Northern Star (1837-1852), 8th June 1844, Edition 1 of 1, Page 6, Untitled Article

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  Untitled Article
  
  THE IRISH TRIALS- ! SENTENCE ON ME , O'CGNNELL . 1 Dublin , Thursday , May 30 . ] So early es eight o ' clock , the qniy trails , and all the ; avenues adJ 3 ceni to the Qaeen ' s Bench , -were thronged ! by a large crowd , consisting for the most part of coal ] and corn porters , sorua tradespeople , sad a considerable : number of females . Tsty unusual tscitsmr . nt prevailed outside the Court , which was literally surrounded by < the metropolitan police , the -whole disposable portion cf that force being * at into if qiMtisn fcr the purpese I
  
  cf preserving order . The P . dmsion arnved by railway from Kingstown 'at an early » ionr , and took up a posi- ! tioh in one of tfce f u&dranrfss of the building , "shew the mounted troop of tfce body -was also drawn up . The same precautions to repress any disturbance -were observed inside . The trcnr . ea were lined , and the 2 » iii Prius Court was filled by police . The troops in garrison -were all confined to barracks , tbe cavalry being is a state of immediate readiness to act shcdd their services be reqered in . aid cf the civil aatholifies .
  
  At no period since tb . 9 commeBcemenl of the State ! Trisls did the interior of \ he Gcjcrfc of Queen ' s IBiiich present Buchan appearance of -visibly great anxiety and excitement bs on feis aemorabte day . IS is needless to say , that the bemhes of Vhe -outer bir were crowded almost to -suffxaiion , and thart tha galleries allotted to the . publicwera ^ ellSlled-with anxious partizins fro » Tresham Grsgj ^ a and the Corn Bscbange-Lord Cardraan , ~ &i . SbeD , iLP ., 2 dr . Sheridan Xaowles , the 5 ? 3 T . Da Sliky , ilt W . S . © "Srien , 3 i . fV , Sir T- Blake , M . P ., and & few ladira of distinction ! J were present . Some time—spent in eager discussion by the gentientan of the junior bar , who appeared even rausnaUy Tivacions and -excited—elapsed befoi-t
  
  anything occurred to diTert ihe attention of the aaditory fr » m thfcir-speculations &s "to the sentence ; but shortly before eleven o ' clock , M * . O'Connell having passed alon ? by the side bar wf : h some Of the Corn Etchange aHadiei and proceeded to his -usaal place at tbe ^ aeen ' s-coansel table Hi front of the travelers' bar , a portion of the junior barristers cheered ¦ vociferously again sad ajain , ciapptd their hands , and cried for one cheer more . " 35 r . O'Concell aeknewledged the compliment by repealed bows and hand placed upon his breast , and whes the enthusiasm of his admisers had sufficiently evaporated , letUTied to z room adjoining tha Court , -where he remained till called upon to receive sentence .
  
  The Attorney and Solicitor-General , and other lead- ing connssl for the Crown , and the Queen ' s counsel engaged for the tisversera , came into court at eleven o ' clock , and at twenty minutes after that hour the Judges tool : their seats on the bench . The GHI £ P Jcstice then asked the Attorney- ¦ Caneral had he sd ; thing to more ? . Mr . ] Moob . e then rose and said , thst in the -caia of j the Qaeen r O * CoE » ell he hsd to apply to their j iordshipB , that whstsver sentence the court sheuld j think fit to pronounce upon the traversera shoold be ¦ directed net to commence until snch -day as the court ! in their disereUen -should think right t » order , to j enable the traTersers to prosecute their -writ « f error , ! and haTe judgment returned between the said time of pronouncing said judgment by the eeort . 1
  
  £ Hr . iloORE -supported his motion by a long argu-, xnent , in which he mainly dwelt on the injustice that '• "would aecme to the traTersers , Ebexdd sentence be pronounced on them , and partly executed , and then set aside by the House of Lords on the Writ of £ nor : . tai it would then appeal that they never ought to j haTe been imprisoned at alL At the same time he j frankly confessed that practice and precedent was against him . Tee Attorney-General opposed th& motion , calling on tho Court not to depart from its usualpractiee . 2 dr . Whiteside xejoined on the part of the traversers , ; and the Solicitor-General replied , and tbe judgment of - ' the Court was . unanimously given against the motion 1 ; As soon as Mr . Justice Perrin had concluded , a pause , ; during which a low xruramr of suspense ran through the Court , took place , and was occupied by the-Judges \ in consultation . ;
  
  The Losd -Ctsxes JcsitCE , then addressing the Attorney-General , inquired if he had anything to more ? The ATToxKEf-GEXKRAL—3 iy Lord , I have to more that the travereers oat upon their recognizmces be now , in compliance with the order of the Court ' made yesterday , called upon to appear at the bar and ' receive judgment—( sensation ) . The traTersera were accordisgly summoned ,, and im- ¦ mediately made their appearance . On the entrance of 3 Ir . O'Connell ihere were lend cries of -Up , op , up , 3 ' ' from one quarter cf the outer bar , and in compliance '• "With the TnnTirUta 3 Isjge body of barristers , -who > seemed to haTe gathered en « asse for \ ht pnrp » se , rose , * cheered slightJy , and bowed for some minntes , whilst a more exaggerated edition of the same sctne took place in the gallery .
  
  The Clehk of the Crows then called upon tie sereral tsTersers , Trith the exception of Mr . Tieratiy , Bud all answered to their names , the response of Mr . © "Connell being iH 2 . de in a Tery loud and bold tone of Toicfc .
  
  • THE SEXTEXCE . Jadgs Burton—In this case the trial of the parties . haTisg ended , after a fair , fall , and elaborate discussion of all the ^ aestions arising in the ease , and the court haTing sirired at oae opinion , and having ft . X *» fc * Bxa ^ nnw yipl ^ lj 3-i ibafc ?>» r » ^« A . ve »»»»« 2 ^ a-ro LotA iDirfully ccnTicted cf the o £ kncs imputed to them ; and an application to postpone t ' ue senttnee to be pronaunced , < st to make an order respecting the postponement of tLe execution of that sentence , haying also been heard deliberately , and determined in support of the prosecution , the case is now trough , to that stage in which the sentence is to be given upon tbe establishment cf ths -offences in the indictment , and upon which sentence the court haTe deliberately come to a conclusion . It u
  
  now my Tery painful dnty—Tery painfaL indeed , I feel ; it—to state to the traTeraers what that sentencs is . i The main offence imputed to them is that " of attempting \ the abolition or abrogation of the Legiilative Union at ' ¦ present subsisting , by means of the conspiracy whiea is alleged , and which is new found by the Terdict of th * ¦' jury ; with th& intention to intimidate and c-Terawe , not I ody those opposed to it , but to intimidate and OTer- j awe the two Heu * es of Parliament , whoi together with ' the Queen , form 4 he GoTsrimfent of the country , as , " that GoTemment is sX present constituted . —^ The charge j which , in the opinion of the jury has been established , \ is of attempting to create that intimidation , amongst ' other means , by the demonstration of great physical . force . I do not Tn ^ an now to go into tfce examination ;
  
  of that question—that is , how that cfience of creating . that intunidation , and the particulars of the conspi-. lacy which is ths ofience charged by the indictment \ haTe been carried on , and led to the conclusion to ] "which they haTe been brought . I have only to state * . this , and tkat ib , that the cfcnce as it has been charged by the indictment , and as it has been found ' . by the Terdict of tbe jury , is that of a Tery high miEde- i Demeanour , and I thi ^ tiat a Tery sUght degree of re- ! iection , indeed , mnst be sufficient to show , and npon j ¦ which the inference must be drawn of its being indeed ' a Tery high misdemeanour . I considtr also that tbe j offences which are . separately charged in the indict- ¦ ment , as composing parts or branches of the conspiracy ! in qaestion , sxe all to be understood as mainly to that * ]
  
