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Northern Star (1837-1852), 10th June 1843, Edition 1 of 4, Page 7, Untitled Article

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      Untitled Article

      • ffHEBE TO , A 2 £ > HOW TO PROCEED . XOTES OP A TOTTB THBOTGH X POSTIOH OP CASADA , X 5 O SETEKAX OF THE STATES OP SOUTH XHER 1 CA , PAKICOUU 11 . T THE STATES OF aiASSACHXJSETIS , BBODE ISLASD , SEW TOES , PESSSTLTA 51 A , OHIO , UlCHlSAJi , lilCtOIS * . TTtSCOSSIS , A 5 B SEW JEBSET , USDES-lAB ^ s " VIIH A TTEW OF ASCEKTAIKIKG THE DBSIBABILIU , OE OTHEBW 1 SK . OP EH 1 GUATIOS ; XSD TO JUDGE OP THE BEST LOCATION , FOB X 5 GI . TSH EHJGBA 5 TS , 7 B 0 X ACTUAL OBSEBTaTJOS .

      3 T lAWREXGE PITKHTTTLY , of HndderEfield . ( Continued from , over last leech ' s paper . ) J 0 UB 2 ? Ai . —CLEVELAND , FAIRPORT , BTJP- ' \ FALLO , XIA&ABA BITER , THE FALLS , A 2 O ) SUKROTTSBrNG DISTRICT , j Pbtdat , stii . —At five , a-m ., -we entered the port-of ! CIETelasd , in Ohio . Cleyehmd iB to the left , and Ohio city to the light of the liver as tfb enter . I ' jossed this place 5 n the sight "when going West , a = d . jay it only iy moonlight . On our left is a long street : pa the iide of the irvex , sbont a quarter of a mile j from where we Jays and after ascending a pretty steep 1 foTiV , -we enter a street descilbed In my former notes ' ¦ when on my "way Westward . Prom the top of this bank { J lad a fine tow of Ohio city ^ -which is principally jjmlt rpon the opposite Dank , of about the same eleva--jjon . A sm&D . portion is upon the- slope or inclined ¦

      plane , and a snaU portion ^ consisting of storehouses , on ¦ file flat bottom or brink of the river . It seems a place ' -of lss& bnsxnesB and bustle thin on the Cleveland side , j A ymmfl foa& 3 ry "was in active operation sear the en- jance by theoldiiver . 1 GirrxLASD is a place of great business , and there ! Jg a deal of shipping in the river , it being the entrance [ jo the Bde and Otio canaL j "Weiemaiaed here-fi . Te'hsiiiB , and took in coal and } fpewood . We had a fair ^ rind , and travelled 181 miles from j Detroit to this place in an unusually short space of Sme . j Toe " Bochcsier" steamer from Bbfpai . o eame into j IfceriTenEhfle we werethere ; bat she only staid two hours . In -pverng down from DETROIT ttb met the firsi afeam vessel I bad seen in operation -with Estiller ' s ' piopeBei , aimd of Arcblmeadian screw . \

      "We reached Paiepoit at 'half-past three , having "been two hours and three-quarters oat . of Cleveland , ! a distance of thirty miles . Here -we are 131 miles from Buffalo , & % -wbich place it is cfl rented we « h « 1 i ax- ' live at three or four to-morrow morning . j TaiBPOEX , on Grand Bivsr , la a Tery small place . ' csngifiting of a few dwelling-houses , a large hotel , and . a few storehouses . A ahort-distanca from this place , j aid borrlFTTng on "the forest , is the Tillage of Richmond , j Ha appearance is clean and seat . A little beyond , j 2 -was informed , stood a considerable town named j PAEEESTHiE ; that name being given it in honour of the -famous Thomas IPaixe , author of the Bights of ) Hin , and who figured in the French and American re- ' volutians . ¦ ' .

      The ^ county all along ths shores of this lake ( Erie ) are covered with wood , excepting th . e clearings which are rather numerous . Saiuedat , 10 th—BtiFFAio . —I rose at break of day " , and prepared for landing , having just got ready to go ashore when the Teasel was laid alongside the pier . JUy kind friend , ilr . Spencer , was instantly on board to look forme . The captain was anxious to get in before breakfast , as it would save abont thirty dollars , wbich sum thfi TTiral would cost , —the fare , including provisions . When we reached Mr . Spencer ' s home , he informed me of the turnouts and riots in . England , thecirenmatanoes attending "whici I felt the most intense anxiety to lesxn . My first information was of a Tery -unsatisfactory nature , and excited my fears . I was also informed that Victoria and Albert were about to "nsit ScoUsni

      After diimeT , Mrs . Spencer sad I walked ont to make some "visit ? . In our round , we went over the pianoforte manufactory of Messrs . "UtUey and Bordett , where I saw some beantiful wood and workmanship . I bought some rich maple -veneers , as samples to bring with me , also some black "walnut , which , when polished , looks extremely xish . While here , a Mr- Hotaling , a PrenehrBan , eame in with a child between four and fire years oTage , who played some of the best airs in a ih-st rate style . He is a perfect prodigy , having nevsr had a lesson ; and , though an infant , would never submit to receive one , and when any cne attempts to offer a suggestion , he instantly leaves his iEStnunent He pexformB irpon other iTyf *"""* '" *^ as well as the piano .

      In my round through the city 3 was told that the TgngiMi turnouts "hnil burst the honse of Sir Robert JPeelto the ground—that Batons bad , at last , plucked up a spirit—that they had met , engaged and defeated the military—that they hsd . ransacked and burnt the property of many Individuals , and that no doubt the * ' Bevolntion" -was tfilcted . I learned that on the Erie and Ohio canal , there is « community in which islnduded a considerable town Earned Zoar ; it is under the control of a chief , whose samel did sot learn . Their possessions are very ^ extenzfre ; their gardens are also large and kept in the best possible order , abounding with fruits of the richest description . It is a place of great attzactisn and resort Uo charge is made for admission to view the place ; but iaonld any one plnck a single apple , a charge of a York shilling 16 | d ) is made .

      Mosbat , 123 i >—I lose early this morning and pre * pared to depart . Mrs . Spencer , purposely to atop me , did not leave her zoom till late , and sent a message to say I was not on any acceunt , to Uave till theaftemoen ; 1 was thus thrown too late for the steamer , and she . { Mrs . £ . ) bought a quantity of Tomatos and preserved ft ™ tar me to take home . She said they were the best thing in the world for refreshing , for richness of iavonr , and f or pi eserving hp ^ th . I visited the " Great Western , " the finest steam ship on the Lakes . Sbexeally is , Inall respects , an admirahleTessaL

      We visited the f onndry of Messrs . WffliamsBn & € a , which is a very ; neat and well contrived establishment for forging , casting , cleaning , and finishing steam engines and other machinery . There was a vast quantity of exquisiiely finished models for castings : Mr . ' Wilkinson , the senior partner , a native of Glasgow , told "as : JhatihB best moulding sand eonld ie procured in abundance only two miles from the place . He "also showed me excellent coaL suitable fox blacksmiths , which was got si no treat distance and at a low price .

