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Northern Star (1837-1852), 13th July 1839, Edition 1 of 1, Page 6, GREAT BEMONSTKATION AT BLACKBUBN.

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      ^ O TnE itlGHl Hoa uLitAui . ^ Lu ^ JOHN RUSSELL . "My Lord , —I ant about to addresi you upon a rariety of subjects ; all baring for t > . eir object fbs defence of that party against which numbtileis dkirges asd accusations are aaily being cade . ~ 3 m , my progress I hope to ihow that ftadiealism , as * £ v » cated by its supporter * , is , day afttr day , ¦» KXTmg increased strength and vigonT * , while the ^ power of itg Whig opponents becomes eorrespon-^ O TnE itlGHl HoAuLitAui . ^ Lkj ^ V JOHN BUSSKLL ,

      j < hng ly diminished by r tsw- opposition , the effect of which kas been to ¦ deprne themselves of the only -JBsoport upon which they might have securely relit d ; * & £ for want x >{ -srhifh , they must , ulfrmatdly , axd "tikax speedily , surrender the government of tne JKBUitry into the hands of the Tories . Th « Tories lure played their ' game vrth great still aad dex-* erirr , while the Whigi hare thrown away every ^ ick which the " sautes h coup" of the Reform ^ akaMe rs placed in their hands .

      My Lord , I shall not be so ungenerous at to atfctbste to you a desire to strengthen the Tories , with 4 he view of falling back upon Mew , rather tkan Tipo * the popular party , in the event of "Whig weak' 3 > bbc ; bat to men who give you credit for jud _ gment ¦ 9 ud discretion the case will be at least 6 c ? pknous ; : imHBuch as yon hace strengthened the Tones by ~ SKgjlect of the people , while , at tie same time , yon ^»* Blfe 3 t a determiaition to eaalesfte vnCti tfaa enemy Ta&er than acquiesce in what yoo are pleased to ^ enomiuate organic chaugreg : and of all , ami every coe of which organic changes your ewn Rsfofm Bill ¦^ as been the feuntain tnd the source .

      My Lero , I shall pass over the recent , the Taried , titt indecent , an 3 the chillish squabbles in which 'jour eai » net has been engaged , aad into ^ some of ; 'Wiieh ytu have eoBtriveii , in the most unmanly : "ffiszmer , to dr \ g the name and reputation of cnof--faidi-g women for the defence of offending men . 3 ? 3 s * by in scorn the Hastings plot , and the bedchamber farce , of which the orgaBS of tberespec-^ 3 Te parties have so ingeniously availed themselves . ~ 3 shall endeavour to forget the lavish and indi-cri-Trrrimte diposal of titles , distifictions , and pronjew "tioos , as substitutes for national confidence and : aiini ? tsri&l emdencT .

      2 h ? . ve of : ea blushed , in looliag through the mist « f sham-renown which hired irgenuitr has east Toond the fz-l ' izg re ^ ur-inni : ef jour par'j : I have ¦¦ Barrelled at yoar innocence in do ; ilisc-ov-. ring that ¦ &fi dresser of your cabinet holds the mirror , and "fi « discretion as to whether he shall exhibit yon in the convex or the concave—whether you shall T » jf > ear as giant fiierd * orpijay foes—whether yau shall stand in the foreground or the rear—whether , u conqaerors , you shall appear in advance of "triumphant Refonser * , or , vasquished , you shall ^ grace the p&geant of Tory triumph .

      Mt Lord , I do not expect a reply to this letter ; intshould yoa perase it , and sfcocH it give rise to reflection , your justification will be that you prefer -&e halt ef Toryism to the charge of Radicalism : visile die consideration with ycu jbould hare been -whether theqriei step of "Whig-eery would net be a * afe intermediate pace for vonr party .

      Uy Lord , the name of yoar illasaioos ancestor « t » nds renowned in history ; and thoaeh hi .-"blood was shed upon the scaffold—and thocgh the new fashion of succeeding a ^ es has rendered ai . « lame extinct is those vrho wear his r . ame but ntA r kis valour—yet be assured that tee printiples fo : which heblel have been fertilized bj the blaod which Ttas shed for their suppression .