  oae which I . haTe already slsisd—namely , that one of I aa . intent , by the means particnlarly stated , not only , or ^ merely , by the means of terror or intimidation , but ; also by the means of seditious speeches and publications , j and by the asasmbling of great mnltitudes of persons , ; and by the expressions used by the multitude . of persons . ! I consider these speciSc chargea which are stated in the first place , of endeaTouring to excite jealousies and \ hatred between different classes of the Queen ' s subjects j in Ireland towards - the Qaesn ' s subjects in England , and the sttempfc to excite hatred and contempt against s the lawfnily ccinstituiedtnbnnals of the countrj , by the J establishment of other oewly-cpntriTed tribunals , and . also the offence which is charged again 3 t some of the ' traTerEers—that of endeavouring to create discontent And disEiiactioiLsmoiigsS clivers of the < Jaegn "* fnbjeca serviiig in the asny : 1 say I censideiall these as ofences
  
  CondndTe to the same crime which is charged in ths indictment , namely , that of an attempt to abrogate and aboIiEh the LegislatiTe"Union , not by the legal mode by Which jmsh eh otjact might be legally sought—that is , by an application to the parliament of fee country , as at present constituted , together with the exercise of the Qaaen ' s prerogative , but to create that abrogation by the means which are suggested in \ he indiet-^ " ^ ^ vtS t * 1 ** ' ^ es haTe been found and established against aU the traTersers now at the bar , with th » exception of one , tke lisY lhaTe znentioned , and that aieohas been found against aome of the trwer&ers . The case now comes before the court for its considerstisn , as to what are to be the consequences in point of effect of the crime stated in the indictment * and foundry the jury to be a crime of Shis description . I condods that in tha statemeut of
  
  the « az 3 , and in the manaer in which I haTe stated it , there will not be any difference of opinion amongst us who have any iEfozm&tiou ^ m such ja sutyect aa this , that that does constitutes ezisie in point of law , that crime ia eneof a hjgh misdeisaanonr , and it is npon the establishment ctf . that ofieoce , u against the several traTersers , that aenieace is tfl i » pronounced . The question for the consideration c £ the court was , what that serxtence , undertJJjs drcumeUnoea , ought to be .: 1 ^ shall not attempt to go into a consideration of all the ] CEcumstances in a case of such a dascnptloQ ffip ^^ ng to - prore ths cons&o . nences to arise from tb * cosmisaion l cl saeh an offsace . The eaart h * T 8 bsen : bound to « onsid « them , Aad haTe eaasidered then , and U » y ¦ iuna formed their judgment upon them . Jt is , I haw i already jiid , a paininl dnty , aod in famth I do ' flnd ifc-i A nect diitftising duty to hsse to « Ute -what U »
  
  resalt of the ecosultation haa been , and whieb . it to afeet ttie liber ^ of * o nuoy pmoni , Trio , parhapf all of them , I belier * most of Swaa , 2 aa Bare oae of them , Jtiudi idfb . in public e » tJK « iion . _ And it Is peeniiarJi painful to me that a persoa , ior whose opinion aa a iawyer , and as a highly informed maBim subject * of sau&i a desoription , Trould h » T 8 tht" greatest weight in jny Judgment oa any occasion in whicV other persona trere concemsd , ahould himself haTe j acted in a zniBser opposed to the opinion we haTe come to ' . 'With respect to him , as compared with the' other persona , he -will , lam sure consider that he st £$ 4 * in » Tery peculiar position with respeck to the com ' Utittion- ' of fl » offence in gaestion . They haTe j doobtlea coricarred Trtai hiin , if I may nse the pkraie , in the comrse he has taken ; but they haTe # p fenyurn . ! vit& Jtist is PcnT ^^^ fuHfii < rf ^ tbsir bjib
  
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  | opinion of his talents and juigment . He has accepted and acknowledged , and Uken npao . "hiEi the position of being tbeir leader , and in thr . t Respect , therefore , his case differs disadvantageously to him Tery -widely from that of the others . It doesttoi relieve them , unquestionably , from the coLBeqiftates ol their acta ; but it certainly has au tffect , and must certainly lessen what may be considered the guiH of theii condact , when it is Kflscted they "may , prolBbly , if not drawn into the commission of it by him , at least fe&Te submitted what eTtr judgment they might have in it to what they considered his wperior JEd ^ uent . [ Mr . J . O'Connell here rose , ¦ appansotly with the intention of making some I obsetTatiaa , but his Lordship proceeded . } He had then ! io allude to another of tht tr lversMs—one with whom
  
  be had not the haEour of bting personally acquainted , but knewing ais Teal worth , and tha excellence of his general character , it gaTe him great pain to consider that be stood m that light He might , howeTer , be allowed to say-that in his case , as in also that of the principal tra ^ erser , he saw a circumstance strongly in bis favour , besides that of the mere relationship which . existed between the parties . There was a circumstance wtich he codd not but feel pleasure in adverting to . ¦ Perhaps he "waB wrong in BayiDg pleasure , for it was | scarcely possible for him to feel sensations of plearare j with respect to the subjisjfc at all—but yet he considered ! it right to stats a matter in particular with respect to j the principal traTeraer in tbe case , and that was that ! this conspiracy—this conspiring—this intent arid these
  
  illegal-means—illegal as he ( Judge Barton ) considered them to "b « to the full extent of the charge—illegal as be conceived them to be with respect to the dreadful effects which might have resulted , and illegal as regarded the i&luence they might haTe had upon the condition of the subjects of this realm . ; yet , they were not without some redeeming circumstances . The main proceedings charged were the assembling of multitudes for tie pnrpese of carrying en this design—overawing by intimidation and the demonstration of physical force the Qieen ' fl subjects opposed to a measure haTing for its object the dissolution of the Union ; and extending to the intention of overawing and inUmida' . ing the legislature . Part of these means was by assembling and calling together great and multitudinous meetings of the
  
  public—¦ i . j j J J ] meetings which , h « belieTed , had got the appellation of ' . " monster meetings"from the traversers themselves , or ' some o ! them , and meetings assembled for the manifest ;—indeed , he might say the aTowed motive of showing ' the great power and the great influence—the irresistible i influence and power—of those persons who put tkeaii selves under the command of the principal tiavecser . > They were called together in such a way as would in '• itself have tended to the terror of all the Queen ' s sub-• jscta in the neighbourhoods in which they were aasemj bled , if it had not been for the grtat hrflaence and great j authority—an authority usdisputed , and an influence } irresistiblB of tbe principal traverser , who exerted all 1 that intuence to prevent any outrage or breach of tbe
  
  peace at those meetings . Tee elg&ct of the principal tniT « r 3 trwas to obtain a Repeal of the Union—he did D » t say not by vioient means , for excitement , and intimidation , and terror , were Tiolent means—but he meant without tbe infraction of the public peace , without ( if it were possible- ) the shedding of one drop of human bloo 4—he believed that ho had that desiga roo : ed in his mind ; that he desired to act upen it ; and that it was , by bi 3 great irJIaence which he possessed as a leader he bad been able to fceep and preserve the peace to the extent it had been kept and preserved . Let it never be forgotten that a man who felt all those motives and desires as strongly as any human being could , and that a person who would cot on any account commit an act cf violence or bloodshed—let it never be
  