      Whila I am writiBg , the flashes of lightning are following each other in rapid succession , and the peals of thunder are terrifir , while the rain descends in torrents , Eke that described at lie deluge , when the irindows of heaven were opened . It could not poor down faster if the doors were- also thrown open , or taken off the hinges altogether . Lightning 11 of Tery common , ihiujrtin ^ hflyoccnrrence . I frequently watch it in the evenmgB , and admire its bolts , its brilliancy , and its fantasHc motion , 2 fothing comparable to it in grandenr is ever visible in Britain .

      We next Tisited the Arcole Iron Foundry Warehouse ! lit . Wilkinson , one of the partners , was very polite , iDd-showedme and described his "varions descriptions of goods , and presented me with a drawing of some stoves fer cooking , which are-irrgeneral nse wherever 3 lave travelled in &b States . They have in them a Teij ingenions * ontriTanc 8 for baking bread , which is fery necessary , as they have it hot « very morning for ^ eakfast- They can broil their meat , boil their potatoes , a > -d water for their coffee , and otherpnrpDses , all at the same time , Mr . W 2 Bnson tola me ^ iat he was « mfident iba TnntiTig np of those stoves in Britain , ¦ where tbej eonld be mads cheaper than in America , would be aproStable speculation . for

      This ^ eHtleman expressed a strong desire the repeal of our Com Laws , assigning as his reason the " » ish of the . Americans to exchange thejaodnce of their » o 2 for onrananufactnres ; because they considered that flie ^ hnttipg np of their people in fectories did not «« nport with tharfree institutions ; and further , Uiat it corrupted i&z morals , and ledoced the physical * frength of tjjg operatires tbns employed ; producing crookedness of limbs , and engendering an inferior race . What they desire is , to keep the many employed -out ef doors , cnltivafing the fields , where , with pure air aad good exercise combined , their frames would be * Ept "JigBTous and strong , and the mind dear and active . He adduced several olher reasons in support of h 5 s isiEh for the repeal of the Corn Laws , the

      selfishness of . all of -which was self-evident I leplied , Shat I tonld not hut appreciate the modesty and candour of the Yankees in the expression of principles so purely « 52 sh ; and added , that it was clear that their motives were to have the fertile and hiehly-enltivated fields of Great Britain laid waste in order that we might gratify foreigners , truinour fine country , and lock « p eur presnaneBtly fine population in those terrestial hells which they , the Yankees , abhor and detest 1 said , pray , * ow , lookiturly at the question , and say if it is not proper thai each of the countries ahonld tak 6 a share in naBufactnres , as well as in the cultivation of file * oil ; ana-ihen we should stand upon that principle of tquality tor which they so strongly contend among SamselVM .

      I was greatly surprised to be informed by Mr- Hill , " ho Mt SGmerEetshire ten years ago , that pig iron is ** ported from this place to Britain to bemadeintaiBalla-^ iron , or steel , and Qiat after paying freight , duty , « ad other expences , it eosts less ttan it coniabemaJe for atiome . He also informed me that he belonged to a few houses at Prone ; and that it required the whole <* the rents to meet "the charges f of assessment * , poor-^ fe , repairs , Ac . 5 « rdHorpethcameto iMii ?^ ten days ago , in the DHnois steamer , and took up hifl lodgings at the WesV « a HoieL 2 f o notice was taken of him . He proceeded forward to thePallB of Ifiagara , which would no doubt * &&&& him of his great Yorkshire fall s . t tihe last

      elec-Xames of the principal steamers trading between TJnffelo Sarbonr , and the Taraaa ports on tbe lakes and urea .- —

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      Qwal Wertem Sandnsky De Witt Clinton , Purport , Commodore Perry , Cleveland General Harrisoa Kent { British } g ^ Scott New York ThS j ^ T 0 * Caiarles Townsena United states James Allen ttSS ? . \ Mi np Robert Fulton £ , ^« ^ Columbus Constitution Missonri Constellation Chesaoeake North America Ulinola General Wayne Rochester ^•^ f James Maddison Bnffal 0 Bunker ' s Hill wlffioo l 6 TiDgton

      Many of ths above ships are of immerse siz ? , havine , powerful engines , and proceed at great speed , and they possess excellent and extensive aceommodationJ The nniform fares by such of the above steamers that ply to Chigaco , a distance of 1047 miles , is fifteen dollars cabin , with provisions ; and eight dollars steerage without provisions . t The principal hotels are the United States , American Western , Mansion-house , Huffs , and the Farmers . An immense building , intended for an hotel , and to surpass all the others in splendour and extent , was jast commenced ; when crash came down the banks , and with them the proprietor . It has since rested as a memento of the folly and extravagance of speculation mania .

      Tuesday , 23 th . —I left Bufialo this morning at nine . Mr . Smith , a painter from Aberdeen , pointed to a steamer npon which he had , in painting , once expended above a ton of white lead . This surprised me . "I went by the Waterloo steamer for the Falls . On getting into the river we bad a tolerable view of Fort Erie , ( Canada , ) in rains . We passed Waterloo , ! Black Rock , Dim Mills , nnd the foundry on the Great Breakwater , Beaver Island , and Grand Island , which we passed on the Wtst or Canada side of the Island . ! This island and the land on both sides of the river isgenerally flit , and neatly covered with wood , but having some few improvements . We next arrived at Natt ISLASD . from the iead ef which , our view being dear , the spray of the Falls was visible , resembling the smoke of a large number of furnaces ; or , perhaps , more like the smoke from a collection of limekilns .

      After passing Na n Island we put in at Schlossee , where the far-famed steamerCareline was cut away and sent over the Falls . Here we landed a few passengers for the railway , which passes near the river on this side . We next crossed , inclining upwards , near tbe island , in order to avoid the current , which is strong at thiB place , and increases as it approaches the Falls . Wers a vessel to cross direct from SCHLOSSEE UChippaWa , instead of keeping up in and crossing tbe middle ot the river where the current is less rapid , the probability is , that it would be dashed ^ as was the Caroline , into the immeasureahle pool beneath . It is quite evident that were a vessel of any description te approach too near the rapids , nothing on earth could save her . r Above Schxosseb ( which contains only two small storehouses ) the-view is very beautiful , having ia sight tbe Grand and Navy Islands , and the main land on both sides of the river . )

