ;; r n : jd puinfcUv inhere th-r < .-is auiiii ' ui sown , aud with loiij : gathering have- l > ui stubble . 1 el tiiis U our ftitt-: for ihv d « , £ Tna h : is gone fi-nh , that - ]> r < - } iir must not take the } -jw intu tb >* ir omii Jj : ; iiJ . - ;" x : i :. r Lhj ik-trfpolitan Poiicr Court ? , whence i : emanates , daily prs-Sent exiiibilkui * >> i the burl v porter mentioned at the J > e ^ ii 3 Qin ^ - Li-s us t ;; ke a few t- * ainp ) r > ;—Fir ? i , to show the ]> Kiiall } , ' ot taking the law int-j < . >; i-- " s own hand , or the puuishajwii" for hapi' ^ ni ni to be in th- _ - ivav to suffer .

      A wreu-h—with mont-T , 01 " course—at the- homo of a nar-: ianorenf young girL but non the victim <> f his sediicaon—D ; her own nre-= ide , under tilt- paternal roof , and in altercation with tlic father , threatens him to re-I > cat the o 3 eiire . Nature nerve ? the arm of the parent , and bids him punish the reducer . It is done ; but on a warrant issued airainst the father the lair steps in , aduats the provocation to be fully proved , but knows notLinjr of the seducriju , regrets it m-a 3 t -take its course , ibr ' ¦ people must no ? take the law into their oira hands , ' " aad fines the father almost as much as for the most agciavated offence— £ 3—which , being poor and unable to !«• -, consigns l : im to the treadmill for tiro months .

      Again , a man is proceedinir homewards in company with his wife , she a little in advance ; nn aristocrat comes u ; j , throws bis arms round her waist , and commences , sjtite her strcu-Tfles , the most indecent actions . The husband sprine * forward to bis nife ' s rescue , and the vindication of hU own honour . The aristocrat is laid low , but recovering himself—gives *» . man in charge . The provocation is proved : still " people innst not take the law into their own hands ; " . « o he is fined £ 2 . Unable to pay it , he is Kent to the treadmill for a fortnight . J : ere are men whu _ nj >]> enpd to be in the way of one injnrv deep and lasting , anil then handed over to another . But it may be asked , why did they not seek the remedy at law ! Here is the answer . The two following cases exhibit—first , Tvhat w-iU be the reparation should such an * xtra-jrdia ( iT ? i cr . se occur ; and the second , the benefit of seekins a reme-ly at law !

      A young jriri , a milliner , is returning from work late in the evening , and is met by an aristocrat , who , thro > ving his arms round "her with a rudeness and familiarity that itares no doubt of his designs . After a good deal of strug zUng - ~ he releases herself ; but he , angered at the rebuff , knocks out four of her teeth vrith his fist Given in charge , and brought before a magistrate , he is fined £ 5 , which is instantly paid , and he drives off in a cab . Another young girl , very respectably connected , is at home bv herself ; when visited by a wretch , who takes advantage of her loneliness to ruin her . She comes into ¦ court , exposes her shame , swears to her degradation , l > - 'irmng thereby the fiuger of scorn against herself : yet her oath is considered valueless , and the fellow , though admitted to be a most depraved character , is declared innoceiit of the crime .

      Untitled Article

      —^~—^^ . ^^_—^¦ ™™^ - ^ - - ~ And this is the remedy at law ! Let us sum up the results . Poverty , in vindicating itself , becomes culpable . Aristocracy , first provocators , has the latf really thrown into their hands for their benefit . It is as though the law stepped in opportunely to remove those who might interfere with theirdesigns . Innocence protected and avenged by law has lost four teeth , is without compensation , avid the object for further attempts incited by revenge . So glaring are these instances of protection , nay , abetting the designs of a class , and so sedulously are all vindicatory attempts frowned down , that a graduated scale may be readily formed , showing the cost of success , with the modes of procedure and the expense of vindication , varying with the resistance made . Always bearing in mind the invariable tendency of the accident of poverty to throw us in the way of the law , first to suffer and theu to be punished for suffering , we cannot fail to perceive that people must not take the law into their own hands , but if you have nerve and money , the law will throw itself into yours .

      The following table may be called the bill of costs of the new practice 121 our Metropolitan Police Courts , or the terms on which assistance will be rendered for the accomplishment of certain designs : — To seduce a young girl under the protection £ . s . d . of her father , or a wife under that of her husband , give the provocation sufficient for an assault . For a small outlay you may pursue your designs unmolested . The expense will be about . . . . . . . 026 [ We may add here , by way of parenthesis , that lest any further obstacles should exist in the shape of " people taking the law hito their own hands , " accommodation could be perhaps furnished at the court , sav the magistrate's

      private room . The charge could not be heavy , ranging , we should presume , between 2 s . 6 d . and £ 5 , with a douceur to the reporter of the press to know nothing . ] Xot waiting for the . " slovv and sure" above- £ . s . u . mentioned , but attacking the girl at once , punishing her resistance with a broken jaw . Expense . ... . . . 000 But for the true sweets of revenge ! If the girl charges you with attempt , « tc , -drive it into court for trial . Let her publish her shame , which everybody will believe , while her oath the court will disregard . This is her remedy at law ! In other words , she must pay for the exposure at least . . . 50 0 0 With a little management , it mav be £ 200 or £ 300 .