      My Lord , yonca . il yourself " Reformer "—bit th * « 3 mprehen » ive term should embrs . ee seme as comyrehezsive a principle , acd more than a small mi-Bority of the ratios . Yocr Reform , if squaring in actioH with the term ? upon which it was supported and carried , would be a rallying poiat for an invia-. eible phalanx ; and if sufficiently expansive te meet tie e ^ ls whieii it profess < -d to redress , icstead of

      <> eing crippled , narrowed , and circumscribed , in the lope of merely making them more palauble when imposed by new taskmasters , the claroow for organic changes m ? ght have been lulled or suppressed iu progressive administrative improvemcHt , and therefore , ay Lord , the violence of Radicalism de-Tives its origin from Whig imbecility , rather thaa froa Radical impetoositj .

      Mj Lord , yen and yaur partx call yourselves TLeforxDen—* o did the religions iuaoT&t « r 8 of former tisaea . Cra ^ mbb , Lather , Caltik , aad -Johs Kkox « -ere all Reformers , b « t , like the jwlrdcal ianovators of the present day , those apiritual improvers promoted conversion by punishing Eon-conformity . They were l » od in prais ? - « f tho « e who , from vt-aity , interest , or terror sub--scribed to their peculiar doctrine ? , while , as increased power furnished the means , they becaice as load in drnuccianan , and cruel in the

      pnnishaaent , of those who obstinatel y opposed their views . Tbu * precisely has it been with your party , mr Xord- Tou hail the enlistment of unprincipled conformist ? , while if strong enough , you would pnaish ihe consistency of those wba feel grief for yanr ¦« r eaineR 3 a ^ d kotow for yonr pogitioa . My Lord , tt «* not the avowed asd professed object of the "EefoTm Bill to destroy Teryism , audfor ever ? and ias not the effect of that measare been to increase

      Toryism to an incalculable extent ? Has Reform , "then , produced the promised end ? or should "Reformers rest satisfied with the result ? and , if -TBot , are those who were mainly instrumental in producing the delusion warranted ia taking that coarse " , to oppose which yon now find yourself compelled to call in Tory aid ? In reeh ease , then who are yon opposing ? whether is it y « ur Conner opinions , « r the riolence of the Radicals produced iy the abaedonment of those opinions *

      My Lord , if any proof were necessary to test tie patience of the Radical party , and tW eatire reliance npon the professions of Reformers , guffioent w ?! l be found in their endurance of yonr experiaeEt n ^ on popular forbearance , by the calm , the * topid , the unopposed , and almost criminal manner in -which j * n were allowed to coerce Ireland and - « i * rre Eogijad , as the iaitiatjves of a measure which promised peace through justice , and plentv '

      through retrenchest . My Lord , the foad hopes and teptiau . te expectations of those who straggled with job for tie means of producing the desired end have * eea frustrated , m 4 , behold ! the reward of patience is fiewrticn , and the reality of Reform is the © omaenoemeBt of as onited re . « i * t * Dce to national inprorec * nt ; and thn , after seven years of * baos , we are xjnoe mere to expect tip political shoei -rluch ii sure to follow the tt ^ der which , peal after peal , haj evinced the natioa ' i aager .

      My Lord , to detail minutel y the projects , windings experiEecte , and schrmes which have been prac-Haei by your party , wocld require more space thar . u allotted to me ; and therefore you must not suppose flat omissions are any proof of i gnorance of faeta . Ob the contrary , they ari « e from the conviction tBat Hhi policy of yonr Goremm-nt may be successfull y impugned' upon a very slight portion of the eridenee which can be produced against it . In fact

      ay Lord , we may , with gosoe propriety assume , that , tni rtreugtbened by the recent bed-chamber plot , jonrs was an administration of promise , especially as regard" Ireland , whose erery energy has been ee-B * ted in your behalf , not in consideration of what yon have doae , nor in expectation of what yon are likely te do , bnt cpon the iT . msT pretext that your pposects would govern that country more oppre * - frelj . Your incrsasea strength , thta , hiring ra-

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      tner mertaaed jeur hostility to popular measures , we must naturally conclude that the Reform Bill wa ? contrived and intended s& a sectional advantage instead of a national measure—as a scheme by which office might be conferred upon a party , rather thaa as a measure for extending prif ilege to the community at large . Mj L « rd , I ?* ii that I was about to dtfend a party froa the numberlew and groundless charge mwt hostility to ar measures , « -ust naturally conclude that the Reform Bill

      whieh hav » b * en brought against them , and therefore the first section of my letter shall comprise that objeot . Ineewant agitation , and the use of violent language may be stated as the principal complaint against tke Badicali . Lai us therefore eocsider , firefly , the cause « f agitation—for , as to right , it stands confessed , m records over which , yoa have , fortunatel y , no control ; and , next , let useonsidtr the prudence ef agitation , and the cause * « f violent language .

