Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 9th December 1843, Edition 1 of 5, Page 7

Page 7
Page 7
7 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (2)
    • Science ann &rt,
    • Cfcavjtet EmeUtftm*.
  • Text (7)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      Untitled Article

      "THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND QUJESTJCXNV { Continuedfrom oiir sixth page . ) Bn-nsGHAT . —On Sunday afternoon last , during divine service , a fire , evidently the-work ef an incendiary , broke out in the stackyard of Mr . B . Holland , farmer , of Kllinghsy . An alarm "was given at the ehurch and at the Methodist chapel , -when those build ings -were quickly deserted , every one being anxious to render assistance in roch an emergency . The fire bad been kindled in the centre of fom -wheat-stacks , bnt owing to the direction in -which they atood the -wind ffid not obtain free access , ^ nd conBeqnently the spreading or the flames "w&b sot so rapid as it aight have been . ^ It being Sunday , plenty of help was at hand , and 'Wiih the aid of a good fire-engine belonging to tbe parish , the destructive element ¦ was shortly get under , sot more than \ £ 6 ' b worth of damage being done . — Lined * Mercsry . ============: ^

      xhobxe . —On TnesSay evening lait , abont seven O ' clock , a stubble stack in the BlneBoar yard , at Thome , and belonging to - Mr . J . Holroyd , Tras discovered to-be 430 fire . Assistance "was instantly procored by Pigott , Jan ., police officer , -who happened to be passing at the time ; bat the stack was half consumed before the fire could be quenched , An old barn and some ontbnildings immediately adjoined the stack , ¦ which wonld undoubtedly have caught fire bnt for tamely assistance . Tcere is too much reason to fear that this is the act of sn incendiary . —Dcmcasler Gazette .

      A fire brake ont on Monday evening last , abont halfpastseven o ' clock , on the premises of Mr . French , of Whitfield , near Bradley , which consumed a bean rick , a hovel containing two dung carts , && , and next canght * large hay rick containing about twenty tons , a good part of -which was spoiled . The people formed a double row to the brook , a distance of abont a quarter of a mile , which was the only place whence a supply of water could be obtained . Two men who stood in the brook to fill the backets were taken so ill as to require jnedical aid , and were laid ' on a bed on the floor of the kitchen till they were sufficiently , recovered to be remoTed . There i » little donbt of its being the act of an incendiary , aa the hovel where it first broke out was discovered to be on fire at both ends , a distance from each other of abont fifteen yards . Mr . French was insured in the Norwich Union firejefiice . —Northampton Mercury .

      Biddexhax . —On Tuesday afternoon , abont two o ' clock , a fire wju tiiscoTered in the farm-yard of Mi . "W . Gliding , of Biddenhsm . The fiamea proceeded from a stack of straw , and would doubtless have destroyed the whole of the property if it had not been detected bo early . It 1 b supposed to be the- work of an incendiary . A reward of Fifty P-onnds has been offered for the apprehension of the offender . —Herts Reformer . "We deeply regret to find that incendiarism is again tpre&ding its diabolical ravages in our rural districts . Abont half-past nine o ' clock on Saturday night last , a fire broke out in the rick-yard of Mr . Abraham Mann , at Tebworth , in the parish of Chalgrave , at the entrance of the village , abont a mile from Hockliffs . The flames raged with dreadful fury , and in the spsce of an

      ttonr asd a half cvssumed two large barns and another large building , filled with wheat and bailey , several seks , a stable , and other outbuildings . The cattle being driven out at the commencement ^ of the fire , were , with the exception of a pig , preserved . The dwellinghouse caught two or three times , bnt being a strong fcrici and tiled building , was saved by the strenuous exertions of those wfca were assisting . The flames communicated to a cottage on the opposite side of the Toad , the property of Mr . Wm . Whmnett , ia the occupation of John Randal , an industrious labourer , and clerk of the parish , who has a wife sear

      her confinement , and six young children , the latter of whom were in bed at the time ; the neighbours conveyed the children to other houses , and removed the whole of the furniture , which was greatly damaged by the haste in whieh it was carried away . The cottage was destroyed , as was also a barn . No cause can be assigned for the perpetration of the vile act , as Mr . Mann is a gentleman of a remarkably-quiet andinoffensivr disposition , an excellent master , who employs a blger number Of l&boosfli * than any other perron in She . parish , and the farm is the property of his daughter , an amiable young lady , who is , webeliBve , at present a minor . —Jylesbury Ketcs .

      On Wednesday evening , abont seveni o ' clock , the Inhabitants of Hazieston were alarmed by the dreadful cry of fire . The victim singled out for diabolical reteage , by a wicked incendiary , is Mr . John Aldons , of the Ant-hill farm , in the above , parish . On the arrival of the parish engine a barley stack , -the produce of thirteen acres , and a pea stack of five acres , were bath in flames ; fortunately the wind was blowing stifly from the north , which , with the very judicious management of the engine , enabled them to preserve from destruction two wheat stacks , a barn , cattle sheds , Ac Mr . AldouB is amply injured in the Norwich Insurance-office —Koncieh Heratrv .

      On ^ Friday * 6 * nnlght a barley stack , the property ot Mr . Stephen Gooch , of Honingham , wasdissovered to be on fire . The engines were soon on the spot , and they , with the assistance of the inhabitants , succeeded in extinguishing the flsmes . A reward of £ 200 has been effkred for the apprehension of the offenders , as there is not the slightest dsubt of its being the work of yrypp JTTCFn ^^ J- 2 ? 0 rittC& HeTCUTY .

      CANDIDATES FOB TBAHSFOBTATiOH . On Monday , before the Common Serjeant , at the Kew Court , Thomas Hart and Thomas Waits were indicted lor stealing ? several waistcoats and other articles , the property of Edward Summerfieid . Both prisoneis were also charged -pith hiving previously been _ Enmmirily -convicted ef felony . Both prisoners pleaded Gailty . The Common Sergeant said thai the best iking he could Ho for them teas io transport them . Watts—O TES , MT LORD , PBAT DO SO . Hart expressed a rimifar hope-Tha Court sentenced them to be transported for seven years . The prisoners expressed their gr&iifcnde . SaxTvl other prisoners pleaded " GuQiy , u and it af-PBAXI 2 SG THAT DISTRESS HAD CATTSED THEM TO COXMIT tss OFFESCiS of xchich they vere charged , they were sentenced to short periods of imprisonment .

