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Northern Star (1837-1852), 6th May 1843, Edition 1 of 5, Page 7

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      EMIGRATION . jFHERE TO , AND HOW TO PROCEED . .-i OT » . 1 GT - -B . THKOCGH A . PORTION 0 ? CANADA , 5 jVD 5 ETEB . AL OF THE STATES OP SOETH SEEiCA , PASTICUI . ABLT THE STATES OF jSiCHTTSETTS , RHODE ISLAND , NEW f ORK . ? . \ 5 STLTA > IA , OHIO , MICHIGAN , ILLT > 0 l 5 . ^ T . ' iCOSIS , AM ) > £ "W JERSEY , 1 XDER 1 AE . EN -jv ' tH A TirSV OF ASCERTAINING T 13 E DE-.. r iEILUT . OB OTHEEWISE , OF EMIGSaTI'i . \ ; 1 > -D TO Jl i 3 G £ OF TH £ BEST LOCATION . FDS 5 NC-U 5 H EMIGRANTS , FEOM ACTIT . U . OBSERTillO ^ - BY LA WRENCE PITKETHXY , of Huddersfieid . ( Continuedjrcm our last tccei's paper . J toolvai- —description of tee shaker JU VILLAGES .

      After pennies some remarks respecting New Torfe & 5 i > e & > j 5 cert psri- » , J arranged my inec&ge , and p . e-^ -ed to iC-M . T . yany my friends Charles Earnsbaw and hj-tr : Aode-rson : o AJbsry . ¦^ e siUed sbont two p . m ., and very scon discovered ozr ew * ^ S 5 Dy ^ T 8 SSfcl ' * W 6 Ti ; 5 a- H w * s a ria » K $ ^ it > vrlth two ^ f ^ ge ^ ats attached tK - Vfcqnirini : twinty-four hours for the passs ^ v , "Tj-V ^ r q-. , tE bia's accomplished the journey in ttn f / twciTe hocrs- To meed the matter , I had scarcely ty os N ? i « Ufare I became so unwell as to be com' yTcA -o retire to bed-• -R-xp . NEiDAT , Iwrib . —My illness increased durire , v _ j ^ x ^ f , si : d it was soon evident that ii was a most

      * " - ¦ . et : stack o ! the cholera . Towards racrnkjg I b-.-J ^ io fee ' ^ e its to be ssaree able to nwtmt the st ^ ns * -- > m ti . e ca ^ to the deck ; the cramp shifted from £ scs to plsse . EIlty at les i il b « anie s-o fixed Id my Stil £ j w to ircapsciiate me frem moving about , in t ^ seqiieiies of the ex treme pain it occasioned . I had j-iprd oil cf bed cp ; a the floor , on first feeling the ^ ^ an , ! -sris fixed npon a cane-bottomed Beat as « hu 1 t ' » s if I fead been 1-Jd beneath & ton weight , -with „ fe ; uT > the S . c * jr ; after about ten minutes * rubbing , I obsined a partial relief , and , by the aid of Charles . . jjj- ^ ed io cress the floor . I waa certainly alarmed rbsfthe cramp silad my intestines , and "when I was jji ^ wiiS in ternal pain- Though it was excessively w W , I csd to rtm ^ io in bed daring a groat part cf

      the ay-We rsa £ ? 3 Albany in the evening . TsrssD . iT 11 th . —I started by r&ilwayjtbis morning , 1 $ lie Siite- Tillage , Xew Lebanon . The railway isceaci j very s : —p inclined plane , snch as there are not in Brisk unless stationary engines and ropes are used jb ziBMcent and descent . Here there -were two locemo £ re earJisi , bnt daey wsh inadequate for the task . Eff * £ Ta , * crowd of sen eime to oar aid , and afur a te&sa aad hard strosgle , the train attained the summit ofthehill , from which » e had a most imposing Tiew cf * Vjj HuJUon and the sarrouudin . g country , as also of Aliaaj dty . We Fooago ; to Hancock , a Shaker Village . Isxpecied to hare been set down at New Lebanon , but I

      th three miks off , and had no eonyeyance for my ikme i kK oor for my lnggage ; therefore , after riewi g thia plSMint Tiliafs , and conTersing with some of the irt&rtn , who ^ rre Tery kind ., I saw no means of trarel-Ebj bat to -iraik ; bo hsTing left my luggage in care of the brethren , I proceeded on my way . With much difoalty . ocsisiQusd by my luneness , I reached Xew lebsnon , another Shaker Ertablishment , where I met with my oil fri ^ nl Dankl Fraser , who was at the " family hoose * He was Tery glad to see me . He shook me by the ban < 2 . . sod actually kissed me in the exuberance of bis joy- Si took me to the apartments for the reception of stranger * iB < i Tisiters , and brought me witer with which I washed myself while dinner was

      preparing ; but before I -was quite ready , a beU KBoaDCed that dinner was on tha table . I hastened by tbe direeuoQ of my friend , to the apartment in the " fcnulj house" whtre the strangers dine ; the distance ui abac iirj yards , oae part being laid with rough tip ifid the other wilh grareL The building is T * ry Ihjs ad lofty , and divided into lodging and othe ? rwai . The " f&snily house" is a spaeieos building , three stasa iagh . On the underljor , or basement , is the place set apat forcookioc for the whole " family" as it it alteL which eonsi&ts of about 100 males and females , sore at less ; the e&cond floor is appropriated for taking Om : attls , a&d the third floor is a place of worship f 01 ^ "faaay - oEly .

      I found dinner very neatJy aerred op in a small ipKtasit , set spart for the uss of Tisitors ; none basf allowed to dine with the " family ** until £ & ] job the community . Tbe " family" had just rjss ! r » in dinner . Bring unwell , my friend had tn « k . me some medicated wine , and did erery $ 2 % poscibL- to make me comfortable and gWe me n xfpetite ; bat still 1 w » s Tery little inc ' . tned to Ziix i hearty seal . I had set before me some Tery

      em him , irhite and brown wbeaten bread , pudding sad : from Indian earn , fruit pie , potatoes , squashes , hlsej beans , preserved fruit , two kinds of beets , and lj i »? i » £ nert bott-er I had seen in the country , and tcai So any I had erer tasted ; in my life . Nothing coiid be lure Buitefl to my tiste than what was before la , jet iej state of body was such as to deny me a a * Iof ffiijthing , excepting the jquagh , ¦ which was Wf delicijca . One of the Tirjin sistera waited np-m a » Sorla ? vnj repast .

      I taSmed back to my apartment and my friend , to *!» a I bad to answer the many inquiries he made reiaiiri to the old world—he had entered upon the Bf » cse ;—and it gratified me to find him less sunken crier the weight of his new fiews than , from the &k * t d hu Ifetrers , I had been led to expect 1 % or snpp ^ r , at six , consisted of nearly tht same Ta d « u did the dinntr . ^ cm sfter ~ lez I weat to bed , but was Tery soon KTOsjd by the most melodious tuuric , whici greatly atasnted me . 1 arose , and though my apartment t * 3 firided from the "family hall" by a court yard rf lease twenty yards in extent , yet by the light * iJea Kreamod through their windows I could dis-&ttij perctWe that the " timily' were at worship .

      i ^ £ l sad eomaenced a quick march , or dance , in K « pl »; the brethren £ rst and the sisters following , asTisg round the room to music 'TOC 22 ) performed by & | t * . w tea persccs who stood in the middle of the fcs 2 . Tbey soon inished the tune , T ? heD they bowtd ad stood KiH . VThen the tnne was changed , they « amei > e * d again with the earnestness of youths in a tij-r&oai—rtimpu g at one time ard clapping at sa « ba , bat both most excellently timed to the mu « c . " ^_ do not prsy publicly ; tbeir opicisn being that P ^ prsyere are improper , s-id that every one , knowis ? tit own wsnts , can al . De express them to the ^ ty . 1 consider tbe soit of exerciEe I witnessed , v . -ercpps , wdl calculated to impart health and secure tos&i » oep .