      My Lord , you will bear in mind that , anteee dently to tie passing of Catholic Emancipation , agitation was recommended by great authorities as the onUf means of accomplishing the meacure \ and , subsequently , that the emancipated Catholic * were invited to join , in their newly-acquired strength , for the-oonsummation of Refsra , It was only when Emancipation or Reform received a heavy blow that "violent agitation was resorted to ; and it waa only when the Reform Bill tarctd * mt to be a trick , that Radical agitation was resuscitated and became

      Tioleat . Th « pawing of Catholic Emancipation twk . many agitators'from the ranks of the peeple , and the pissisg of Refom teok so many more , that tkey were once again thrown upon their own resouTces . My Lord , the Reformers in the House of Commons , during the Parliamentary agitation for the measure , were so violent and full of promise , that to their keeping the discontented oat of doors e . ^ fidently committed the conduct of tbeir cause . The dungesn , the tower , or the scaffold had no terrors for the BuacBTTS , the Cocheakes , the

      B . CS 5 KLLS , and the Hobhousks . Their loud and eloqueat denunciations of existing wrongi , and Titid peartrayal » f boon * to follow promised right , were of themselves sufficient agitation ; and although the little band was hoc sufficiently strong to acvomplish the promised end , yet a hope that perseverance would ultimately succeed acted as a safety-vahe for indignation , and prevented the explosion of ¦ raothered or unrepresented feeling . A Reformer ' s speech upon a Beform petition contained more violence tban any whieh has bevn recently charged Against the Radicals : and for this reason—the one

      denounced grievances , of the existence of whieh he had but a mere theoretical knowledge , while the others speak of tbeir practical effect from locg and sad experience . To the fact , then , my Lord , of opposition to tyranny having merged into an opposition to hbtrty , as vriUas to the aeath-Wow which tke right of petition has received at the hands of Reformers , is to be ascribed the frequeBcy of pabhc meetings , and the language of the orators who take part in the proceedings . Such , my Lord , I think , is a sufficient justification for the holding of public meeting ? , and also for the violent language « xpres » ed by tbe several speakers .

      Thus haTe I disposed of the cause of their fre quency , and the violence of the language used , and next I shall consider the propriety of interfering with the meetings of the people . My Lord , there can he no danger to a country from agitation , se long as there is no urjnstifiabie interference by the authorities ; and you spoke wisely when you asserted that if grievances did

      exist the peaple had a light to mwt , and that if they were inertly ideal , agitation would soon lose il * chanu , and agitators their influence . The rigkt to meet you then acknowledged , while tbe continuance of public meetings , at leajst , proves that grievances are suppo » ed to exist . Thu * we agree as to the right of meeting atd the cause of meeting j and I shall now proceed to discuss the propriety of public meetings .

      My Lord , it is bow more than a century and a half since this country h&s been cursed with the plague of a revolution , while such events are periodical in those countries where public meetings are unknown . When n > ea congregate together and speak familiarly over their wrongs , and agree upon tbe mode of redresi , the over-xeal of enthusiasm ia checked by the caution of judgment ; all act upon a given principle ; and if a revolutioE should anhappily take p \ ace , it must be a revolution of the majority against the usurpation of a minority ; while , in those countries where public meetings » re unknown , the nation next be in a perpetual state

      of preparedness , Dot against tbe outbreak of general discontent , but against the emetUe of the malcontent . In England you can have no revolution by surprise—no announcemeBt of civil war by the erection of a single barrier ; the revolt of a single school or the invasion » f a single club . You cannot raise the standard ef rebellion without a . motto , tie principles of which shall h » Te been long diienated aad perfectly agreed upon . You cannot lie down at peace and rise in revolution ; for , as Bdexe has well said , " agitation is as the hue-aad-cry which alarms the parish , aad gives doe notice of the thief ' s approach . "

      My Lord , you mutt either constitute yourself sole judge of public opinion , and say that grieraECes JMofyisg public meetings do not exirt , or yon Bust allow publio meeting * to continue . Id either case , the rule ef the minority , without tne consent of the majority , must speedily cease . If public meetings are allowed to progress , every advantage gained will hn » h alarm by expunging a word from the violent vocabnlary , and tbe nation , in its moral might , will accomplish that , and , no more , which was promised by the Reform Bill . '