      This subject requires further elaboration ; and if the editor could find room , it would be an easy task to push it to a reductio ad dbsurdum on the one hand , and show how ready a handle it is for despotism on the other . Lastly , viewing it in connection with democracy , we shall discover its true worth , ami a few illustrations added , drawn from history , will , it is hoped , furnish its answeT , and consign it to the fate of one of the delusions of the past . J . B . L .

      Untitled Article

      HOPE FOR LABOUR . TO THE ED 1 TOB . OF THE SOBTHEBN STAB . SIX , —The present position of the Operative Coal Miners is very inij > ortant in arational view . If their planjsucceetls , it will , of course , be extensively imitated . There is no reason why Mechanics , or Spinners , or Weavers , or any other class of artisans , should not adopt the same mode of resisting unjust encroachments by their employers Union is only required ; and the limitation of the nours of labour will be both easy and pleasant . It is evident that the improved intelligence of the working classes will soon consummate the downfall of commercial despotism .

      It was -only a beginning in the right direction that was required . The moment that clear and practical views should be acted upon by the operatives of one trade , the whole system of grinding tyranny would totter . That time has now arrived : the Colliers have struck the blow of fate . The capitalists are aware of the fact . A hint was lately dropped in a letter copied into the Morning Herald . It was hinted that the working Miners wanted to cause the demand to exceed the supply of labour ; and then they would have all their owu way . This is a hint pregnant with the most important inferences . It ought to siuk deep into the minds of all working men who may read it . The same letter contains proofs that the Mining Operatives are managing their affairs admirably . Let them go on and prosper ; and at the same time remember , that eyes are fixed on them from every town in England which has any intelligence among- its inhabitants .

      The contest in which the Mining population are engaged is one of general labour against geueral capital . So great may be its results , that it is impossible to predict them . Such a victory as may be grained by the poor labourers over their rich employers , by such novel means , would serve as a striking and great precedent to the working population all ovtr Europe and America . Its effect would befell from Lyons to Lowell ; and its statistics would be most carefully treasured and studied by the Trades of London . ¦ W hateverjsympathy or apathy may have been manifested towards the colliers by the members of other Trades ' Unions , should not be taken into much account . Almost the whole of the operative bodies are composed of poor men . It is with great difficulty that they can support their families out of the reduced wages they now receive ; and no considerate man could expect them to contributs much to any fund for general benevolence . It is hijjhlj creditable to them that they subscribe so much as they do fur general purposes ;

      The struggling Miners should sustain their resolution chiefly fcy reflecting on the vast benefit they will be the means of conferring on the whole human race , should they succeed in leading the way , and teaching : the rest of the oppressed working people how to act . In France or Italy this sentiment would be an ample incentive , and there is no reason why it should not be equally powerful in England . A stern resolve among fhp journeymrn of any trade , to limit the supply of bands or hours of labour to threefourths or two-thirds of the amount constantly in demand , would be sure to succeed in the object of raising wages . The price of work once increased , and more money being at the command of the work people , the rest of the details of union would be effected with greater ease . Funds would print tracts , and distribute them : and invaluable general instructions could be circulated all through the kingdom , and elsewhere . Money is notoriously the sinews of war , and particularly so in the conflict of capital and labour , as labour has too long experienced .

      This great principle of limiting the hours of labour ought to be kept well before the eyes of the whole nation . It ought to be busily talked about in the smaller towns and villages , as well as the cities . There cannot be too much pre-eminence given to this all important question . It is to be hoped that the unanimity and firm resolve of the Miners will not pass away : that would be a lamentable catastrophe . Buti under the guidance of honest leaders , there is not much cause tofear . With regard to themselves , their sufferings have softened their hearts , and taught them to feel for each other . It is in this revulsion of feeling that adversity displays itself a jewel of the finest lustre . Prosperity makes men unfeeling , striving against each other , as all are now , under this vicious svstem .

      Brighter days , let us hope , are at hand for the longoppressed poor . Crushed to the earth as they have been , hope even had almost deserted them . In the vista ol the future great chauges may be descried , faintly , and seeming like visions . Dark clouds <> f poverty are drawn aside , and the germs of united labour and capital are seen springing . A year or tno more , and will not an antimonopoly League be formed by the operatives , who are now deprived of their just share of the profits of trading 1 There is such a thinir as internal free trade as well as

      external free trade . Attempts have been made to coax tliv great newspapers to insert explanations of these matteis : but , as might be expected , these endeavours have failed . The people must acquire all the knowledge beneficial 10 them through their own organs , or they will not obtain it at all . The workman and his employer ought to share the profits of the business they may be eugaged in : if the master seizes all the profits , : ind gives his workman none , that is a most flagrant monopoly . The League will discover , one of these days , that there ib more to be learned than is " dreamt of in their philosophy . "

      The coa ! -owners and . their connexion will , doubtless , be very active at this crisis . But nothing can avail against the men if they remain steady . Shoulder to Shoulder , and suffering balanced against suffering ; let them be bold , upright , generous , and ' charitable to each otiier ; aiid , above all , U-t them discourage selfishness and unfeeling conduct whenever sucli may be shown by any of their ni' -mbers : let them behave to each other like the peasantry do in the Suuth of France " and Italy , for example , bearing and forbearing , - with J .-iud fttlinrj , and thev will g-ain their cause . O ! how magnificent a cause , if we look at its probable results !

