Current:

Northern Star (1837-1852), 17th April 1841, Edition 1 of 5, Page 3, Untitled Article

Page 3
Page 3
3 of 8

On this page

  • Departments (3)
    • * 5<*iefcS.
    • THE SOUTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, APRIL 17, 1841.
    • " WHO WILL BELL THE CAT *'»
  • Text (7)
  • Transcript

    • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

      Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

      Untitled Article

      THE FLEET PAPERS , Nob . 14 and IS . Pavey , London . These two numbers are of an unusually stirring \ vaterestiag character , and not an admirer of Sdiard Oasller should for a moment—they trill not ** maV say—be without them . It is not that we s » ramueh from Mr . O&stler / a own pen in either f-mber what little we have is of the usual sterling TmSfrr and is pervaded with the eloquence and ear-Stjreod-heartednees of the writer ; bat it ib on SelaBt of the very appropriate and-cuttingly seyere Zmntt £ on of evidence from the workers in Mr . J . G .

      I hWhall ' s own mills , by way or contrast against his 2 TU denunciations of the landed aristocracy for tto eraelty he charges then with , that the two Sabers before as are ao interesting and valuable . Xlb . J- G . Marshall has thundered away his *¦*»« of grape shop amongst the aristocracy , for fS-the calls their inhumanity and want . of feeling , juf which is asserted in vague and general although kaentl * sanifieant terms , whas will he say to the gKelL the "Old King" has throw * into his jjZx ? every shot o / which tells with terrible effect iadis taken from hia own store-house ! Oastler f tss opens and continues his broadside : —

      " it present , Me J . 6 . Marshall , th « Fax-spinner , j Leedj and Shrewsbury , has made biimself Tery pro--jjjjent , by taking Earl Fiturflliam to task . i , j t jj no : my intention to interfere in their quarrel , hot I cannot permit each , an opportunity to pass na-Ceded . I gneve to tiink that a noblwnan should , tTbis «» n imprudence , nav # given the millocras a j ^ j ^ tb irtich to assay the detraction of biB order . ' « Its Bobk Earl's never-to-be-sufficiently-deprecated — commendation ' to pay no more taxes—his close con-« 2 [ on and constant friendship -with the Leeds reg ^ nerV - » bo threatened ¦ to behead ti » e Xing , " and v groaned at the Queen ;'—hia strennotff support d Ha $ e * 2 o&i Law , and other matters in Earl rapriUiai& ' ft political career , render him a vulnerable

      ^ Althou gh T shall not interfere the dispnte , I gtS do good service to my country , if , by his works , lAff * yosvrho and -what this champion o ? liberty is , Ytn cu undertaken to throw a lance at Earl Fitz-^ jgya . wn # is tail friend of the working classes ? ^ pfca js tb « liberal reformer ? The following state-£ g £ s aa ^ assis t-yon in cfiienlatinft the character of . this to to ' your order . " Taey majr also aerre to con-rince £ » people of England , that nothing will be gained to ten , if tbe miilocrats should happen , unluckily , fc , jraeaede enzr ancient nobUitj—the disgracs of the \ - ) ta is , that taey have been keeping company with Sn tyrant m iiloct&ts , and have taken some lessons tsi rftkeir book ; else , not a nobleman could have uprated sach * crael , tyrannical , execrable , and jgmcioes measure , as the accursed New Poor Law .

      • "If yga » the landlords of England , iTmtfavn of listening to , » d leifBius yeoreeires , with the miUocrats , had v&&iat& tbe rights and independence of your la-Ijerew , —if , in place of sacrincinf the latter , by de ' . iuriagtbem up to th » tender mercies of the former , yon ttadeoeosnged and protected their labour in your fields , VI shonMnot now have witnessed a Leeds flax-spinner teing to charge Esrl EitZTilliam and his orier with jobbery , iwad , and nrarder . ' It is not , bowerer , the fir * time tint Satac has been charged with reproving ta , Tne facts which I shall relate , selected , at the moment , from many more , will prove hjw much ' brass ' aast have been required to enable Mr . J . G . Marshall to ippea ? is the field > s the public champion of liberty tad justice !

      *• Myolject , Sir , jn poWishing tie subjoined extracts , ti tte pre » s £ t moment , is solely because J think it qpjorUnie to wars the aristocracy , and to induce them to 1 » T 8 off Meddling with tfce philosophy of the ' liberal jnd-ennghtened' factory monster . The Xew Poor Law h only <« e branch of the Factory system , intended f jtrin the tgncattvnil poor into the factories . "I fea-re not had to travel far for the extracts which folkjr—they are ail selected from one "volume , viz : — 'The Repor t of the Select Committee on tbe Factories ' Beplation Act , printed by order of tbe House of Comjbob * , * Jh of August , " 1 S 32 . " These extracts all rerer to the ¦ rark-psopie of Mr . Marshall , the flax-spinner of Leedi and Shrewsbury . If more should be required , tbe suns Tolunie "irill supply them . I have no roem fcreonaMBt ; tbeynted none : —

      'My nsxne is Elixs MarshalL J lire id Leeds . I was bsm is Doscaster . I am seventeen years old . My fcaei is dead . He was guard of a coach . My mother eaae to Leeds -when I was aine years old , to seek wort for at I got work at Mr . Marshall ' s & 3 X mill , in ¦^ a tff ^ aLe . I . left there because it was so dusty ; it staffed me so , that I could scarcely spe&k . It affected bj health . I should not have lived long if I had not left The factory-bell was a doleful Bound to me . My fcttie ins deid , ray mother was very poorly off , and vj sister « od I did what we could for her . I have tried many an hour in the factory . I could scarcely feihome ; I was exceedingly fatigued at night Sometimes I bad to be ' trailed * home . I nave an iron on kj s $ ht leg—mj knee is contracted . It was a great naay to me to work . 1 was straight before . My Biter fc&s-earried me up to bed many a time- - I have