      GA 1 EE A 5 D CB . 1 MB . Tha folio-wing paragraph * , extracted from the Ay ' es-Dary 3 ' eics , seems so naturally to fall together , that we have ranked them under one head : — "AHni to ths Fabhebs of Bucks . —The present system of picking seed wheat has newly exterminated partridges in Ireland . —Limerick Chronicle " Atfblat "WITH P 0 ACHEBJ 5 . —On the night of the Sfh instant , a body of poachers , who were on the Dote of Baikinghsjn ' s preserves at "Wotton TJndenrood , beat sad grossly ill-used & looker-out of the name of Brockieyhurst . " " Robbebies —We regret to say that petty robberies sre almost nightly taking place at Brill . The lawless deprsdators have hitherto escaped . "

      A DtSPEBADO . —On Saturday last , Moses Shrimpton , of Long Creadon , was charged with poaching on the Dike of Buckingham ' s preserves , before the Bst . G- Caeiwode , at Chilton . He was on that chaige cornmisted to Aylesbniy gaol for six months' imprisonment There were also some charges of assault against him . It appeared that he bad been at the poultry honse of Mr . White , farmer , of Pollicott , on the evening before , and on that occasion very narrowly escaped from Mr , White ' s hands . On the morning of Saturday he was found on the Ashendon . estate , muring . He bad a powerfal bludgeon with Mhi , with which he knocked one of them down , and escaped from the ether . Be was tttn followed by a shepherd , who succeeded in capturing him , notwithstanding his desperate efforts to knock him down -with his bludgeon . *' is

      In these para ^ rapfes a chapter the history of our landed aristocracy is touched upon . < iood farming is obstructed by Hie adherence to an obsolete system on the part of the landowners , " for the fst >« of lerdiy sport and political influence . We know an instance in which a farmer in the West of England sowed -a particular field with grain three , successive years , and each year the plant was so completely destroyed by game that no attempt was made to reap it in either of the years ; yet the fanner had all the expence of a crop , and not » shilling of allowance was ansde by the landlord . So -much for t&e direct effect Of fame preserving . And what a stase of things in connection with t&s subject do the above paragraphs disclose ? First , we have the editor of a newspaper suggesting to the farmers a plan f a poisoning the jame , which 13 by law their landlord ' s property i by no

      W ild -i-niTTml ^ -which right are man ' s property are bred and kept in enoraou abandonee in the midst of a population on the very brink of destitution , whose opportunities of earning a living are , in fact , greatly diminished by the very maintenance of the game . They command , when captured , a ready sale , at higb ^ prices ; they are easily caught , and the eatching them affords to the poor man some of the gTmt-ampnfc of sport , as well ^ as the hope of profit—paaions of no Blight efficacy in the minfLs -of an Englishmen—while no vigilance , en the part of the preservers of these creatures , can effectually protect them .

      Then poaching is looked apon by all but the spertang gentiy as a very venial offence . We all remember that Sir Walter Scott first became acquainted with bis feitb-& 1 ser v ant , TomPurdy , from having had to Bit in judg * xaenfc apon him ss spoaciier ; and we believe few think much worse of a country labourer because he is a bit of a poacher . Yet poaching is the another of all rural crime * It leads to late hours and nocturnal adventoes j and , Boener or later , to violent contests , andperhap » murderous conflicts , with gamekeepers . As a pendent to these remarks , we reprint the followins bom a local paper : —

      " Sir F , Soodncke , at Clemont Iftdge , Norfolk , last week entertained Sib Earl of Cardigan , Lord Macdonald , Lord Haldsto&e , the Hon . Captain Spencer , Mi . Payne , &nd Mr . Hungerford . The party , consisting of seven gims , killed , Nov . 8—252 pheasants , 43 s hares , 207 labbits , 13 partridges , 2 woodcocks ; total , 812 . Uov . 9—331 pheasants , 305 hares , 162 rabbita , 3 partridges , S woesJcoctB ; total , 804 . Nov . 10—235 pheasants , 441 hsrssj 110 rabbits , 4 partridges , 2 woodcocks ; total , 792 . Total—818 pheasants , 1 , 184 hares , 379 rabbits , 20 partridges , 7 woodcocks . < Jrand total—2 , 408 ithreadsyt ^

      Untitled Article

      What an amount of temptation , crime , waste , and 111 blood do these 2 , 408 head of game , preserved for the momentary gratification of seven gentlemen , represent 2 —Hvll Advertiser . Wakefield HorsE of Correction . —About forty or fifty years ago , Wakefleld House of Correction contuned only about half a score prisoners . What a contrast to the present time ! When the new works are finished at this prison , it will be one of the largest prisons in the world I WHy Justice spaxbs the Oppressor—The figure of Justice at Wakefield Court House is without a sword , it having been blown down some years ago ; the balances , however , are in their proper position .

      Untitled Article

      THE TAILOR SWEATING MACHINES AND "DEVILS DUST . " ( Continuation of the case reported in our last . J 6 UILDHALI—On Friday Sir P . Laurie , after disposing of some trifling cases , called upon a journeyman tailor , named Richard Morgan , to substantiate a complaint he bad make by letter on a former day , and in respect to which Sir P . Laurie had Informed him he would not hear him , unless he was prepared with witnesses who could prove what he alleged , and unless he gave any master notice whese name he intended to mention .

      The complaint made by Mr . Morgan was , that the city tailors -were in the habit of giving out their work to a class of journeymen known in the trade by the name of " sweaters , ' knowing them to be such , and gaining no advantage by employing them , beyond rapidity in executing a customer's order . A " sweater " was denned to be a journeyman who 'would engage to do any job that would occupy a good hand twe days in the abort space of eight or ten hours , working by night as well as day , and on Sundays as well as week days , without extra charge . A " sweater" turns out as much work as six journeymen employed in the house , which he accomplishes by employing improvers and women at low wages , aided by one or two good hands , but of notoriously bad character or depraved habits , whom no master would employ . Mr . Charles , of Fleet-street , and Mr . Bracher , of the Old Jewry , were the only masters present ; but there was a great number of journeymen .

      Sir P . Laurie asked Ja organ to call first some one who had worked for a sweater . Henry Leader was presented . He stated that he worked a few days since for a sweater employed by Mr . Comfort , of Coleman-street He web employed to make the third part of a single-breasted beaver ceat . The sweater -was to have 12 s . It was to be made during the night The sweater kept the lightest third part for himself . Complainant , with the help ef a . short pipe , kept himself awake ; but the other two , wbo had been working in the day , dropped off to sleep . The garment waa got in , however , in good time , but Mr . Comfort ont the price down , to 10 b ., and complainant received 3 s . 4 d . for his share . A good fire was kept up , and they burnt 7 d . worth of candles , and a deduction of Is . was made for coals and candles . Sir P . Laurie said he had received little " comfort " for that hard sight's votIl .

      Thomas Eimes said he was employed by a sweater named Qaigley , of No . 7 , West Row , who worked for Mr- Davies , of Hanover Square . He was a coat-maker . Seven men worked in one room , two of whom sleep in it at night Mr . Divies pays 27 s . for a coat The sweater deducts 2 s . for his time in going feaek-warda and forwards to his shop , and , marking the job off into thirds , keeping the lightest for himself . Tbe two men who sleep there pay each 2 s . 6 d . per week for lodging , 5 d . for breakfast , 8 d . for dinner , and 5 d . for tea . Had worked for other sweaters at the West End besides Qaigley . They employ men whom no master tailor would suffer to enter his bouse ; men . trithoiit shoes or stockings ; who wore their shirts three weeks without changing—who were labouring under filthy diseases , and about whom the vermin would be centinnally creeping . Into the hands of such men he had seen put a share of a coat for a Minister of the Crown , and for Peers of the realm . The witness began to mention names , but

      Sir P . Laurie checked him , observing that lawyers sometimes decorated their offices with ttses of papers bearing the names of great men who never employed the lawyer in the course of their lives ; and so might tailors boast to their men of pretended customers . The witness continued—Some masters keep on fourteen men to meet contingencies , employing one half the first part of the -week and the other half the last part of the week , a © that none earned more than sufficient to pay for their seven day ' s board and lodging . In such cases 15 s . cash would suffice on Saturday night to divide amongst the men , as the surplus beyond their debt . It was a system of truck , for the payment was made , in fact , in food and lodging . Only single men were employed . Sir P . Laurie asked how much a day a good hand could earn , working under a sweater upon the heaviest thirds of the work ?