      Trades Unions will soon begin to assume a new feature . Hitherto their enterprizes have mostlv terminated in defeat : but hereafter , with the prestige of the anticipated Colliers' \ u-tory , they will be enabled to attain more than has ever bt-tn anticipated by the most sanguine imaginations . 1 am , sir , your iveil-wisher , X .

      Zttinut Aits Mu

      zttinut aits mu

      Untitled Article

      The GnEAT Britain Steam-Ship . —Wednesday was appointed for the passage of the Great Britain through the lock of Cumberland basin , the last barrier to her free egress to ike sea after Ler lojig imprisonment . An iiuinense crowd . of spectators had assembled to witness an event which excited a lively interest far bevoud this port . We cannot attempt to describe in appropriate language the splendid appearance of the Great Britain as she entered the lock . On either side blazed barrels of tar , with xery short intervals between them , to the distance of more than two hnndred yards , the illumination from which , on the giant ship , the water , and the faces of the multitude , is not to be described . She passed through at a rapid pace ,

      touching nothing but the rail of . one of the bridges , which was hooked by the anchor and earned awaylike a thread . She was moored by the side of the wing wall outside the lock for the night , to be ready for her passage down in the morning . At about seven o ' clock in the morning , vehicles began to arrive from the country , and by eight o ' clock every possible place where there was standing room seemed , as on the night before , to be occupied by anxious gnzers . At about ten minutes past eight , the Sampson steam-tug , of ? ixty horse power , in which was Captain Claxton , R . X , " was seen to take her in tow , and very soon after the word was given to turn a-head . Slowly and majestically she left the entrance amidst the cheers

      Untitled Article

      of thousands , -which were re-echoed by those on board . It was ext raordinary to sec . with what ease she appeared to gather way aud to steer , even before two other steamers were attached , one on either side to her quarters , although the flood tide , which was against her , had not done running . FuRtHEB Pariicolabs . —( From the Lotulon duibj Times . J—1 dated and despatched my last communication from King-road , at which place we had just arrived . The 1 steam was then got up , and at halfpast eleven o ' clock the screw-propeller was putjin motion . It has been objected against the use of the screw in many steamers , that its action causes them not only to steer very badly , but renders it necessary to have more men at the wheel than under other

      circumstances , the steering being extremely laborious . Ihe Great Britain , however , steered "like a boat " with one or two strokes of her wheel , and came round with the helm at thirty degrees in a circle of less than halt a mile in diameter . The superintending engineers , Mn 1 . K . Brunei and Mr . Guppy , of course , in starting , did not intend that this , the " first experiment , should be one of full speed , as no new engines can be expected to have properly come to then- bearing until after they have been worked for * ouie time ; and accordingly directions were given to Air . 11 . S . Hamian , the engineer-in-chief , to start her with six revolutions only , at which she made about tour knots . On passing Portishead , at twelve o ' clock , the revolutions were increased to 9 f per

      minute , when she made a 6 * £ log ; 10 i revolutions gave a log of seven knots ; 10 * revolutions a rate of li knots . The steam was kept at this point for some tune , and then increased to twelve revolutions , when she gave eight knots as her fate of speed . At this period , being then near the Holmes , the experiment ot turning her round with the helm hard down was tnea ; she came round in nine minutes , making a circle of rather more than half a mile in diameter . She was then tried a second time , with the helm at only thirty degrees , when she came round in a most beautiful manner in six minutes , and in a less distance . W 2 ten going the straight course the stupendous mass answered her helm most readily , taking not more than one spoke of the wheel , and

      requiring only one man at it . In returning homewards the speed of the engines was gradually increased to thirteen revolutions , at which she gave « J knots , and 16 to 16 i revolutions , when she went through the water at eleven knots , ' against a strong head wind , passing easily the Sampson , the fastest paddle-boat out of the port . At this rate of going the steam was cut off by the expansion-valve at one foot , or one-sixth of the stroke , six of the fires not having been lit duringtlie whole trip . The engines worked perfectly smooth , and ivitkoutthe slightest ¦ vi bration or tremor being Felt in any part oi the vessel . The screw-propeller during these experiments v ? as not fully immersed , the ship ' s draught of water abaft being only fourteen feet six , and about twelve

      feet forward , ¦ and no doubt existed in the minds of any of those present versed in such matters , among whom was Mr . Smith , the original patentee of the Archimedean screw , that upon the next experiment , or when the revolutions of the engine are increased to twenty in a minute , a speed of from twelve to tliirteen knots can be easily obtained . When the vessel was going eleven knots the screw-propeller was only going twelve , making the slip or loss only oneeighth and a third per cent ., and which slip will of course be diminished when the screw-propener is entirely immersed . When going at her best speed there was no swell whatever under the bows , her stem cutting through the water just as the fastest Thames boats do . The whole experiment lasted

      five hours ; and in every particular the vessel realized the . most sanguine expectations . I have been thus minute , because in the construction of this vessel a number of new and startling theories were propounded , and because she has excited so much attention in the scientific vrorM . First , her immense length and size were entirely novel , then the construction of such a leviathan of iron entirely ; and then her mode of propulsion , and the novelty of her engines , have together rendered her an object of very great curiosity . It was first said that she would never steer—it is proved that she steers not only most easily , but that a single helmsman has a complete command over her ; then it was said , that from the immense mass of iron > the magnetic influence and the local attraction would be so great that they would be unable to depend upon their compasses ; but a variety of experiments having been made to compensate or correct the magnetic variations , thev have corrected

      the principal -errors ; and the local attraction is found even now to be much less than that which exists on board wooden ; ships . It was also objected that the noise of the cliains passing over the drums , to give motion to the screw dv which she is ; propelled , would be so great as to pi'ove an annoyance to the passengers . This , however , has been completely avoided , the chains and wheels upon which they work revolving without noise , and what is still more desirable , there is a complete absence of vibration in the ship . While at the Holmes , Captain Claxton , the superintending director , and Mr . Guppy , invited the company to partake of an excellent dinner , and about seventy ladies and gentlemen sat down in her spacious saloon ; Captain lloskenpresiding . The Great Britain tijen steamed to JCmgroaa , where she cast anchor for thefirst time at alwut six o ' clock in the evening ; the person * on board of her and the CTews of the various vessels lying in the roadstead greeting her with heartv cheers .