      Men ia out-paties ; of tbe Leeds Infirmary nearly tnive nwathj , and this last winter I have been into fte Infirmary s-x weeks . I was under Mr . Charley ; ftey pm irons on to my legs , which cost the Lnbaxrj £ & . I have gone with great difficulty to the urBl , fid amid not tell anybody wb&t I esfiered . They could act believe me , I am sure , if I did . My mother was wry unhappy to see me so dealt with ; she cried , but tie eodd not keep me at home . I was obliged to go , or else drep is the streets . I went to the mill * as long u I eouid . At last t-cried , and uss-d to fall back in 13 d whan they called me , so that they could not fiad H tbeir hearts to send me . I now live with my mother . MtCboiky has examined me thoroughly ; he says it h vftb long saniing , and tba ; the marrow ig dried up 5 nite out of the boae . He says , that when the marrow get& dried oat , it -will usTer be formed again , * u Charles Barns , states : —

      • IHveatlfo . 26 , Duke-street , Leeds . I am thirteen fern old . I began to work in Mr . MarshaU > flax mill ¦ " is I -was near eight years old ; I was then a bobbin-&fia . Vte worked from six in the morning to seven Sfcrntht We had forty miaotes allowed for dinner ! We had no allowance for breakfast or afternoon ' drinkhg"T I was very much tired and fatigued ;—as soon as I went home , and sat by the are , I tell asleep directly . I afterwards went to work at Mr . Ltightwn ' s flax mili "We were not allowed to sit do wn in Mr , Marshall ' s mill during the irhole day ! If we did , we should get beaten ! It if a commas thing for the children to be beaten . I hid » sister , who worked at Mr . Marshall's Ed she jot kiLed there . The overlooker behaved very

      bad to the children . When my sister was working there , he beat her , and the rest o ' f tbe children also . I * ai not able to attend a night school , or a Sondajschool , i had to rest on the Sunday morning . I should hiveliied to hayegons to the night school , bnt I could ° pt The boys and girls that are so orer-worked con-^» their case to be one of great hardship and sufferk * They are very unhappy indeed ,- when they want to eat their bread , it is so dusty , they cannot eat it ; fen food is spoiled , it is bo dnsty . They lose tbeir ppetites . Some of them are ill , and then they have to go home , sud rcacy of them die . They are almost Jtwyg missing their meals . Being so dusty , they are wre *< l to isie their meat home again . ' M Mark Best says : —

      'I am about fifty-six years old . I have beeD en-S * S « d &s overlooker in the flut min of Mr . Marshall . p » rerniar hours of work are from six to seven . When they are ' throng , ' from five to nine at night ! They * ly allfw forty minutes for dinner ! No time is allowed te breakfast or' drinkisg V The children put the food one side , and eat it as they can . Sometimes , when Mi * "work is bad , they are prevented getting it at all ; t * ! lavs fcen to take " it home again . Sometimes it is ¦ s ffirUed , that it is rendered unfit to eat . The dust ^ a aioat till they can scarcely Bee each other ! In the ?* £ -n > onis , the refuse hangs abont their mouths , while ™* 7 ** e earing their food ! Sometimes , in those djisty & * & * , it takes away their appetites , and they canno . t ¦ ft . They best the boys and gins wito a strap , to make look sharp . When they are fatigued , and tired , " * y * r e obliged to use them waree to make them keep 5 >"> The rooster * knout very icell thai iht children are

      **•* faafe « axd strapped ; they encourage the overlookers » do it ! xhe straps sre about one foot and a half * °° & « na there is a stick at the end of some of them , " » a the end of the strap , which they beat them with , rj ** ° * slit into five or six tbonga . They are regn-¦ " 7 made for tbe purpose ! Unleas they are driven ** flagged np , theycannet get the quantity of work ¦**?¦*« & from them . They are fined as well as beaten . j Ete ? ire fined for speaking to one soother!—for comb-*^_ * iierr hahr . —for washing themselves !—or cleaning ~*»« froeg ;— or doing anything , so as to go home **« rt at night : They are not allowed to do any such •™ Ci if the -work was going on ever so well ; profound ?¦?** « enjoined . The children were exceedingly ^ P'ei T he usual honra of labonr are too locg for ¦ fcjttren to bear . When they go home , if they get ?* before the fire , they are asleep in a few i ^ *** - The . fine iriinnins rooms are Tery much

      S **^ » Dd full of steam . In winter , tte clotb . es of ~** who lire at a distance will be frozen to their ¦ ¥ « , sad quite stiff before they get bome . I have ?** t&s period of long labour , from five to nine , con-?** for fire or six months together . When the chil-~*** T 8 at home in consequence of illness , from overr ° * kg » ad long hour * , tfee master neither pays their 7 ^> n « for the doctor ! When any visitors are coming rj *** owr fht trtrfcj , they used generalXy io comt round , ** V aa hem- before , ojkJ tdl us to dean , and get our ~** iRes dma and Hdf against tie time . There vxs nc wpptBg or cruelty ff « ing on icheu the visitor * vert " St ^> hen Binns , aged thirty-nine , informed the ccm-° « tee : —

      I began to work in the factories when I was abont ¦ "p yeaa old . I hare worked in nine different fac-* ** ' AlMr . Marshall's factory , there is as much fpodbeloagbg to the chMren spoiled , as will half keej JM oroiooker ' Bpig . The work in the mills prodnces wtorai tyiutbe children—it lames them . The work ^ cted from the children is the ntmost possible we can » doae I—it cannot be done without resorting to flog-• ° 4 r It is aa offence for any to speak to another

      Untitled Article

      The water used for hot-spinning , is heated to 110 to ISO degrees ; Tbe children have almost continually to plunge their bands and arms in that water . Tbe beat of those rooms and the steam , almost macerates their bodies , and their clothe * are steamed and wet . When tbe masters go into tba room * , they do not look to the fatigue of the children ; bot if every oneis not doing their work , tbexe tea sharp look outafter them . If they fall sick , it is hardly thought twice about , but they are sent home directly . The employer * have abundant opportunity of noticing the excevive faligwt of the childrtn-employed l It is not allowed to have seats at all . They are not allowed to speak to each other . I never knew an overlooker discharged for cruel conduct . If a child complains of ill-usage , she gets discharged thai is all the redress she can have . The present system is ruining the rising generation j it is sacrificing tbe children for a paltry consideration : '