      1 witnessed some wooden houses which had been knocked down by the British bombs from the Canada shore . My attention was directed to the havoc done by She bombs in crossing from Schlosses to Chip > ewa , when passing very near the Island . The entrance to Chippewa is by a small river , which has been made navigable by considerable cutting at the ' entrance , where it is dangerous in consequence of its being in such close proximity to the strong current immediately above the rapidt . On landing , we found the railway carriages waiting to carry us to the Palls , which , although apparently we were close npon , was found to be six or seven miles distant . The passenger train was completely crowded outside before I reached it , and being desirous to see as much of the country as possible , 1 mounted upon the

      luggage truck ; and the horse track being a puddle , I got well besmeared with mud , thrown up by the horses feet . The rails were laid through an uninteresting line . We soon , however , approached , the grand object : but lo ! when precisely opposite the Falls , and on the summit of a frightful precipice , the axle-tree snapped in two I but the carriage turning from tbe precipice towards the wall on the left , I was fmost providentially ) preserved from being cast into the depth below . 1 -was Epeedily on the ground not having sustained any injury ; and after giving directions that my luggage should be given in charge of my friend Mr . Smith , who -was following me on another train , to be taken to the Clifton Hotel , where ws had agreed to dine , I hastened to descend the steep and wooded bank , in erder to view the Fills , and thus lose no time , being determined to reach BochesteBu this day .

      vast numbers of learned travellers , historians , naturalists , and poets have visited this spot , and attempted a description of this the only outlet of the countless rivers and streams collected from tractless regions of territory of immense extent , under the republican government of the United States and tbe monarchical government of Great Britain , and forming themselves into numerous bodies of water , —tbe four great inland seas , knows by the several names of Michigan , Superior , Heron , and Erie Lakes amongst the number;—and after the talent of the -world has been so repeatedly f applied to the subject , and the gigantic wonder described in -prose and verse , in copy and stanzu , unequalled for

      sublimity and "unparalleled for minuteness ; after this embodyment of waters from the -vast expanse , in its dash , and in its motion in the boiling abyss below , has been coloured and painted in every size and quality , and brought home to the mind , to the eye , and to . tbe fireside of every one , in colours the most brilliant and in language the most transcendent , by master minds of past and present ages , who have spent weeks and months upon the spot expressly fer tbe purpose of entering into the most punctilious minutJa : after all this any attempt of mine at delineation would be perfectly futileL I will therefore extract from an American work of considerable utility a plain , nnstiltified account , which I trust will be found interesting to my friends : —

      " The Niagara river , which , issuing from the N E . extremity of Lake Erie , at Black Rock , runs N . E . thirty-five miles to Lake Ontario . It is navigable for twenty miles to the Palls and from Xewjston to Lake Ontario , a distance of seven miles . . " As it flows fram tie lake , the river is about three quarters of a rnih -wide , and from twenty to forty feet deep . It maintains the former depth to the Falls . Five miles from the lake it is divided into two channels by Grand Island . The eastern channel has a width exeseding 140 rods ; the western larger , and

      generally deeper , forms the boundary between the United States and Canada . Grand Island is twelve miles long , and contains 17 , 384 acres . Neither the mows of winter not the heats -of summer , nor rains , not ' drought materially affect the volume of this majestic river . Its shores on either side are thinly settled between Buffalo and tbe Falli . On the American shore , are two villages oaly , Bulck Rock and Tonaw ahta . Thick forests still cover the bank , with some farm houses , few a d far between . On the Canada shore , are Waib&lod , opposite to Black Rock , and the hamlet of Chippe-wa , opposite Poet Schlossee . * ;

      These scenes are made famous by the exploits of the Canadian patriots and tbe Republican sympathztrs against the British forces . The last named { place is that from whence the British cut away the ! ill-fated steamer Caroline , and sent her into the current , when she was speedily over the Palls j No doubt , the Caroline C 3 rrie 4 ammunition and arms to the patriots on Natt Islasd . Her captain bow commands the Franklin , plying between Bdffalo and DETEOIT .

      IHE FALLS . •¦ Below Navy Island , the union of the two branches gives a breadth to the Niagara River of two-and-a-half miles . The waters have here an accelerated motion , and three quarters of a mile above the Falls commence their rapid descent , falling within that distance by successive chutes , or leaps , fifty-two feet on the American , and fifty-seven feet on the Canadian side . ; These cataracts form a most imposing feature of the scene They may be advantageously viewed from several points , as from the Table Rock on the Canada shore , and from the main bank . The first view is presented from the soutb west corner ol Great Island , above the Moss Islands .

      " Goat , or Iris , Island , Is half a mile long by a quarter -vide , and is heavily weoded . There are several oflier Islands amop . g the Rapids ; some ol which are connected with Great Island by bridges . Baft Island , twenty-four rods long , is united to the American shore by an ingeniously constructed bridge , and contains tbe tollhouse and an extensive milL lima Island , directly npon the precipice near Gpat Island , again divides the stream , and the > " Centre Fall" * from the " American FalL" From the north west point of this Island the best view of the American Pall is obtained .

      *• There are three distinct cascades : two on the American side of Iris Itland , and one opon the British side . On the American side , the lower Fall is atxmt 220 yards broad , and 16 * feet high . It was formerly I straight , but is changing to a curve . The Centre Fall is near eight yards wide , with a height similar to the lower one . The Upper , or Great Pall , from its form , called the Crescent , or Horseahoe , is at the head of the ravine crossing the direct line of the stream ; its breadth is estimated at 600 yards , and seven-eighths of the water of the river is supposed to pass over it ; its height is 158 feet . \ " The depth ef the water , in the American * channel , being mnch less than in theCanadian one , thejrocks are near the surface and break up the flood into foam ; but in the Canadian channel the deep green of the billows is but relieved by their snowy crests . \

      " The best view of the Crescent Pall is from jhe Table Rock and bank above it A most interesting and impoane view , however , may be tad from Goat Island . The Terrapin Toridge , 300 ft . from the islanfl i jlojecto 10 ft . over the falls , and affords a sight requiring some tension of the nerves , fully and leisurely to enjoy . Here we behold the vast flood and the deep abyss into which it is ponred ; but the thick spray and mist perpetually spread ever them prevents the eye from penetrating tbe deptb and fancy , until corrected by a glance at the hurrying tide below , apprehends it to be immeasurable . Bat this mist , in sunny weather is the source of sew

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      surprise and pleasure . The Iris chan ; fng forms , as the sun and spray shift , dances fairy-like upon it . Here , also , may frequently be sees the phenomenon of the Lunar bow . ¦ " Near the end of . Terrapin bridge , in the water and on the verge of the precipice , Btands a stone tower forty-five feet high , having winding Bteps in the interior , bunt in 3833 . Prom Its simunifc , an admirable view of the whole scene is obtained . " The flood does not descend from the ledge , perpendicularly , but forms an ; arch 20 f ( . thick , whose aemicord , at the base , may be from 40 to 50 ft The quantity of water discharged here ; has been variously estimated ; ot 670 , 250 tons the minute ; at 85 millions ofctons tho hour ; and at 102 . 093 . 7 S 0 tons the hour . The depth of the abyss into wbich this incredible mass is perpetually pouring exceeds 250 feet ; at least , such is the depth of the river below the Falls . But what line hoB Bounded the deptb immediate beneath the incessant avalanche 1

      " The banks from the ravine below the Falls rise perpendicularly , above the river , ISOft ; requiring extraordinary means for descending to the water ' s edge . These have been supplied in ; the form of staircases at three points . The passage ; of tfee river below the Fall , ob appalling from the rapidity of the current , the numerous eddies and the turbulence of the water ; yet it is entirely safe j and row boats are , constantly , crossing the stream . ' " The scenery around the Falls , beautiful as it is in rammer , is most splendid in winter . The trees and shrubs are then covered with transparent sleet , and glitter as if clothed with diamonds : and the spray is decorated in the dazzling colours of the rainbows which arch the river from many points .