  forgotten that a man who possessed that nnbounded authority and influence made no use of it for the purpose of pioducing bad effects . Let them consider that he preserved or kept ths country , or part of the country where he resided , from tbe dreadful operation of civil war , and the shedding of human blood . Bat the continuance of these things -did not depend upon bisi . IT he { his Lorushijj did not misconceive several pasugas in tbe speeches of Mr . O'Connell they were used for the Tery purpose of keeping down violence . He had stated OTer and » Ter again that K peal was inevitable and irresistible—that it should be accomplished it the people only obeyed their leader , and restrained from violence and from the commibsion of outrage . He hoped and trusted that it might be carried without any
  
  breach of the peace , and he called upon them not to perpetrate any . If they did he would cease to be their leader ; that during his life he would never consent to a Tiolation of the law . He ( Mr . O'Connell ) fanner stated , that the only thing which conldmake him give np the " proud position of leader , " would be the commission of such an act aa be had described , or his finding it impossible to achieve the end proposed—that be EhosM then itave them t * tbemselvee ; but in case of agressjen they knew how to act . Thia , whither he expressed it or not , was the efftct of his observations ; and under these circumstances , therefore , however they mi ^ ht lament it , they were boned to consider that the cfftfiice remained the same—that his txhortalioiis to peace did not take away tke character of the orapiracy .
  
  With reference to that portion of the indictment which charges the traversers with having established arbitration courts throughout the country , I win only observe as I have on a former occasion observed , tbEt such a proceeding might be under particular circumstances , not only a lawful , but even a laudable thing ; but the indictment charges them with having adopted tnis course with an Improper Tiew , and it is Impossible not to see that the institution of those conrta , hi the present instance , was designed and regarded by the traTersers as a component part of theirplin of action , and a portion of their proceedings towards the maia ol-jec ; which they had in Tiew—namely , the abolition of the Legislative ¥ nion . Tfiere is another tdrVnce specified as constituting part of the charge npon which
  
  the traversera haTe been found guilty , and that ia tbe exciting of discontent and disiffsctloD in Her Majesty ' s army . On another oeff-jsion I directed attention to this fast , that the traversers are not charged with causing mutiny or desertion hi the army—there is no . charge of that kind in tbe indictment . They are merely accused of exciting liiscontent and disaffection amongst the army , and upon that charge a verdict of guilty has been returned against tbe principal travsrser and some others . This branch of the conspiracy is connected closely with the main ohj = ct of tbe whole plan and proceeding , which w&b that of destroying the LegislatiTe Union between the countries , by meana of such a demonstration of physical force as would appear to render their demand * irresistible , and of course would make the
  
  legislature despair of attempting to sustain the connexion . Bat I mnst draw to a conclusion . I have perhaps , dwelt too long upon tko subject , considering how cirefnlly this case has been analysed in all its parts , and considering how minutely it has been made in all its branches the subject of minute and lengthened consideration . I must , thereTtie , without delay , come to a conclusion , and must announce the measure of punishment which the conrthaTe deemed it right to award as the consequence of committing an offence of such magnitude as I bare described . I haTe already stated that it is a misdemeanour—that it i » a Tery hiijh mlsdemeansuz—that it is a most culpable misdemeanour—a misdemeanour dangerous to an extent which I may describe in one word , in its tendency ( almost inevitable
  
  if persevered in ) to tbe production of " civil war . " If tha offence laid in the indictment be of this description , and if the charges have been established to tbe satisfaction of a jury , it is an offence which must necessarily lead to a severe and signal punishment . This proposition being conceded , the question then eomes , by what principle ought the measure of punishment to be regulated ? I think 1 may safely say on my own part , and also upon that ef my learned brethren upon the bench , that in awarding punishment to an offence of this kind , howeTer fully convinced we may be that it has betn dearly establishtd against the defendants—however dangerous we may think it , as being calculated to lead to a convulsion in tbe public mind , and to enormous mischiefs , we do- one and all feel
  
  th * -t we ought not to suf = r our judgments to be led astray by any feelings of exasperation , or by any . sentiments of indignation ; and that we onght not to feel any desire to inflict punishment , merely beeause it may haTe bsen desftrred . We ought to consider the matter thus : —A crime has been committed—a dangerous crime ; it must be punished ; it mast meet with txemplary punishment—a punishment which will be likely to prevent the crime being committed aga ' n bj the same persons or by other persons . It is with a deep conviction of this truth that we ought to approach the consideration of punishment in such a case as tbe present ; and for myself , and J Bra sure I may ssy the same for ray brethren , I do believe that we endeavoured to bring onr minds to that tone ,
  
  before deciding on the measure of punishment to be awarded . We are bound to award a punishment of an exemplary character , in order to deter others from similar offences ; but we are not to suffer our own feelingB , our own opinions , or tht excess of onr indignation at conduct which we disapprove of , to influence our minds in considering the weight of oar sentence . We are bound te come to a conclusion upon tbe character of the offence—we are bound to take care that it shall be sufficiently exemplary , ; bat not more exemplary than the drcumstaneea of the case would warrant With respect to the principal tra-Terser the sentence of the court is , that bebe imprisoned for TWELTE CALENBAB MONTHS—that he do pay to the erown a fine of £ 2 , 000 , and further . that he enter
  
  So into « Bcuriiy and recognizince lot Ms future good beharioup for-the term of eeTen years in Hie turn of ^ 000 ; that sum to be comprised in two * uretJ 6 » of TWO THOUSAND FITE HUNDRED POUNDS « ach igreat sensation ) . Upon consideration ire haTe come to the conclusion that one and the same maasnre of punishment ought to be awarded to all the remaining traTerieis , namely , that each of ti « n be inprisosed for the term of NINS CALENDAR MONTHS—that each , of them do also pay a ftae of fifty Ponndi ; and fartlMrmore , that ach oT them do enUr iato aecmrity for hia good bahsTioor' and the pntarnttdn of the , pe »« e ftr the wot time , Ja the son of £ lJ «» 0 , thatnm to be eoapriaed in two surefcie * of £ 500 each { great aeniition . )
  
  Mr . O'CONNELL—1 will KOT po antthik * so ISfcEGTJLAB iS TO BXKT TO THX COTJB . T , BTJT I AM
  
  SHTIILED TO BBXISO MB . JUSTICE BOSTON THAT tTE EACH OF US HATE SWOBN rOSITITBLT , AND THAT 1 , IM BaKTICVLAB ., HATE SWOBN P 0 SIT 1 TKLT , THAT I 7 » as kot engaged ik akt go *» pibact whatsobt £ b . i am sob . b . t to sat that i pbb 3 v it jit impe £ . iii 7 e vvty to a 3 > d , | that justice has wot SEEK DOiW * 0 KS .
  
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  The Liberator was Bhaken warmly by tbe hand by ' Mr . Smith O'Brien , the ReT . Dr .-Miley , and other of his frienda who were sitting in his immediate locality A . burBt of the moat enthusiastic applause followed his declaration , which was altered by him with all his characteristic grace of manner and earnestness of tone . A most thrilling cheer for Repeal was raised by tbe junior bar , which was caught up by those ia the hall , and protracted loud and long , notwithstanding the efforts of the bench to stop it . Tbe friends of the various traTersers then flocked eagerly around them , and , shaking them by the hands , expressed their sympathy . After a slight pause ,
  
  Mr . Justice Burton addressed Mr . O'Connell , and said tbe court was extremely anxious that the tra-Tersers should not be committed to any prison to which they might have an objection . If he ( Mr . Justice Burton ) might suggest a place , he would suggest tbe Smithfleld Penitentiary as a prison prepared for their reception . Mr . MooKK—Bay Richmond Bridewell , South Circular Head . Mr . O'Cosnell— Yea , say Richmond . Mr . Justice Burton—Tery well . Mr . Justice PEB . B . IH— Is that the city prison ? The Attobket-Qenebal having lent for the boundary act said it appeared from the document that Richmond Bridewell was in the county of the city of Dablin . Mr . Justice Perbin—Ib it in the county of the city or in the county t : Attobnet-Gemerai—It is made by Act of Parliament part of the county of the city of Dublin .
  