      " Samuel Bowne , of Hunslet Car , near Lseds , reports as follows : — * I am twenty-nine yean of age . I am a native of Shrewsbury . I was about ten years old when I began to work , at Mr . Marshall ' s mill at Shrewsbury . When we were brisk , we used generally to begin at five in the morning , and ran till eight at sight . Tbe engine never Btopped , except forty minutes at dinner time . These long hours were very fatiguing . The children were kept awake by a blow or a box ! Tery considerable severity was used in that mill ! I was strapped most severely , till I could not bear to sit upon a chair without having pillows ; and I was forced to lie upon my face in bed at one time ! and through that I left X was strapped on my legs , and then I was put on a man's back and strapped ! and then I was strapped and buckled with two straps to an iron pillar , and flogged !! After that , the overlooker took a piece of tow , aud twisted it in the shape or a cord , and put it in my

      mouth , and tied it behind mj head ! He thus gagged me , and then be ordered me to run round apart of the machinery , and he stood at one end , and every time I came round , he struck : me wi £ h a stick , which t believe was an ash plant , and which he generally carried in his hand , till one of tbe men in the room came and begged me off ; ! At one time I was beaten bo , that 1 had not the power to cry at all ! i I was then between ten and eleven years old ! It was whiter time , and we worked by gas-light , and I conld not catch the revolutions of the machinery , to take the tow out of the hackles ; it requires som « little experience , and I was timid at it , and pricked my fingers very much with the hackles . I cannot assign any other reason for it . ' He was not discharged from , the milL We were never allowed to Bit ! We were not allowed to talk!—not at all , by no means ! If this man heard us , he came to us with Mb stick . ' Young women were beaten aa well as young men !'

      " Jonathan Downe ' s statement follows : — ' I reside iD L 3 eds . I am twenty-five years old . I first went to work at Mr . Marshall's mill when I was seven years old . Tery severe methods were adopted , in order to compel us to -work their long hours . I have seen boys knocked down with a strap : they haTe been called from their work , flogged , and then knockfcd down on the floor ; and when they have been on the floor , they have been beaten till they have risen , and when they have risen , they have been flogged to their work again . ' That was very common ! I know many who have been bound to pillars , and then flogged—it is quite common to do bo ! females were &ls » chastised ! >" o means were taitn to remove the overlooker who inflicted such extreme chastisement ! If we had

      complained to Mr . Marshall , we should have been discharged ; and whatever hand was turned away from Mr . Marshall ' s , Mr . BtDyon would not employ ; and whatever hand was turned away from Mr . Benyon ' s , Mr . Marshall would not employ;—and these were the only two mills in Shrewsbury . I have known a mother of two children , in Mr . Marshall ' s employment at Shrewsbury , knocked down by the overlooker ! Horseman , the manager , will go to the overlookers , and , if they have not done something stvere , he will say , * I have ne-ver heard of your dcing anything —you have never quarrelled with any » f the hands—do something , that I may hear of it , and I will stand your friend J' It ia the usual practice to prepare roilli , previous to their being inspected by strangers . It is a

      frequent thing at Mr . Marshall's mill , where the least children are employed , ( there are plenty working at six years of age !! provided a child should be drowsy , the overlooker traiks round the room , with a S'ick in his hand , and be touches that child on the shoulder , and says , ' Come here . " In the ccrner of th « room , there is an iron cistern—it ia filled with water ; he takes this boy up by tbe legs , and dipa him overhead in the cistern , and sends him to his work for the remainder of the day ! and that boy is U stand , dripping as he is , at his work ! he has no chance of drying himself ! That is the punishment for drowsiness !—for other offences there ie a steol fixed up at the end of tbe roam ; the boy who offends is put to stand on this stool , sometimes on both legs , and sometimes on one of his legs , with the other up , and he has a lever to bear in his bands , raised and stretched ever his head ; and there he has to

      stand , for tea , or fifteen , or thirty minute * , just as the orerlooker chooses ; and , provided he should lower bis arms , ( and it is a great weigat to bear for a quarter of an hour , ) I have seen tbe overlooker go and say , ' hold ap !* aod sometimes tbe boy will try to hold it up , and yet not have strength to raise it , and the overlooker cuts him with his stick , until he does actually get it up ; and the tears "will ran down his face when be is there standing . ' I hare seen this done there frequently —it is tbe regular practice ! We have a vast number of cripples . 8 aB * e ate crippled from losing their limbs —many from standing too long . It first begins with a pain in the ankle ; after that , they will ask the overlooker to let them sit down—but they must not . Then they begin to be weak in the knee—then knock-kneed —after that , their feet turn out—they become splayfooted , and their ankles swell as big as my flats . I know many dtfonued in the way described . "

      ' The perusal of such horribly disgusting , cruel details , showing by what means Mr . J . G-. Marshall has been made a rich man , mates the heart aick , and throngs the mind with thoughts that require w © U balancing , before they are expressed in words . " Who does not feel hia blood creep through his veins at the foregoing recitals of the deliberate , cold hearted , and barbarous slow murder of the young children of the factories ! Good God I and is a man in prison for exposing these enormities ; and for advocating hnmaniiy to the pallid , deformed , wasting , and perishing victims ! We have read that our

      forefathers in Druidical days made baskets of wicker -work , rudely shaped in the form of man , and then filled them with human offerings whom they burned alive to appease or gratify their Bavage gods . Here was at ail events sincerity of purpose , fell though it might t > e ; it had religious feeling for its basi 3 ; and the suffering , though horrible and awful , was not very protracted : but this devotion to the God Mammon-Moloch is more selfish , ia . for mere gain only , and prolongs the sufferings of death for day after day , month after month , or year after year , torturing its victims as the tiger does his -weak prey , as if feasting on their pangs and lengthened

      agonies . As Mr . Marshall has figured away against Lord Fitzwilh ' am , with the aid of a friend in the background , wbo has served him as the monkey served the eats with the chesnats in the fable , we would suggest the propriety of hi 3 appealing to his friend to give him a helping hand to get him out of the mire into which he baa dragged him . - We must reserve the plums of No . 15 for Onr next .

      Untitled Article

      Otjb comment upon the new move , in our last number , was necessarily brief . Ws were not taken by surprise ; though we confess our astonishment at tbe manner in which our anticipations have been realised . It is tbe fashion -with most political writers to predict events upon their occurrence f thus upon subjects never thought of we not unfrequently find our contemporaries launching into extravagant eulogiums upon their intuitive knowledge of facts , upon which , before they were known to all the world , our friends were dumb as the silent tombstone .