      " Sometimes , the ice is driven by the winds from Lake Erie , and poured over the Falls in Buch masses as to fill the ravine , for a mile or more , to the deptb of from 36 to sort s » that it may be crossed , on foot , for weeks together . " Doubts have been expressed as to tbe causes wbich have worked the position of this mighty cataract . But no where has nature ; -written her mode of operation more legibly ; and we see in the continued wearing away of the rocky Btrata over which the current is precipitated the means by which the fall has receded , fall seven miles , from the mountain ridge , at Lewiston . Yet this elaboration is very slow ! since , from the published accounts of the Falls which reach back nearly two hundred yean , the recession has been inconsiderable during that period . "

      As a sort of retaliation for the cutting away of the Caroline by the British , a Canadian vessel had been proenred sometime ago by tbe Americans , Who advertised that it would go over the Falls at an appointed tima An immense concourse of persons assembled from the British as well as from the States side of the river to -witness so great »" novelty . At tbe specified hour the ship was set adrift and speedily got into the current ; but bounding by one grand leap over a rWge with which the rapids , or inclined plane , commences , dived so deeply into a sand bank ( the masts going overboard ) as to stick fast ; and there she now remains amid the mighty rush of waters , beyond any conceivable means of human reach . Tbe disappointment experienced by the spectators , at her not going over the Falls , was excessive .

      From the tower already described , on Goat Island , travellers by paying a small sum of money may view the river above asd the boiling abyss below . In front of the rock 1 b a covered winding stair by which , for the payment of a similar sum , persons may descend to the bottom of the rock ; and a third sum will enable the curious to cover themselves with Bkins , for the purpose of being kept tolerably dry while they proceed underneath the Falls , or between the perpendicular surface of the rock and the falling water ; where , I am told , some beautiful and peculiar colours are displayed , especially while the morning sun shines forth . Here the bridge from tbe States side to Goat Island , which is perfectly fiat and resting upon props , and supported by Bath Island , about midway , has been carried over : how such props could be fixed in the current of suck an immense body of wat * T ^ at such a { velocity , I can not conjecture , ner bad I an opportunity to ascertain it

      On the States side , and npon the brink of the river , stands a very small but pretty village named Manchester , in which there is some thriving manufactures . On the summit of the opposite bank ami just above tbe Falls stands the village of Deumjionksville , which consists of a few dwelling houses and more hotels than can be supported as such ; one of which , a very large one , was being fitted up for barracks , in which to lodge a portion of poor Johnny Ball ' s dead weight . " I had scarcely reached tbe Table Rock , when I was waited upon by a person of respectable appearance and demeanonr , who asked me if 1 wished to go under the

      Falls , ^ meaning between waterfall rock ) , adding , that if I did , be was ready to supply me with the necessary skins to keep me dry . I begged to be excused as I was vtr / lame , and consequently unable to undergo the fatigue . He told me his chaTge for the skins and attendance was a quarter of a dollar ; and that he paid 1000 dollars rent for his house and the privilege of showing tbe wonders to strangers . Near to this person ' s small but neat bouse was one of the winding stairs by which to descend . This , as all tbe others , is enclosed with wood , through which are holes to admit the light .

      While in conversation upon the rock , my companion pointed out to me several humming birds sporting in the shrubs at a few yards' distance from us . 1 had never seen any of the species alive before . They were an interesting object All forms which descend this chasm lose their identity in the vortex . Not only did the Caroline steamer lose her form , but not a log , a beam , nor a spar could be afterwards found . No conception can be formed of tbe process to which every atom is subjected that falls into this incessantly agitated cauldron . No one can

      imagine the depth to which they sink , nor tbe quantity of rocks wbich are constantly in motion , commixing with , and grinding to atoms every vestige of solid matter that enters this aquatic vortex . It is clear tbat tbe river is a continuation of whirlpools constantly rolling and boiling for the distance of at least twelve miles bclow | gN > Falls . DrtjmmonBSVille is situated upon tbe battle-field of that name . The place extends back from the river , and is pretty "well cleared ef wood to a considerable distance ; it being the site of the intended city of tbe Falls .

      After admiring those magnificent scenes , I proceeded towards tbe Clifton ; Hettl , by tbe River ' s edge , on tbe summit of the perpendicular rocks , passing the Museum , the Camera Obscura , and the Baths on my way . On reaching the hotel , I found that neither my friend nor luggage had arrived there . I immediately proceeded by Lundy ' a Lane to the Railway Station at which the passengers slight to be taken to the Clifton House , a distance of nearly two miles . On reaching the station , I was informed that in consequence of the delay occasioned by the accident on tbe Railway , the carriage from the Clifton House had proceeded with the passengers to Queenston ; but I could not learn whether my baggage bad been taken foiward or not . Having left a small bag at the Clifton House , I had to

      return thither again . On reaching tbe hotel , I found that neither a horse nor a vehicle of any description could be hired ; they all having been engaged by visitors between my leaving and returning . I had , therefore , to proceed on foot by the same route I had come ; that is , by the river side and the Falls to the place where the carriage had broken down on tbe railway . A portion of toe wreck of the carriage had beeu removed , and tbe remainder thrown aside ; but no ose was near to give me the least information , or render me any assistance . I went round among the tew dwellings and hotels in the neighbourhood , anxious to learn what had become of the luggage ; not knowing whether it had been taken jback to Cbippswa , or forwarded to Queenston , I could however obtain no information

      whatever . While in this dilemma I met two men in a cottage , from Thornhill , in the immediate neighbourhood of Huddersficld .. One of them , whose name was Bedford , was quite beyond the hope of recovery , in consequence of having slept in a damp bed . His friend and companion , who said be would not leave nim -while alive , knew me from having se « n me , along with " my Lord ; Morpetb , " in the capacity of a candidate on the ; hustings at Wakefleld at the last election . The landlord of the house was ill of fever and ague , a disorder which the doctors said was never known in that place , in a single instance before . While engaged in conversation , a train came up from Qdeesstos , tbe conductor of wbich informed me , that in

      conseqnence of no carriage being waiting at the station from Clifton house , the wfiole had been taken on to QOEENSTOM ; and ; that no train would go to that place till next morning . This was most galling , as 1 had intended to be in Rochester by tbat time . Very soon after I had the good fortune to meet with a spring van which been from ? Qdeenstom to Chifpewa , along with others , with skins . They drove at at fine speed to tbe first public-house in the village , and there staid to refresh themselves , leaving their fine howes neglected . Whi 50 there , they commenced a sort of gambling , from which I had considerable difficulty to break them off- I was afraid they would get intoxicated , and that we should have another accident