      My Lord , « pon tne other hand allow grievances to remain uflredrwied , or say that they do not exist , and suppress public meeting * , and then you but smother the fluae which , through » ecret club * and societies , will UHexpectedly burst forth with only so much notice as the flash gives of che approaching thunder . Then , my Lord , how will yon guard year bouse , feifce your Stock Exchange , or protect life against those etneuiu which , in tke wiidnessef despair , a revolutionary club or a discontented association may without notice originate ? Tb *

      great fault consietB , not in the meetings , bnt is tbe "light wisdom and little profit which yonr Lordship derives from them . To & wise Government they would be as a political thermometer , bj which lie nation ' s temper and the national feeling would he ascertained , while to a weak GrovernmeBt they are aa a mirror in which the nler sees his own misdeeds , and shudders like a guilty nun at the recollection of his iniquities . My Lord , be assured that any attempt now to turn the current of agitation into ma

      artificial course , would be attended with fatal consequences—the contracted rapids would speedily overflow their banks , and break down the narraw limits prescribed b y your finalitr barriers . Let the stream mah onward then , and direct it , for be assured job cannot stem it , if yon dare to steer against it , while you may ride io perfect safety upon its surface until the water * shall have wbsided , having established , in their unimpeded course , the future landmark * by which political mariners shall henceforth guide the Reform bark '

      My Lord , the boast of a statesman should be in the pride of reflection , while his richest reward should cronrist in irreproachable self-examinaoen . H « should lay up , io deeds , a rtore from which memory

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      way draw , without surteit or distaste ; acd be so pore that error should be ascribed to want of judgment rather than to lack of virtue . Examine yourself bj this role , my Lord ; recal you acts daring a period of seven year * ' power , and npon which of them , aB a man or a statesman , would jou build year temple ef fame , or feed your vanity by a moment ' s reflection ? My Lord , the distinguishing characteristic of a bully is cowardice ; and well havd your Administration supported tbeir title to both ! You have way draw , without surteii or distaste ; aEd be so pure that error should be ascribed to want

      crouched before the frown of foreign foes while you have waged war upon domestic friends . Io breathless anxiety you have awaited the award of your American arbitrators about a plot of ground , while you have robbed the poor of their inheritance ! You hare given tie glory of individual approval to your Spanish commifsioners , while yon dreade * the consequence of national interference , ( by waicb you might have terminated % desolating civil war ) lest you should provoke a Bouibon ' e anger 1 The English flag has beea iasnlted and her laws « f commerce violated with impunity , while jou avenged the national insult by arsning one portion of your

      countrymen against another i You have declared war against the nation , and ruled by military despotism ! The peaceful civilian ne longer knows his occu p ation , unaware of the moment when the herald may summon him to arms ! No looger is the civil power capable of upholding your swaythe pone comitetusy the constitutional force of the country , has been superseded by an armed police—the persons composing the constitutional force ware supposed to kacw offenders against the law , and to be known to them , so that the officer may know the delinquest and bring him to juBtice . Their interference in the mast disturbed times has

      been found effectual for the suppression of local riots and disturbances—their physical aid never being required an . il their moral persuasion over acquaiDtancc- and neighbours had failed of its due effect . For this Imdy you have substituted an armed force , whose occupau-- •• ¦? cease when peace prevails , and whose interest it , consc ^ . ^ Ltlj , is to perpetuate office by continuing disorder . You have assigned t *» the

      conservator * of the peaoe tbe honourable task ot Government informers , spies , and reporters , and 8 . 1 * 0 the responsibility of dispassionate witnesses ! You have turned the senate-house of the nation into * temple « f Jew-jobbeM and moEey-changers ! Your children in the colonies , just becoming reconciled to the step-dame ' s sway , yon have thrown into revolt by acts of cruelty aad persecution !

      My Lord , your Reform Bill has proved a thorn without a rose , while you would daily refresh us with the promised odour of its coming fragrance ! Religion yon have made a science , its dignitaries being harsh law makers , and its tninisters followers of wealth and scoffers at poverty ! Yon have depicted ignorance as a national infirmity , while yoar rising su « of knowledge had scarcely sbene abeve tbe horizon when it set in a Tory mist to rise no more !