      However , that ice did predict the forthcoming alliance , we fihav ] presently submit what we trust will stand as unquestionable proof . In fact , we " belled tbe cat" before the " cat came out of the

      bag . " When we attempt to prove the affirmative or the negative of any proposition for our toil-worn readers , who have not bo much time to digest the whole matter as we have , they expect that we shall proceed to our work calmly and plainly , so as to aid them in the formation of a sensible and deliberate jndgment upon the Bubject . It is not enough that we say , " tit volo , " " « c Jubeo , " thus I will , and thus I command ; bat we must shew wherein our will should be their will j and then tbe observance of their command becomes onr honourable duty . Such are our reciprocal , dependencies . If we are not free , we cannot defend the rights of others ; whil » our freedom is of Ihtle nsa if not exersised * boldly , manfully , and i defiance of all danger . .

      We proceed , then , to shew , firstly , that this Association is of O'Coitxell , Hctme , and Roebuck ' s concoction ; and , secondly , that we predicted it , and instantly belled the cat , " in the &ar of the 6 tb of February , under the head " The

      Untitled Article

      " Mr . Hume submitted a definition of what he considered Household Suffrage ought to be , which was to be taken into consideration by tbe Association . ; He Stated that the leading men of the working classed , generally concurred in the definition , and bad promised to give their assistance , wen an agitation for such s Household Suffrage to be set on foot " Mr . O'Connell cordially concurred in the suggestions of Mr . Hume . He considered it as at the first importance that the reasonable portion of the Chartists should be got over to the aid of the Rational Reformers . He urged the necessity of some central body being established In London , for the diffusion of knowledge upon political subjects . The publie mind should "be saturated with facts bearing on the present ; gross defects in the representation of tbe people . '

      " Mr , Roebuck said that each a body was at present in contemplation in London , and be trusted that It would very speedily be set in operation , so as to act in concert with the Leeds Association . " Upon this announcement we proceeded to comment as fallows : — " Aye , aye , we were aware that the scouts were on tbe look-oat for fragments from the wreck of tbe good ship , ChMfcer , ' out of which they had , in their&neiful

      imaginations , built a tight little bark for Whiggery to float a little longer on th 6 stream ; but they have been mistaken . We were not asleep ; we knew what was to have been the sequel of a Whig triumph at Leeds . We told the people that it was to have been followed by a similar side-blow at Chartism at Leicester , Manchester , and Birmingham ; and by a whip in London . Hence we saw the full value of our triumph at Leeds . "

      After a few more comments we concluded the article thus : — . " Now , this is beld . We challenge them—we dare them— "we defy them , » nd -wo give them every man they can crimp—every bit of « ginger * they can purcnase , and our provincial delegates shall outnpx&bet the H-o-u-s-ehold ambassadors . ¦ 7 T " No , no ; we were not caught napping ; nor * jiU . we be so now ! London is garrisoned ; and no pAst service , even though it were half-hanging , can reconcile tbe troops to one single move of a pin ' s point from the thing—th © Charter . "

      " We have long since said that agitation is now too cheap and unfashionable , in its now lorrn , to' arrest the attention and command the services of getitlemeit too idle to work and too poor to ^ do without it . So much for the Rotunda meeting , ptAjmted allianee , and new definition of H-o-u s-ehoW Suffrage . " ' We imagine that no man of Bound min , d will for one moment doubt that the Association which has now sent forth its " Prospectus of Principle , " and which was to have acted with tbe Leeds Association

      lot Household Suffrage had it been successful , is that very Association to whioh Messrs . Hi'HE and Roebuck referred , and which Mr , O'CoriNEU . eo highly eulogised ; and that we did not for one single moment doubt who the parties were , will be abundantly proved by our close watching and immediate exposure of Mr . Collins ' a quibbles , qnirks , and shifts upon the question of Household Suffrage . In fact , being upon the spot , and seeing the part which he acted , it became at once plain and obvious , not only to us , but to every Chartist in Leeds , that his object was to get in the wedge , in order to split the popular party and erect a new one upon its ruins , at the head of which was to be placed the golden image , the " money-finders . "

      That we then predicted what has since taken place , reference to the whole article of Feb . 6 th will prove ; and that we would meet the conspiracy OU the threshold whenever it presented itself , the three last paragraphs which we have quoted above pledged us : and now we proceed fearlessly to redeem that pledge . Our first consideration in this painful but necessary duty , is to analyse the pretensions of those who thus lay olaim to so much public confidence , as to warrant the hope that our whole temple , which has cost so much in the erection , shall bo levelled , pulled to pieces , and destroyed , in order that the new architects may , from the materials , build up a better one , and more to public taste .

      Of Mr , Rogers , then , we know but little , and the Chartists know less . We know him to be what is called " a consistent Reformer" and disciple of Cobbkti—to have been Treasurer to the Convention , and to have resigned his trust : but further of his political labours in the Chartist cause we know nothing . Of his integrity as a man , we have the very highest opinion ; so we have of Mr . Bainesbut we would be sorry to be placed under his leadership .

      Mr . Mitchell . If not to know" Mr . jMiTCHEliL M argues one ' s self unknown , " we must e ' en suffer the charge of obscurity , and bear it as the penalty of our ignorance ; but positively we never heard of him before to our knowledge ; therefore if he is indeed worthy the appointment which he seeks , or rather which he has assumed—if wo are guilty of any offence against him , it merely amounts to a want of knowledge of the fashionable Chartist world . Mr . Collins we do know , and have known more of him than we could have wished of late . Mr . Lovett , we abo know , aad have known less of him than we could have desired of late ; however we have before apologised for his inactivity ; we could wish it had degenerated even into neutrality .

      Messrs . Cleavs and Hetherington are as well , nay better known , perhaps , to the Chartist world than ourselves ; therefore beyond the consideration of their part in the document under consideration we need make no comment . Before we comment upon the dangerous tendency of this document , let us consider whether or not the complainants are altother free from their principal charges , and whether or no they come into Court with clean hands . The complainants , then , charge tbe Chartists as follows : —

      " We have wasted glorious means of usefulness in foolish displays and gaudy trappings , seeking to captivate the sense rather than inform the mind , and aping the proceedings of a tinselled and corrupt aristocracy rather than aspiring to the mental and moral dignity of a pure Democracy . Our public meetings have , on too many occasions , been arenas of passionate invectlT , party spirit , and personal idolatry . " Now , with the exception of our very excellent and stanch friend , Dr . M'Docail , we know of no one person upon whom so much " foolish display " and " gaudy trapping" has been wasted of late as upon Mr . John Collins ; and , curiously enough , when M'Douall complained of the waste Mr .