      Discovekt or Komax A . vi-KiurfKs . — There was lately discovered near Lilly-horn , adjoining the highway from Oakridgc-couuuqn , in a field culled the "Church-piece land , " Bislev , tiie property of T . Baker , Esq ., of WatercomLs-liousc , an extensive range of Roman chambers , whose communications with each other were distinctly marked , and which in part exh i bited the supports and bases of tesselated floors . They were bounded on one side by a wall of great thickness , but the limits of the whole have not yet been ascertained . There were various sorts of ancient l / rickwork , « tc . ; and there were picked up many fragments of red and coloured glazed pottery , having various figures on them , antique glasses , many little implements , such as tweezers , < fcc , tho root of a stag ' s horn , of unusual size , sawed off at the ends , a quantity of stag ' s , shoeps and other bones , and two

      perfectly-defined sacrificing knives . On the outside of the wall , notmore than six inches below the surface , was a round earthen pot , almost fitting a globe oi ' metal , which was , in fact , a concretion of coins , to the number of 1 , 22 $ , Some of these arc preserved in the state of cohesion they were found in , and the whole form a complete series of second and third bra ^ s , mostlv in the best preservation , from the reigns of ^ alerian to Allectus inclusive , comprehending the Roman British emperors , or usurpers , or at least those who arc not usually reckoned in the imperial list . They are most ubvindantly those of Tetricus pater , TotriciJS filius , nnd Victurinus ; next to them of Gallicnus , Claudius * and IWiiir ius , Tacitus , Probiis , Aurdianu * , Maximiaiuis , Flomhus , Carinus , Diocletianus , Siilomna , Numeriamw , Cams , Marius , Seyerina , Valerian , < £ uin ( illus , C ' uraiwu ? , and Allectus . —Uloucestcnhirii 'Chroni-U .

      New Method of Detectixg Abse . vjc . —M . Devan , a scientific chemist , has indicated the following as a certain process for detecting the presence of arsenic . Into a narrow tube is to be put a certain quantity of nitric acid , diluted with i ' ony times its weight , in water , tilling the tube to half its depth . Into this is to be introduced a rod of clean copper , ( in the top of the liquid is to l > e poured some melted tallow , winch , on becoming cool , forms a diaphragm , that separates the upper part of the copper rod from that which is plunged in the acid . On the surface of the diaphragm is to be placed the arsenical matter , and at the end of six hours all the arsenic that is in it will be found separated , and ndhvring to the rod . V > y moans of this process M . lievan affirms that the quantity of

      ai'scuic iu the matter put into the tube may be ascertained even to the l ( 3 (( th part of' a m'ai ; i . A rorl ot zinc , he adds , will 'jive tiie same result , and even more promptly ; . —Galiynani . Mammoth Steam Electrical Maciii . ne . —An hydroelectric machine of the most extraordinary and unprecedented power is now being constructed for the United States . It will be uble to produce a spark ol SCinches , to coat ^ , 50 (» feet of metallic surface , in a battery of 18 Leyden jai-s , of 2 feet high by 10 inches in diameter . This sliock would kill a thousand men in an instant , if it were passed through such a chain ! This machine will be more than four times as . powerful as the one exhibited at the Polytechnic institute , London , and . is now by far the most powerful instrument in the world . The name of this Leviathan

      machine is to be the " Benjamin . Franklin ; " and as it will not be shown at all in Europe , America will possessd , exclusively this magnificent , unequalled instrument . It will leave the manufactory for tiie United States early in the year .

      Untitled Article

      HoRncraxTTBE . —We have lately experienced a severe frost , the thermometer having fallen , on the morning of Friday the 6 tl \ mst ., to 20 degrees which indicates . 12 degrees of frost . From'that time to the middle of-iast week , the frost continued , though with less severity , night and day . During such lengthened periods of frost * when considerable artificial heat must be employed , greenhouse plantSTequire liberal supplies of wateiyaiid tiie atmosphere should not be allowed to get too dry . It was but a few days ago that we were glad to emploVnre heat to neutralise the excessive dampness of the external atmosphere . Now it becomes

      equally * necessary 'to guard the plants from injury through -unnatural * ana excessive dryness of the air . In the proper ^ management of these . matters very much of the skill of the gardener is exhibited , and t o ensure success great diligence , care , and observation arerequisite . Out of doors there are but few operations which such weather will admit of ; there are , however , some things for which it is favourable enough—thus , for instance , manure and composts may be wheeled into the quarters where they are needed , or to the clumps on the lawn or flower-garden , for which operation the hard state of the walks , mould and turf , are favourable . In the case of manure , it should be kept as much in heaps as possible , Of by