      f ^ v ' ^ iii—R-K at Sve ani prepared for the ring « J& t > e ^ so bre&tfist , whicb I -nnderitood would be " » aj it nx , tie rsgTilar hour with the " famDy" for r * me&L It nsg precisely at the appoi-tert time . I * ^ - ' A ™» tl ' . and made bat an unMSWrtnt breakfast . ift- aer Bmiher , R . c-hvd , had brought my luggage I vJ ^*™ ¦ b m ^ * ta : ion distance of three milea . * m ffiseh is Tart of some necsMiies and immediately ^~ a T traaks . EaviBg various articles to dispose . i ^ » a very jcon attended by thetlder brethren and ¦*¦« , ¦ wfcom 1 louni to be very pleaeant and agreeable * - « a * - 0-iier » of the brethren and sist « rs also came , r ^ ecuea such snieles as they rtqu ^ red ; th ^ y like-« fe wuered some goods of a description which they «~ a not obtain ia ^ country . While the el ders of » . * * ^ ereSfeUliag accounts , the music commuced , ^ iWt sarp rbsd that they should allow bus iness to { f * fr « a joining ia tbe worship i

      . ^ . » ED Ar , 13-Ji . _ Aaer breakfast , Fraz ^ r at my reatew ^ v ^ E ^ M'Bichard ) and asked him to P . of a handsome hand-vice , which he had much Tice w ° . ' ^ P « Tioos evening . He accepted the jjg ^^ Z 6 us ** 3 PaJ ^ nen ^ 'or bringing my luggage from wihf P V Se Richard . , accompanied me to the office , ^ J ^ JP M t ^ e T-aiage , where I also made soms small sales , fftoiiiS ' ^ ? rd « extended . I examined the various » ae v « L a 0 Wn miDa £ ictnre » in the store , which »^ J ^ y Has . ., cousisdug principally of toys . Fruz-t ^ g , v ^ vv ^ ' ' for ' ^ khew m * through the village ; the lag ^ T 6 ^' 9 ho k 6 * P « ti * store , accompanied us to a narbi * # '¦ w ^ icn "' atained machinery for sawing Sakv a ^ f " timoer ^ OT fencing , grooving and jointing j , a ^ ° 2 r » . kc ?; a turning laths for wood , with other g ^* 7 . moet ingeniously coDtriv-id for completing *« » m ^ 7 " ^ lei 5 t F ^ ' ^ ble manual labour . All w . . '' DieQ ; a \ he befit and Ti »* . f *«« - n-rAor A Vi > T&rtL asd

      ttOR frl 7 " bU 7 at 1 fOrk ' ° I fonDd to ^ j tK ^^ e comnjunicative than the generality of tbe P ^^ - AU iiieij machinery ig propelled by witex rf bmf ^" ^^^ s *^ to see a considerable number joissr i or V' Biop > or f ^ cto ^ j as celibacy is en-* i rff ^ - ^ Community '• t * 11 I Vas told ^^ ' * * M fo ? Jf 5 of P ^^ nt * who had " taken up the cross , " fe es v ^ " ^ * of * better and happier fctate here later ' iTS T n ^ ° xhem tbe name « f broker an d tie t ' mS ^ ° that of tnsband and wife . Of course . 18 t&eo ^ T brou « -t np in tbe faith , axd habited kik W tbs ^ X 7- Tney irere all attentive ** 9 i ^~ * r * *? vtlicil thej were severally engaged , Sfere fct ^ -cb et chopping twigs for firewood . t ** oto ^ II 0 T ' batiIl steadily attended to tbeir b ^ p ^ . I kime-i that this kind of firewood was k ^ waps ©! t ^ a any other for the purpo * e of 6 * X Itf ^ ? m 9 diciD * J gardens of ona of the il * ft « iBehl there are fcnr fa ^ i * * ilkS « . Tne ^• 'M al ^!! M thl 011 « b . every portion of tkem . ** for « mT ¦ m 4 a ' ^^ Polished in hia manners , i © leasea

      " wiaiea tv - »"' = » uu oouging . was ** bsrb . nT t * eidinS 8 « "with which he could give to *»« S ¥ v ^ ^ " ^ Eame - «> d to see and bear ** = tad hli taowIed k * e . He was of a philosophical Bffig » ea stored mind . ** Mtea t Tf : ^^ eao ^ icg us through all his gardens , ^ Th « » L - ving house for hsrbs > P 1111 ^ ' and 5 * A eL ^ T *^ " * «** U « ii and exven-? J * W ^? f e nu : Ei « I ° f persons wei-e occupied di KJac tli !? ^ f . *^ . s ^ d attaching iabela to each t * ^ a ^^^ L " yr " - ' medwith the utmost ^^ i itU-j he-bjT v " 7 h ^ " ^^^ ss for pressir ^ tbe fJi 5 * - - "? ^ h . ™ # ° : -9 ^ r ^ i shsDe . acd f . * otherwise ** " ¦ ¦» sifS ? v £ ll ?; Lu : ^ wpanti- ns ^ ere so t " - ^ t „ ^ > r y r- " ^^ to escribe . I par-

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      In the gardens , the fragrance of which wm most delightful , we entered an arbour , in which I was invited to sit . This arbour vu of a curious construction , being supported by some projecting maple trees from a rock which separated the higher and lower gardens , and frcm which we had a view that , in England , would hive gladdened tbe heart of any lover of scenery , and who would have concluded that this was alone intended for the abode of monarchy . It Is withont parallel in farfaiBtd Britain or Ireland . Afttr dinner all implements of labour were put aside in preparation for their Sabbath , -which commences at sun set ob Saturday and terminates as the same time on Sunday . We mxt visited the family vra * h-house . It is supplied -with water , both good and plentiful . Four large boilers werr fixed inafqn . ire , -with communicating pipes

      for supplying each with -water , and which they could have at any required temperature . Tho machinery for washi g -vraa moved by water power . When the clothes were .-washed they were placed in a press , < -ut of which tbey were taken , almost dry , and placed in skips , and in two seconds , were removed isto the attics by machinery , -where rails were ef £ xed o ^ which tht y were fcung to be thoroughly dried , being kept free from dust or any soi ; whatever . In the room below , were tables ak % z Use sides ; and in the middle a kinti of sti'Vc ; or oV-.-n ; for the purpose of heating the irong . Al their works are conducted in the best possible order ; th ; -. ir machinery b « Dg all put in wotiou by the ssnu stream , which de * ctuds frotu a bill , and alttcush comparatively Emsll , yet , from their having cocs ' . r : c ; ed suitable reservoirs , they have ge&erallja EuSicUnt supply .

      The Shakers tau and dress their own leather , and niL ^ e their own wooden wore . Their brooiLs , of ¦ which they manufacture large quanHti < ra fcr sule , and -which o . re maue cf the brocm com , ate very handsome . They have also a small foundry . They spin , Uye , weave and finish their own fabr . es ; make their own sosp and candles , raise and stll . . by wholesale , garden and firld seeds , ilso veee ' . ^ bl ^ medicinee , which thty liie-WLse compound , and make their gwu sho ^ sand other clothing . Tbeir butter , as I before observed , is the best i : i the country , and brings about ooe-fourth more thac the general price ; their orchards are so extexui-ve and yjri .-nuciive e . 3 to etablfc tbem to prest-rve and diy large quantities of fruit to serve them during the winter . Indeed , they raise -wheat , corn ( Indian ) , oats , and barley , with every kind of vegetiiblts in abundance .