      The Witness replied five shillings , 11 he worked as usual , from feur o ' clock in the morning till ten at night Mr . Charles , in answer to a question from the alderman , said he formerly employed a number of men in bis own house , but the annoyance was so great , from the continual demand for refreshments from the publichouse and coffee-shop , that he coald not bear it , and he now gave out bis work to tailors wbo were housekeepers doing a little burinera for themselves , and to what extent they employed others , o » what sort of men they employed , he had no means of knowing ; bnt though he was compelled by the competition in his

      neighbourhood to ticket some articles , he did not do this at the expense of the comforts of the men who worked for him . His pries for making a coat ranged from 13 s . to I 5 i ., for a waistcoat from 2 a . 6 d . to 3 s . &d . and for trousers from 45 . 3 d . to OS . 6 . 1 . Sir P . Laurie asked if , paying these wages , he kept a moving van ? Mr . Charles—Certainly not . Morgan said he did not belong to any society . He had been amongst the people who worked for Moses , Hyams , Myers , and Kay , and the wretchedness be saw was beyond what be anticipated . He Called a Witnesi named Shea .

      Shea stated , that at the slopmakers the overlooker was freqnently more particular as to the quality of the work than in the bespoke department , though only 3 s . 6 d . was given for making a Chesterfield in the first style . Some were required to make a coat for 2 b . < 5 d . that would require two days' labeur . Mr . Parker , the secretary to the Tailors" Protection Society , produced a specimen of trousering , manufactured at Hndderefield , by gringinj ? together old woollen rags collected from all parts of Europe . It had been made up into cheap clothing in America , and returned as too bad for any use . It was called in Torkshire shoddy , o r de v il ' s dust The specimen produced was a sort of oliTe green twilled trousering , and had slits t-wo or three inches long , opened in all directions where there was a strain in the wear . He said a better sort of this article was extensively used by tfee cheap tailor , whose business it was to have the worst materials made up in the best style , at a scandalous rate of

      • wages . Sir P . Laurie Baid these bargains of course ultimately proved dear ; and he was surprised so many people had resorted to the overcheap shops , expecting to get articles really much below the prices charged by respectable shopkeepers . The cheap men eonld not buy materials cheaper , and were not content with less profit . The buyer , therefore , got either an inferior article at the cheap shop , or one made at & rate of wages which he should blush to countenance . Parker stated that Mr . Kay , the slop-seller , in Aldersgate , rt quired as good work to be put in a waistcoat at Is . 6 d . as Stultz did at 7 s . 6 d . John Holland deposed to the prices he had received , viz . for Tagli * nis and pilots , best make 3 s . ; and a shootins jacket , full of pockets , and with nineteen buttonholes , requiring three days' work , Ss . 3 d .

      Sir P . Laurie asked how many tamds Stulz employed on hi * premises ? Paik ^ r said abont 300 . The evidence was then directed to show that tailors ¦ ec ho professed to keep men on the premises for bespoke work Eent It out into the most filthy neighbourhoods . Morgan said he saw this week a lady ' s habit being Eii ! e up for Moses by a man named Paddy Kelly in a very filthy place . It was a bespoke garment j would take a whole week to make ; and Paddy , a beautiful workman , was to have 15 s . for it If the lady b&w whtre it was made it would be impossible for her to wear it There were only a dozen tailors in the city who oona fide employed the men on their premises . There were 100 sweaters , wbo had 400 good hands infter then . Tha livery breeches of ome of the present sheriffs' footmen were given ont to a sweater as 5 a . He could lot do tbeto , bat turned them over to another sweater at 4 s . 6 d ., and the poor fellow who actually msde them received 4 s .

      Sir P . Laurie said it was a p » y that by some understanding among the masters themselves this extreme cruelty could not be avoided . He was afraid that while the masters coald let their floors to advantage , and avoid tbe trouble of managing wotfe in tu « bouse , they would cot turn their floors into work-rooms , bnt if they would try they might devise something . A taller suggested that they might hire work-rtoms separate from their dwelnng-ho « sesand shops . 2 At , Parrott , the chairman of the Tailor ' s Protection Society , » id nothing could put down the sweating system g-ct the stinting of the work to men working in rooms rested by the employer on bis own premises . By doin / r thi * they might place all the men ia & state of happiness . He thanked Sir Peter Laurie , ia the name of the thousands of men out of employ , fer affording them a hearing ; and he was sare if those in authority would thus only hear the complalmUi of the aggrieved , a happii * "tote of things would in time mhsist . _ _ _ . _

      Sir P . L&nrie said th ey were & large body of fadns . trious men , and he hopSd the exposure of the evils of which they complained would lead to the adoption ef some remedy .

      ASHTON-UKDBR-XiYKB . —Mr . C . Doyle delivered a lecture in the Association -Room m the above place , on Sunday evening ls «*» to *« " # » «*<* respectable andienoe . At the close . 01 the leoturfl . a vote of thanks was given to the lecturer , for the pleasing and instrnctive discourse be hAO oeHTered , and the meeting separated .

      Science Ann &Rt,

      Science ann &rt ,

      Untitled Article

      Galvanic Experiment—The resuscitating powers of galvanism have been confirmed in the most satisfactory manner , in some well-conducted experiments of Mr . Halse , of Brent , sear Ashburton . This gentleman drowned three young whelps in cold water , and three others , of the . same litter , in warm water . The first three were immersed fifteen minutes , and the latter three forty-five minutes . The experiments were commenced immediately after the animals were removed from the water , and when all of them were quite motionless and apparently dead . Those which were drowned in cold water were placed in a blanfce * in front of a good fire , and shortly after one of them was prepared for the galvanic process . Two small jars , containing a solution ef common salt , being provided , the fore feet of the animal were placed in one of them ,

      and the hind feet in the another , and a connecting wire from the battery brought to each jar was immersed in the saline solution . The first momoitarp discharge developed signs of vitality ; and a aeries of slight ahocks , continued for about five minutes , restored the functions of life . The poor creature was then again placed on the blanket before the fire , and in a short time it began to walk about , and appeared quite as lively as ever . On examining its two fellow-sufferers , they were past recovery ; indeed quite dead . By operating in a similar manner on the other three , which were drowned in warm water , Mr . Halse succeeded in resuscitating two of them , and restoring them to perfect health ; but the third dog not being gslvinizsd till an hour after the tesuscitatien of the second , hiB efforts to restore it were not successful .

      It baa been tbe opinion of many physiologists , that there is a strict analogy between galvanism and the vital principle , and that the phenomena of life have aa electric origin . Others there are who think they can identify the nervous with the sleotrie fluid . Be Jtbat as it may , the experiments of Dr . Wilson Philip have Bbown , that there exists a striking analogy in the nervous and galvanic influences ; and that the latter is capable ot supplying the place ot the former , in performing the functions of life . Having fed several rabbits with parsley , Dr . Philip divided the eight pair of nerves of some of them , by incisions in the neck , for tbe purpose of ascertaining their influence on tbe digestive functions of the stomach . On examining the

      contents of their stomachs , the parsley appeared to havo undergone no ebange 'whatever . Others of these rabbits were subjected to the galvanic influence , by applying one of tbe cenducting wires to the lower portion of tbe nerves , just below the incision in the neck , and tbe other conductor to the skin opposite to tbe stomach , so that the electric current would flow along the nerve . By this process , the difficulty of breathing was prevented , during the whole of the twenty-six hours that the operation was continued . These rabbits were killed immediately after the galvanism was discontinued , and tbe parsley was found to be perfectly digested , and in tbe same state as that in tbe stomachs of other rabbits fed at the same time , and left unmolested in their natural healthy condition .