      Untitled Article

      exposure to the wind and rain it will lose much of its value . Heaps of manure nifty be turned over Jb accelerate their decomposition , and in like manner heaps of compost may be turned in order to mix them thoroughly , and to keep them sweet , destroy worms , < fcc . Materials for the compost-yard may be collected , mixed , and laid up in heaps { to rot . —The Oreen / tmtse . Some of the early tulips aiid narcissus will now be showing their flowers , and the hyacinths are pushing up pretty strongl y . A fresh batch of the Dutch bulbs may now be brought into the house in order to

      succeed the forward ones . Thjese , with the plants of the Chinese primrose and cineraria , may be treated to a little guano water occasionallv . —The Flowergarden . The moment the weather breaks , uncover the frames and pits , and sparingly , supply with water any of the plants that arc quite dry ; and if quite mild , leave tiie lights off for a tew hours . —The Kitchengarden . Attend to the cauliflower and lettuce plants in frames , and give them plenty of air when the weather will permit . See that ' the potato clumps and the stores of roots of various lunds are well secured from frost . —Bdl ' s H Vejtfy J > 4 ' » senoe »\

      CHflisriLdS Cheer . —At Woodbridge market , on Wednesday , was shown , by Mr . W . Brinkley , a calf of seventeen months old , fatted by Mr . John Cook , of Mtirtleaham , weighing upwards of sixty stone . Also , by the same butcher , three other beasts from Mr . S . Toller ' s , of Gedgravje , weighing upwards of ninety stone each , the latter [ of which obtained prizes at the last agricultural show . < Value or Fritzs . —The value of furze as an article of provender for cattle has been frequently spoken of ,

      and the following , from a Swansea journal , seems to prove that the agriculturistsiare beginning to be of the same opinion : — " Mr . David Jenkins , Bettws , Carmarthenshire , has lately disposed of a field of furze at the following hig ' li prices : —The fii-st lot fetched 3 d . per yard , which is equal to £ 60 per acre , and the remaining lots wcre'dlsposed of at 2 id . a yard , which is equal to £ 52 10 s . per acre . The furze was of two years' growth , and the- lots to be earned off the field previously to the first of March next . "

      Fbench Eoas . —The egg merchants of Cherbourg are about to avail themselves of the facilities for a quick and cheap transit offered by the railway to London , to import their eggs into Southampton , instead of going to London . - A small French sloop , the Napoleon , arrived in the dock about two o ' clock on Thursday afternoon , with a ] cargo of about 400 , 000 eggs in cases , some of which were landed and forwarded to London that evening . —Hampshire Independent .

      LxTitAORDiNARi' Wuuat Cbops . —A coiTespondent of the Norwich Mercury communicates the following account of some extraordinary crops of wheat : — " The land ( under five acres ) lies in Ilappisburgli , contiguous to a homestead Iwlonging to -G . Wilkinson , Esq .,. North Walsham , whose intelligent steward , Ducker , took the greatest possible pains to ascertain the exact quantity produced , and also the exact measurement of the field , to ' obviate any doubt to the perversion of truth . It was Spalding wheat , and the Sroduct ( me hundred and ten coombs two bushels , eing nearly twenty-two edombs ( a coomb is four bushels ) and a half per acre . ! Such a productive crop

      has probably never been produced from any given quantity of land witliin the memory of the oldest Norfolk agriculturist , and inany , many years may elapse before a similar instance ciin be recorded . The cast of wheat in this neighbourhood generally , the product of tliis year , is really excellent . Mr . R . Cully , Bacton , has some lnnd which produced seventeen coombs per acre , and lands in this and tho adjoining village of Wilton , belonging to Lord Wodehouse , which generally produces eight or nine coombs , and last year only from five or seven , has this year produced twelve coombs per acre . The cast and quality of the barley , which was considered likely to have been extremely indifferent , has proved quite the contrary . "—Hurt / Post . '

      PitooupE of a Cow . —[( To the Editor of the Mark Lane Express ) . —Sir ,-- — Having read in your journal of the 3 rd of June la&t , that a cow belonging to Mr . James Gcach , of Penyounder , in the parish of Sithney , has produced 3501 bs . of butter in the preceding year , I have been induced to send you the following account of produce I have had from a cross-bred Aldeniey and Durham cow in one year . She calved the first week in * November , 1843 ; from that time to tho 3 M Oeto !> er , 1 & 44 , -produced upwards of G 50 lbs . of butter ; for a considerable time after calving , gave 17 lbs . per week ; and she is at this time giving 81 bs . per week . —I am , sir , your obedient aervant , 1 Edward Campion .