      They rise , Minuner , and winter , at four o ' clock , or very sooner afttr ; breckfast at six ; dine at twelve ; and tup at a little past * ix . Tfcey are feappy and cheerful with each other . No strife ; but , on the contrary , love and affection , reign tbrong&oat their abode and unequalled order and regularity are witnessed in every department . Their industry is not less systematical ! y carritd out than is every other thing . They are like bie 3 in a hive ; and though separate from the rest of xhs -world , they assured me that thtir temporal dutieB are not less attended to than are those of a spiritual natunr . A . ud let it be remarked , that though they have one common interest aud one common property , in order that it may be annually sho-wn which of them has been moat ingenious or most industrious during the

      year , every family manages then own seeds , mftdicines , and manufactures ; in fact , though living in " communi ty ^ 'l they compete with each other even to an tMcess of ' industry ,- for with the 7000 or 8000 acre 3 , owned by this one village , and wuh a constantly increasing mass of wealth , I consider they ought to relax a little in this respect , particularly as the brethren and sisters know that they cannot be supplied ¦ with either clolhing or money , but at the pleasure of tbe elder brethren , who have both in their own eare and keeping . Th * -y are remarkably ready to welcome all visitors , ar . d refu&e accommodation to none , whatever be fcbelr creed or colour , old or young , married or single . Tbey affjrd every information as to their tenets and

      principles -, and if these are embraced by the inquirers , and all other circumstances are favourable , they are admitted into the " family , " even though they are married , if t > husband and wife consent to separation , and to cha :: ge ths appellation of " dear husband "and " Jovirjg wifs"' for the teras " brother" and " sister , " and otherwise abide by the rules of tbe establishment , which , if thty break , they must forthwith leave the Bos-ety . AH you possess must be taktn into tbe institution , and you can have no further control over it than those who take nothing ; and should you leave , you can take no property away , howeveT large might have been tbe amount you take in on your entrance . While there , you are joint proprietor of the whole property belonging to the " family . "

      Lebanon Springs are about a mile distant from this Tillage . The place is a fashionable summer reeort for tbb wealthy of the Southern States of the Union ; and tte visitoTB to these medicinal waters , actuated more by curiosity than a desire to join in their mode of worship , used to attend the Shaker Church on Sundays ; but not acting with the desired decorum , they , amongst other things besmearing ( as is very common ) the place with saliva , which the Shakers bold in abhorrence and designate " defilement , " it was thought proper by the 11 family" to close the church during the season , and -confine thenwelves to their family halls for the time . To Ehow the effect of this regulation , I may here stite that one hotel-keeper told me that it had been a ] oa » to him of more than l , 09 » dollars , aod tbe seasoD ¦ was not tben over . >' ew Lebanon is only one village of these strange devotees Besides it , there are several otkers , one of which lies about three miles distant , and is called

      Hancosk Shaker Village , in which the brothers and Bistera are less numerous . Another settlement is less tiiBtant , but quite distinct . There is also a settlement , or colony , at a place called Waterrelette , near Troy . Another Is to the ' Eiat , near B 38 tou , in Massachusetts . There are more to the Westward , in Ohio , and many other plises . New Lebanon , however , is the centre of the whole sect Here they h old their Congress and arrange all thsir general business . I did not hear of any appointed minister of religion amongst them . Persona En * tair . ing office are elected in the following manner . — The brethren and Bisters converse together , and a person ' s name , or more , as the requirement may be , is mentioned , and , after reasoning over the matter , the appointment is determined upon by common consent , a . d not by voU-, as is all but our universal practice .

      Tbe three nearest villages are most beautifully situated in tbe Stite cf New York , bordering upon that of Massichuretts , in a rather billy than mountainous district , partly sloping banks and partly plains . The wood that remains is only sufficient for ornament , firewood , building , and other Beoessary purposes ; and truly the large , handsome , clean buildings , with the hill and the dale , and the exactitude a&d order which throughout prevail , makes the place look like a very paradise . Sr > DAT , 14 th . —Again I was up it five , posted BOBae papers , and Tcad a portion of the Memoirs of Ann Lee , the founder of the Shafcers , who was the daughter of a blacksmith ., at Manchester , in Lancashire , and who wii * her father aad Other relatives , emigrated little

      iaore than fifty years ago . I breakfasted at six , and was again invited to attend icorship . My arm ehiir was plac * d at the enti of the ball , with a spitoon by its sWe ; Dr-cause , to s > pit apen the floor would inevitably call forth a remark from any one who might be near . " Sritoons ' are necessary jot American visitors ; for the Yankees have acquired habits of smoking and spitting which rendera them remarkable to all , and offensive to many . I'bis is unfortunate : as it tells mnch axiicst the people , on the ground of cleanliness . I hsrs before stated that the Shakers hold the babit _ of spitting npon tbe ioor in abborrence , designating it " defilement" To prevent this , they invariably place a " epitoon" by tbe side of a visitor , so that he

      may indulge in bis habit without offence to a motf cleanly people . I fourid that their form of worship is seldom , if ever , twice the same . Those -who are selected , or whose turn it is to sing , strike up a tune ; ai-d then tbe whole body marches , or shakes , or dances , according as tbe tune rf quires . iR *** a P reat deal more struek this morning with tbeir performances tha-. previously . After a qaicfc march they , all at once , begun to form in line from orje eod of tbe hall to the other ; one half with their backs to tbo wall and windows , while the other half commenced a kind of backward apd forward step , and whea they got to the extremity of their backward march they danced a step and moved forward . A-B usual , the sexes kept distinct

      in dancing as well as in marching . Ttey afterwards formed themselves into two close divisions , in the centre of the room , and the Elder Brother Richard ) in a Tery plain manner , explained seme passages of Scripture . Then several of them expreist- 'i their inward emotions , in words , while others 6 rrcu . ed * -nthing in agony . They jrenerally kept up a degree of shaking motion ; some of them to an extreme fcxcee-iingly painful to witness . The head , in particular , as -well as the whole body , was kept in a sort of rolling motion , epparently much more in agony than in joy ; and one sister expressed her affection and gratitute so strongiy to the Elder Sister , for tbe instruction she had imparted , that while she embraced her I certainly felt much affected .

      F <* hng ill I walked out , and was much disappointed , one of the brothers having come to my room , while I was « at , to invite me to tbeir afternoon exercises . I lost this opportunity and only » aw from my room , through the -windows , much more of their excessive motion , such as whirling round , tumbling down , &c . Their tunes are most enlivening and are frequently accompa . 'ied by the clapping of bands in accordance with the sound of tbe feet . A noise , somewhat simi ar to that made by tbe Irvlnites in the " unknown tengue " was made by the Shaker * ; aad which I could distinctly hear in the building in which I was , at the distance of fifty or sixty yards . The stamping was excessive . As * oon as tbe sun went down tbey told me that the sabbath was aided ; and not reflecting that I had as good a right to respect my sabbath as they bad , they commenced talking of business . This day they dined at half-past eleven , ani supped at half-past three .