  Mt . Bourne ( clerk of the crown)—Crier , call the High Sheriff-The High Sheriff then entered court , and was told by Mr . Bourne that he was to take the traversers into custody , And convey them to Richmond Bridewell . Here ssTeral of the junior bar , thinking that Mr . O'Connell and the other traversers were about being conveyed away immediately , rose from their seats in order to compliment them . Mr . Justice CbaMPION—You will have the Kindness , gentlemen , to sit down ; we cannot stand this . Air . MooBE , Q . C ., said , as it was tbe wish of the Court that the travelers should have every accommodation in prison , perhaps their Lordships would give an order to the governor of Richmond Bridewell to dispeusa with the prison regulations . Mr . Justice Bckton— What regulations ? Mr . MOORS—The regulations with regard to placing persons confined in particular portions of the prison .
  
  After some consultation with Mr . O'Connell , counsel withdrew the application , and said he would leave it to the discretion of the governor . Mr . O'Connell was then shaken hands withmostcordially byMr . Pilzgibbon , Q C , Mr . Pigot , Q C , and a crowd of other gentlemen wbo were with the high sheriff , and passed through some private passages , as we understand , to the rear of the building , where vehicles were ready to convey them to gaoL There were a great number of persons assembled in tbe hall and the avenues leading to it , but all was peace and quietness . The police force was Tery large , and they prevented persons going through the passage leading under the clock to the Rolls' Court-Tbe traveraers then left the Court in the custody of tha sheriff , and went into a room adjoining the court , where they were locked np until the carriages which were to take them to the Bridewell should arrive .
  
  All attempt to describe the degree of excitement which pervaded the hall and the Ticinilies of the court were Tain . Masses of people almost blocked up the entrance from the quay into the yards , and tbe crowds that lined the quay itself prevented the passage of the cars and carriasea , which slowly endeavoured to force their way through the denBe st < eum of human beings who were anxiously discussing the proceedings of the day .
  
  MR . OCONNELL IN PRISON . Mr . O'Connell and the other travelers remained In the judges' chambers , whilst the necessary arrangements were iu progress for their transmission to the Penitentiary , on the South Circular-road , and to afford time for allaying the excitement amongst the multitudes wbo remained outside the courts . At a quarter after five o ' clock the traversers were driven off in three carriages , surrounded by a strong force of horse police . In the first carriage sat Mr . O'Connell , Mr . John O'Connell , and the High Sheriff . Mr . Ball , and the ReT . Dr . Miley . In the second carriage were Dr . Gray , Mr . Duffy , Mr . Barrett and Mr . Ray . The third carriage contained Mr . Steele , Mr . B % I 1 , jun ., and Mr . Richard O'Qorman . There was a general cry of " silence" among the crowd assembled ontside tbe eourt . The deepest excitement prevailed , and many abed tears .
  
  The cascade rapidly passed down Merchants Q-iuy , in order , as it-seemed , to prevent the crowd from discovering its real destination ; but nevertheless great lumbers followed , and kept up wilb the carriageo til the way to the Penitentiary , where they arrived about a quarter before six o'clock . When Mr . 0 "Coone ! l left tbe first carriage , a thrilling cheer arose from the populace who hod congregated on tbe road outside . The Hon . and Learned Gentleman entered tbe gateway , and passed through the Court Tard to the house of the Governor ,. Mr . Purdon . In the yard , a considerable number of gentlemen were waiting , arranged in two files , who uncovered as Mr . OConneVl , vrith hat in hand , passed between them , and it vaa iuipoeaiblo to mioto-ko the evldcncca uf deep emotion on their countenance , as they anxiously watched his progress . Mr . O'Connell looked preudly ,
  
  bat most luj . dly , as he recognised and ebosk hands warmly with those many frit-nds who thus received him at the gates of his prison . Mr . J . O'Conoell , Mr Suele , Mr . Daffy , Dr . Gray , Mr . Barrett , and Mr . R * y Boon after entered , and all passed into the Governor's house . That functionary being absent in England , the deputy-geveriior , Mr . Cooper , attended to receive the prisoners from Mr . Sail , the high sheriff . Mr . O'Connell soon after proceeded to tke apartments allotted to him , where several members of his family , including his daughters , Mrs . Fitaiiinon and Mrs . Prencb , to whom be is so devotedly attached , were in waiting . Mr . O'Connell , accompanied by those ladies , subsequently appeared in the gardens attached to the residence of the governor , and remained there until dinner , for which arrangements bad been made as soon aa tbe sentence was pronounced . Mr . O'Connuli and his fellow prisoners dined together .
  
  The iPenitentiary is an immense pile of buildings , situated in a Tery healthy locality . The governor ' s house , where Mr . O'ConnaU and tho other defendants in tbe state trials are locate ! , is a very spacious mansion , with gardens attached , &ud the general prison ia at the rear . On Fruut . from early mornintr , a stream of Tie ! - tow flowed towards the . Richmond P / isen to wait on the Liberator and his friendg , which never ceased for one minute till five o ' clock , when no more strangers were admitted . A large number of the labouring classes remained outside tbe prison till evening , straining their eyes to catch a glimpse of him , and making inquiries after turn from every portion who passed out . Unfortunately , bo list of the visitors was kept , and we are only able to eapply such a defective one as we can make , np from after inquiry ; but tbe following were among tbe gentlesien present in the . course of the day : —
  
  The Right Hun . tbe Lord Mayor ; SirChoa . Wblseley , Bart- ; the R ? ht Rev . Dr . Fleming , Bishop of ftewfoundlandj Sir Simon Bradstreet ; Right fiev . Doctor French , Biehop of Galway ; Alderman George Rue . tbe late Lord Mayor ; Smitb O'Brien , Esq . M . P . ; the Yt > ry Rev . Dean Meyler ; Janes D'Arcy , E * q . ; Cornelius M'Longhlin , JCsq . T . C ; Tery Rev . Dr . D ^ yie ; Thomas Eirwan . Etq ., T . C ; RaT . Dr . Miley , Denis Moylan , JEio . . ; Very R ©» . Dr . O'Connell ; Gerald Filziibbon , Esq . T . C . ; Patrick Hayes , Et ^ ,: John Lloyd Fitzgerald , Esq ., Barrister ; ^ Thomas Fuz ^ erald . Esq . Barrister ; Juhn Waller , Esq ., Birrister ; John Pearson , Etq ., T . C ; Rev . Mr . Farrelly ; Thomas O'Hagan , E = q . Barrister ; Stephen Grehan , Esq . ; R . O Gorman . E-: q . Barrister ; R . Hayes , E »* .: D . Cangley , Esq . Barrister ; T . Davis , E ^ i , Barrister ; Dr . Gillan ; F . Brady , Esq . Barrister ; T . M'NeviB , Esq . Barristerj M . Doheny , Esq . Birrister ; Dr .
  