      My Lord , yoa , whose power is an enanation from popular discontent , would now suppress the popular voice and would withhold a redress of those grievances for the correction of which you demanded the Reform Bill , and roerelj in consequence of the declared violence of popular orators ! My Lord , do yon think that the enthusiasm of Stbphbns— the violenee of Oastlxb ,, or the inflammatory harangues of O'CoNNom , O'Brien , Yxncknt , and others will stand as a good plea to the national declaration which has been filed agairut you ? Or do you

      imagine that so special a drmnrrer will hold against so general an indictment ? No , my Lord ! Lay not the flattering nnction to your soul ; for while grievances exist , their redress will be sought for ; and , while memory lives , the thought of the past will inspire hope io the future . My Lord , —It may be that you will consider it unjust to judge you upon Radical complaint , while the standard of fr&nehLee under the Reform Bill was known , and therefore yon may plead conformity to the opinions of the Reformed constituency , as proof

      of your consutencr ; but if you had been consistent , those places which jon and jour colleagues represented daring the fever of Reform agitation , would , when cleared by jtmr purge , have become strong in affection , instead of weak from distrust . If the Reform Bill had keen justly carried and jugtly worked , extending instead of cramping popular right , why should you have been compelled to abandon Devonshire , and take shelter in a borough ? Why should everj member of your cabinet have been the rejected of those constituencies , which

      they lost by deceit , and could have retained by candour ? Read the list , my Lord . Lord Duncahmok , the rejected of Kilkenny , a oounty , the adopted of a borough . Lord Glkmklo , forced upon tiie Peer * , from a dread of tbs scorn of the electors of Perth . Sir H . P&b , kbll driven from the Queen ' s county to take refuge in a Scotch borough . Sir Jomw C . HoBHOBSS drives from Westminster to Nottingham . Lord Palmbrston , on his bended knees , obliged to selicit the resignation of Tiverton by Mr . Kennedy . Yonr Attorhkt-Gkhbkai . driven from Dudley to

      Edinburgh . Your Chancellor of the Exchequbb . from the eouuty of Limerick to Cambridge , aad yourself from Devonshire to Stroud . Should job argue that over liberality was tbe charge against yon or yoar associates , mj answer is that you made tbe standardand have declared it final ; while the want of liberality we complain » f , and ask for Universal 8 uffrage , whieh aka » can insure it . I trast , my Lord , that jou do aet snypose yourself capable of stopping the present move , for be assured that confidence in your strength it jour greatest weaknees , and maj prove the nation ' s rain &nd your own destruction .

      Mj Lord , usurpation before gave England a CuovwKU . ; asd take heed lest , in the desire to grasp prerogative , yon create circumstances which maj give her a Protector ! I have the honour , to remain , Mj Lord , Your Lordship ' s obedient servant , FEARGUS O'CONNOR .

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      A great meeting of the Democrats of Blackburn and its neighbourhood was held . « n Saturday , tbe 6 th instant , for the pnmeae of taking into considera tion the proper remedial for redreitang their grievances , and exsreeaaf tbeir confidence in the National Convention . The chair was to h « re been taken at halt-past two ; but owing to the nonarrival of Peargus O'Connor aad Dr . Taylor , who were expected to attend , tho procession did not make its

      appearance on lie ground till past four . There were an immense namber of persons present from within a drda of several miles rerand Blackburn ; and deputations , with banners , . fee , attended from Preston , Accrington , Padiham , Harwood , Over Darwen , aad numerous other placcB . Some of the banners were of a most splendid description bearin / f the following ingcriptioBB : —* Vigour and Determination wffl do everything and anything' * Slavery shall no longer continue to disgrace our native land '—* Jtutice for Ireland '—Feargus O'Connor , the friend of the People '—

      'Hasteluwv time ! that day we loss to see , When every boh » f Aoam s& * U be free . ' * He that hath not a sword let him cell his gaiment and buy one '—* Tj rants' chains me only hard for those who choose to wear them '— ' United we stand , divided we fa ll ''' Hereditary bondsmen ! know ye sot Wbo wooid be frea , tbemaeWe * must strike the blow V 1 £ ^ ti 0 2 l * 5 *\ xm rebeI " ' fte Peo Pk nere>—' The « reateonte « f— 'May the tree of Hberly flourish round tie globe , and every son of Adam be a par-