      Monday , loth . —After breakfast , my friend Praser , with a spring cart conveyed me and my luggage to New Lebanon village , distant about two miles , to meet a < vacb which passes that village te another part of the railway than that I had stopped at in coming . Finding it hid pasaed , I had some difficulty to hire a vehicle , and only got to the station , a distance of eight miles t ^ o minutes before the train . The driver said many bitttT things egainst my friends the Shaken , as he drove me along . I soc ^ . jrot to Albany , and , having left my trunk , I h-d it removed to the railway . , and paid my fare to Uvca . I v-a = s . r-a on my way . but at Scbnectady , : ti } jva mile- ; distant , I had to wait a few bjars : and

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      before night came on , I took the opportunity of looking round the place . It consists , principally , of one long street of shops and warehouses , with a few hotels . The Erie canal runs through th © town . There is a Bpacioua College at a little distance for the education of students in law , physic , and divinity . We left at nightfall and reached Utica at half-past four next morning : I tben took my fare to Oriskany , where I staid to see a friend . I then visited the woollen factory , which was tolerably filled with good mschinery . They manufacture woollen cloth , carpets , and eoack lace . They buy no wool , but barter their goods for it ; neither do they pay wages in montj " . T ^ e workpeople receive what is termed " Store Pay , " consisting of provisions and clothing , but no money . The pars » n e ? en has to preach for " Store P ~ y . " 1 met some Eoslishmen at this place , amongwbomwasaMr . Butterfleld , from Halifax , who is the manager and a partner in the factory . He is a very cool and cautious man , and withal very civil . I vbsited the store , in which the stock was very plain .

      I again took my dt parture by railway . They would not take half , or second class fare , for what they call ¦ way passeneers ; that is , persons going short stages ; bo from UtiKi to Syracuse—because I had Btoppcd at Oriskany—I had to p&y double , or full fare at Syracuse . I took half fare to Rochester . Night coming on I could Bee nothing . We went at the rate of about fourteen miles an hour on this simple Bingle-line railway . At Syracuse , about two and a-half millions of bushels of salt is produced annually , which is Btiit to all parts of tht- Fak . n and a portion of it to other parts of the worjd . Tbe city is built upon a plain , through which

      therai ' . wuj ? and the Erie canal pase . It is vrol ! built , and corv idtrabk trs le is carried on in it . I arrived at RocbcsU-r a littlj before 5 a . ra , and enquired for Dr . SmTlt > s , when I Was told that he resided four miles from the city . After a good deal of enquiry I found my friend Charles Kobicson , who was in bed , but he got up and prepared breakfast , and after looking round the city , Mr . Lon ^ rauir and Mr . Taylor were kind enough to drive vae to the residence of Dr . Smyles , where I remained during the night , and never was poor soul so torreentect as I was with an army of blond-suckers , called mosquitos . To-day the State representatives met at Albany .

      Wed . nesday , 17 th . — After breakfast , tbe Doctor and I tach muunt-ed a horse and took a round to visit i patient who bail been burnt yesterday by her clothes taking Sre ; she was an aged Wbinan , and had just been relieved frcm ber sufferings by death when we arrived . On our round -we were withiu sii ; ht of Lake Ontario , and the Dj ^ tor attributed the vast assemblage of mos - quitos , which had nearly devoured me , to his contiguity to a bay or branch of the lake which was only a mile from , his housti . He also said there was some wet bush close by . Ou reaching the c ' ty we dined with Mr . John Taylor , dyer and manufacturer , from Kilmarncck , who had lived oua farm in Michigan , bit had txcbsDged it for the prewiacs he now occupies . I was introduced to maDy countrymen , among others to Mr . John Caldwell , who , many years ago , bad left Paisley , with the steeple of St . George ' s Church in bis

      pocket , also the goods of several tradesmen , and settled here . The circumstance of hia taking the " steeple" iB well known in Paisley and its neighbourhood ; the fact being that he was a member of , and treasurer to , the St George ' s Charch , where the Kev . Dr . Bvrks , the famous Corn L * w Rppealer , now officiates . Caldwell took with him a portion of the funds that had be * n raised to build the charch , the body of which was about completed , but the steeple was not begun . In consequence of his defection , it could not be proceeded with ; and the church is steepleless to tnis day . This matter struck me tbe more forcibly , beeauBe of my having had bo many j ) kes , en my visits to Paisley , respecting the man who had fled with the steeple of the said church , the want of it being a common eyesore , and a common reflection on the citizens , and especially on those who -worship at the imperfect church .

      Cald-well informed me that he had been a magistrate ; that ho had been in business , ar . d that he was one of the jury that tried Mr . John Henderson , the present Provost of Paisl' -y , when prosecuted on a charge of pike-making . I also met a few persons from HuddersSeld , -whom I kDew . I was informed that ilr . John dldwell bad failed in the amount of 80 . 080 dollars since he went to Rochester ; that he had Bet up a splendid drapery store , and pushed himself into credit , and had swept the decks , and was now living by raoaey-jobbing , or lending on security at various amounts of interests , aud exchanging one sort of money for another . Notwithstanding all this , a number of bis countrymen had had his likeness taken by an eminent artist , a d paid for by subscription , te be hung up in some hall in which tbey meet on festive occasions . I hope for the honour of the fraternity of aainta , that it is Dot fixed in St . Andrew ' s hall !

      The city of Rochester is beautifully situated on both banks of the river Gcnesee , seven miles from Lake Ontario . Within the city the tiver feas three remarkable falls ; tbe first twelve , the second ninety-seven , and the third twenty feet ; and at a very short dii-tance from the dty boundary its fall ia one hundred and five feet These falls must be seen to be sufficiently admired . They give power for propelling machinery equal to 38 . 000 hor < tes , and give motion to above twenty flour mills , eleven saw mills , one cotton mill , three woollen factories , nine large machine shops , one or two planing machines , through which they put flooring boards , which come out smoothed , tonijued , and grooved , and in evsry respect ready for putting down . There are also a bedstead and general turnin . 7 factory , and many others , all the operations being performed by machinery . To give some idea of the business done , 1 may here observe , that the flour mills turn out annually on the average from 45 o , 000 to 500 , 000 barieU of fl iur , the value amounting to about three million dollars .

      Within three miles of the city ia the harbour for the steamers coming from Like Ontario , tbe St . Lawrence , and rcany other parts of Canada , and also those from tbe State * . The railway from Albany crosses the river immediately above tbe ninety-seven feet fall by a strong roofed wooden bridge . There are two bridges across , and the new aqueduct on the Erie canal , which is tbe greatest , most substantial , and costly piece of public work in the State , I had not an opportunity of visi-ing Mount Pleasant , a new burial ground , one or two miles distant from the city . It is famed for elegance of deniga , natural beauty , and situation , in which respects it is Eaid to ataud uneqtij !! ed . Everything was pleasing to me here ,

      excepting the infernal mosquitos , from tne effects of wnose attacks my head and face were < -i ; ormously swollen . Before I retired to rest » ne night we killed all we could meet with ; and the Doctor was sure that the room was bo close as to prevent their entering . 1 went to bed in confidence ; but , Io ! in two minutes they were humming abtut my head in as strong fjrea as ever . I struck about me in all directious , but to tmaAl purpose . I then got cut of bed , and lighted a candle . The Duetor heard me from above , and came to express hia regret I to ! j him I was mere sorry on his than on my own accouut ; that I had struck about me right and left , and must have murdered a heat of the infernals ,

      but that they still seemed increased in force . We again , as we thought , cleared tbe room , and went to bed a second time , but soon found tbe tormentors were there . I had not closed my eyes before they fell ujon me , piercing my flesh with their lancets in all exposed parts , not excepting my poor lame leg , which I was compelled to keep frvm beneath the clotbea . Striking about me I found to have no effect whatever , I therefore covered myself , and pat np every possible defence , and with impatience awaited the dawn of day , when I arose and walked in the fields , where I ieba ' . ed the rtfresbAQg bretxt , wa , ch communicated the most delightful sensations , contrasted with the tortures I had experienced during the night .