  M'Xeowa . ; Rbt . Mr . firoTSs ; Dr . OReilly , Mfcath ; John Dillon , Esq , Barrister ; M . J . Barry , Esq ,, Barrister ; Dr . Ellis , Stephen ' s ^ green ; JohnM'Mahon , Etq ., Barrister ; Patrick OBrian , Esq ., Belrnont ; James FiiZiimon , Etq ., Rathmin&e ; Tbos . Rejnolls , Esq ., , C <( y Mar&hal ; Tbomia Arkins , Esq ., City Sword , bearer ; S . P . Curtis , E .-q ., Banister ; Domiaick Lynch , Etq , Barristerj Francis M'Laughlin , E « q ., BelfaBt j Michael Staunten , Esq , T . C . ; Pettr M'T » y Gaotlan , E » 4- ; John Co eunin , Esq-, Galwjiy ; Luke Dillon , Esq . san . ; Luke Dilicn , Esq ., jun . { ReT . Mr . Tiernsy , Clontibret ; Willisna Harte , E * q ., ReT . Mr . Collier ; Alderman Girdiner ^ J . M . Cantsrell , Esq . ; E . W , Castello , E-q . Barrister ; Dr . Murphy , ; F . D . M Cartby , Esq . ; C . GaTin , Esq ., T . C ; Rsv . Air . Purcsll ; R * sv . Mr . Hamilton , Bluckrcck ; Peter Merlin , E : q . ; Rosr . Mr . Murphy , fee . &c . ;
  
  TBE WRIT OF ERROR . There was Borne little stir in the Court of Queen's Bench on Saturday afternoon , it having bees rumoured throughout the day that an iufomality had been detected in the form of committal , and that . counsel on behalf of tha prisoners would make a motion thereon before the rising of the" Court . Such , however , was not the case ; batatfl ^ e o ' olock , when the Court of Queen ' s Bench was about to adjooro . . Mr . . Wuixesipe said he had a short motion to Jnafce is tbt case of " the Queen t . O'Connell and othe . ta ;" it was , that the Court would direct an inspection of tbe record . Chibv Justice—Did you give notice of it to thtf Crown ? ¦
  
  Mr . Whitesiss—Yei , my Lord . Whan we found that we conld sot obtain an inipeetion of Hie indictment wesenred notice upon the Crown solicitor , that w » would apply to the Court for an order to enable uiodo so . We ground our application upon an affidavit wbieh states that the prisoners are adTised and belicv * ibat it ia absolutely necessary , in order to speed the writ at error , to be allowed to Inspect the indictment , ani ascertain the names of the witnesses that " are endorsed upon it , not for the purpose of publishing them , or making use of them , except ini the bona ; We prosecution of our writ of error . We . first applied " to Mr Bourne , the Clerk of the Crown , ' to permit - tis as a matteV of course to inspect the document , but he refused ; We then aerred the notice npon the Crown solicitor , and filed thia affidaTifc , hi which we positiTely swear that we make the application for the porpoBe of assigning error oil the jecerd , '
  
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  OaiEF Justice—This is no hour to come before the Court with a heaTy motion of this kind . Mr . Whiieside—It is not a heavy motion . I look upon it as an application that ought to be granted as a matter of couras . Mr . Justice Perbin—Is this application opposed ? Mr . Brewster said the Grown had received no intimation of the matter till that morning . He would not assent to it' without further consideration with his Learned FrieDds . Mr . Monaguan said he was with Mr . Whiteside , and would state why it was that the names of the
  
  witneses on the back of the indictment were rtfuired . Their Lordships would remember that there was a plea in abatement on the ground that these witnesses had not bees sworn pursuant to tbe statutes , and although that bad been overruled by the Cjurt , the House of Lords might be of a different opinion ; and if so , there would be evidence on that point of error oa the record ; and in order to set out all the facts upon the writ , the names of all tbe witnesses sworn or affirmed should necessarily be given . He was not going to enter into the merits of that part of the cose , bat merely to eubmit that he had a right to that he asked for .
  
  Mr . Whiteside—I understand that it u a matter of right Mr . Justice Pebbin—I am surprised at any opposition to the application . Ghief Justice—I am surprised that such au application should be made . lir . Whiteside said he would bring it before their Lordships again on Monday . Tho Court then adjourned . The Evening Post , of Saturday , containB the following announcement : —
  
  " The Attorney-General ' s fiat for the "Writ * of Error was this day obtained , and the proper Writs were issued tbis afternoon . We understand that the Irst proceeding of the Traversers is a Writ of Error , Coram Nobis ; upon which error in fact wiil be assigned in Qaeon ' B Bench . The Error in question involves , treanderstand , the question on the Plea of Abatement . The proceeding is a merely formal one , in order to enable toe Traversara to proceed to the House of Lords with effect . Pro forma , the Writ of Error , Coram Nobis , will be decided against the Travelers in the Queen's Bench ; and tbis proceeding will , we understand , take place early in the ensuing week . " It is calculated that , within ten days , all the necPBsary preliminary forniB will have been complied with , and Error regularly lodged for argument before the House of IiOrriH .
  
  On Sunday prayers were offered up in all tbe Roman Catholic chapels in this city for tbe health of tke " Liberator , " as well bb strength of mind to bear up against the " ur . just sentence" which had been passed upon him by the laws of his country . Mr . O'Connoll held his usual lovee on Sunday . The attendance was , as usual , very numerous . From an early hour on Menday niernintf all the avenuaa leading to the prison were thronged . Many hundreds of persons , who could not got admittance , weie congregated outside the prison , for the purpose of learning the state of Mr . O'Conneirs health from those who were fortunate enough to gain an interview with the prisoners .
  
  A Tery numerous meeting of the Custom-house ward took place on Monday in the Nsrtbiiniberland-building , at which AMerman M'Kenna presided . An address of condolence to Mr . O'Connell was agreed to , and resolutions were passed pledging the meeting to tbe active collection of ( he Repeal Reut . Mb . O'Co . nnell ' s Affeal to the House of Lords—It has been seated that , inconsequence of a communication which bas been made by tbe Lord Chancellor to Sir James Graham , as Secretary of State for the Home Department , the commencement of the Summer Circuits had been postponed for a week , aa the attendance of the JudgeB will be required in the House of Lords during the argument which will arise upon tha appeal of Mr . O'Conntll to their Lordships on a writ of error Against the judgment of the Court of Ireland . Late on Saturday afternoon a rumour was spread that
  
  tbe writ bad bee * received , and that an early day would be appointed for the bearing . Ou ii . quiry , we End that the report was incorrect , and that the writ had not arrived . After its arrival at the Parliament tfSce , thero will then be eight days allowed for the assignment of errors . This having been done , fourtaen day Bare given to lodge tbe case in accordance with the standing orders of the House , which standing orders , however , may , at tbe pleasure of the House , be suspended on petition , and then the Crown has a cortatu time permitted : to put in its rejoinder . After thesa TarlouB forma have been observed , then the ciise , pleadinga , together with all tbe evidence taken upon tml , and the judgment of the Court below , must be printed and doUvtred to the Peers , bo that it is calculated at least three weeks will probably elapse ere the matter will come on for hearing .
  
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  HOUSE OF LORDS— Fbidat , Mat 31 . The House was mainly occupied in diacasaiag , in committee , the clauses of the Factorv Bill . Lord WlNCDlLSEA reiterated his regret that the labour of females and yeung children bad not been limited tu ton hours , as did Lord Brougham bis opposition to the principle of limitation at all , which be did in a variety of speeches , and in a Barcastio style , at ths termination « f one of his addresses throwing tbe copy of the bill which he held in bis hand on tbe table , and resuming his Boat amidst much laughter . Lord Kin > -a ' , at the 38 th clause , moved its omisaion , bis object being to take a division on the question , whether or no thero should be a limitation to twelve hours . This , after a protracted debate , waa defeated by a majority of 46 to 21 . Tue remaining clauses of the bill were gone through and agreed to ; and tbe bill is to be read a third time on Monday .
  