      While here I learned there were about 400 British troops in the neighbourhood j and I observed some of their wives enter the house and take tbeir threehalfpenny glass , and others carrying away " fire-water " in their bottles , bought with the proceeds of British industry . I said ; to myself— " Poor tax-ridden John Boll ! Great GulH thou pays for aU-1 " When we moved ; off we did so with a vengeance ; two of the waggoners contended for the lead , and a regular race was the ^ consequence . I had cause to be alarmed lest my lameness should be cured by my neck being broken . The horses were very fine ^ nes , of light make , and they dragged the Bght carriages along witti much greater velocity than I had ever witnessed . We were thus conveyed at nearly railway Bpeed to the handBowe village of Stamford , where stands a neat church , upon tbe front of which is

      inscribed" Boilt by General Sir William Johnson . " The houses here , ' as at DrnmmondsvSle , are neat and clean . The fields well enclosed , and pretty well cultivated , and are free frem the unseemly stamps which almost everywhere meet the eye . Here resides a Br . NewburD , a most obnoxious magistrate , who having had bis barn burst down charged it upon a respectable landlord of the place . The landlord brought an actiou against him , and obtained considerable damages . The house kept by the said landlord is called the Whirlpool ,

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      from an extraordinary pool of that name in the rlve » Niagara dose by . I regret that I had not an opportunity to visit the place . The soil here is by no means rich , and the surface Is flat . I wasf surprised to observe tbat at and from urummondjsviHe the orchards were ijubiotous and the crop of fruit moat abundant Wei aoou . reached the extent of Queenston Heights , and the sceneiof the battle of that name , where stands the monument of General Brock , on ; or near the spot where he felL ] Some Yankees are charged witb having taken the liberty to cross the riverand after placing a

      , quantity otgunpowderand lighting a train , retired to the opposite bank to witness its destiucttoii ; and while tne Canadian Loyalists curse the " lends , " they have constantly before their eyes the shattered remains of the monumental tower . Near the monument we had a turn or the road , and at ones a moat delightful and extepsivs View struck the eye . The whole extent of the river Niagara to tho Lake , with Youngster and Fort Niagara on tbe right ; and Fort St George on the left bank at its mouth ; with Lake Ontario aud an immense forest as far as the eye couid reach , presented themselves on ] a sudden and struck one with indiacrlbaeie

      awe . I had imagined that here the country was cleared and cultivated ; and although the appearance bespoke a soli * forest , yet I Boon learned that many tanas with extensive clearances were spread throughout this apparently endieaa tract of trees . At- the bottom of this , the steepest bank I had witnessed , except the precipice at the Falls ; lay the town of Queenston . I It is situate on a plain to the left , and on the right stands the town of Le \ v jston . The aoene that lay before me was perfectly unique , and produced the most pleasing sensations . Had not the afternoon been hszy , thescene would have been more extensive and interesting . My driver took me over a precipice such as I bad never seen a vehicle of the kind taken over . This be did to get a-nearer way to the terminus of the railway . which

      was about midway down the bank . A very small building was all that was to ba seen , in which were only twp females , who had up knowledgo of my luggage , or of any other . We therefore proceeded to the town , on entering which we made a second enquiry for my trunk }; that being the sole object for which I had come . The agent waa not at home , and during that evening it could not be ascertained whether it bad come into tke , town or not I took up my abode at tfie house of the [ father of my driver ; who kept a neat tavern . Hia ; name was Wadaworth . He was a very plain man in appearance , and in conversation be entered into his circumstances and domestic affairs with considerable i minutla . Ho likewise chatted upon many msttersjeennected with the place , yet I found his knowledge waa confined within a very contracted circle . ( To be continued . J

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      ADDRESS OF THE CONGBES 3 OF THE RATIONAL SOCIETY TO THE CHARTISTS . Friends and Fellow men , —The Congress of the National Soofety being deeply interested in the fallen state of the industrious classes , and greatly dissatisfied with tbe present condition of nil classes , having met iu tbeir Annual Session at their Hall , in Hampshire , desire to address you on the false position and danger * ous state of all parties throughout tbe empire . It Is now admitted by the highest authorities in the country , that among tho working classes there is much Ignorance / poverty , destitution , crime , and extreme suffering ; and these evils evidently arise from the neglect and oppression of the wealthy—to the deep and lasting injury of all Tanks from tbe highest to the lowest

      It is equally ftvident , now—to those who can reflect , and trace tffecta to their causes—that it ia not necessary that this wretched state of society should longer remain , in an empire abounding with all the materials to ensure immediate general prosperity to tbe whole population . But these wbo govern , however much tbey may desire to alter and Improve this lamentable state of the population , do not know bow to effect it , and wiil not attempt it on right principles for fear of danger to some of its present Artificial divisions . . Nor can this change be tffdcteil , without danger to tbe peace of the country , without a full knowledge nnd good understanding , among all parties , of the principles on which alone it can be made , and of the mode of applying those principles to practice . It is now of the last importance to you to know these principles , and how , wisely , to . Bpply them to practice .

      Tbe principles on which society baa been hitherto based , governed , and educated will never produce virtue , permanent prosperity , or happiness ; these erroneous principles must be gradually abandoned , with tlie character which they neceasarHy produce throughout the population . And yoq may , immediately , and must beneficially for all classes , commence this change by your own means and wall-directed Industry . No sane mind any longer doubts tbat man is , to « very yi eat extent , the creature of the circumstances by which he is surrounded , and chiefly of those which society creates , and with which it surrounds individuals from their bfrths , bo as to make poor or rich , ignorant , or intelligent , well or ill disposed , all of tbe hum » n race , yet retaining the natural individual differences by which one shall be

      always distinguished from every other . Also the very ignorant or very ill informed alone now imagine that man baa been made with faculties to enable him to believe except in accordance with the strongest impressions which are made on bis mind ; or to love , except that which is agreeable to his individual nature ,- or to form any of his faculties or powers , so as to be rationally responsible fur tbeir qualities , nor can any one well informed now doubt of the superabundance of materiel immediately at tbe disposal of society , if tbey were properly applied , to ensure per * manent wealth , to all , and to surround all with circumstances greatly more to be desired , and far superior to any which have been formed at any time , in any part of the world .

      Now , apon these data , Without disturbing the present position of any parties , you will possess the power , whenever you can acquire the knowledge , to gradually and most beneficially , and peaceably , commence a change in your condition , by which you will speedily remove the hitherto permanent causes of ignorance , poverty , division , and nncbaritableness , first from you own ranks , and by your example , soon afterwards , from all above and below you . It is vain , at first , to look to any other party to tffiCt the change for you ; the upper classea do Hot know how to do it even for themselves ; but when you commence in good earnest , and show them a successful beginning , then those now above you will come forward and , ere long , cordially assist in carrying forward tbe change throughout society .