      Thursday , 18 th . —My kind friend Dr . Smyles was ia some degree disconcerted consequent upon my not having succeeded in effecting arrangements so as that be might accompany me to the Far West , and which I regretted exceedingly , knowin ? , as I did , the delight I should feel in communing with hia intellectual mind , and how in the " back woods" his cheerful disposition and inexhaustible and highly interesting stores of information would have charmed me in my course , and his research added real interest to my aarrative . I -was , however , compelled to forego the pleasure of his company and do the beat within Hiy power . So after much conversation on the subject of Emigration in particular , which would be out of place to narrate here , after dinner I prepared for my journey to Buffalo , and

      was advised by my friends to go by tae canal packet . I had again to travel by night through a most interesting coantrj . By the light of the moon I could perceive that it was pretty well cleared and cultivated . We paxssd Albion , Holly , Albeston , Medina , Middleport , and Leckport . At this latter place , I observed that one part of the town lay npon a low flat , while the other portion was upon a high bank , the scenery being most pictureEque . Tbe five locka at Lockport by which the boati ascend to the level ot Like Erie are of a mast substantial aud ingenious construction , with a novel contrivance for letting in the water , of which they have ua unlimited supply , aud by which , the boats are lifted np with unparalleled rapidity . I was informed

      that vessels could be taken upwards ia ton and doirn in seven minutes . These locks are quite new , the old ones being in part removed ; they are composed of large blocks of granite , cut in most ingenious forms so as to bind tbe whole as one solid rock ; there are steps on each side by which to ascend , and arches over each lock by which to cross on the top . The top of the upper lock is ou a level with the great Lake Erie ; and here ia the commencement of a cutting which extends over tw » miles , of great width and depth , through granice , and is said to have cost more than the Thames tunnel . Tbe workmanship of the locks is sot surpassed by any work of the kind I have ever seen .

      After proceeding from twelve to sixteen miles through a fine country , tolerably well cleared , we approached the banks of the great Niagara river , opposite to Grand Island , of which we have recently heard so much connetted with tbe late struggles between the Canadian ps . tri . ots and the British hirelings . Above Grand Island , the river appears to be not more than half a mile across . I could read the signs in front of the stores on the Canadian shore with the naked eye . At Lockport there Is a fine elevation from which to Tiew the plains below ; my enjoyment , beyond a glimpse , of the view was prevented by our confinement in the deep catting , as mentioned above , after passing which , I , for the first tiice since my landing in the couttiy , g .-ae . l upon an txN ¦ k-1 an i < : i . ^ htfai luadeeaps ,. iteetiag tbe eje ia tne direction of Like

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      ° L , J a the left f rose a beautiful and gently sloping amphitheatre clothed with groveB , whioh , combined with the Canada -hore , the river , the lake , the city of Buffalo , tbe villas and other buildings , the rich foliage , and tbe famous Black Rock , presented a scene sublimely grand aud imposing . Opposite the lower and the upper Black Bock ia a remarkable breakwater , for the purpose of keeping the water at a proper level , and also to keep the water of the canal from the current of the Niagara ; upon thia breakwater are several flour mills and warehouses , also a foundry at its extremity . Here a train of railway carriages passed us from the falls .

      We reached Buffalo about six o'clock . The waves of Lake Erie beat high upon the beach , at the verge of the city , the wind blowing strong from the west . At the point of the pier stood an elegant light-house , and in the harbour a number of well-rigged ships , of various classes were moored , and higher up the river was crowded with large and elegant steamers and smaller craft , which gave the place » n air of grandeur with all the appearance of a sea-pore , the sight being enriched by the novelty of tho glittering domes of several hotels and principal buildings . Domes are rather common iu the country , and are covered with tiu , which the rarity of the air preserves in perfect , brightness .

      I soon fonnd the residence t , f my old friend , Mr . James Spencer , who would not , on any account , permit me to stay at any other place . I was received into his house by Mra . S . aud the family with all tbe cordiality of a brother , and was informed tbat some friends , who had accompanied me . from home , had called tn passant ou the previous day , aaci ^^ jeft a pressing invitation for me to viuit them in Illinois , to where tb « y were jiurneying . Saturday , 20 th . —After dinner , I went to view the city , aud to make inquiry respecting the rules of the Dutch settlements ; but I could meat with no one able to furnish me with the required particulars . I was much pleased with the city , in which I met wit * i many kind and communicative gentlemen . Mr . Spencer purchased a fine leg of lamb , weight about nine pounds , for twenty-eight cents , or fourteen pence . ( To be continued . )

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      strong powerful body of men capable of explaining in a practical manner tho views and objects of the society , they may speedily produce a current of public opinion , sufficiently powerful to accomplish everything desired . Tbe third mode and the last to which I can on . bh occasion refer , is , to tfee calling of public meetings , thronghoat the length and breadth of the hand , for the purpose of addresaing her Majesty , tnemorializ'n" tb » Government , and petitioning the two Houses of Parliament , th ^ t the Charter bo set forth may be adopted . I would take thia step , not so much with tho fe ^ pe ef their immediate assistance , as to exhibit to tiheru the

      power , energy , and resolution of tho people , in the business in which they shall have engaged j and if they be sufficiently imbued with true firat principles , ? nd thereby acquire the moral force to act disinterestedly , and for the general welfare , they may soon prmiuce such conviction on the minds of the parties ad ^ resst-d as shall nv \ ke them desirous of assisting In ev . iry manner possible in forwarding the object to be accomplished . I will proceed with the further consideration of this iubjeat . ia my next letter . I am . Sir , Your obedient servant , WlLLUU GaLFlN . Harmony Hall , near S ' ockbridge , Hants , May 1 , 1843 .

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      TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Dear Sir , —According to Mr . O'Connor ' s request , I have sent you a correct statement of the averse produce of ray exporiment on the land for the 1-isfc four ye .-irs . I have i 021 square ytirds of laud , divided into four parts , with crops as fol !>> ws : — No . 1—825 sqar . re y * r £ s , first crop potatoes , second crop Swedish turnips . No . 2 — 923 tquare yards , first crop cabbages , second crop potatoes . No . 3—923 square yards , first crop cabbages , second crop S veaish turnips . No . 4—1 350 square yards In grass . Total , 4 . 021 equare yards .

      I get the crops every yenr from Numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , and Number 4 always remain eward . The above is tho order of the crops for this year . Next year tfto crops on Number 1 will take the place of Number 2 , and Number 2 will take thephca of Number 3 , and Nurubor 3 will take the place of Number 1 ^ and so on every year alternately ; so that I have a regular rotation of crops , always having that portion of land laid up in ridges in November th 3 t I shall want for potitoea in the following spring , and each portion of land has in its turn what I term a winter fallow . The following are the particulars of each crop , and what I have found from practice to be the average produce of quantity and value for ona year : —

      £ s . d . No . 1 and 2 contains l 748 square yards ; produce 140 bushels of potatoes , at Is . per bushel ... ... ... ... 7 0 0 Nos . 1 and 3 contains 1 , 748 tquare yards planted with Swedish turnips , at the rate of six in the square yard , the averages each total - \ vught libs , each , total weight , 18 tons , 15 cwt , at 15 s . per ton 14 1 3 Nos . 2 and 3 contains 1 , 846 sqnare yards , planted w . th cabbages , at the rate of four in the square yard , the average weight 4 lb . to eaeh ; total weight , 13 tons 4 cwt . sold at 28 cabbeeea for Is . 13 3 9