  SIGUT PQACUIXG FRETEMTION BILL . On tbe order of tbe day for tho third reading of this Bill , The Ear ] of Stradjroke was aboat to propose an amendment , but The Hake of Richmond suggested that it should be printed first , and should be considered oa Monday next , for which pi ¦ use the third reading of tho bill might be postponed . The Lor ; £ ua . soellor said the Bill must be read a third time before the amendment could be moved , and . After a short conversation between tbe Eirl of Radnor , Eirl Fitzhardinge , Lord Campbell , and the Earl of Shaftesbury , , The Bill was read a third time . The Earl o £ Strad * b . oke then moved hie amendment : and
  
  The Bill with the amendment * being ordered to ba printed , it was agreed that any further discussion ahould be taken on Monday nexi on the question that the Bill do pass . The Cttstoms' Bill , the West India Relief Bill , and the Edinburgh Agreement Bill passed through committee , and were ordered to be read a third time on Monday next . Their lordships then adjourned till Monday .
  
  MONDAT , JONE 3 . A smart altercation between Lord Kiuaafrd and the Duke of Richmond preceded the third reading of the Factories Bill ; Th » Noble Lord , on presenting some petitions for free trade , took occasion to inquire if bis Grace still persisted in his opinions on the wool duties , or ha < i been convinced by tha appointment of Lord A . Lennox to a Lordship of the Treasury that the wuoIowdm would not suffer from the proposed reduction . Tho Bake warmly resented the insinuation that his mouth should be gagged because his brotker kad accepted omc « . He had himself resigned a seat in the Cabinet , because be could not concur with his colleagues , and had advised hia brother to decline an appointment which would bind him to vote for aU tha measures of the Government .
  
  FACIOR 1 ES DILL . Lord Wharncliffe moved tho third reading of the above bill . The Earl of Radnor expressed his disapprobation of all meddling interference with the labour of the people . He denkd the labour of females in factories waa so severe as it had been represented , or us the labour of women in other stations of life . It was argued , that the hours of labour ought to be abridged , in order that time might be afforded for the education of children and other domeatio purposes . He also wished for the education of children , but he would proTide for it , by legislating in » different way— ( hear , hear ) . He would remove all reatrictiTe duties from articles of consumption of every description , by which lesa labour would be necessary for subsistence , and the neoessary leisure would thus be afforded for instruction—( hear , hear ) .
  
  The Duke of Sutherland rone merely to express his regr&t that the bill did not extend its limits to a shorter period « f labour . He should be Tery glad , if he thought it could be done with safety , to trosk to the progress of olvi He tfion ' to shorten the hours of labour for women ; bat be feared that that waa an argument which could not be moch relied upon-r ( hear ) . Lord BKOHOHAHirose'td enter his protesfcagatnst the passing of the Bill- He entirely agreed with what had fallen from hli Noble Friend ( the Eirl of Radnor ) upon the subject of to Bill ; but be wished ttt guard blmtelf Agiinit the supposition that he was not poiawsed as strongly as iny man could be possessed , either in that' Houstf or oat of thai Hbusej either oat of
  
  doors or in door * , with » fieUDg of deep Borrow that either y « wM chlldro « # hoald be employed by their parsnte In work fc » yond t&Alryeaw » « r that they ahonld be fimployad in working at all , When it might be more adTantafMus for their moral health and their physical strengttTthak theyishouid be engaged in % dacati < m--StUl more strongly perhaps did he teel upon the' part of women ; but unfortunately he iabonrSdanderthe imixw ' a . 'bility of weinghow that desirable object conld be accomp lished except by the nataral spontaneous progress of socisty > wbioh as # jnroceeded Wpila inevitably'pre-Tent fen ; a ! es fronrengaging la labour not tutted to their box . He i > eIk <> Ted that Interference with eapital -and with labour , Ui *> ootfae contrary , staged tha progress of society , deterred jta rfYMite of citiliartipn , and did . the
  
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  T « ry thing which it desired not to do , —prevented the arrival of the timo , when by the dispensation of Pco-Tidence , tue advance of society , would prevent women from hard work —( hear ,. hear ) . For this reason ha was against all such legislative interference with the employii ent of capital and human industry . As long aa men were allowed to use their capital as they pleased , to exercise their labour in the wiiy best suited to their strength , best calculated t » secure tbeir health , in the manner most subservient to their comfort , and , generally speaking , most in accordance with their own interests , two great advantages jwere secured , and two great sureties against mischiefs were obtained . The matter was left in tbe hands of those who must necessarily be seat acquainted with all the particular
  
  circumstances which affected the question , and who best knew upon what labour and [ capital must depend ; whilst tbe state could only se « thesa things at a distance , obscurely and oonfusciilyj and bad therefore n « t the means , « v « n if it had tbs desire , to promote the interests of each individual of the community committed to its care —( hear , hear ) i He had , it waa true , much against the wisb&s of his friend Sir Samuel Romilly , supported the bill of the late Sir R . Peel , limiting the age of persons working in factories ; he never but ones regretted having supported that bill , sad that once was all his life ; many years had not elapstd from limiting the age till it was proposed to limit the hours of labour to twelve ; no sooner would that be « ouc « ded than up would get others and ask for ten
  
  hours ; n « sooner did they exclude females from working in mines , than they were ; told that that was not sufficient , and that they must be excluded from factories also ; so that a womau of thirty or forty years was to be treated as if sha hud committed a misdemeanour , and was to be protected against herself , because , forsooth , she wasn't afclu to judgo hew long she ought to worts , cr whether she ought to work at all or not —( heir , hear , hear ) . They said to tho mauufacturer , too , that he shouldn't work above twelve hours ; they a ; iid : " We are allwlse , wo are all-omniponent , we'll take the matter out of your hands , we kooic all about it , and though you say it is the last hour that makes your proSt , wo say it is no such tbin # —we know better thau you . " That was ; tho lamentable
  
  consequence of necessarily ignorant legislation ; and ignorant men only dabbled in otber people ' s employment . It was their Lordships' trade ! to made laws ; It was t ' ue manufacturars' to work mills , and their Lordships had no mote right to int « f » re with them than they ( tbe manufacturers ) had to interfere with the task of legislation , or to say to their Lordships : " You know nothing of law making and we il tetl you all about it , because we understand It better than you ; you say you know more about carding or woolcamblng , because you are the more speculative men of the two ; we say that we know more aboat lawm ^ king because we are the more practical men of the two ' —( hear , hear ) . It bad been said that tha labouring operatives wate clamorous fur this Bill—they muht bo
  
  if tb * y were told that they were to get 103 . for ten hours work , and 10 s for twelve hours work ; but that was not the fair question ; if they were told in a straight forward manner that thsy would get 103 for tweiva hours' work , and 8 ^ . for ten hours" work , he would bo bound that no more would be heard of their cry for reducing the houra of labour—( hear , hear ) . The tCtct of this bill was to compel twelve hours' work and no more—others wanted to hav < s ten hoars and no moreha wanted to let people ¦ work just aa long as they pleased —( ' hwir , hanr'' from Lord KinDairdi . If they chose to Iaave tho question open , every man had a Ten Hoars' Bill already ; he might work tea haurs if he pleased , and no power on earth could make him work more unless he l ! k « d—no maa need work longer than
  