      Coluss was aUogtther silent . We do wish that he had received this stroke of conscience before he put the warm-hearted people of Scotland to the erpenceof so many carriages and four greys , so many tea parties , public e » trie 3 , medals , scarfs , and all the insignia of "foolish displayand gaudy trappings , " aud before he put us to the expence of 6 ome £ 40 in reporting the honour thus conferred . This complaint from Mr . Collins , therefore , very forcibly reminds ub of the thrifty dame , who , after borrowing her neighbour ' s tea kettle for twenty years , at length got one of her own ; and then the good dame , good lack ! discovered that borrowing was a most injurious practice , and lending just as bad .

      " Onr public meetings have on too many occasions been arenas of passionai ^ invective , party spirit , and personal idolatry . " Our friends , whose answer to Mr . Lovbtt we embodied in out last week ' s short comment , have left us little to eay upon this latter charge , to which they havo so perfectly , and so feelingly , and so justly replied . One portion of the subject , however , appears to have escaped the memory of Mr . Lovbtt ' s correspondent , aud to which we shall direct his attention .

      This charge of " passionate invective , partyspirit , and personal idolatry , " comes with a bad , a very bad , grace from five out of the six complainants . Of lat © the only meetings , or nearly so , have been upon the subject of the Corn L * wb ; indeed all , where any " passionate invective" or " party feeling" were manifested ; and here we ask if it was not the unanimous recommendation of the Convention , of which Messrs , Lovett , COLLINS , Cleavx , Hethebikgtoh , and Rogebs were members , that all agitation for a repeal of the Corn Laws should be resisted , overcome , and pnt down 1 With what colour of right , or show of justice , then , can they now turn upon those who in thus displaying their " personal idolatry , " hare bnt acted upon the adviee of the complainants themselves f

      Untitled Article

      % * » P « rh » P 8 , ourfriendansyanswer , " yes , bnt ** w **? ^ ** eiet * $ < W # H <> ttS with coolness and argument , and not with angr j feelings and passion-> k ^ W «** Me ^ XovsiT « nd Cou . iKS , m-: OT ^' : ^ t . * ra 8 . the resolution for which they ^^ . * w fc | yemoptha m ^ wwuskGaoU Was it » ° * :- $ & •¦* & declaratiott that the people , while pewf ^ ojy * legally , lujdWti twtionaliyXand not pasai < m » $ y or iatemperajei y ) discussing their griev . ance % w » e brutally , illegally and unooMtUationsdly attacked w ^ dispersed , with " passionate invective " wui sgte | feeling !" -.

      A «** f l ^ tilRjPSt enquire who in these " passion-** e iftT « fltit « Ml * exhibitionB of paWy feeling" have ; be «* the a « r *» ra ? whether the Chartists , as the oo »» plainant « most dishonourably and unjustly charge jot those hired bludgeon lecturers and the other j » ter »« ted parties Who grew intolerant from Chartist long forbearance , until at length it became n « oe 8 Bary $ p : ineet invective by inveotire , and angry feeling with angry feeling . Ia eTery single case the Chartkfil have nobly acted upon the very suggestion o £ ihe Convention , of which fire of the complainants > i « we members . ; ¦

      Surely , Mf . HEXHEajNGTON could not hare joined in this dJnnnciatioa of the Chartists ' conduct at public mwftfags , else he must hare forgotten his letter . ofTJmtification of their conduct to the Morning Chrenioktt bo recently written ; and surely Mr . Cleave did not read it , also he mustl hare forgotten his recent part at the most angry meetiig we have

      reoerded for t a long time , ( indeed , ever we may say , ) held but ; a . tew weeks since ¦; at the' Crown and Anchor . «^ Bu t , perhap 8 V ^ beifrg in opposition to Mr . W-M / rsa , * Tory , may constitute the difference . We are will ^ isr » o a <> moat of the gentlemen , indeed alt of theaythe-Ju ^ lfieto say that they have never , to our ka oM | W | $ , evinced any " angry feeling" or " party inyipuW ? at a ainglo Wiig meeting that has bejBaca *^ ia tfct , ^| IIetropoH 8 Within out recol - l ^ a /* ri / iTi ¥ *• ' '¦ ' " -Tt * - *^ * " - " ' - ¦'¦ •> > . "

      As for the . . " personal idolatry , " we shall only add , in addition to what haa been already said , — " sour grapes 5 " V When Mi . O'Coknor worked himself nearly to death , forming committees of supply £ n * d release for Messrs . Lqybtt < and CoLi , i ! t 8 ; 'ife never , heard a sentence in ^ condemnation of that respect of which he literally rjade them idols . But , perhaps , like tho temple , the itgts too have lost their charm , and new

      ones are to be let up in their stead . There are i * 0 Bft who would blend popular idolatry with electon A * support to gain Parliamentary honours ; and /*© fear , they have become golden images with Bew worshippers . We think , however , that the personal idolatry may be strung with the "foolish displays and gaudy trapping , " and hung round Mr . Colmns ' s neck with ' his various medals , aa he ia tho only one of that party who , of late , has been made an idol of .

      VVe shall now consider the professed object of the parties , and the means by which that object is to bo achieved . Of course , in the outset , the Charter is the object ; indeed nothing else would do to bait the trap . Any declaration short of the whole Charter , would at once strangle the infant in the cradle . The object then is to achieve the Charter , and the means are by a voluntary tax of two hundred and fifty-six thousand four hundred and eight pounds per annum . Fore Gad , this is coming it strong ! and smells rank of the old fox , Dan . But to the object .