      These capital electro-physiological results , Which Were subsequently confirmed by { similar experiments , conducted by Dr . Clarke Able , leave no doubt respecting the influence of galvanism , as a substitute in performing the nervous functions ; and afford strong evidence of the practicability of applying this agency with advantage , as an auxiliary . to the nervous agency , when the latter is too debilitated to act efficiently alone . The correctness of this view has been realised by tbe beneficial results that have been obtained by galvanic treatment , in several cases arising from nervous debility , and the consequent atony of tbe organs which they influence . And as the muscles also become excited and invigorated by the galvanic stimulus , the medical px&etttionei baa , in It , a powerful auxiliary to his other modes of treating many of tbe diseases which afflict humanity .

      Aeronautical Exhibition , Willis ' s Rooms .- ^ Mr . Monck Mason , who , as our readers are most probably aware , has devoted considerable attention to the subject of aeronautics and aerial navigation , has established an aeronautical exhibition at these rooms , which opened on Wednesday , and certainly a most interesting exhibition it is . One of Mr . Mason ' s objects is to direct public attention to his model of a balloon , which can be both propelled and steered . This balloon is of oiled silk , its shape is ellipsoidal , a shape which combines the highest ascending power with the least resistance to horizontal progression ; below the balloon , between it and the car , but in close connection with the latter , is a frame-work ef jwood , in shape like the frame-work of the deck of a sharp-built ship , its long diameter

      corresponding with the long diameter of the balloon ; below this frame-work is the ear . The propeller is an Archimedian screw of oiled Bilk , stretched over a light frame-work . This screw resembles in shape the screw now used as a propeller on board the Archimedean steam vessels ; it is suspended from the wooden framework , and is moved by a powerful spring la the car . At tbe opposite end of tbe car ia the rudder , in shape somewhat like a paper kite , and by means of which Mr . Monck Mason imagines he can to some extent regulate the ascending power of the balloon . There cannot be any doubt bnt that Mr . Meson can communicate the power of progression to his balloon by means of his Archimedean sctew , which ought rather to be denominated a sucker or drawer than a propeller , inasmuch as the balloon progresses screwend foremost . Tbe experiments lately exhibited place tbiB fact beyond a doubt . The balloon having

      been inflated and balanced to proper elevation , was moored to a column , forming tbe centre of a cirele , round which it was to travel . Tbe rudder and tbe screw were rigged in their proper places—the spring power applied—round went the screw , and on went the balloon at a rapid rate , screw-end foremost , and so continued until the spring ceased to act , when the 8 CT 6 W ceased to turn , and the balloon became stationary . This experiment was repeated , and nothing could be more satisfactory . Every expectation that the most sanguine person could have entertained was realised . We did not witness any experiments with the rudder , but we nope again to visit Mr . Monck Mason's very Interesting exhibition , when we may nave an opportunity of testing the powers of the rudder . Mr . Monck Mason wbo conducted the experiments , was assisted by Mr . Green , the aeronaut , who , we understand , expressed his approbation of tbe experiment .

      The New Comet . —Afc one o ' clock in the morning of the 22 nd instant a comet , only visible through a telescope , was discovered near the star Qainma , of Orion , by M . Faye , an astronomer attached to tbe Royal Observatory at Paris . Notwithstanding the clouds and vapoara ¦ which , impeded the view , and rendered the observation uncertain , the position of the star was ascertained as follows : —On the 22 ad of Nov ., 1843 , at 14 hours , 44 minutes , 11 seconds , medium time of Paris , reckoned from mid-day , tbe right ascension of the comet was 81 deg . 5 min ., and tbe boreal declension was 6 deg . 56 min . Tbe sky was so cloudy on the following night , that it was only on the 24 th that tbe comet was again seen , when its position was ascertained with complete precision . On the 24 th of

      November , 1843 , at 17 h . 4 min . 43 sec . medium time of Paris , counted from mid-day , the right ascension of the comet was 30 deg . 50 min . 42 sec . ; boreal declension of the comet , 6 deg . 30 min . 35 sec . Thus the apparent right ascension of the comet diminished by seven minutes of a degree within abont 24 hours ; and in the same interval of time the declension likewise diminished by 12 minutes . This comet presents a head se distinct , that the observations are singularly facilitated . From the head slight trains of light diverge nearly opposite to the min . This tail is at present in length about four minutes of a degree . The following letter has been addressed to the papers : —

      " To the Editor : —Sir , ~ Thls comet was observed here with tfee five-feet equatorial , whoee object glass ia 4 f inches aperture , about eight o ' clock last evening ; with the large achromatic , of 11 inches 9-lOths diameter , its nucleus , with powers of 150 and 390 , seemed not round , but elongated in the direction of the tail , which latter , after moonset , extended about 11 minutes . It does not bear much illumination of the field , although It was easily fonnd with an achromatic telescope of 2 ^ inches aperture . At 48 min . 37 aec , after midnight , its ascension was about 5 h . 21 min . 37 sea and its nortben declination was about 5 deg . 34 min . 32 sec . and it is very the star of A Oiionis . —Observatory , Kensington , Thursday morning , Nov . 30 , 18 * 3 , half-past two . "

      Dr . Whitfield , the Naturalist , has lately returned from the coast of Africa with a large collection of animals and plants . This is about tbe twentieth voyage successfully made by this enterprising tiaveller , who has visited New Holland and other distant settlements several times within the last thirty years . The late Dake of Bedford was his great patron ; and since the death of his Grace the present Earl of Derby has been his patron . Tbe Doctor , after many perilous escapes , has succeeded in bringing over four ostriches , thirteen antelopes , ene lioness , eight crown erases , and four gigantic cranes , a pair ef Egyptian ibis , many dive and white aigrettes , five wild cats , and a vast variety of small birds ; also , a splendid collection of rare plants . They have all been consigned to Kuowsley-park , and aniVbd in perfect health .

      Society of Akts—A numerous meeting of tbe members was held on Wednesday evsnisg , in tbe tbeatre of the Institution , John-street , Adelphi ; Benjamin Botch , Esq ., V P ., F-R . S ., ia the chair , when a paper was read by the secretary on the now patent metallic cement , a composition of sand and or tbe refuse of copper commingled , and of a peculiarly bard aud durable description . Specimens of its applicability to buildinff purposes were exhibited , showing that it was susceptible of a fine marble polish , and of being made to imitate granite . It was stated by the chairman that this invention would find an abundaBt market in the mountains of Wales , where tbe refuse of copper was so great that the proprietors did not know what nse to make of it Fresco paintings worked opon the ¦ UTface of thto cement were likewise exhibited , the result of the method being that they may be preserved much longer by this process than by the usual method .