  b-a please' ! . He ( Lord Brougham ) statud these opinions without the slightest chance of tbeir at present succeeding . AU ho tetrad was that this bill might not be the last ; bis only hope was , in making his protest against the bill , that they would not sanction any further and new departure from sound principle—( hf ^ ar , hear ) . One word as to ; the state of the foreign market . America , situated in the immediate neighbour-« f the raw produce—America ^ with a daily ami hourly increasing population , almost -without the possibility , so rapid was its progress , of our being able to tell bow far it would go—America , with ill these advantages , was begiuning , and hud made already considerable progress in manufactures ( as the case of tbe flourishing town of Lowell clearly evinced )—America , with no
  
  bucIi sentimental laws , with no bucu niinchicfs in political economy to grapple with , with no such legislative evils to contend against—America waa one , but not the only rival , which had of lafce years been called into existence . jWith Flanders , Switzerland , Holland , Germany , and Franca also , without a Ten Hours' Bill , free from the meddlings of tha economist and the sentimentalist , 6 ur manufactured would have to run the race of competition—with Uiem our manufacturer and our labourer would have to contend , and he hoped they would hava a good deliverance from tke contest ; but if he did expect that thuy would bo well delivered from it , it was . ; by hoping that they would have a good deliverance from bills like tbis ; for sure he ¦ was that they could not uxoect a delivery from the
  
  contest , speedy and sure , unless | they were delivered fr . m all such trammels upon industry and capital as this BUI imposed . It was the most cruel of all injustice , and the grossest of all delusions , | and the most scandalous of all deceptions , in the caae of those who knew better thomsslyea and yet propagated the belief , that thwie was a difference between the interest of the manufacturer and of the workmen , Workwomen , and children in his employ—( hear , bear ) , j Gaod God ! if ever two things were more strictly , more necessarily , more absolutely identical than any other two things , it was the eternal interest of one of those classes and the equally lasting interest of the other-j-lbear)— -und in exact proportion as the interests of the inanufactm er were promoted in exact proportion as his capital was fostered by the
  
  care of legislation—by which be meant that moat valuable and precious oare of leaving him alone—in exact proportion as Buch fostering care of non-intervention augmented the store and iocruused the capital of the manufacturer , in precisely the ss . iue proportion , by the same steps , in the same measure , to the same degree , and with the same swiftness of progress , must be increased the profit and the comfort of the women , of the children , and « f the workmen ; because , whatever increased his capital , and enabled tbe manufacturer to flourish , must of absolute necessity increase the only fund out of which the wages of labour could be
  
  maintained—( hear , hear)—and , upon the other hand , whatever impeded the progress of the capitalist towards wealth , —whatever interfered witb the laying eut of his capital and the employment of his skill , —whatever touched tbe great mainspring of the social machinelabour , of necessity lowered j the rate of that capital ' s increase , retarded tbe progress of the capitalist , by so doing diminished the labourer ' s fund , and by that diminution of the labourer's fund diminished at the same time both tbe comforts and the moral happiness of that class —( heaa , hear ) . Ft > ir these reasons , it this Bill shdujtl pass , he should feel it to be his duty , to place a protest upon the journals of that House .
  
  Tha Marquis of Noumanbt , nnlike the Noble and Learned Lord who bad just sat down , confessed that his support to this bill was i given ia the hope that it would not be the " last "—( bear , bear ) . He agreed with the Noble Duke behind him that the bill did not quite go that length which : would alone justify interference . He should confine himself , in the . few observations which he thought it necessary to make , to the actual effect of the bill at present before tbe House . If fee could agree with his Nobl « and Lsarned Friend , that they might , with perfect safety and justice to tbe labourers , leave the matter in the h » nds of the masters , he confessed that would afford a groundwork for the argument of bis Noble Friend , who contended that it was unwise and irnpolitio to interfere . Bat that he thought
  
  could not with perfect safety be acme ; otherwise , why had not the masters already conceded to what he believed to be almost the unanimous wish of tbe working classes themselves—the proposal for a ten hours bill ? But what was tfc that his Noble Friend complained of ? What was tho limitation that this bill authorised ? The labour of women was to be limited to twelve hours—that was to say , ithat with one and a half hour for mea / s , they would be thirteen and a half hours in the factory ; and If one and a half hour further were allowed for g ^ sn ' g to and returning from the mill , but nine hours would bo left out of the twenty-four for the performance of all domestic duties , for recreation , rest , j and improvement . The whole existence of those persons engaged in factoriesin a moral point of view , as woll as with reference to
  
  physical repose—depended Upon the interval between tbe work of one day and that of another . That fact was never to be lost sight of ; and the question which their lordships were bound to ask themselves was this , —did they conscientiously believe that that quantity of repose was by any means sufficient to secure tbe relaxation and reet which under th ' e circumstances it waa the duty of Parliament to provide for that class of Her Majesty ' s subjects 1 It had 1 been by some noble lords supposed that the house j was legislating in utter ignorance of the subject to which the present measure referred . So for from conceiving them to be in ignorance on such a subject , he felt assured that they had read the reports of the Factory Inspectors ; and he thought he might venture to say that those who had road those reports could not fail to feel satisfied that the opinions of the commissioners tended to a further
  
  limitation of the hours ef labour . The present wais a subject upon whioh it was not necessary that he should trouble the house with detailB , for he doubted not that many noble lords who then heard him had . made themselves masters q ! the statements and observations contained in the' inapeotbrs' repoita , A noble lord bad told the house that ihe progress of civilization required that such sacrifices should be made , or if not made that we must be contend to retrog&de ; to that assertion he , for one , was not' prepared Io subscribe . The state of the Manufacturing population was ia th « highest degrse alarming , especially as to female
  
  labour—( hear , hear , )—lav the employment of women had quadrupled . . Sainueh [ for' flte trist whichi they were called on to repose in the progress of civilization . He remembered hew often they had been told that they were legislating in ignorance—tb » t they had not studied the subject He hoped , their Lordships would allow him to say , that he , lat all events bad endeavoured to make himself acquainted wih the condition of the working classes fromj the moment that he undertook the duties of thai office which was more Immediately connected with the domestic Government of the country . But he should not ' now occupy their attention with the details of hf » ow * experience , ha
  
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  should rather direct their consideration to the opinions of Mr . Baker . It was that gentleman ' s opinion , that if people must work long hours , women should not be employed—women should not be kept at work when men did nothing . With women tbe question of labour was not voluntary . " God help them ! " he said , " they dare not refuse to work " ' The House shonld recollect that they were now dealing with a population which tbe manufacturing system of the country had created in particular districts . Thai population , in the present state of the country , were not allowed any choice . He remembered having more than once heard it said that the factory women were in no worse a condition than housemaids . He could not suppose that any Noble Lord meant seriously to urge any
  
  such statfinent as an argument aga-nst tbe UiJJ ^ could factory women change their employers when they thought proper as housemaids could ? The laws of the country and the manufacturing syatem tied these poor people to one part of they country and to one species of occupation , and they were therefore of necessity wholly In the power of one sort of employer . In factories it happened that for the first time human labour was made a fractional part of a great system in which the chief moving power was one that never tired * and tLe labour was carried on by a light that never was extinguished . Agricultural labourers were limited in their labours by the light of day . Had it not been > for the fortunate discovery of gas , probably the labour in factories would have been limited to the hours of
  
  daylight ; but as matters now stood there waa great danger that these improvements , instead of a blessing , would be a curse . In the present discussion some Noble Lords had spoken of the candition of the factory labourers as if it were all that could be desired . What w ^ s the fact ia the manufacturing districts as compared with the agricultural ? The proportion of persons who I died before thu age of 50 was as 17 to It ; and this I return was taken from Lancashire , a county which con-I Uined a . very considerable agriaultural population . In Lancashire there were sixty seven women out of every ' hundred who could not write , while in Dorsetshire I there were only thirty-eight ; that was five to threa ! of ainst the education of the manufacturing dis-; tricts . In the West Riding o € Yorkshire , as compared with the North Riding , the proportions wore the same . For all these reasons , then , he should support the Bill . It appeared to him most desirable that the matter shoa d be clearly settled . He was by no
  