      Now , is there one single man of the six , or one man with half an eye in England , who is not awa . ro that the real object of the new move is to destroy the old move ! Do tho parlies themselves not know , and know full well too , that our last course must be their first course—that every stone which we have been placing with so muoh care , one on tho top of the other , must be pull « d down ; our top stones being their foundation stones . Do they require equality ! No ; if they did , they would join in what is already so far progressed , and , by their judgment endeavour to repair what is faulty , instead of a ^ wmpting to destroy what is sound . They must 'Snow that ' two Associations , holding aloof from each ^ h *^ - ' ' when their * < Professed

      object is identical , m !^ ^^^ W ^^ ttfi ^^ he ^ feiust know , ap indeedvTtaey plfttny ^^ fflSs , that to arrive at that point where they invite us to stop short , would cost them years of trouble , and . the nation millions of money . They cannot be ignorant of these things ; and hence , we fear that discord was in truth their object , though of course not their professed object . What claim , we would ask , have they to public confidence , beyond any man now acting upon the Executive of the National Charter Association 1 0 ! " Mr . Roebuck has not yet said it is a legal body . " True , true ; we forgot that III

      These six gentlemen , while they diRclaim all intention of interfering with any Association now ill existence , at the same time modestly style themselves " The National Association of the United Kingdom . " After which in ten distinct clauses , the first commencing with a falsehood , they set forth their object ! 1 . They disclaim any notion of interfering with any Association now established , while in section No . I , they commence thus : — " To establish IN ONE GENERAL BODY persons of all creeds , " and bo forth .

      Now , here again , our Metropolitan friends may turn upon us and say , " 0 ! but we leave every man to tho option of joining as many associations as he pleases . " True again ; but if it requires the enormous bum of more than a quarter of a million annually to carry out the dear ' objects of one , how many more can each man efficiently supporti Seotion No . II , is a sprat to catch a mackerel ; as of course , nothing but the whole Charter will now take .

      No . Ill , at once proclaims that the organisation is to be carried on upon new principles , enforced by new missionaries ; as the words "seeing that the intentions of the general body are carried into effect , " has that and no other diplomatic meaning . In fact , this section savours of much authority . These three first sections we may take as declaratory of the objects set forth in the seven which follow , and in which the " modus opermndi " is laid down .

      But then , alas ! wo come to tho means , £ 256 , 400 per annum . Of course , we may be told that this is all voluntary , and may , or may not be raised ; that its colleotion is merely put hypothetically . True again ; but , if it fails the whole fabric of which it is the very groundwork , fails also ; beoauae all the plans in the Ten Commandments are declared essential to the success of the project ; and the £ 256 , 480 per annum being the means of their accomplishment , becomes an indispensable . Therefore , we shall deal , firstly , with the chances of getting the money , and , secondly , with the proposed mode of expending the money if we had it .

      We find that the number who signed the National Petition are relied upon , certainly hypothetically , as data for volunteer tax-payers . Let as , from the natural disposition of man to have a finger in his own pie , just see in how far this would suit the taste of one of the very best Radical towns in the empire , Glasgow . Suppose , then , that Glasgow < itb up io tbe mark and had 60 , 000 signatures , each signature standing for aid . per week ; this would leave to Glasgow thirteen thousand pounds annnally , to be spent in , and fox , Glasgow . It would give them four

      district Halls , or Normal or industrial Schools , at ' £ 3000 each , and fifty libraries at twenty pounds each , every year ; whereas if they put that sum into the National Lottery , it would be bnt tbe price of a ticket , by which they may , or may not , b « entitled to 43000 . Now in the good old times , according to the Grand Lottery scheme , a man got hiB chance of a £ 40 , 000 prize fora £ 23 ticket ; but here he gets his chance of a £ 3000 prize for a £ 13 , 600 ticket , and so with many other towns . " True , again , " say the Nationals ; " but zounds , death and the devil ! who will argue cramped and narrow a view of

      Untitled Article

      patriotism ; shonld not all work for all ? " Yea , we answer , and so they do ; and work best by working in their own locality , under their own direction , and according to their own judgment ; not by doing what missionaries shall ore fit . But suppose we have the money . The object is to have industrial halls and libraries . These places have to be built , and the laying the foundation stone of the first industrial hall would be like the cold creation of a new world . We think we see a poor hand-loom weaver looking wistfully at the slow fire which is destined to boil his pot , exclaiming with the fox , when he - —— on heap of stones , " That will be a good fire when H lights i "

      Will some good fellow furnish ns , next week , with an appropriate dialogue between one of the architects laying the foundation stone of the first ballthe new temple of Liberty , and a hand-loom weaver with nine children , waiting its completion as a means of relief 1 "But we havo the money ; the bject is , Jo carry the Charter , and we are quite sure that none will deny that with the Charter knowledge , temperance , and industry would progress ten thousandfold quicker than without it ; therefore , we all agree that , fit or unfit , the sooner we get the Charter the better . " Well , then , we have the money , and now let us try oar hand at the expenditure .

      " Tne value of anything Is just the price that it will bring . " What would our friends think of the following application of £ 256 , 480 ! [ we love to write the sum , it looks so TEMPTING , and * so werry TICING . " ] We have , then , the £ 256 , 480 , to be applied as follows : —Wages of one hundred independent Members of Parliament , at £ 1 , 600 eaoh for the Session , £ 150 , 000 ; for the support of a Morning Paper , the same size as the Morning Chronicle , to be sold at 2 £ d . » £ 10 , 000 ; ditto , for an Eveuing Paper , safneaize and price , £ 5 , 000 . ; ditto , for a

      weekly p « p * , largest size allowed by , law , at 3 d . ; £ 5 , 000 ; for wages for a atanding Parliamentary oj ^^^ ip ^* syr 60 t ; jto ,. 8 it in . London during the Session , and to be elected by the whole people , at £ 10 per week each , for twenty-five weeks , and removal at pleasure of the people , £ 1 , 750—the duties of committee to pay members at the end of each month , stopping salary according to scale of nonattendance , or any other neglect ; 10 * missionaries at £ 5 per week , for twenty weeks , £ 10 , 000 . Balance for election fund , defenoe fund , tract fund , and other incidental expences , £ 74 , 730 per annum .

      Now , what would our friends think of such an " Appropriation Ciaupe , " the enactment of which would , we fancy , put us , in less than two years , in joint possession of all the Town Halls , Science Halls , Union Halls , Normal and Industrious Schook * Libraries , Parks , Pleasure Grounds , Publio Baths , Buildings , and Places of Amusement , in the kingdom , ready built , furnished , stocked , and raised to our hands ; instead of expending annually the sum of £ 240 , 000 ; nearly the whole amount of the annual taxes , in what the economists call " unproductive labour , " piling bricks and mortar on top of each other .