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      taker « f the W- * N « Taxation without K-bi * . senteUon . - ' Janbeart and hand to gain our rights ' X . \ % Z » * > * 11 ani * » thej took np their 8 UUons around a temporarj hustings erected for the ESEV * g « o » bad been brought on the $ X « r ° l 86 of v the da * the convenience J . U ^^ V * £ authority who here , as well as elsewhere , seek to prevent the oppressed working classes from even complaining of their distrej * , eanwd il to be removed under , eme frivolous pretext . But if they theupht , bj this proceeding , to throw anj senoHs obstacle fn the way of the meeting , they were most nmerablj disappointed , as the greatest determinatum pervaded the immense a « - liSoOto itm " variQQ 8 l y ertin * ated at from Silence , living B 9 eB obtained , Mr . Mickle . bookoi taker ef the fruit '— ' Na Taxation without R . / nr «> - ^^' - ^^^^ ^ o ^ lZX ^

      seuer , tving-street , was unanimously called to the chair , amidst general cheering . The Chairman said he was rejoiced to see so vast an assembly gathered together for the purpose of obtaining thar undoubted rights . They had been blamed by tome for wishing to extend the Su - frage to all ; but he , for his part , could not imagine that a brick and mortar qualification was either reasonable or just . Thejno doubt expected to be addressed by their friend , Feargns O'Connor ; but he was gorry to inform them that that Gentleman had felt it his duty , under existing circumstances , to proceed immediately to Birmingham , and consequently that ha could not b » present . Mr . O'Connor had addresi » d a letter to him as chairman of the meeting explaining the circumstances of tha case , which , as hw voice was very weak , he would request Mr . Lloyd to read to the meeting . Mr . Lloyd then read the following letter ;—

      " TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BLACKBURN MEETING . " Manchester , July 6 . " Sir , —It is with extreme pain I have to apologise for my absence , bat when yoa hear the cause , you will pardon me , and attach the blame to L ' ord John Rusaell and his hell-hounds . One hundred of the rufliaa police hav « been seat to invade Birmingham , and their first work , was to make a most furious attack upon a peaceable meeting of tho paople , in consequence of which much blood has beeu shed , many of tbe police being dangerously wounded . Doctors Taylor and M'Douall , and six others , are prisoners . I attended a meeting last uight at Rochdak , when it Wi . s unanimonxly voted that I should not attend either ttie Boitun or the Blackburn meetirg , bat should proceed instantly to Birmingham , which I am about to do , in obedience to my sovereign ' s command . I send you a reporter . Make my excuse and apology , and go on : never stop !

      "Ever faithfullyyonri * , ' Fbaiious O'Connor . " Th «* le-t ,-r <* , * listened to with breathless attention , ana ¦*»• •< • *» 1 U >> - t'd by loud cheering . TheCiiAi- jus ttmn siid he would not trouble them witb n tutli ^ r u » n , ! irVs , but at once call upon Mr . H . z ' , o' Accriugcon , to propose the hrst resolution . Mr . Beazlky « n-d it would appear from the letter just read to tii * ! a' --tii . tf . t ' . at Foargnf O'Conror " *""• ' " bi !\ ut oil ucc . uuc oi pohcoinun having been sent for to rouse the men of Birrtingham i . ito pramalure rebellion —( Aye , that ' s it )—but he would tell Lord John Russell they were not the men to be put down by brute force . The resolution he held in his haad went to aftirua the necessity of Universal Soi&Hge . He need not say hjw cordially he agreei with it ; but he would leava to Mr . Lloyd , ofB ^ lton , the task of commenting on it at Unth . It was as follows : —

      "That the present convulsive state of society , with the llactaatinf state of trade , and the insecurity of all classes of society , and e * p -cially the working cl ; uss 3 ? , render it necessary that Universal Suffrage become the law ef the land , in order to prevent that universal anarchy and bloodshed which must inevitably follow . " Yes , ( continued Mr . B . ) if the rights of the people W 6 re much longer withheld , bloodshed and anarchy muse inevitably follow . The aristocracy of the country had too long usurped those rights . They were the dranes , and the working classes wpre tbe bftos ; aud if the farmer were to do thtir share of the labour the latter need not toil more than eix hours per day . But workiDg men richly de « erved