      The Arts ; among the Romans . —The Romans are insatiate and always a semi-barbarous people , amongst whom the arts of civilization never had much extension ; they did not look at tbe fine arts at any time with admiration or respect , if we except architecture , which the wealthy among them appear to have considered merely as a vehicle for displaying their vain and ostentatious love of exhibiting wealth . Even this art they picked op from the Greeks , and Boon corrupted

      Untitled Article

      KJM 2 ? ^ lmple P riacJ Pte- ' - Still it was in the hanas of preek workmen , who being supplied with i 3 J ^ eaM demed from the P lnndw of ¦•!*« M «<»" i erected numerons , and sometimes grand , ediflces-both public and private , but never with the purity of taste which always dietinguiahed genuine Greek architecture Fainting and tculpture , however , were never looked upon by them as intelleatual pursuits , which fact proves the low tone and confined calibre of Rome ' s national mind-brute force was their only implement Even virgu ( not a Roman ) encourages them to despise the sculptures and other liberal arts of Greece , and tells them to «• be satisfied with being the conquerors of nations and masters of the world . " Where are now tnetr conquests or masterships of tbe world ? The glones of Greek arts have survived them all . —Taylor

      hV ^ RING Cast InoN- ^ By Major Jewreinoff , as practised at St . Petersburgbi-The liquid for silvering is prepared in the following manner :-Cyanide of potassiua . prepared aecording to Llebig ' s method , is introunced into a stoppered vessel , and freshly-prepared pure chloride of silver , still in a moiat state , added ; the whole being covered with water and shaken violentiy for some time at the ordinary temperature . An excess of chloride of ailver is taken , and should a small quantity of it remain undissolved , a few pieces more of the cyanide are added after eonie time , taking care , however , to avoid bavinif an excess of the latter salt , cut always a small quantity of uiadiBsolved chloriae at the bottom of the vessel . This last circumstance » Important , because when the liquor contains too mucn free cyanide at potassium it is easily decomposed , and

      moreover doea not silver ao well j before employing it it is filtered , and ia thus rendered perfectly clear , tton and a little chloride of Bilver remaining on the filter , ^ I effect tbe platini ? by means of a galvanic P P ' conBistiD « of a ' no and a coke cylinder , which are separated from each other by means oJ an earthen diaphragm . The pair are placed in a glass vessel containing dilute sulphuric acid , and dilute nitric acid is conveyed into the earthen diaphragm . The cleansed oast iron object is immersed in the silver solution , and connected with the zinc pole by means of a conducting wire , and a platinum plate immersed in the liquid at some distance from the object to be silvered , and connected with the coke cylinder . A plate of cast iron , of fonr square inches' surface , is generally completely plated in thirty minut 9 a . —Bulletin de S < . Pelersburgh . ;

      v SODA AND SOAP . —Soda has been need from time immemorial in the manufacture of soap and glass—two chemical productions which employ and keep in circulation an immense amount of capital . The quantity of soap consumed by a nation would be no inaccurate measure whereby to estimate its wealth and civilisation . Of two countries , with an < qual amount of population , the wealthiest and most highly civilised will consume the greatest weight of soap . This consumption does not subserve sensual gratification , nor depend upon fashion , but upon the feeling of tbe beauty , comfort , and welfare attendant upon cleanliness ; and a regard to this feeling is coincident with wealth and civilisation . The rich , in the middle ages , concealed a want Of Cleanllnessin their clothes and persons under a profusion

      of costfy scents and essences , whilst they were more luxurious in eating and drinking , in npparel and horsea . With us a want of cleanliness 1 b equivalent to insupportable misery and misfortune . Soap belongs to those manufactured products , the money value of which continually disappears from circulation , and requires to be continually renewed . It is one of tbe few substances which are entirely consumed by use , leaving no product of aiiy worth . Broken glass and bottles are by no means absolutely Worthless ; for rags we may purchase new doth ; but soap-water has no value- whatever . It would be interesting to know accurately the amount of capital involved is tbe manufacture of soap : it is certainly as large as tbat employed in the coffee trade , with this important difference as

      respects Germany , that it is entirely derived from our own soil . France formerly imported soda from Spain , Spanish soda being of the best quality , at an annual expenditure of twenty to' thirty millions of francs . During the war with England , the . price of soda , and consequently of soap and glass , rose continually ; and all manufactures suffered in consequence . The present method of making eoda from common salt was discovered by Le Blanc , at the end of the last century . It was a rich boon for France , and became of tbe highest importance during the wbtb of Napoleon . In a very short time , it was manufactured to an extraordinary extent , especially at the seat of the soap

      manufactories . Marseilles possessed , for a time , a monpoly of soda and soap . The policy ot Napoleon deprived tbat city of the advantages derived from this great sonrce of commerce , and thus excited the hostility of the population to his dynasty , which became favourable to the restoration of the Bourbons : a curious result of an improvement in a chemical manufacture . It was not long , however , in reaching England . In order to prepare the soda of commerce ( which is the carbonate ) from common salt , it iB first , converted into Glauber ' s salt ( sulphate of soda ); For this purpose , eighty pounds weight of concentrated sulphuric acid ( oil of vitriol ) are required to one hundred pounds of common salt—Liebig ' s Letters on Chemistry .

      Untitled Article

      TOTAL WRECK OF THE NELSON W 00 B , AND LAMENTABLE LOSS OF LIFE . The intelligence of the loss of this vessel , and the lamentable sacrifice of life , was received at Lloyd ' s late on Saturday afternoon : — ' Stamp Offic « , Glifden , County Gal way . « ' Sm , —I beg Itave to give you the following melancholy account of the fate of the brig Nelson Wood ( her crew and cargo ) , of Maryport , bound from Demerara- to Liverpool , 309 tons register . " She sailed from Demerara en the 18 th ult , laden with 250 tons Greenheart timber , 180 casks of sugar , 80 casks rum , and 60 casks or thereabouts of Molasses . She stranded on Moson Island , on this coast , on the morning of the 27 th instant , at half-past twelve , a . m ., and in about two hours went t « pieces , and ten of the crew , including the captain , were drown&d . The remainder of tbe erew , consisting of four men , were saved by drifting on shore on a piece of the wreck .

      " I have been this day on the spot where the piece of wreck and cargo came on shore , and have received these particulars from the unfortunate survivors . I fear little or none of the oargo will be saved , there being no agent for Lloyd ' s nearer than forty miles from this . The owner of the vessel was Captain William Robertson , of Maryport The snippers of tbe cargo ( sugar , r ice , and melaases ) , Messrs . Murry and Brothers , Demerara ; of the Greenheatt timber , Messrs . Clark , Sparks , and Co ., of Tiger Creek , on . the river Essequibo . " The names of the crew saved are William Maxwell ,: chief mate , William Bonnel , second mate , Archibald M'Furon , cook , of Scotland ; Thomas Reed , seaman , North of England .