      Then the economists did not consult their brethren , although some parts of the address bear evident marks ot slight disapprobation recently experienced by men who were "idols" before they threw the idolaters upon their own resource ? , and would now givethem"washing BATHS . " We thought we should require a dip for an electoral qualification , aud next we shall want perfume , what Mr . O'Consor called

      the "fashionable stink . " True again , " say the Nationals , " bukwhere will you get the 100 members V We have them ; only give us the £ 1 , 500 a piece for them and we have them , 200 if we want them , ready madeinthemarket , ayeandin the House . Twenty-fire ten pound notes , on the first Monday of every month , would be a tempting thing ; fifty English , forty Irish , and t en Scotch ; there they are , and a contest , a violent contest for priority .

      Do our friends suppose that parties who now vote black white for the mere purpose of getting & paltry commission in the army or navy , a small living in the church , or an appointment to a £ 300 a year commission for a brother , friend , or cousin , would M # *» te ( hat wtrtt * wwirhite ^ ofthepleasun } of JUik ting £ 1500 a year into their own fob t Sinecuri « ts , half-pay officers , little barristers , small pensioners , ministerial hacks , would scratch each others eyes out in such a contest . Government don't give one half the sum to as many members for slavish work , and by whioh alone they keep up their majorities .

      One hundred independent gentlemen would firstly cut off all the money-mongers who could sot leave the Temple by day , by obliging the House to meet by day . Our hundred would force Government , upon all questions , and upon Supply questions , to keep the House up to a four hundred pitch , at the very least . Our hundred members would have a double barrelled daily press , to annoy the enemy ' s flank and a weekly cannonade to defend their country

      garrisons . It is by this very system , at which the French Chamber of Deputies has recently levelled so tremendous a blow ; that our court party is enabled to procure its ascendancy in both Houses of Parliament , by pensioning pauper Peers and bribing pauper Commons . We could pay 150 , if necessary , but we prefer keeping a sinking fund of £ 75 , 000 annually , for " incidental expences" for which our friends reserve only £ 126 a year .

      It must be borne in mind that all our arguments are based upon the presumption that wo have the £ 256 , 480 j and let it be borne in mind that , failing in its acquirement , our friends' objects are all unattainable ; therefore , the only question at issue is , whioh plan would most speedily achieve the proposed grand object— " the Charter V That is the whole , the sole , the only question . In fact , the naked proposition is just this ;—A certain amount of abstinence ,

      information , self-respect , and so forth , constitutes so many requisites for the attainment of a certain object . The question at issue , therefore , is resolved into a narrow compass , namely , whether or no the means considered indispensable for the accomplishment of the proposed object are attainable , and , if attainable , whether they could be applied to a more speedy achievement of the end . I is for the country , not for us , to give the answer to the question .

      There are some very curious facts connected with this document . It denounces idolatry , while it assumes leadership . It claims co-operation , while it respectfully resolves that , with or without it , it will use every " possible effort" for the attainment Of its objects . Let us just ask a question or two . If the names attached to the document had a right to expect so muoh public confidence , wh y keep the project secret except from the " Leading Chartists . " Apropos , we imagined that one of the great objections to modern agitation was Leadership . Why

      assume leadership 1 Why not call a meeting in London , on the spot , and where the pretensions of the six gentlemen were best known , and where , if acknowledged by a public meeting , the thing would have had the stamp of public confidence and the sanction of publio approval , not only of the " Leading Chartists" but of the body of Chartists 1 Why have a self-elected Board of Management 1 because we find the following most astounding admission : " It is also intended that the persons

      signing it shall form a Provisional Board of Management for Bix or twelvemonths . " Is this Universal Suffrage ! . Ib this the free ohoice of © fiioers 1 Is this Election by Ballot ! Is this vigilant popular controul 1 Here we have bix gentlemen aotually nominating a National Board , writing to and inviting whom they please , aa members of that Board . Monstrous ! most monstrous !! and asking them to keep the project a complete secret from the people , until the infernal machine shall be sufficiently

      Untitled Article

      loaded to be discharged , ( also we suppose * in the dark , ) when the country would be told , "O , you are too late , the deed is done ; wh y did not yon object in time V Let this project be token in conjunction with the eulogiums recently passed upon the majority of the complainants by the Chrtnicle , Sun , and all the Whig " Establishment , " and also itf conjunction with some articles from Tait , ( who has been at the head of the conspiracy , ) and we feel convinced thai they have been retained as mid wives to attend the accouchement of "the mountain in labour . " Hera

      we have the mountain going to Mahomet , instead of Mahomet to the mountain , with a vengeance : here we have a whole nation surrounded in the dark by half a dozen gentlemen , and handed over , ueck and heels , to the tender mercies of a Provisional Govern * mentof their appointments But they are- all for Universal Suffrage , and , as a matter of , course , they , have acted upon that principle , and only elected those whom they knew would be acceptable . In faith , it is marvellous lucky for poor O * Co «» ob that he did not even recommend to such an appoint ' ment , or offer funds to a missionary , or he would be called a "despot , " and would cease to be an IDOL . "

      London is the place that must speak out upon this subject as to the amount of confidence to be placed in those who seek it ; and the country has tut One part to act in the concern , namely , to say whether or do , they , the people , are prepared to commit political suicide , by catting the throat of the only association from which they can expect a thorough union , and which they , themselves , have elected in open day . We think we have done our part calmly , " temperately , and boldly ; we ea ^ ; id ' ib . e peoplet Do y » likewise . " ' ? Out of evil comas ' good . " J

      So far from the new scheme tending to weaken o * disorganise the Radical ranks , it will h&vel&e e&ci of paraly 8 Hyk . the ^ Sfi ^ fe hTeri gi'n a -akJI ^^ Bsnesa andreso&roq ' wftt ^ worship taeiribrmer 'Jaqjs , " upon the slightest change of that principV ^ vlu ' ch-l&i to adoration . Our course shall be in this 5 ^ m ^—Wit short or be it l « ng , be it a squall or be it a ti \^ rican ^—just what it has ever been , straight forward ; resolved that the good ship Charter , shall not be wrecked even in the dark for waut of a good look out .