      £ 34 5 6 I give this statement as the soiling price tbat it may be compared with the value when the produce is consumed by cattle . I have had two cows suppled with food the last two years from tho produce of tbis land , ¦ with the exception of a little oat straw . The total weight of turnips and cabbages , the produce of one year , is 31 tons 15 cwt , or 15 cwfe . per week for fortytwo weeks . The other ten weaks they are fed on grass by mowing it as it becomes fit . I find the average quantity of milk produced from tke two cows to be twenty quarts per day for forty-six weeks , allowing each cow to remain dry for six weeks every year . £ s . d-Twenty quarts of niiik per day for forty-six

      weeka at twopence per quart ... 53 13 4 Two calves , the produce of each cow , ,. 2 0 0 140 bushels of potatoes Is . per bushel ... 7 0 0 Total of produce for one year ... ... 62 13 4 Cost of production for one year—£ s . d . Rent of land ... ... i 0 0 Taxes ... ... ... 0 10 0 47 days' labour at 3 s . per day 7 10 Sted 0 10 0 Three tons of oat straw , or if deducted bom tho selling price of manure ... ... 5 0 0 Wear and tear of implements 10 0

      £ 17 11 0 Nofcproat ... ... ... ... £ 45 2 4 I have a boar pig , a breeding sow , and several other pigs , that live chitfly from the refuse during the summer . Mr . Editor , I am rery glad to see from Mr . O'Connor ' s letters that he is determined to combine thy plan of cottage farms with national organisation . I am q'dta . convinced tbat the Psople ' s Charter will be sooner obtained by such a combination than by any other means that I am yet acquainted -with . I shall be very happy to render every assistance tbat is in my power to obtain so deaiteable an object . I am , dear Sir , Your ' a truly , JOHN LiSTON . Selby , April 2 G 5 h , 1843 .

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      Flight op Mr . Finn , the Dublin Corporation Treasurer . —A great sensation has been created in this city by the absconding of Mr . Finn , Treasurer to tho Corporation , It appears that he sailed in the half-past five o ' olook mail packet , from Kingstown , on Friday , for Liverposl , and sailed on Saturday morning in the Great Western , from Liverpool , for New York , accompaniod by his family . It is not possible to state accurately at present to what amount he is a defaulter , but the g um named ia about £ 5 , 000 or £ 6 , 000 . His seviiu'ivies , o : p ^ urve , ave roipjnsihlo ia their r

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      A DOUBLE JiURDKR . Bridgend , Saturday , April 2 HTH . —Thu neighbourhood has been for tb& last fVw daya vory much agitated by the pudden death of a respeca '> le fanner , a Mr . Howoli , of Lali'Ston , " 8 wag afimnart of A-iatic 6 holera , f-.-Howed inimediatbiy afterwards by : ht rquilly sudden dv&th of a poor woman namt . J Jnno H . v -y , v-ho had aflsi -led in laying out the body of > Ir H : vi { . As may naturally be supposed , the utmost ten- ^ r pervaied tha whol « natghbimrbootl at ; rhe surprs 'Jarrival of th : vt draiily Foov . rge . choler * . atn . ing th-un . Further circumstances , however , invested the 0 * 50 with very extraordinary and mysterious appoarani ^ s ,. ar . d an investigation was resolved 0 . 1 .

      The deceased Howell waa , it appears , a barhelor possessed of property to the iiiacunt of ab ^ ut , £ 200 p 9 r anjuai . # n < i w ^ s about to be married to a v ^ ry resptctaMa widow , a Mrs , L < 37 , is . To this ma ' cii , it appears , the sistar of the deceased furuu-r , a Alra . Tbjmas , sUougij- of jected , as it would bo liK mzirj ot alienating fryia her t ' ic proivrty to whicb , if h-. . ' H ^ d a bachelor , sh would Lfc uiititled . Her remonstrances with her brother Lad , howuver , beei fruiUtas , and the pvriod for the marnaore was fixeu . Thisbt i r g the case , o . Fr .-i ^ y se'cmi ; ht M" Hovall h" ' . occasion to sond for Some be < . < r to * he hoese of his i : tcrt ' ml br' -it who resi'iul m n stK . t distance , ant ) the servant w :. k <' . lrf--at « - il to tfiti-a j . i-an- ' fetcbit . Somer-M&in'iss . however }> -iv : ut « id Ivt , nnd a lad , the son of a iKM « bK > n-, wen * f . ^ r it .

      On tiis way thither he cnlkd at the housn of the sister A tht ; deceased , who askad him to go : ' . u 'inand f t her iad le : iv » tha jar there rtur ; : ^ hVs . a'bspn . je . Tae boy did sj . and on his return to : Ji the jar , ar , d havinsr proc ^ ded with it to Mrs . Lewie , it was til' . od with beer , and he returned with it to Mr . Howell's hands . Shortly alter , the servant girl vrps tik » i > . iU with vom t "S ^ . ad diarr ! on , and Mr . Howell , having drunk a glas :- uf the beer , waa - at about , a quarter after four o ' cVjc 1 - . a ^ so Uktjn ill . with vomiting and dinrihce <» . H ^ ' Iiincss increasing , he was put to bed and attended by tho lad ' s nv'thur , aad his Bister , Mrs . Thomas , sent for , whj rame and app ' eared to bu particularly attentive to him . A Mr , Pritchard , tbe surgeon of the village , was also s . 3 nt for , aaa pronounced the disease to be Asiatic cholera , and

      m-atea it accordingly . In tho course of this treatment it becoming nec « 8 Hn . ry to apply heat to the feet of Mr . Howell , the jar which had contained tha beer waa emptied and filled with hot water for tbat purpose . All the remedies winch were applied proved , however , fruitless , and Mr . Howell died at six in the morning . An irq . ieat was held upon the body , aud a verdict to the effect that the deceased died of Aaiattc cholera was returned , aad beyond the terror which spread through th « neighbourhood at thia circmustaHCtf no apprehensions or suspicions were entertained . The poor woman , Jaae Harvey , was called in to assist in laying nut the deceased , and having drunk aome of the beer she was taken ill in a similar m . nncr , and treated by Mr . Pritcbard for AButio

      cholera , having at the time no suspicion of poison . The poor woman , however , continued to get worse , nnd shortly after she nisi tiied . The servant girl recovered . Mr . Prirchard , it should be remarked , lodged in tha J ^ ouse of Mrs Lewis , and being in the daily habit of drinking tne ate and pronouncing it cscelient , he entertained no idea of the iilness having been produced by it . Some circumstances baviu ^ , however , afterwards arisen , ! which led him to suspect whether the beer had anything mixbd with it , he poured some into bottles , which , together with the jar that had contained it , he sealed up and delivered to Mra . Thomas , the sister of

      the deceased Howell , with directions for her to forward them to his residence . It appears , however , that instead of doing so sha broke the bottles and destroys * the jar . These thiegs . ar . d the fact of a dog which had licked up some of the contents of Mr . Howell ' a stomach having also died , excited the utmost suspicion . The bodies wt > ro exhumed and tbe stomachs and intestines having been extracted , were properly sealed up and transmitted to Mr . Horapath , of Bristol , the celebrated chemist , whose fame in the testing of various poisons , and particularly arsenic , is not confined * ' England , but is well known to the scientific worl ? MrsThomas and her husband were taken into enste "