      "The names of those drowned are William Ervin , captain ; John Wilkinson , carpenter ; Thomas Ellis , steward ; James Kam , Jwhn Fletcher , Hector M'Allister , George Midlicote , and Wm . Cuilack , seamen ; and Wm . Indesine ( or some similar name ) and Edward - —' -, boys . ( Signed ) " Martin R . Hast . " To W . Dobson , Esq ., Iiloyd ' a . "

      Extraordinary Cruelty . —We have much hesitated before ranking publio tbe following statement , really doubting whether our readers , from the almost incredible and revetting facts it discloses , would not conclude we were romancing and saying the thing that is not . However , we can only preface such Btateraeut by observing , that in giving it we put forth tbe truth as related to us , and from the quarter from which we have derived it , as , we have reason to believe , "the whole truth , and nothing but the truth . " For reasons unnecessary to enter upon , we do not at present disclose the name of the party implicated in our reoital , but we shall wait to see whether , when he shall thus discover that his cruel and insensate conduct is known ,

      it bafl tbe effect of rousing in him a sense of its infamy and shame , and thereby induce him at once to alter it ; and , if this should prove to be otherwise , we warn him that bis name shall be made publio , and in a way , too ,. that without the possibility of mistake shall bring bring down upon him that full measure of reprobation and scorn be so justly merits ; And now to onr narrative , without further remark . It is some five years end a quarter since that the individual to wham we allude was ridiDg a spirited young mate . He was thrown . He escaped unhurt by the fall ; bnt , incensed by the circumstance , be immediately exclaimed to the poor animal , " D—n you , madam , I'll make you suffer for this ; 111 put yoa in solitary confinement for seven years . " These were the

      words actually used by mm , as reported by a party who was in his company at the time ; and this threat he has literally carried into executioH to the extent of five years and a quarter , and for the great portion of that period in & manner , too , < tiatingvitahed by the meat refined brutality . A three-stalled stable was selected for the solitary cell of the hapless creature . The two Other Stalls were oflcupied by horses , but the back of that allotted to her was enclosed by boarding so placed tbat she could net turn round at all , nor lie down but by the aoat painfirl effort , aud the excoriation of her sides in the most horrid manner . This treatment she suffered for more than three years , until at length she effected aome mitigation of her misery by kicking down the boarding at the hack of her stall . It would seem that after this the abuserof the poor creature did so far relent in his feelings of vengeance towards her , as not to recommit her to her Procrustean bed , bat no

      further } finding she had liberated herself from this , he perseveres in bis sentence ef " solitary confinement , " and removes the other two horseB from the stable , thus giving her the entire range of the buildin g in which to complete the remaining portion of her doom . Bat we have not y © t related the full iniquity of this moot wicked proceeding ; the ro food of the wretched animal , through whiter end summer , from the commencement of her incarceration to the present time , has been : a scanty portion of grass cut by her persecutor himself rfrom a neighbouring pasture , added to about half a bolting of straw for her bed ; the latter , however , we ate told the poor animal first eagerly devours in preference to the cold and raw grass , so tbat not a shred of It is visible in the morning ; and we are told further , also , that about a twelvemonth since a lad in the employ of this inhuman man , commiserating the bltuation of the-mare , contrived one evening to make

      Untitled Article

      a trifling addition to her miserable modicum of foot . and for which he was visited with instant dismissal ! We have this relation from those who have by atealth j recently seen the doomed creature in her captivity , and they describe her appearance as most deplorable , and j akin to that of the caged beasts in a menagerie , keeping constantly pacing round her narrow prison-house like ; a demented creature / and bearing a dumb expression of suffering capable of I melting every heart but that of , her cruel tormentor , j" We are further informed that a ; pony has been punished by this parson , for some un- < known reason , fey the same spec e 3 of infernal cruelty ¦ for the last two years . — Worcester Herald . [ Why does , not our contemporary give the name ot this " respect-- ] able" ruffian ? Wny have not tae necessary informations , before this , been laid before a magistrate ? If ! ever there was a case worthy of " Lynch law , " this is i one . At once , we say , drag the miscreant to justice . — i Ed . N . S . ] \ The O'ConnexlJ Tribute . —I mast confess tbat

      these money boxes were the greatest eyesore to me in the whole matter . I cannot forgive O'Coimell for it , and I think nobodyj else can . And will posterity be able to forgive him for making a gain and a money matter of his patriotic toils , and carrying on this business openly and publicly without shame or fear ? I believe it never occurs to him , himself , that there is anything bad in the affair ; foT he has entrenehed himself , and made himself secure , behind some such reasoning as this : — "I was an advocate with excellent practice , which promised to be better than it already wob . I became a patriot , and dedicated all my powers to my country and to your cause , ye men of Ireland ! This busness is an expensive one to me ; for I must not only provide for myself and my family , but alco

      maintain several of my friends wbo belp me and mine , and stand by me in-j Parliament , and put me in a condition to do effectually whatever I do for your cause . There oan be nothing more just than tbat all Ireland should pay for tbe Cost of this business , and also reimbnrae me for the profits of my profession , which I have surrendered for the love of her . I can , therefore , with tbe greatest right , demand of you the O'Connell tribute , and receive it with & good conscience . " The following facts are ; certain—that , in consequence of his patriotic ( and stirring endeavours and agitation , O'Connell enjoys a yearly rent of no inconsiderable magnitude ito the amount , it Ss said , of mere than £ ie , 000 ) and tbat he and his friends live well on this , with far better food and far batter clothes than thousands of

      those from whom they draw tbe rent . Further , it is certain , tbat O'Conuell and his friends do not say , " We will walk in rags—we will eat potatoes and salt , like millions of our Compatriots for whom we toll—we will set aside all worldly advantages , and all the money which Is contributed shall be devoted solely and singly to the causa , and not employed for any personal purposes . " The tendency of his argument is rather ttus : — " If we had continued as advocates , we could now be living gloriously , and in the enjoyment of all kinds of pleasure ; if , therefore , we are to forget this , you must fully protect us from want . " We cannot therefore place the O'Connell ' s in the same rank with the great anaglorious spirits : whom the world has exalted so high , because they 1 kept their soul and their thoughts

      free from the atmosphere of money , and kept their hands undented by the touch of Satan ' s worst invention , gold—such men as 1 the unselfish Fabriclus , Cincinnatus , the worker at the plough , the barefooted Caliphs , the world-denying j apostles and prophets , and other highly-exalted prophets and patriots . It is quite possible—it is , indeed , probable—that , had O'Connell followed the exampla of Jean Jacques Rousseau ; bad he refused the support of his friends ; had he , like Cincfnnatus , determined to live by the plough ; or had he , like millions of his poor compatriots , been content to dress in rags and live en potatoes , be never would have attained to nia power . Perhaps the people would have despised him , and passed him by . Perhaps this age must and will see its heroes well clothed and well fed . Ab the English national debt is a yoke and burden which

      hol 4 s all Fngland together , so perhaps is the O'Connell tribute a burden which holds all the Repealers together . They have' o n ce p ledged'themselves to pay a certain amount of tribute , and this binds them to advance with O'Connelk They , perhaps , Wonder at the extraordinary character of this tribute , which a man without external power , only by his eloquence and earnestness , has imposed upon them , and , on this very account , value him ] the more highly . The sum of the whole is—O'Connell is a wonderful man ef the 19 th century ( the century of money ) , who has arrived at influence , power , and prosperity , by means such as the world has rarely beard of previously ; who , Without physical power and without giving op any thing , has for forty years bid defiance to tbe most powerful aristocracy of Europe j having on his side nothing but a few millions of beggars . —Kohl ' s Travels in Ireland .