  . means convinced that there was any truth or force in | the reasoning adopted by those who told tfcem , that if I they let the people w « rk for sixteen hoars during a : short time , they would soon be able to lay by so much I money that they would soon require to work only eight hours . Of that he thought there was no prospect ; but ' of this there was a certainty , —that a great deal of ill-¦ feeling subsisted between masters and men . An elec-1 tion -which recently took place showed this in a very ; striking point of view ; for notwithstanding all tha talent , wealth , industry , energy , and perseverance exerted by the advocates of free trade , the people engaged 1 as working manufacturers appeared to be lukewarm . > Lst the House recollect that the Bill was no novelty . Tho principles on whioh it was founded were put forward in 1816 ; and , though he regretted that the 1 Bill did not go further , he ventured to hope that even a twelve houro' limitation would be productive of great ; benefit
  
  Lord Wharncliffe said he wished to say a few words before their Lordships decided on the question under consideration . It Was supposed by some Noble Lords that he had said on a former occasion that he was prepared to go further than the preseat uwasure went . He never said anything of the sort . That which he dtd say was , that he was not quite sure whether it would not have been well , in the beginning , if women had Dot been employed at all . Undoubtedly this country owed a great portion of her riches to her manufactures j . bat : let it never be forgotten that , we paid a terrible price for those advantages . He was old enough to remember a different state of things aa regarded our manufactures , and it was a hnppier state than the present There were then what might be called domestic
  
  millseech dwelling was a mill where women and children could earn a comfortable living without sacrificing their morals . The husband wove and the wife spun , but she still had time to attend to her maternal duties . She knew how to cook her husband ' s dinner and mend his clothes ; but now the factory women understood nothing but knotting worsted . Tha common exiiamation amongst the men in those districts was , " God forbid that thsy should marry a factory girl" The country then , he would say , had paid a great price for the manufacturing system . He admitted it was too late to go back , but at the same time they must not wait to let civiliation do that for them which legislation ought to-do . The question was not , bow much mon « y could be made , but what relief could be given to the factory women—a class which he lamented to s » y were deeply demoralised ; and wben he said that , he did not mean that they confined themselves to the vices cemmon to women in general , but that they
  
  guperadded to these a Biass of masculine vices . They met at clubs , they smoked , they drank , and their husbands brought th « ni home from the public-houses , instead of their bringing home their busbafeds . Would not the House , then , try to put an ond to such a state of thiuga by some regulations such as those which tha bill contained ? Many of tbe m » st respectable manufacturers wished for the change . It was true , that the working people thought they would get as much payment for ten hours as for twelve . When they were told the . contrary they said , as might be expected , that they were willing to incur the risk ; bat he r ! id not hesltitetosay , that wh » n the time csme ttity would agitate for an increase ef wages ; and he should not feel burpriael if such result * nsu « d . He hoped , then , that their Lordships would agree to ti ) 6 bill as it stood , for if they went further they might incur the tuzuii of doing more mischief than good . The bill was then read a third time , and passed .
  
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  HOUSE OF COMMONS-Fridat , Mat 31 . Mr . Bout Erie took the usual oaths and his seat for Kilmarnock . The Hon . Member was introduced by Mr Etlice and Mr . Ord . - A . great number of petitions were presented by different members , on different sabjeeta . Ne less than seventy-ntne were against any alteration , in the existing corn duties ; and a great number from dissenting bodies tbroughuut the kingdom against the Dissenters ' Chapels Bill . Mr . Fekrand moved for a copy of the correspondence which passed between Mr . J . B . Ryder , the chairman of tbe Chelsea Board of Guardians , and the Poor Law CommiHsionera in July and August last , relating to the removal of Henry Osman , a pauper , from the Kensington Uuion Workhouse during tha time that he was in a dying state .
  
  ECCLESIASTICAL CePRTS . On the motion for reading the order of the day fox going into committee oa the Ecclesiastical Courts Bill , Captain Fecuell presented a petition from some attorneys of Brighton , against the bill . Sir M . Philips presented a petition from the Law Society of Manchester , praying that a olauae should beinserted in the bill , considering the powers of certain of these courts . Mr . T . Dcncohbe rose U move an instruction to the committee to abolish all ecclesiastical courts , and to transfer the jurisdiction of those courts to civil tribunals . Although the notice which ha had given was sufficiently explicit , yet he thought it right , in order to avoid all misapprehension on the subject , to say that his
  
  object was , if possible , to induce tbe House to agree that all the temporal affiira of the people of this country should be taken entirely out of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction—that the liberties and property of the people of this country should no longar be at the caprice and be treated according to the prejudices of the ecclesiaBti « al courts . To bffse ' e this , there could b « no doubt that the whole of Doctors' Commons must ba swept away—( laughter)—that the whole of those ecclesiastical abominations , which were a disgrace to tho country , must also be swept away , and , in their place he proposed that other tribunals sh « nld ba erected , and that those presiding over them should abolish the mummeries , the mystifications , and the spiritual impositions which , h « would maintain , were at present not only a disjrace to this couuiry , but
  
  were prejudicial to the property and liberty of th » people , and he believed the best interests of religion . He did not believe it would be hereafter credited that 658 gentlemen , calling themselves reasonable and sane men , should be occupied at this time of day in endeavouring to bolster up these courts , which were the foundation , as he Bhould endeavour to prove , of a practice that waa inconsistent with common sense and reason . Before he proceeded any farther ^ not that he supposed much alarm would be created in Doctors ' Commons at the present moment , for be believed that waa almost the first time that the question Lad been , « o clearly propounded in Parliament to do away with all- ecclesiastical courts ; but to avoid all alarm in the ininda of the gentlemen who infested Doctors' Commons and elsewhere—( laughter )—he would beg leave to declare , if he was asked what he meant to do witb
  
  all these doctors and proctors—( laughter)—with Sir Herbert Jeaner Fwt at their head , that he wonld give them all the compensation which they could prove tbemselves entitled to . ( Laughter . ) He thought that the best course , if the House would get rid of thosa nuisances , for they were nothing else , altogether . If they looked back for the last ten or twelve years , this bill was calculated to create the greatest disappointment throughout the country ; It ; was well known that * acoBXmuaiQu was appointed by the Sight Honourable Baronet opposite in the . year 1829 ,. to inquire into , tha nature and jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts , and it mad * » report in 1832 . Shortly afterwards a bill founded oa it was tabmitted to . Parliament , welch
  
  was afterwards abandoned ; and Blood that time sev » - ral other bills had been laid before the House and not proceeded witb . They wtro atten * # d with this remark-« ble oircunuUnoe , that all the bills introduce into Parliament , whether by Whigs or Tories , on this subject , bad bees proceeding from bad to . w « se ,. until they had arrived at the q * plus ultra .. ( Laughter . ) What couUl they ever expect * in attempting to amend these courts ? Indeed , be believed that tha learned civilian himself would at last be . obliged to get rid of them ,. aa the materials which he had to deal with were so bad-tha , the could not go on mending them ; but that , like the tinker perpltxedT , ; be ¦ would fina when he attempted to mend one ; hole he ma . de two ( Continued in our' ttvenih page . )
  
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  g THE NORTHERN STAR . Jtraii 8 , 1844 .
Citation
- Northern Star (1837-1852), June 8, 1844, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1266/page/6/

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