      . and \ . bv inquest adjourned to yesterday , at which t ^' two investigations went on at the same time ; ' one at the Union-honso , Bridgend , before the c magistrates , the Rev . Mr . Knight and IT tta y Franklyn , who ex-mined into the . death < r ' thti farmer , Howeil , the Coroner being preclude « # _„ going into that inquiry from tha circm n " sf » nce of the jury having given , a verdict that he ^ - '" , the visitation of God ; and the other before tb' ««! , „« , at Laleston , Mr . Herapath being examined , st ' ^ J . ZT 1

      he had carefully ex amined the stomach an 1 in ^ tiaesot the deceased-woman , Harvey ; but , although ^^ wgr £ traces of active inflammation throughout , ^ * . ^ . been able by any of the tests which fte bad ' ar ] DHBd to discover the existence ol poison . This , how fT . ™ be remarked , did not prove that poison i ' * ' l J ™** administered , as it frequently happened tb £ \™ : „„!! , title * of arsenic might be taken without ii 8 lif ^ dtaS " vered in either the stomach or intestines w 6 " " stand , however , that Mr . Herapath has ^ nested to £ aUowed to examine the liver of the dc 1 . ?!^ _ . _ _ ¦* WlUWtu IU »« U ! UD vuo »»» % . » «» >»»~ »• - rfyvi /? \

      .-OHBrman In the case of the man ( Howell > he stat- Xttat hlfS diatinct evidence of arsenic having be * *^^ 5 ° »™ he produced before tbe magistrates ' . tZT ' lnmt metallic arsenic . It appears also « - ^ "JJ ™ , ? that when he returned from the er SaVSS Su bad been sent by the prisoner out , > n Thonias wj " ^ white paper packet in her hand , wl ^ sfae ^^ her husband . The two prisoners , after being du , ^ j d & made a statement , which , it w . i ^ seen ^ contradictory . * Mrs . Thomas said , she told fe * r Lnsband to b fe fa bottles and destroy the center to b JjJJ there might be something m . tb , m wMeh wouW * JJ some one .

      Mr . Thomas , on the contrary 8 tates ^ fa them without h ^ wife's knov ^ W her of it she said he ought r o ( to ba ? e d ( me j Mr . Herapath on bis arr iVal > cauged ^ i 30 ner . house to be searched , and b u taken a tb&fragments cf the j « . r . &c , for further exsuJinatj on . s The inquiry was then s , djoarned for a week and tJje prisoners remuDded . The Marquis of ' £ XETer on Saturday last reduced by ten per cei lt tjje wages of all the workmen and labourers ' n { ,, - g emplOy at Burghley and the other estates ot nj 3 Lordship . The plea is , that ih « reduction is to meet the income-tax on the one hand , and the r educed price of provisions on the ot ?< e \\ Tho savi j , t 0 x , or ( j Exeter , it is stated , will be £ 500 a-year . - ^ -Stamford Mercury .

      Os Moitoa-V morning week , at Winthorpe , in the conuty oi Lincoln , a poor woman named Jessop , in a moni ( j » t ot frenzy , nearly cut off the head of her child , four months old , and then cut her own throat in s \ ieh a manner as to render medical aid unavailing . The most complete destitution is said to bo the cause of this sad act . At the time of her recent confinement , straw was her bed , and one blanket her covering , white the house did not contain a single , parttcie of food for her and her five children . Curious Case . —A . curiou 3 case occupied the attention of the magistrates at the Lambeth Policaoffice on Monday . The following application waa made by Mrs . Harriet Campbell , a midwifp ,

      residing at 17 , Umberstone-street , Commercial-road East : —She stated , that on the evening cf the 10 th of Angust last , at dask , an elderly gentleman , enveloped in a large travelling cloak , brought to her house a young and delegate female , and entreated shelter and assistance for the latter , who was very ill at the time , and in fact in labour pains . The fireutleman added , that they had been on the river together in a steam-boat , and the lady having witnessed a coili ion beiweon the boat which they were in and a wherry , by which the latter was upset , and tlireo or four persons placed in great jeopardy , premature labour had been brought on , which rendered it impossible for him to take her to her residence at tha west end of the town .

      Applicant , from motives of humanity , and observing that the young woman was momentarily about to become a mother , took her into her house , and had scarcely time to prepare the necessary accommodation before tbe lady was safely delivered of a daughter . The gentleman who accompanied her evinced and expressed the greatest possible anxiety for the safety of both mother and infant , and entreated that a suitable nur 3 e should be provided for the htt ^ r , the mother not bein « able , from its premature birth , to suckle it ; and witness engaged the wife of a mechanic in the neighbourhood to take charge of it , tho gentleman agreeing to pay 7 s . a week for its care . The lady remained at her house for throe wet ks . during which time she was conthe the

      stantly vi . ^ it ^ d oy gentleman in cloak , whom sbe roprubt-nied to be her uncle , and said his name was Williams , and that he was a grocer in a very extensive way of business . She also said that her name was Catharine Mills , that her mother kept the Union Inn , at Carnarvon , of which place her naole was the clergyman , and that she had a third uncle , the cap ' ain and owaer of a vessel . When the lady left her ( the applicant ' s ) honse the gentleman gave her £ 2 for her trouble , and U 3 . a fortnight had been sent her for the nur 9 e until the 27- h of November , when it ceased , and from that period to the present she had not heen able to learn anything whatever about them . About a month after the payment ceased , a lady of dashing appearance called , and told her to continue to- pay the weekly amount , for she little thought what rank of life the young lady

      moved in . She said she was a lady of fortune , entitled , whea . coming of age , to a property of £ 3 , 000 a yaar ; , that she was then only sixteen years ef ago , and had unfortunately become preguant by her mother ' s foot boy . The mother had managed to get the servant sent on board the hulks , and had given the geuttsmaa in the cloak' £ 200 to procure her daughter a safe asylum during her confinement . This statement , from a person of such an appearance as tho lady , satisfied Mrs . Campbell for some time , and many months she continued to pay for tha support of tho infant She could not now continue to do so , and applied to the nugistrate for advice , the parish of St . George having refused to relieve her of tho oinld . ' Sho had uia'le every inquiry at Carnarvon , but nothing conM beasc-rMined of t ' ie moth . r rr ! . ; t . fo- ' . ex ' "' ' * . Pie Ci * was c ' o'Wrjd f jr the alienaanoa oi cn-3 pai-ish officer ...

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      TO THE CHARTISTS OF EDINBUBaH AND

      ARBROATH . Lovers of Democracy , —In coarse of some remarks addressed to a few friends assembled in Whitfi = ld Chupel , Edinburgh , to do honour to our persecuted brother , Robert Peddie , I undertook to prove , in public discussion , that Messrs . Robert Lowery and Abriun Duncan w ere politically dishonest I have received letters from these gentlemen of the moat scurrilous dtacription , stating terms upon which they will meet me , that no man of Chartist integrity could accede to . An opinion , therefore , seems to have gone abroad that I have shrunk ( torn the contest ; I beg most distinctly to state tbat suoh is not the fact . On the following terms 1 am theif man ; and I presume none will say they are uufair ^—

      First—That they accept my challenge by wruing direct to me , stating the timu and place they wish the discussions to come off . Secend—That the largest possible place of meeting be secured , and that there be no money cha ged for admission . Third—That they appoiat individuals to act with the undermentioned who will see fair play given on all sides . Fourth—That I will furnish them with my charges against them in writing within four days after the receipt of their letters accepting my challenge , and ten days before the nights appointed for the discussions . Fifth—That the Chairman , at tha closa of the discussion each night , do take the united judgment of the siudienca as to wbetker or not the eharges have been proven .

      Now , my friends , I trust these Gentlemen are possessed of a sufficient share of moral courage , to meet me openly , and defend their public acts , and their private stabs , aimed at the people ' s best and most disinterested friendB . The « shuffling will not do for Hia ; if they do not come forward I will draw them out by a complete exposure of their treacherous attempts to sell the party from whose pence * hey have lived for several years past I am prepared to meet them in any town on this side the Tweed , a ; daltheugh not over rich to defray coach and railway expences , I have a good pair of Irish legs that never yet refused to perform their office , and I am no way loath to use them in the cause of truth and justice . Yi u will also observe , that according to my conditions , thoy cannot expect any cash from the proposed discussions .