      The Sublime v . the Ridiculous— It is astonishing how the sayings and doings of the greatest men , that are meant to tie sublime and even tremendous , can be defeated by the Slightest and shortest ridlenle , when it is well-timed . ] Every body must remember the admirable wit by which that ever-witty man , Wilkes , turned Lord Thurlow and one of hiB most important speeches into complete ridicule . The Crafty reprobate and vulgar swearer , notorious fox his Atheism , ended his speech by exclaiming , " If I forget my King , may my God forget me . ? ' On this , Wilkes , who was standing behind the throne , said , loud enough for everybody to bear , " God forget yon , indeed 1 He'll see yon at the devil first" The House was convulsed with laughter , and Lotd Thurlow sat down amidst general ridicule .

      Pitt , who was haranguing th « Commons on another occasion , in order to stimulate them to war against the French revolutionists , carried his excitement so far , that , stooping his long gaunt body , he tapped the floor with the back of his band exolaiming that if they did not go to war , " even these very boards will rise np in judgment against you . " On this Wilkes , who stood below the bar , observed , " Then send for a carpenter and nail them down . " Every body around him burst out a-laughing , and the astonished proud , tbe haughty and aristocratic Minister , could not conceive why be was laughed at . BaS a better joke than t h is wn p layed off upon that vilest of all apostates and impostors , Mr . Burke . This dull speaker , when be betrayed bis party and was seeking his two pensions , made an harangue [ against the French revolutionists , describing tbeir cruelties ; he worked himself up to a fever , and in order to illustrate their sanguinary deeds , he drew a knife from his bosom and tbrew it on the

      table of tbe House . Amidst tbe awful silence that ensued , and whilst j Burke was Standing in a theatrical attitude , Sheridan ? was overheard to Bay , " Yea , yes , I see tbe knife , but where is tbe fork ? " Tbe whole house burst into laughter , and Mr . Burke sat down with merited contempt . ( The late Mr . Wliitbread was a man of business , and of very great talents , bat certainly he had nothing of the poet in him . No man ever had less of the poetic temperament . Ou building Dmry-lane he wrote a poem as the competitor for the prize of writing the best opening address—a task afterwards performed gratis by out most illustrious baxd , Lord Byron . Whitbread ' s chief simile was the Ptoeaix rising from bi 3 ashes in the flames . This was told to Sheridan , who most satirically replied : " Sounds , Whitbread write about a Phoenix ; depend upon it he will describe it like a poulterer . * ' This reached Whitbread ' s ears , and he " thought better of ft "—and hi& poem never saw the light .

      Untitled Article

      SAZ . FORD—The Sal / ord Chartists met in their Rooms , Great George-street , to hear a lecture from Mr . M'Farlane , who delivered a very interesting address to an attentive and i respectable audience . After Mr . M'Farlane sat down the chairman Introduced Mr . Little to tbe meeting , who gave a short bnt interesting address on the rise and progress of tbe principles of Chartism . There will be a lecture in the Rooms every Sunday evening at half-past six o ' clock . STOCKPORT . —On Sunday afternoon last , the youths met in the anto-room , Gamett-street , Lower

      Hillgate . Tbe chair was taken at two o ' clock , when a Very animated discussion took place . Subject— " Is Colonization consistent with Christianity ? " Mr . Brown opened the debatejmaintaining that colonization , as" at present carried out , ; was not in accordance with Christianity . Several others took part in the debate , which was carried on for ] two hours . The youths here are now engagsd in establishing a library . Every one seemBto take great interest in the matter , and ail are determined that it ; shall not fail for want of exertion . They have already ! got a number of works ; and are about to issue an address to the public soliciting aid .

      LOMDON .- ^ - The United Boot and Shoemakers held their weekly meeting at the Cannon Coffee House , Old-street , St Lake's , when the question— " Would a Repeal of the Corn Laws , under existing circumstances , beaeflfc tbe Working Classes ?" was opened by Mr . I Lang with , who contended it woild not . He was supported by Messrs . Clark and M'Carthy ; but met with opposition from a Mr . Brown , who at . tended aa champion for the anti-Corn Law League ; -and attempted to show ! that this country would be a paradise were the principles of Free Trade fully earned oat Several others being desirous to address the meeting , it was resolved the question should be adjourned to Sanday evening , December 10 th , when it will be opened by Mr . Brown maintaining the affirmative .

      District Council , Sunday , December 3 rd , W . H . Bain in tbe chair ; - The rules were agreed to . The Golden Lion and other localities sent in their quotas . There was a full attendance of delegates . Mr . Paternoster , from the Hare-street locality , took bis seat . Mb . Cooper lectured to a crowded audience ; on Sunday evening last , at the City of Xoiidon Political and Soientiflo Institution ( In contlnuakten ) oa "the Poetry of Barns" , and gave great satisfaction . Political anb » Scientific institution ,

      Turnagain Lane—On j Sunday , Dec . 3 rd , the adjourned discussion ou the question , "Woulda Repeal of the Corn Laws benefit the working classes , ' * took place . Mr . Bird in the chair . ) Mr . Rjitbhone opened the qu < Jstlon on the negative aside , followed by Mesaw . Sparkhail and Main on the same aide , and Mi . Dalrymple and anotheir on the affirmative side of the question . It waB adjourned ta ^ Sunday next . Mr . Cooper lectured in the evening on "the poetry of Bums , " to a good audience } and gave universal satisfaction .

      Untitled Article

      Bl ANCHESTER—Oarpsntbr ' s Hall—On Sunday last a lecture was delivered in the above Hal ] , by the Rev . W . V . Jackaon » Subject , "The influence of classes upon society . " . South Lancashibe Delko 4 Te Meeting—The above delegate meeting was holden on Sanday . lasfcj in the committee room , under the Carpenter ' s Hall , Manchester , when delegates were present from the following places : —viz . —Manchester , Carpenter ' s Hall ; Chartist Painters , Manchester : Chartist Youths , Manchester ; Rochdale ; Ashton-under-Lyue ; Staly-Bridfife ; Hollinwood ; Bolton , and Mosslsy . Mr . C . Taylor was called upon to proside by the uDanimouB vote of the delegates . The minutes o » tho previous meeting were lead and confirmed .

      Tho delegates then settled their financial business , after which the followiag resolutions were passed : — " That a committee be chosen to examine the accounts of the defence fund committee , and report at the next meeting . " " That Messrs . Dixor , Taylor , D ivies , Nuttall , and Murray , form the committee . " " That a Conference of delegates from the various localities in South Lancashire , be holden on Sunday , tho 31 st of December , in the Charter Association Room , Newport-street , Bolton , to take into consideration the reorgauiziatidn of the South Lancashire district ; chair to be taken at ten o'clock in the forenoon . " "That a short address emanatiag

      from this meeting , upou the necessity of thisCotifer ence , be published'in the Northern Siar , of Saturday , the 16 th inst ., and also that the Secretary send a copy of the same to each locality . " That Messrs . Tiy lor , Nuttall , and Dixon , do form a committee to prepare the address . " " That we the delegates of South Lancashire in delegate meeting assembled , do hereby request tbe various localities in this district , to transmit forthwith to the Executive tha arrears due by them to that body . " " That the lecturers' plan be discontinued until the Conference . " The thanks of the meeting was then given to the Crr-urman and the meeting separated .