      WEJ STAND BY THE PEOPLE .: Fall they nbveb can , save bt their own blow . We never wrote an article with one half £ be pain that w « experienced in writing the foregoing ; and if repentance , confession of error , and return to ¦ v irtue , be any part of a Christian ' s duty , Wft cannot conclude without humbly imploring our misguided friends boldly to confess and manfully to Ask pardon , and which , we feel assured , will be cheerfully and unanimously granted . But shonld it b {> otherwise , and should the sword be drawn , why ( heawo throw away the scabbard . :

      j § - Since the preceding was in type ,.. w& have learned from Mr . Pitkethly , of Huddersfield , that Mr . Rogers avers hit name was appended to the Lovett-and-Collins' Document without his knowledge or consent . Mr . Pitkethi . y saw Mr . Rogeks the other daj ^ When he made a declaration to the above effect . Indeed , he pleaded ignorance o £ the whole thing . How many more names are thus circumstanced ] The following list of names has bean sent to us by Mr . Lovbti for publication : — >

      William Lovett , 183 , Tottenham Court Road . ? John Collins , 6 , Court , Bread-street , Birmingham . Henry Hetherington , 13 and 14 , Wine-office [ Court , Fleet-street , ¦ .- - . John Cleave , 1 , Sboe-lane , Fleet-street . , George Rogers , 'High-street , St . Gile «* i Henry Mitchell , 67 , Red Lien-street , Holbora . Henry Tincent , 5 , Greenland Grove , Cromer-street . Robert Lowery , Nun-street , Newcastle-on-Tyne . Arthur O'Neil , Birminghani . j Thomas Kaynor Smart , 47 , Bed Cross-street , Leicester . John Mitchell , 23 , Queenaftreefc , Aberdeen . John M'Crae , Kilbarchan . '

      Charles . Jones , Northampton . John Richards , Han ley Potteries . riinTlnrT _ T ] faMnBi 7 f | F— . ' *""" t Bethnal-greea . H . 'AlexaridetTSoiSspon , " Chapel-street , Warwick . Edward Brdwn , Birmingham . , - W . Q . Bums , Blackfriar ' s-gate , Hull . Charles Westerton , 15 , Park-aide , Knightsbridge . Richard Russell , Blair ' s-close , Edinburgh . William Byrne , 1 , Cloth-Kiarket , Newcastle-on-Tyne James Torrington , Albion Coffee House , Dudley . Edward Thorp , Gainsborough . ' James B . Austin , chemist , Abin ^ don . John Beacham , painter , Cirencester .

      Peter Layton , unplate-worker , Banbury . David Buckney , Mill-street , Coventry . William Allison Whittle , Swan-streefc , Warwick Ed ward Dyer , Church-street , Stroudwater . William' Thomason , Daventry . ¦ William Dale , West-street , Dorking . W . J . Linton , Woodford-green , Essex . Anthony Tutton , 32 , Higa-street , Plymouth . Thomas Parry , Pontypool . Joseph Welsh , New-atreet , Ledbury . . Liater Smith , Braintree . , John M'Clintock , Irvine . - William Hollis , High-street , Cheltenham .

      W . D . Whitehouse , Sludley , Warwickshire . , John T . Micklewrigbt , Kidderminster . John Jenkinson , Baptist Minister , Kettering . : i Rowland Lacey , Wotton-under-Edge . J . B . Smith , Leamington . John Peck , Hull . John Garden , Mill-street , MontroBe . William Taunton , Well-street , Coventry . William Martin , Alverthorpe Schools , Wakefield . John Malcolm , West Kilbride . L . Snelting , Tonbridge . John Ayre Leatherland , Ketterintf . William M Williams , Lanark . .

      D . Scarfe , 1 . 4 , Long Wyre-3 treet , Colchest 3 T . John Booth , Archies Park , Forfar . Thomas Baird , Kirkintillock , near Glasgow . James Henderson , Salcoats , Ayrshire , James Cook , Morgan ' s Lane , Frome . Alexander Davies , Campsie , near Glasgow . Isaac Bottomley , Hyde , Lancashire . William Barker West , John-street , Sheffield . John Davis , Kidderminster . James Wisboxt , 300 , High-street , Kirkaldy . Wm . Tonng , 30 , Great Windmill-street , Golden-squaw . W . J . Oabora , Nnneaton . J . Mann . North street , Ashbarton .

      W . Fletcher , Cheylesmouth , Goventry . Thomas Webb , Union Place , D ^ ventry . B . Payne , Tonbridge . Stephen Durraut Westoby , Colchester . Robert Reid , Forfar . John Murray , Kirkintillock . Robert Mngate , Campsie . David Shaw , Nuneaton . John Petrie , Loo-street , Plymouth . Thomas Wild , Hull . Benjamin Huggett , 1 , Cbichester Plow , Waa 3 swortb

      Road . Alexander Smeaton , Almond Bank , Perthshire . James Grant , Luthermuier , near Montrose . John Sandy , 64 , Upper-North-strett , Brighton . William Woodward , Union-place , Brighton . James Adam , Largs , Ayrshire . J . C . Burns / ditto . John Came , Fraddom , near Hayle , Cornwall . James Whittle , merchant , Perth . James Robertson , High-street , Perth . Charles Reynolds , Penzince , Cornwall . David Irvine , Kilbirnie .

      These are the gentlemen , then , who constitute too " Board of Management" for the " new move ?' and we ask seriously , withSthe exception of some half dozsn nameB , orleaa , are the 3 e the men in whom the " new movers" would themselves btk confidence ! And we are sure that : some of them vrill unhesitatingly say "no . * Bnt " needs must , when the devil drives . "; Thej will say , perhaps , that our virtuous leagae , iaving

      absorbad all that was worth having , they h * d no alternative . The effect of * he project hasbeentbenlirf new powers in our cause , and to draw forth ft taaaaof hitherto obscured talent . We hava received » letter signed " Cato" upon the subject , but we regret to < ay not ia time for publication this week . . It ia » production worthy of the best days of Rornai independence . M Cato" calls the new ABSodation"The New London Association of Ra . tcatchkbs , "

      * 5&Lt;*Iefcs.

      * 5 <* iefcS .

      The Southern Star. Saturday, April 17, 1841.

      THE SOUTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , APRIL 17 , 1841 .

      Untitled Article

      YoBKSHins Hussabs . —We understand thai Serjeant Murphy , of Kipon , his received the appoint meat of Serjeant-Major in this regiment of cavalry vice Smith resigned , and Mr . Sadler , of thai Han * Guards , London , to be permanent Serjeant , met Murphy promoted . ,. ' . ' .: V

      " Who Will Bell The Cat *'»

      " WHO WILL BELL THE CAT * ' »

      Untitled Article

      THE NO&Tgl ^ lTAB , 3

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), April 17, 1841, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1105/page/3/