      Untitled Article

      London Corx Exchange , 'Mondav , Dec . 16 . —The arrivals of all kinds of grain ( British as well as Foreign ) were exceedingly small during the past week , and Fresh up for this day ' s market there was a moderate show of wheat samples bv land carriage from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk . fOf barley - the quantity offering was tolerably good , and the display of beans and peas rather liberal , but of oats there were scarcely any fresh up . After nearlv a fortnight of sharp , frost a rapid thaw set in yesterday , and the dampness of the atmosphere had an unfavourable effect on the condition of the grain this morning . English wheat 1 was held at rather enhanced ! rates in the early part of the day , and in partial instances superior qualities brought " a trifle more money , but the trade closed languidly at the currency of Monday last . Foreign free wheat was taken off slowly . The quantity of reall y fine quality in warehouse here being , however , small , holders demanded very full teims . Flour met

      a dull sale , and quotations remained nominally unchanged . Barley excited comparatively little attention , DUt factors were generally very firm , refusing to accept lower prices than on this day se ' nnight , either for English or five foreign . The trifling business passing in malt was at precisely similar rates to those previously obtained . The jbare state of the oat market induced holders to ask more money , but tho dealers wei-e if possible eveivUnore cautious than ln > t week , and the operations wpre not of sufficient importance to wan-ant alteration in quotations . Beans mmg very heavily on hand , and must again be noted Is . tier qr . cheaper . Grey and maple peas were also easier to buy , but white , owifig to their scarcity , were hel . l at fully former prices . ( I n bond nothing " of interest transpired . The demand for both red and white clover-seed was inactive to-day , and prices nearly nominal . In other articles no particular change occurred . !

      London' Smithfield Market , Mondav , Dec . 16 . — Thi- * being the day appointed for holding what is termed the " Great " Christmas Market , " more than the usual bustle attendant 611 such interesting occasioii > was observed at an early hour , and continued throughout the morning . As might lie expected , from the fine frosts experienced for some time past , anil the consi-ijnent favourable state of the weather for slaughtering , the graziers were tolerably certain of realising more remunerative prices for the stock , especially the beasts , than { we have reported fov a lengthened period . In tlirs-j expectation they were , however , in a great measure disappointed , forfbe atmosphere having suddenly ] become mild , many ot the -butchers in attendance , the number of whom was

      extt't ^ Hnsfly great , refused jo purchase at anything like the asking quotations , some of which were high in the extreme . Hence thepeef trade was , the time of year considered , in a veryJ s-lupcish state , with tlio exception of a few of the fine . st animals , producing hish rates , which we phalli lien-after notice . The highest ireneral figure did not exceed ia . ( id ., per Sib . In noticing the " prodteios ' of the show of beasts , wi- have to refer with very great pleasure tn the thirteen mort wonderful l > urhams and short horns sei : i by Sir ( . ' . Knightley . which for symmetry and vi-isjit ' were never cvelle ' d by any stock brought to-^ rr'ier for competition iji any rattle yard in England . These extraordinary beasts the whole of which were iHi'lcr five rears old , were tlio adiuiration of all

      beholders , while there was only ; one of them under 2 oO stones (>< l b . ) The next in importance , as to quality , were the thirty Hereford * iuul Sussex beasts , the property of Mr . Senior , of 'Broughton House , near Aylrsbiiry . Many of them weighed upwards of 250 stone ? , and were sold at from £ oO to £ 6 l > per head . Mr . Senior , it will l > e noticed , was a successful exhibitor at the club's show . Wp have now to notice the forty-three Herefoitls offered by Mr . Rowland , of Crcs ' . irtv . This stock , considering the number shown by one gentleman as his own } property , was decidedly tiie I test in the market , though we consider that one of the Herefords sold by Mr ; Senior was superior to anything we almost ever saKr . Mr . Rowland exhibited an animal which cai-.-ied oft' one of the prizes at a local show a few weeks iince . Mr . ( rurrier had

      the celebrated short-horn which earned off the £ 30 prize , as awarded by the Smithfield club . This , and three othci"s—viz ., a short-horn and two Herefordswore greatly aad deservedlylaoraired . Mr . Morgan had the largest , and perhaps the most astonishing show of beasts of any salesman in the market , consisting of short-horns , Devons , Herefords , &c , belonging to Win . Goodale , Esq ., o ( Deeping , Lincolnshire ; Wallett Goodale , Esq ., of Peterborough ; Wm . Thomas , Esq ., of floltoeaeh , jLinooJnshire ; R . Took , Esq ., Portland , Lincolnshire ; Wm . Wiseman , Esq ., Moult-on , Lincolnshire : J . Copland , Esq ., Lincolnshire ; and other large breeders . Mr . Vorle / s stand was filled with many extremely good animals , which were sold at high prices . Havimr particularised the

      best beasts in this great exhibition , we shall now proceed to take a general retrospect of the supply . On many former occasions > ve have had to notice a great preponderance of fome breeds , especially the llevefonls , over the others , bbth-as respects number and quality ; but to-dav there was more evenness in them than we ever recollect . ( On the whole , however , the Herefords stood at the top of the poll , both in weight and symmetry . TUe { next in importance in these particulars , were the Deyons , next the Diu-hams , the next the short horns , andfthe next tiie Scots . In speaking of the last breed , it h placed beyond a doubt tlv . it the show this morning jwas the very best ever noticed . As to the number } -of beasts brought forward , it considerably exceeded that on the great days of tiie t ' -vo past years , as In thus [ -hown : — i

      Untitled Article

      Numbers exhibited in the Great Days of 1843 , 1843 , and 1844 . ' 1842 1843 ISU . Beasts 4541 4510 5 ? l 3 From the above it will be seen that we bad , a large supply , here this morning , and yet the quality waa quite equal to any we have ever before witnessed . In reporting npon the prices obtained here this morning , and those obtained in the corresponding market in 1843 , we find very little difference in them , they ruling as under : — Great day in 1843 . Great day in 1844 . s . d . s . d . s . d . s ; d . Beef , per 81 b 3 8 4 4 2 10 4 6 Mutton 2 8 4 4 2 10 4 4 Veal ; 3 4 4 6 3 4 4 4 Pork 3 0 4 0 3 0 4 0