      Carlisle . —Public Meeting at Dalston , hear Carlisle . —On Saturday eveniag , Dec . 2 , a public meeting was held at this public-spirited village ; Mr . William Johnston , an old veteran reformer of thirty years' standing , was unanimously called to the chair ; who , after briefly stating the object of the meeting , introduced Mr . Joseph Broome Hanson , of Carlisle , who addressed the meeting at great lrn « rth on the all-important subject of a repefl of the Corn Corn Laws . He ably exposed the specious fallacies of the Leaguers , and proved beyond dispute , that no benefit would arise to the working classes from a repeal of those laws , except the repeal be accompanied by an equitable adjustment of the

      national and other debts . He next alluded to the Government prosecutions now pending against Mr . O'Couuell and his associates in Ireland ; and contended that ample justice can only be obtained for that Uiihappy and misgoverned country , through the aid of the English people . Mr . Hanson then took a review 01 the progress of Chartist principles , and concluded by calling on the meeting t , o stand by tho Charter as the only sure and safe remedy for the many soc'al and political evils under which this once happy country now laboured . A Council was then chosen according to the New Plan of Origanisation , and cards of ^ membership will be delivered oa Saturday , the 9 th instant .

      Working Men ' s Mental Improvement Societt , —On Sunday evening last , a meeting of the members and others took place at No . 6 , John-street , Caldewgate , at which Mr . John Lowry presided . The following question was spoken to by Mr . Henry Bowman and others : "Will the Government proseoutions of Mr . O'Connell and bi 3 associates forward or retard the progress of the Repeal of the Legislative Union between great Britain and Ireland \ Mr . Bowman made a series of observations to the effect , tbat prosecutions for opinions' sake never failed to create a spirit of inquiry in the human mind , which , if steadily pursued , would ultimately lead to the discovery of truth , and the adoption of the opinions for which individuals had Buffered imprisonment , transportation , and even death . He

      illustrated his views of the subject by reading several interesting biographical notices of the prosecutions against Bonnivard , of Geneva , the subject of Lord Byron ' s beautiful poem the " Prisoner of Chilion , " and who was shut up in the Castle of Chillon by the Duke of Savoy , for the long period of fifteen years , after which he was liberated by the Bernoise , who had invaded the Pays de Vaud , Bonnivard on regaining his liberty , had the pleasure of findiBg that Geneva waa free , and had adopted the principles of the Reformation . The republic hastened to testify its gratitude for the wrongs he had suffered in her behalf . He immediately received his citizenship , and was presented with the house formerly occupied by the Vicar-General , and a pension of 200 gold crowns was assigned to him . In the following year he was admitted into the Council of Two Hundred .

      " Chillon 1 thy prison is a holy place , And thy sad floor an altar , for twas trod , Until hia very steps have left a trace—Worn as if thy cold pavement was a sod—By Bonnivard !—may none those marks efface ! For they appeal bom . tyranny to God . "—Byron . One of the moat memorable victims of religion ? intolerance ( said Mr . Bowman ) , was that of the famous and learned Spaniard , Michael Servetus . He was bora in 1509 , in Arragon . He was the son of a notary , who sent him to Toulouse for the study of civil law . Excited by the discussions of Reformers in that city , he printed a tract in disparagement of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity , in

      J 531 . His circumstances being depressed , he engaged for some time with the Frelons , booksellers of Lyons , as corrector of the press . He then went to Paris , where he studied physio . He graduated at Paris , but quarrelled with the faculty , and repaired to Charlieu , near Lyons , where he practised three years ; whence , at the instance Of the Archbishop of Vienne , he removed to the latter city . During the time he was in constant correspondence with Calvin , with whom he discussed points of controversy , consulting him in respect to his writings and Arian notions . Of this confidence Calvin subsequently made a base use , by producing bis letters and manuscripts as matters of accusation against him . In

      1553 Seryetus published his matured theological system , without his name ; but C&lvin took care that the magistrates of Vienne should be duly informed of it , and Servetus was committed to prison , whence he contrived to escape , and thereby avoided that fate from Catholic hands which he was afterwards to suffer from those of the Reformers . Proposing to proceed to Naples , he imprudently took his way through Geneva , where Calvin induced the magistrates to arrest him on a charge of blasphemy and heresy , advanced against him by a person who had been a servant in Calvin ' s family . In order to secure his condemnation , his various writings were sifted for accusations ; and , as a proof of the malignity and injustice which he encountered , it may be

      mentioned that one of the charges was extracted from bis edition of Ptolemy's Geography , in which heasBerted that Judea had been falsely extolled for its beauty and fertility , modern travellers having found it both sterile and unsightJy . The magistrates of Geneva were , however , aware that many eyes were upon them , in respect to this extraordinary treatment of a person , who was neither a subject nor a resident ; but , properly speaking , a traveller kidnapped in his passage . They thought proper , therefore , to eonsuit the magistrates of all the Protestant Swiss Cantons , who , referring the matter to their

      divines-THE LATTER UNANIMOUSLY DECLARED FOR HIS PUNISHMENT . Aa he refused to retract his opinions , therefore he was condemned to the flames , which sentence reaa carried into execution the * 27 th of October , 1553 , in the forty-fourth year of his age . Servetus is numbered among the anatomists who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulation of the blood . Mr . Bowman next alluded to the late author , 'James Beaumont , and pointed out his patriotic conduct before the Chamber of Peers in France , when he denied their competency to try him . He glanced at the prosecution of Palmer , and Muir , and the rest of the glorieus men who boldly

      maintaining their principles in the face of absolute power , suffered martyrdom from an illegal condemnation , and transportation to a foreign land at the extremity of the world . He also spoke of the prosecutions of the late Thomas Paine , William Cobbett , and others ; and concluded by alluding to the prosecutions of the Chartists , aud of Southwell , Hardy , Home Tooke , Patersoa , and pthera . Mr . John Armstrong and Mr . James Muir also spoke on the same side , after which , on the motion of Mr . Robert Grahame , the discussion was adjourned until December the 10 th , at six o ' clock in the evening .

      KEtSO .-The Chartists of Kelso held their weekly meeting in Mr . Reed ' s room , en Saturday evening last , James Scat in the chair ; after some discussion , it waa moved by James PurVes , and seconded by Thomaa Reed , that our SHbsoription be one penny per week , and as Boon aa we faavefnndg fiufSqient to procure cards of membership that we loin ihe General ABsOoiartion . " Carried . Mr . Douglas , baker , Horse Market , is appointed treasurer , pro im . i and Mr , Seat , moulders Wood Market , secretary , pro tern ., It was Jikewise agreed to , that the Northern Star be read every meeting night . /

      CAKRXNGTOK , kbab NoTnsoHAH—A general meeting of the Chartists of | bis locality was holden on Sunday evening last , when sevea persons were named as members of the Gea « the iransaetion o ^ therbuajness , ; and . » vote ^ confidence in , and thanks ; mMr . O'Connor > nd . the Executive / the meeting separated highly delighted with the proceedings . ^;; , ¦ , ; ., BHISTOIi . —Mr . Clarke , of the Execntfrre , lectured on Sunday , Dec . ¦ f tb , In the Democratic Chapel , Teaple-BVreet , on the Repeal of the TJnloo . Many Trlahmen were present , who loudly cheered him . Mk C . ' lecture has done much to remove the prejudice of the Repealers . Cards of membership were taken out by many present ' "

      Cfcavjtet Emeutftm*.

      Cfcavjtet EmeUtftm * .

      Untitled Article

      THE NORTHERN STAR- t

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 9, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1242/page/7/