      You have a superabundance of industry ; you may have among yourselves a weekly subscription sufficient to- commence and continue the practical measures to well educate and employ , in a reasonable time , all your unemployed , half employed , or uselessly employed members , and to well educate them and tbeir children so as to make a good beginning , and lay a solid foundation for the continuance of the same measures , until all the industrious classes shall be well educated physically , mentally , morally , and practically , and all permanently well employed in producing , in the best manner , the greatest amount of the most valuable wealth , moat

      beneficially for the - producers and consumers ; and thus would yeu , in a peaceable and the best manner , emancipate yourselves and your children , and exhibit an example to all classes , in all countries , which all might now advantageously adopt . The members of the Rational Society , without desiring in any manner to interfere with your funds or the government ef youi society , or any of your proceedings , will ba moa ready to render yon , or any other party or Bociety , whatever assistance it may be ia their power to give to forward any practical measures calculated to permanently well educate and employ any portion of the industrious classes .

      That yon may succeed in thus peaceably and permanently emancipating yourselves , in assisting others to effect the same now most necessary object , is the sincere wish of all the Delegates of the Rational S > clety assembled in tbeir Annual Congress , in May , 1843 . Signed by order , and on behalf of the said Congress , Robert Owen , President of the Rational Society , and Chairman of Congress . Harmony Hill , Hants , May 25 . 1843 .

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      ^ ' ¦^^' v- ^ v . ^^^ vAVsrywM-Arw Letters from Bosnia confirm the intelligence given of an insurrection there . It is said that the insurgents have called for the interference of Austria . In the neighborhood of Ouadle , the fine crops of ) £ rasgr have been under water for a fortmght , and , it is feared , will b 3 quite spoiled . Tub late rains have been so favourable to the ( pass and corn crops in the vale of Lune as almost to ensure a superabundant harvest . Accobnts from New Orleans speak of heavy raing having fallen towards the close of Apr > l , and swelled the Mississippi to a considerable height .

      It is expected that a first dividend of 5 s . in the pound on the estate of Messrs . Parker and Shore , bankers , of Sheffield , will be paid about the end of June . Postage SxAstps .-r-We are enabled to place before oar readers the following statement of tho amount received for postage stamps , sold at three of the leadtug post receiving houses in London , during the past two years : — 1841 1842 £ . s . d . £ s d . White , Cornhill ... 4 , 435 16 6 ... 7 . 640 12 6 Reid , Charing-croftJ 2 , 636 10 2 ... 3 5 » 7 7 6 Kelly , Vigo-lane ... 2 , 357 12 6 ... 8 , 377 7 0 From this return it will fee seen Chat the increase of the year 1842 nearly doubled that of the preceding that Mr . White alone , in the two years , disposed of stamps to the amount of , £ 12 , 076 9 s ., whioh reduced into single labels , gives the extraordinary number of 2 fi J 8 348 . The Post-office allowance on postage stamps to receiving houses is one per cent . —Post Magazine .

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      HARMONY HALL . LETTER XIII . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . SIB , —As the snbject of organization ia an all important one connected with the escape of all classes from the vice , crime , and misery , which everywhere now so frightfully abound , I intend to devote this letter to the organizing of branches for such a society as I have alluded to in my former letters . Before dofng so , however , I must make some remarks on the letter of your correspondent Gracchus , that appears in this day ' s paper , which letter is written in a spirit that makes it pleasant to have suoh an opponent to point out any error , or supposed errors , that I may advance ;

      First—I contend that the principle of unity contained in my [ letters is strictly democratic , by its placing in the hands [ of tbe people tbe election of tbe president , treasurer , and auditors of accounts , and by their retaining tho power of dismissing them at any time it may be found advisable . Second—With regard to tbe Repeal question , I fully agree , with Gracchus , that tbe importance ef that measure depends upon the appeal made to tbe better passions of the Irish people . But this appeal could not be bo made if every , or even any person possessed the right to'dissect or modify what Mr . O'Connell thought would be most effective for bis purpose . With regard to Mr . O'Connell personally , I can urge nothing ;

      my objects are universal , and not limited to individual , class , sect , party , or country ; and I referred to Mr . O'Connell , hot with the view of approving , or otherwise , of the coarse he was taking , but simply to point out the manner in which an entire . body of people may be roused and kept in nnited and peaceful , but firm and determined agitation , by being under tbe direction of one individual mind of strong power . My dependence is not on aiiy person who may be selected to preside over the society , but On the truth of the principles on which it is to be based , and on the daily increasing knowledge that will be gamed of the sciences of human nature and of society .

      Your Correspondent must bear in mind tbat I propose to found thiB Society on what I contend to be three great and eternal truths , which are opposed to every institution of society as at present formed—First : That the character of man is formed for him , and not by him ; and that it is entirely dependent npon his original organization and the circumstances by which be is made to be surrounded . Second : That he has not the . power to believe or disbelieve at pleasure , but must do so in accordance with the strongest conviction that shall be made upon his mind . ' Third : That he has not the power to love or bate at his will , but must love or hate according to the feelings created } within him by each subject , which feelings he : can in no manner be responsible for .

      These three truths placed us the basis of action for any body of men , if clearly understood by them , must of necessity ; lead to an entirely different course to any yet exhibited to the world . There could be no anger , no ill will , ; no envy , ot jealousy among such persons . Each ene would most strenuously endeavour to promote the general happiness , knowing that it contributed in tho highest degree to his own personal welfare . It is to the deep impression which these truths are capable of making upon every individual ; mind tbat I rely for speedy success ; and I am well aware that until this point is gained my proposal will be open to all tbe objections which Gracchus makes in the election of the central or loe . il presidents .

      The immediate advantage to be gained by the unity form of proceeding is tbat the responsibility will be fixed in such a manner that the individual chosen will always feel bound to the strongest and most vigoureus action , knowing that all eyes are centred on him , and tbat his success or failure cannot be attributed to those with whom he is associated being obstructive to his measures . He will , of course , have no power to compel his council to act blindly , or contrary to tbeir own conviction , nor will they be obliged to go with him further than tbey consider right ; but he may , on the other hand ,: act in any manner that , under all the circumstancesj he shall deem most advisable .

      This responsibility , joined to the great publicity which the proceedings of a well organized society must have from its commencement , will be a sufficient guarantee that the members will know how their cause is progressing !;—and I would take care that the publicity was as extensive as it could be made , so tbat they at all times may know if a change of presidents be required . : . The chief objections which I have to nrge against the election of [ the Council I have already given in my letter inserted in this week ' s Star , afid I leave your readers to judge bow far they appear cogent -or otherwise . All I would further desire to observe is , that however Btrongly I may write on these subjects , I assure Grao chug that lionly wish my opinions to ba considered as those of an individual keenly alive to the miserable state in wbich all are now placed .

      With respect to the remarks on Mr . Owen or Mr . O'Counor , I say of them , as I aav § on all occasions when speaking of . persons . I trust the association to be formed will draw forth tbe best feelings and qualities of every friend of humanity ; and if this be done , it will be of little importance who shall have been placed here or there , seeing there could be no merit or demerit in the individuals : for actions wbich are strictly and rigidly necessitated . With this rather extensive digression from the subject I proposed to treat of , I now revert to the organizing of Branches for the society .