      Ilad the weather been more favourable than it turned out , we are quite of opinion , notwithstanding the immense numbers brought forward , that better prices weald liave been obtained for the beasts . We now come to the sheep . In this description of stock a very great improvement was noticed ; indeed , so fine a collection ol : half-breds was scarcely ever known on such an occasion as the present . Mr . Weall had on offer forty wonderful Downs and ten Gloucester ^ , the property of E . F . WittingstalL Esq ., of Laftgley Bury , Herts . The former , which weighed on an average about twenty stone ( 81 b . ) . and produced £ 5 per head , were almost unrivalled , while the . Jatter exceeded thirty stone ( 81 b . ) , and found buyers at £ 6 each . Mr . Weall had , likewise , fortv polled and

      fifty Down ewes , belonging to Mr . Rowland , of Creslow , which realised high prices . In the other portions of the supply of sheep there was notliing calling for particular remark . As to the mutton trade it was in a very sluggish state , yet the currencies' ob > tained on this day se ' nnight , the highest being 4 s . 4 d . per 81 b ., Avere supported . Very tew foreign-beasts or sheep were ou sale , and there was scarcely'any inquiry . for them . The imports tor the United Kingdom since Monday last , have amounted to 180 oxen and cows , and 200 sheep , in for the most part good condition . The bullock droves fresh up

      to-dayconsisted of 2500 short-horns from Lincolnshire , Leicestershire , and Northamptonshire ; COO Scots , £ c , from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire ; 1000 short-horn ' s , Herefords , Devons , Durhams , « fce ., from the Western and Midland districts ; 600 various breeds from other parts of England , 300 from Scotland ; while of Irish beasts the number was about 120 . The numbers of calves were good , while the veaf trade ruled heavy , at last-week ' s prices . In pigs , at least tljrec-fourtbs of whielr were from Ireland , very little was doing at our quotations . At the close of the market nearly the whole of the stock was disposed of .

      SuiiHFrELD Hay Markets—Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 13 s . to ' £ 4 15 s . ; useful ditto , £ 4 16 s . to £ 5 4 s . ; fine Upland ditto , £ 5 03 . to £ -5 10 s . ; clover hay , £ 4 10 s . to £ 0 ; oat straw , £ 1 12 s . to £ 1 14 s ; wheat straw , £ 1 15 s . tos £ 1 10 per load . Supply but moderate , and trade rather dull . Whitechapel . —Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 12 s , to £ 4 14 s . ; useful ditto , £ i 15 s . to £ 5 4 s . ; fine Upland ditto , £ 5 5 s . to £ 5 10 s . ; clover hay , £ 4 10 s , to £ 6 ; oat straw , £ J 12 s . to £ 1 14 s . ; wheat straw , £ 1 14 s . to £ 1 I 6 s . per load . Trade throughout inactive , at our quotations . Southall , Dec . 18 . —We had rather an extensive supply of fat stock here to-day , both as to numberand quality . Prime qualities were in good request , at tull prices , but , otherwise , the traae was heavy . Beef , from 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . 6 d . ; mutton , 3 s . to 4 a . 3 d . ; veal , 3 s . 4 s . to 4 s . 2 d . : and pork , 2 s . 8 d . to 3 s . 8 d . per 8 lbs . Supply : —Beasts , 1 , 100 ; sheep , 1 , 629 ; calves , 4 \) : pigs , 51 .

      KoMFoitD , Dec . 18 . —There was a full average timeof-year supply of stock here to-day , yet the trade Was steady at our quotations . Beef , from 3 s . to 4 s . 6 d . ; mutton , 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . 4 d . ; veal , 3 s . 4 d . to 4 s . 2 d . ; and pork , 3 s . to 3 s . 6 d . per 81 bs . Suckling calves , l £ s . to 30 s . ; quarter-old store pigs , 16 s . to 20 s . ; and milch cows , with their small calf , £ 16 to £ 19 each . Lewes , Dec . 17 . —Beef , from 2 s . lOd . to 4 s . 6 d . ; Mutton , 3 s . to 4 s . 4 d . ; Veal , 3 s . 8 d . to 4 s . ; and Pork , 3 s . 4 d . to 3 s . 8 d . per 81 bs . Supply good and trade firm . ¦ ¦¦ > COR >{ AVERAGES . —General average prices of Brifish corn for the week ended . Dec . U , 1844 , made up from the Returns ' of the Inspector in the ilifferent Cities and Towns in England and Wales , per Imperial Quarter . Wheat - * 5 s . Id . I Oats - 21 s . lid . j Beans - 3 & > . 9 d . Barley - 34 s . 5 d . Rye - 32 s . 0 d . Pease - 36 s . Id .