      I will appoint . . 13 my friends , at E iinburgh , Messrs . M'Leod , Al an , Liin ' jn , Watson , MDon ; ild , MAUst'jr , and Cumming . In Arbroath , Mr . Robert Haggins , and others whom he may select . With a hope that you will not permit any undue advantage to be takua , and thanking those who have apprised me of the secret workings of my wily opponents , I have tbe honour to remain . Your Brother on the common level of Political Equality , Con Murray . 139 , Salt Market-street , Ol&sgow .

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      TO THE COUNCIL OF THE ARBROATH CHARTISI ASSOCIATION . Gentlemen , —Your advertising puff in last week ' s Star is answered in my letter of this day , addressed to the Chartists of Edinburgh and Arbroath . I remain , Geotlamen , A Scourge to Political Traffickers , Con Murray . i » *< 9 / i »^^^^^ wr fWi ^ i » r in in . 1 1 r nm

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      HARMONY HALL . LETTER VIII . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STARSir , —I have in this letter to show some of the practical steps necessary to be taken for the formation of a universal association for the relief of tbe human race from the poverty , vice , and crime which now everywhere so frightfully abound . The first practical step is to lay down the principles upon which the union shall be formed ; for unless these shall be clearly understood , and -can be easily referred to in cases of difficulty , it * ili be useless to attempt anything like a universal association , and hot only must this be the case , but the principles must be capable of exhibiting to the minds of all , such manifest proof of their truth and utility , as shall make all desire to embrace them .

      Up to tbis period no principles have been acted upon , systematically , in any a # e or country , which could by possibility produce that universal chirity and kindness which is necessary to give the stimulus to human action , to produce eueh a change as is now reqnired throughout society . It has been reserved for this , our day , when the facts of by-gone ages have been sufficiently numerous and extensive ; and have been collected and arranged by Mr . Owen , in such a manner as to form cleaT and distinct sciences , namely , the science of human nature and of society , for man to be enabled for the first time to meet bis fellow-man on a broad and comprehensive plan , with an equal desire to promote the happiness of others , thnt he has to forward his own . This association , then , can only he fermed on three great and everlasting truths , the opposites of the three errors named in my last letter , which truths

      are—1 st That man does not form his own character , either physically , mentally , or morally , but is made to be what we call healthy or unhealthy , learned or ignorant , good or bad , in proportion to the original organisation received at birth from bis parents , without his knowledge or consent ; and to tbe circumstances which are made to act upon this organisation from birth through life , which circumstances are equally forced upon him . 2 nd . That he has not the power of himself te believe or disbelieve any particular thing or creed , but must do so according to the impression * made upon his iniud ; and in early infancy , it is vury easy either to impress true or false ideas upon the mind . 3 rd . That he hna not power over his feelings to love or hate , but is compelled to love or to hate according as external objects produce impressions upon him .

      These three truths continually kept before us , as the guiding principles of tbe society , will remuve tbe causes of all anger , hatred , ill-will , and jealousy , and will give that spirit of charity and kindness for the feelings and actions of others , tbat will continually stimulate ustoperBevere in rendering them every kindness , aa we shall be convinced that we are thereby , in the most effectual manner , promoting our own well-being and happiuesB . Having clearly before us . the principles on which we associate , and the ultimate object to be obtained , the atxt step will be to form ths orgartiz ition of the society , and decide the order in which the advance shall be made towards the object comtemplated . This step must be taken by the selection of " the person the most

      highly qualified to act as President , ^ ho ould be invested with sufficient power to decide in all cases of difficulty , whether the principles of the association had been acted upon or not . Ana this President should immediately choose a council capable of acting with him , in order that there , may be at all times poifect and entire unity throughout the operations of the society ; and this Council , with an active nnd efficient Secretary , will be sufficient to set in motion and carry forward all the measures I have enumeratud , however vast and extensive they may become . Tho earliest business of the President and Council will be to collect and register the names or tbe central contributors to the land fund ; and to grant charters for the establishment of branches or classes

      in proportion to the members , for the purpose of local contributions ; and the parties so contributing rauBt also be registered , with their ages , numbers of their families , state of general health , occupations in life , the manner in which they can advRnce the interest * » f the society , either pecuniarily e * otherwise , if drafted on the ] a ; id , and » uch othur particulars as it imy be desirable to ascertain . They should also , if possible , be immediately located on the land , and call to their assistance the best minds they can procure to carry on the agricultural and gardening operations in the most superior manner that the present knowledge acquired in

      these sciences will admit ; and they should employ upon the land the greatest quantity of manual labour that the means afforded them will allow . They should , at the same time , make provision fora eound practical education - not in mere book-1 arning , but by realities in the actual business of life , —being given not only to the children who may bo placed in tbe first estftb'i » hment , but it should become a Normal School for training both children and tdults in such broad and comprehensive views of tbe benefits to be derived from association on universal principles , with one geseral interest , as shall tender th 6 ui fit , in their turns , to become the tescbers and instructors of others .

      As soon as the registration was rendered tolerably effective , the President and Council should issue a manifesto or preliminary Charter , settiag forth the objects which , in tbeir opinion , c ould be immediately obtained by a strong and united agitation ; and the whole force of society in fact of the millions—should be directed to the attainment of these objects by the enly truly legal power or force that can ever accomplish any great work , namely , the pewer or force of an enlightened public -opinion . This preliminary Charter should not be confined to any minor or petty objects ; or to the obtaining of the objects sought through any favour or assistance from individuals , parties , sects , or classes . Let the benefits to be derived be clearly and distinctly seen , let them be shown tft be universal , and of sufficient magnitude and importance , and let tbe means of procuring them be made evident , and it is not in the cftture of man to mist what shall once be proved to him to be bis own interest .

      A great mistake' has hitherto been made in all public agitations , by the parties acting as though men could be led forward faster than their convictions were obtained , and this must be avoided . Tbe sure , the safe , the steady , and the speedy course will be to giro tiiue for the public to weigh veil the measures put forth , and whilst there should be no aupineness or inaction on the one band , neither on the other should there be any b * = ty rushing forward to grasp at things beyonu our re ; ich , thereby losing in a shadow those benefits which are obtainable , and preventing , or rather delaying , the accomplishment of the ulterior desicn .

      The practical reformer will always be distinguished by a calm , sober , philosophic bearing , under any circumstances that may occur . He m » y be reviled , vituperated , aud calumniated ; those even with whom he is associated , and whom he most devotedly desires to serve , may array themselves against him , and for a time overpower him ; but if he be acquainted with the sciences of human nature , and of society , or with the three great truths or principles on . which alone this association could be founded , he will Boon rise beyond all party or personal considerations , and proceed with energy on the course before him .

      Tbe first step towards procuring the required conviction will be gained by securing aa large a portion of the public press as will open their columns to the advocacy of universal objects , and taking care they are from time to time well supplied with information regarding the progress of tha society . The day has arrived when tbe public mind demands better food than it boB hitherto been supplied with , and if well arranged measures are devised , aud are calmly treated on , there is no doubt but tbey will readily receive insertions in many quarters .

      Another mode of assisting to accomplish tha same object , will be by bending forth tartented practical missionaries , capable of shewing clearly and forcibly the importance of the measures contemplated , and the manner fti which they are to bo obtained ; and these parties must act in unity , directing the tnimls of t ' ie pronlr to one focu . ' -, -. ip' n ^ z ftj ; ii . 'ii ^ iio . ydi iiue rtt-uiuiD' -. 'cding his owu pi <; uli . ; r vkws . Ii iLait ba n

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      . == s == THE NORTHERN STAR . 7

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 6, 1843, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1211/page/7/