      In every tewa throughout England . Ireland , Wales , and Scotland , a branch of the society should be formed , consisting of members read ; to pay some fixed sum , say one shilling quarterly , to the land fund , besides any local expenses tbat may be necessary . These members should , ia the first instance , fleet the most businesslike and trustworthy person they know , without any reference to hia being a debater or discusser of any kind , as their president ; one whom they know to be deeply interested in the welfare of bis fellow-beings . Thei hicher his position in society , provided he has within himself the necessary qualifications for the situation i which must never be lost sight off the better , as this position will of itself render the objects of the society thejraore easily attainable ^ and give confidence to those to those who compose the branch . A Treasurer and two auditors should also be chosen for each branch , and the accounts should be published often , so as to give full confidence to all parties .

      The President should , immediately on his election , choose the most fitting individual he can provide as a secretary who should be an active business-like man , well versed in accounts , and of such general habits , manners , temper , and disposition , as should give him free access jamong all ranks and « lasBes , and secure to him the confidence of all , and he should make it his especial duty diligently to watch the instructions that wili have to appear from time to time from the central office , and to see that they are vigorously carried into effect . The Secretary must also attend to any local publications that may be required and see generally te the diffusion of the principles , views , and objects within his / district

      Much , very much , will depend upon the efficiency of tbe local secretaries , and they will require to be active , intelligent men ; persons in whom the public will have full confidence . In choosing a secretary or any other officer whose time will be chiefly engaged in the affairs of the'socifcty , wherever it is required , this service shonld be paid fpr , and provided a fitting person be procured , he should be paid liberally . N-i greater or worse miatafco can possibly be made than that

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      THE NATIONAL iIeNEFIT SOCIETY . THE " DEMOCUATip PRINCIPLE" MrSUS "DESPOTIC Al'IHOJllTY . " TO THE CHARTIST PUBLIC . Brothers , —It is evident , from tbe tsnor of Mr . Galpin ' s observations upon ] the power to be vested in the President , that it in unity of purpose and unity of action he desired to effect , as the only means of arriving at the goal of our aspiration—univui sal happiness . I agree with him , that It is only by suoh a course of action that any association can well expect to be successful in its undertakings be tbey what they may ; but we differ upon the means to obtain that unity of purpose and of action . j Mr . Q . ' b plan is by putting tbo whole of the society uud « r tbe coutroul of a single head , —a plan that I deny will effect tbe object , j seeing that authority is not influence ; and that it is more likely to beget opposition than obedience : and here j I shall take advantage of Mr . G . ' s own illustration , viz , the present repeal movement . !

      I think , if Mr . G- and our readers look well into the reports of that movement , they will see that Mr . O'Connell ' s leadership is one of admission not commission ; tbat it is assumed by common consent ; and obtained by the confidence his countrymen place in him , from a belief that he is their true friend , sincerely seeking to obtain for them all tbey hold dear , —a confidence won by his appeals to the best j feelings and passions of the Irish people ; and not by [ any authority vested in him by any party : hence tbe unity of purpose and of action tbat now characterises ! the repeal movement—the common bond of priest and ] peasant—Dissenter Bnd Catholic—their country's weal : therefore , this repeal illustration will , I think , serve my side better than Mr . G . ' a . For this is how I would propose to effect unity ef

      purpose and of action , that is , by the influence of principles of truth , justice , and humanity on tbe minds of our fellows , and to carry the objects desired into effect , that they should elect servants , who should deliberate together upon the necessary steps to be taken , publish tbe result of their deliberations to their constituents , and urge the necessity of the plans being acted upon . Thus may we ! obtain a thorough co-operation ; then would they follow their officers as leaders in the course laid down [ with a pleasure tbat the authority of one maa would fail to produce . Ia letter xi ., fourth paragraph , Mr . G . says , speaking of Mr . O'Connell , " Supposing that he bad to debate , discuss , and explain every proposition he had to make , or even that he had to woik with a council , any single member of which

      might be disposed to thwarjt him ; could any one believe that he would then be enabled to arouse the spirit which he now excites ? " Now , for my own part , I cannot see how any council could affect the case otherwise than beneficially ; by each supplying his opinion they would probably arrive at the best course to be pursued ; and so long as Daniel can speak ( for he Is one of the speech makers } to his countrymen , he will be able to excite them by the tale of tbeir many wrongs , and rouse their spirit for " Ould Ireland . ' And then to debate and ] discuss , is surely tbe way to elicit truth ; but if Dinlel bad to explain ? well ,

      there are a great many in the Chartist ranks who will agree with Mr . G . that it [ would be very inconvenient for Daniel to explain a great many of his sayings and doings , and square them with tke principles of truth and justice ; but we have jagreed , at least I hope so , I I mean the Chartist body , with a becoming magnanimity , to drop the curtain for the present over his faults , in the hope tbat ] by his present and future cenduct , he will weave himself such a veil of goodness , that the prying eye of after generations will uot be able to penetrate , and , therefore , speak only ef hia worthy deeds . Now for the contrast

      The fifth paragraph is as follows : — " Let us take the contrast between the agitation for tbe Repeal and that of tbe People ' s Charter . Many miads , individually as powerful as Mr . O'Conaell's , have been engaged in prosecuting the latter , and the objects sought ; to be obtained are certainly far more attractive and valuable ; yet by adopting what your correspondent Gracchus would designate as the democratic principle , we may observe the different rate of progress of the one and the other . " Here we perceive that Mr . Galpin assumes that ours has been the inferior rate of progress , a conclusion which I can by no Weans admit of , and one that I think onr Social Mend mast have come to without giving the subject sufficient consideration . I verily

      believe that Mr . G . must ] have been so enveloped In Socialism during our agitation of 1839 , as to be unable to estimate the power we liad then in tbe field ; suffice it to state , tbat the reform government of that day where as ranch alarmed at it , as ( the Tories are now with tbe Repeal agitation . Proclamations of varions sorts against meetings of all sorts , were plentifully posted about our towns ; soldiers-were called out of Ireland , and moved here and there . Several of our speakers where arrested under tbe charge of sedition ; they were tried and imprisoned . These tyrannical acts excited tbe people still more , and colllaions with the troops followed ; the sequel is top well known to all . The whole press , before almost silent , teemed with frightful tales of torches , daggers , pikes , and Chartists ; the Government struck a desperate blow , but could not conquer us , tbeir trumpeter declared us dead , but onr meetings and petitions shWly answered the boast of

      " Plain John , " with our million shouts fox the Charter . The House of Commons even answered our sail for the return of Lord John Russell ' s victims , our noble virtuous Frost and his co-convicts , with a division that was lost only by the Speakers vote . Amidst all this the Government was dying—we had stuck a thorn in their sides that brought them to their end , and struck the blow that brought them from their high places of iniquity to our feet They begged our help , our reply was "theCharter , " "Frost , Williams , and Jones . " Theeleo tion came , we overbalanced the scale against tbem , and time hath proved tbe policy wise and good . The Tories got into power again , and udder the darling Whig Reform Bill , proving tbe inefficiency of that measure , for either what its concocters intended it—Whig ascendancy—or what the people where tanght to expect—representation of the people . Our nex ^ J stop was our Great National Petition , wherein three million and a half of