      Manchester Corn Market , ^ Saturday , Dec . It—The improved feeling apparent In the flour trade last week has continued throughout the present , and , with an r . nimated demand for the article , which has con * siderably reduced the previous accumulation of sjtock in factors' hands , rather higher prices have , in some instances ( for approved marks ) been realized . There has likewise been a good inquiry for both oats and oatmeal , the continued scarcity of which has enabled holders to obtain somewhat enhanced rates . At our inarket this morning rather more disposition was manifested to purchase wheat , and we raise our quotation Id . to 2 d . ' per VOlbs . Flour met , a tolerable free sale , and the dealers and bakers were compelled to pay a slight advance on the rates which would have been previously accepted . Both oats and oatmeal were in steady request , the former at an improvement of fully Id . per 45 lbs ; and the latter 6 d . per 240 lbs , In beans but little change can be noted . . Livsbpool Cobs Market , Monday , Dec . 16 . r-

      Witti' easterly winds we have to report very small arrivals of grain to this port : the steamers . , have brought shipments of oatmeal and flour from . Ireland , hut of these , too , the quantities for the week are moderate . The duty on foreign rye has advanced to !> . >« .. 6 d . per quarter ; the rates of impost on all other articles remain as noted last week , Throughout the week the trade , has been very , firm , and , upon a moderate demand , Full prices have generally been obtained . We have had little choice of new wheat : whilst of oats the market has been exceedingly bare , aud though in limited request they have realised an advance of Id . to 2 d . per bushel , 3 s . 2 d . per 45 lbs . having been paid for good mealing . Oatmeal also ha . s brought Cd . per load above the quotations of this clay se ' ruiight . Flour has sold more freely , and on rather better terms . No change as respects barley be . ius , or peas . A few parcels of United States sweet flour , have been sold , in bond , at 17 s . to 17 s . 6 d , per barrel .

      Newcastle Cobs Mauket , Dec . 1 £ . —At our market this morning we had an extremely large supply of wheat from the growers , but the arrivals coast , waya being trifling , sales were readily made at , fully last week's prices . The high comparative rates at which south country qualities were held , caused our millers to lie very circumspeet in their purchases , many holding off in anticipation of doing better when the expected supplies « ome to hand , which are understood to be considerable . Foreign continues tobeheid-with increased firmness , as may be shown by the fact of 56 s per quarter having been refnsed for a parcel of fine old Dantzic of the crop , 42 . Bonded has attracted some little attention ; two cargoes are reported to have been sold , viz ., one of Conisberg to 30 , and another of mixed Dantzic to 33 , weighing 31 lbs per ¦

      bushel . For flour there was a <_ r ood inquiry , choice household being readily . saleable at 35 . * , and extra whites from 37 s to 38 s per sack . Barley may be quoted a shade higher ; and from tho circumstance of the recent foreign arrivals being about cleared ofti with no probability of receiving any further accession till the spring , we think it not improbable that the best south country qualities will improve a little in value . Malt without change . In , beans-little doing . Boilings peas rather more inquired after , and choice breakers arc held for an advance of Is to 2 s per qr , Notwithstanding there wab a very liberal supply of new oats from the country , the whole met a ready sale at prices rather exceeding those of this day se ' nnight . Old om the contrary , were no dearer , and in limited request owing . to our large consumers being fully stocked .

      York Cons Market , Dee . 14 . —We have a fair attendance of iiunuei's to-day . Wheat meets a ready sale , at Is . per qr . over the rates of hist week , and we have a finn market for all other articles in the trade , with a tendency to advancing prices . Malxo . v Cok . v Mackei , Dec . 1 . 4 . —We have a good supply of wheat and barley , of oats moderate , to this day ' s " market ; wheat is Is to 2 s higher ; barley and oat * without alteration . —Red wheat , new , 43 sto 49 s ; old ditto , 50 s to 53 s ; ditto white , new , 57 s to 56 s ; old ditto , 53 s to 56 s per qr . of 40 stones . Barley , 28 s to 39 s per qr . of 32 st . Oats , Old to 10 * d per stonft .

      Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , Dec . 17 . —Our supplies of wheat and barley are fair ; of oats and beans they are rather short this week . Wheat is in steady demand , and hist week ' s prices are well supported ; barley is offering rather freely , and only the best qualities are taken at last week ' s prices , —inferior descriptions , of which much of the supply consisted are ^ held over . Oats and beans are firm , at late rates . The frost has left us , and we now have the weather mild for the season . < Tilt AVEKAOK PRICES OF WHEAT , FOR TIIF . WEEK KSDINU I > ECEMBBIl 17 . 1844 . IMtMt Barb u . Oats . Jiue . Beans . Peas * Qrs . . Qi-s- " Qr * - Qra . Qrs . Qrs . 6174 Wd \ f 412 0 418 84 £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . 2 0 ol I 13 101 I I 3 i 0 0 0 I 17 Hi ' 1 19 9

      Lkkds Ci-oth Market . —Though the markets still maintain the same character , prices remain steady . Heavy goods have the best demand , but the call even for these cannot be called extensive . Sanguine hopes , however , are entertained of improved '' markets with the new year , although for the present , manufacturers seem more inclined to cnrtail than' increase their operations . ¦•¦¦ - ¦ >'

      Hgi T U Ral Column.

      Hgi t u ral Column .

      Market Intelligence.

      MARKET INTELLIGENCE .

      Untitled Article

      Holloway ' s Olntmest axd Pills—Mr . Samuel Coudy , a cavpeuter and builder , residing at t 4 , Houghton ^ street , Clare-market , was on the 21 st oi October last , admitted a patient , with three dreadfol ulcers on the back part of his neck , at King's College Hospital , and continued so up to the 24 th of March last , when he was discharged as incurable . He has , however , been radically cured , in a very short space uf time , by the above invaluable medicines . This is another proof that any wound or ulcer , however dangerous ., may with certainty be eured by their j means , when every other means have failed .

      Untitled Article

      ItecaaiBBB 21 , 1844 . _^ THE NORTHERN STAR . , i . 7

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 21, 1844, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1294/page/7/