      the scorn with which they were treated . They fawned on their rich tyrants Hke dogs ; they licked their hhocs , and suffered themselve j to be told , *• Oh ! you are ignorant and vicious , and unfit to bs entrusted with political righto . " But they should relui < e to toil for them any longer . They should stop working . The colliers should stop' werking , and tht-nthe chimneys would stop smoking—( laughter)—aud then wh ? re would their tyrants lind thom-* elvr * : He would conclude by moving the first resolution . Mr . Robert Gifford seconded the resolution . Two years since Mr . O'Connor addressed them from a window near that spot , and told them that the day would come when ten thousand of them would as » i > mbleihere to demand Universal Suffrage . Many had called him mad for thU , but ttm moating had proved his wor is to be correct . ( Cheers . )

      Mr . Lloyd , of BjHod , wn . sthen introduced to the meeting to support the resolution , and was received with gr « t applause . He spokp to the following effect : —Men of Riackburn , —I am sorry , very sorry , that I should be ander the necessity of presenting mys ? lf instead of Mr . O'Connor , who would , no doubt , have spoken to this resolution had he been here . Ho . vevdr , I believe him to be at th . ) post where his duty imperatively calls him , and he is , in consequence , better employed . ( Cheere . ) The resolucion 1 have the honour to support , demands a restitution of our rights , in order to prevent bloodshed . But it does not go far enough . Blood has been ehed . And by whom ? By a Government which ha « always arrogated to itself the title of

      liberal . But the actions of a'l Governments in this country are the same , for they all take the part of of capital against labour . ( Cheers . ) I cannot , for the h <* art of me , see the difference between Whig and Tory Governments . What do the Whig * mean by their fiuality doctrines , nnlees to imitate the Tories in tb ^ ir physical fores doctrines , bestowing upon pensioners , soldiery aad policemen , the hard earnings of the labouring classes , who are no wretchedly d'sti ' . uto as to bo scarcely able to keep body and « oul together ? ( Cheers . ) Are you , meu of Blackburn , determined to have a slice off the loaf ? ( " Yes , y * s . " ) The conduct of the rich of this country towards the poor , ia atrocioas . 1 marine a gallant vessel struck on a rock , and in danger of

      going down each mom eat—imagine , further , that the crew embark in tbe ship ' s DO&te , taking with thorn tke small qnantiiy of water and provisions which happen to be on board , and leaving the namerou ? passengers , men , women , and children , to all the horrors of shipwreck and hunger . Would not such conduct on' the part of the crew be truly diabolioR . 1 ? And yet this is scarcely an exaggerated picture of the conduct of the rich of this country towards the poor . The aristocrat and the millowners revel itt wealth and luxury , while their oppressed fellow-oountrymen are starving upon their miserable pittances , and doomed to perish by the united effects of disease and destitution . But let us suppose that the vessel is well armed , and that tho passengers .

      wnen they find themselves thus abandoned , instead of wasting their time in idle entreaties , pour shower * of grape and canister upon tho retiring boats , and entomb the recreant crew in the same gTave as themselves . Would not xach conduct be justifiable and even praiseworthy ? Certainly . And 1 trust yoa will resolve on carrying oat the parallel I have drawn . ( Cheer ? . ) You nave asked , prayed , and implored the recreant Government long enough . ( Hear , hear . ) They have turned a deaf eat to your entreaties ; and now , like the passengers , you should rerolve that if there is no safety for you , there shall be none for any one else , and that , if you are to be swept from the earth by the natural results of destitution , your hard-hearted tyrants shall share the

      same fate as yourselves . '—( Great cheering . ) I know of one street in Bolton where the distress of tbe people is really awful . In one hosse there is not lea than ten or twelve families , with no fire , no stool , no bed , no table , and no victuals to put on it if they had one . Men , women , and children , are noddled together in one room in the most appalling ¦ tato of destitution , and these are the people that our aristocratic tyrants conceiva ought never to be tir

      poor ; and thin class of reasoners is very numerous . But the poor man has so very small a sum for the product of his labour , that scarcely any part of , the money find its way into his pocket . It immediately finds its way back agaia to tbe packets of the rich ; and thus the poor man continues to labour for nothing , while the rich man does nothing , and enjoys all the fruits of that labour . Now , thi « state of things should not be endured for a moment . God gave to all men every thing on which labour is not expended ; and it is monstrous that the labourer should scarcel y be enabled to exist , while the capitalist does nothing but rev l in wealth and luxory . ( Cheers . ) I trnst that tho working men of Britain will bocopae thoroughly convinced o ; thv truth