      Englishmea demanded the Chatter and Repeal of the Union . Next came the factory lords' attempt to revolutioniza England for the paltry mibasure of Repeal of the Corn Laws , and the whole of the North was said to be full of Chartists . Numbers of good and true Chartists , by taking advantage of this wage strike to turn the people ' B attention to the Charter , contrary to the advice of our Cbieftan , O'Comor j for none in the heat ef a moment suah as that , cou ' . d controul the enthusiastic advocates of prmoiples such as ours , that may be so materially advanced , by tajung advantage of times of exciting on a question of wrongs . Numbers hazarded their liberties , and it may be , lives in the struggle , and have been sacrificed as tbe scape-goats of League men . Now all ttiese facts are evidence that we have held and do hold a | proud position in the political wuzld ; and , as far as agitation and public meeting , aad

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      of not securing efficient officers ; the great reason why the people are governed as j they are ss contrary to their inclination and will , isj . that those in power take care as rapidly as possible to Becureall tbe talent . zjuI . and energy of the country , by holding forth sucb inducements as shall make it their personal and immediate interest , to act contrary ! to those impulses which would dictate a more noble ! but less practical course . To those unused to business proceedings tbe mere question of saving so much pW week , is of considerble importance , wheieas aliberal but judicous expenditure would , in so great a cause asftbe one I am treating of , amply repay itself a hundred or a thousand fold . To effeotually and rapidly overcome all the combined powers of error , every description of talent must be secured at whatever cost it has to be obtained . After selecting hia secretary , the President shonld proceed forthwith to select the most efficient council he

      can procure to act cordially jwitb him . In doing this each President should choose persons of tbe largest and most capacious minds be caul find . Without reference to class , sect , aex , or party . Itfwiil be perfectly imnnterial whether tbey be Whig < t , Tories , Radicals . Cuartinifl , Corn-Law Repeaters , or Repealers of any other kiti . i ; whether Churchmen , Diss » n ; ers , Infidels , or any -ih > -r denomination of thinkers . JThe knowledge that the / cannot be made to believe otherwise than they are compelled to do by the impressions made upon their minds , will iook prsduce that universal charily that will enable all , cordially and truly to cq-operate with each other In ourgre . it , noble , and godlike cause . With regard to sex , I would observe , tbat talented and intelligent womuu will give a moral power , force , and dignity , to the Association which it can never

      acquire until tbey join it ; and the work af human regeneration will be acce !« r » t <| 4 raoru by the full nutt entire enlistment of the sympathies of woinau , in its progress , than by any other a / nnly cause Nothing must be heard of class distinctions , in the society to which I refer . All must of necessity belong to the working class , far the bushiBSs to be done , is the the greatest work ever yet performed by man ; but provided tbey givo cordial assistance we must most readily welcome all , whatever may ba their rank , title , profession , or occupation in present society . The great , the wiso , and the good may be found among all ranks and classes of the present confused and cha « tic jumble called society , and it is these alone who will have to take the initiative } in producing the change from all that is erroneous and fake to all that is true and just

      With a good President , Secretary and Council , carefully watching both tbe instructions from the central pffico , and the peculiar matters relating to tbo locality ; diligently carrying out instructions received and giving suggestions for further advance whenever they present themselves ; each city , town , and village throughout the empire may speedily become the centre of one general mind that sbatl , as irapidly as knowledge ean be obtained , take the ueceisaty steps to ensure to all , every requisite for their progressive advancement , in the path of union , virtue , peace , and happiness . Having now pretty well disposed . I fear nt a somewhat tedious length , of the question of organising a society , I shall proceed in my next to point out fuUhat practical steps that will require to be taken . I am , Sir , Yourjobedient servant . I William Galiun . Harmony Hall , June 6 th , 1843 .

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      union , and z ^ al go . I think that our movement of 2839 will vie with the Repeal movement of the present day . We have not bad so many of the rich with us ; nor have we bad our priests of tbe establishment or dissent ; nor do we expect these latter ; nor have we had tbe press with us—none save out own Northern Star ; but our principles are rapidly progressing—the middle class are moving towards us , and some portion of tbe press is speaking more respectfully of us , aye even the Attorney-General and the juster portion of tho Judges have acknowledged us as a party who have a right to preach our opinions . One Judge has , from the judgment seat , complimented our leaders for their ability and intelligence , ' which , with the compliments of Mr . G . in this saiucparagraph . the Chartist will be duly proud of ; but must not let their feelings of pride overcome tbeli judgment ; but seek by every act of the r lives to earn the estesm of all good men .

      One thing I would particularly call / onr attention to , is , tbst we have displayed something like unity of purpose and unity of action under , what we term , the democratic principles ; and when I view the case in all its bearings—the union we so rapidly effected with such small means at our disposal—tbe mnch we have done towurdsenlightening onr fellowmen upon true principles —tbe amount of persecution we have endured a .. d passed , and tbo numerous privations our fellows hare endured—tlie saciifices so many of tbem have made fur the cause , 1 cannot help but thick that such a b * dy is inviacibla , and by steady perseverance must succeed if tbt . y keep strictly and consistently to tbe democratic principle ; but perhaps Mr . G ' s observation apply only to thecavils and renexadism tbat hare occurred in onr

      ranks ,, the lamentable errors ( to be niiWi of tht > late Executive ; if no , I < must inform bioi that these didorders have occurred through violation of tho democratic ptlijciplu , far according to that principle , in the words of Robtispieni , " tho rights of every man are bound by tbe right ) of others , and if « re pass our own bu'in ^ ary , we ii / vn . le tbe rights of others , " Under this , tbe talebearer , the bui » y-body is condemned , aad if all men abided by this precept , kow much ill-will and cavil would be avoided according to tbe democratic principle . AH oflict rs of tbe people should be servants of the ireop ' . e aud render an account of tbeir acts of office , to tbe ptwpltt as often as rtgwirtd , or at stated times , explaining clearly , of course . Now , were this always done , how much hubbub aud confusion we might be spared .

      Senators too , should be paid for their services , what is fairly agreed upon , but no more . List , but greatest point of the Tiocratic principle iatha : " the people ' s will is law , " the btst guarantee fur ils being obeyed . Now , wiieu the democratic principle becumta well known , and strictly acted on , tnsU ad of tbe cavil and discord , heartburning , ill-will , injuries and revenges , that pervades all nations , and as a matter of come , all the societies established within them , we shall have love and joy , and harmony . Hoping for this day , I remain , yours la faith , Gracchus .

      ~~" Emigbation! ]

      ~~ " emigbation ! ]

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      THE NORTHERN STAR . 7

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), June 10, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1216/page/7/