      great ; and that then , putting shoulder to uhealder , they will come to the holy resolve that they will either live freemen or die . ( Great cheering . ) I see the impression these truths have made npon yonr heart ? , and I trust you will act upoa them as the Americans did . But you mast allow Government to Btrike the first blow , as they dM . The Government ; of this country endeavoured to rob them of the fruit of their labour ' by heavy taxation Tkis tkey prepared te resist ; and the Wave backwoodamtB ^ prepared their rifles and their bullet * , wbile the British Government waa raanceavrinp But brother Jonathan struck the last —( cbeers )—? cohauered . The Americans became freemem w ny ? Becauso they had registered their vows thai

      Untitled Article

      no earthly power should hmebi tium from obtaining their rights . When ! said no " earthly" power , I spoke correctly , for they swore to figaj for their liberties till death . And now America flhineB out as a beacon , warning the people of Europe how they may avoid the shoals of tyranny and the reek ' s of . ae * .. potL * m . ( Cheers . ) 1 am now humbly attempting to stand in the place of Feargus O'Connor . That Gentleman has not v . et been arrested , and I must confess that it surprise * me somewhat . Is it that be is too high game for the puny Whig Government to fly at ? ( Hear , and cheers . ) I am inclined to think to , and I trnst it may so continue always . I sincerely trust the Convention , which Mr . Feargus O'Connor has gone to join , will not adjourn to Loadon . Why ? Because I think their notation tit no # . « rrhlv n « L , . u \ a \' * % > r ^^^ * & £ ^\ ^^ $ ^ . £ ST

      Birmingham an impregnable one . They are there among men who have but to come forward in their strength , and they will awe tyranny into submission . God blew them ! ( Cheers . ) I have lived among them , and know their worth and intelligence . They are men who have traced back the evils which afflict the country to first canss * , and who know the differenca between Democracy and Aristocracy . I hope , tor tha honour of tbe British arm ? , that the army is net iathe habit of dishonouring itself as it has done in the town I come from . The people < rere determined not to be put down by the middleocracy . Officers in tho army were found to come forward , and swore to what were positively lies . I affirm taey did so ; at the same time , if there are any military here , I think it but due to them to sav that

      I do not think the rest of the army would follow s » base an example . ( Cheers . ) Ev . * n private aoldiers were disguised , and brought forward as witneesas arainst tho people . However , wfaen we now meet taern , we advise them the next time they lay informations against us , at all event * to speak the truth . ( Cheers . ) Bat the army can do nothing agai ** t us for of what use is physical force against a principle r B » t Democracy must still continue to exist , and the cause is safe ; we only want organization , and determination tempered by discretion ; and tken , when the word goes forth— " Be free at once , or die slave * -, '' we shall work out our own freedom , and ensnro our own happiness , and tbe happiness of generation * yet unborn . ( Mr . Lloyd dat down amidst lond cneormg . )

      The Chairman then put the resolution , and de clared it passed unanimously . Mr . James Holben said he had come on the ground ai a spectator ; but as many of the Iriends of the cause' who were to have addressed the nieeting were unavoidably abser . t , the second resolution bad been entrusted to him to propose . He did propose it , then , and he trusted that great meeting would carry it into effect . The cause of the various evils which afflicted the country was the system of legislation which had so long existed . Let them take a survey of the doings of the Honse of ^ Commons , « nd remark bow that Honourable Honse had transacted the business of the country . The other day , Mr . Abercromby ( a notorious Whig ) waa Speaker ; but aa the Whii ?

      ( rovernment felt that it was nearly extinct , and a * members of it were di'sirona of providing for as many of their friends as powble a . the public expense , tbry promoted th-.-ir friend Abercromby to the peerage , with a retiring p « is * ou . . > f a few thmi-» a » ds a year , nnd then thoy get the House to elect another notorions Whig , Mr . Shaw Leievre , to the vacant chair , thug quartering him , top . on the public for the term of his naturallife . ( Shame , shame . ) Now , was all this done to promote their interest , or the interest of the country ? Nothing of the sort . But the werst was jot brhind . This Mr . Shaw Lefevre had a hand in tke drawing up of the Po <* r Law Amendment Act —( groans )—and it was for ( hi- —it was because he was one of the concoctors of that abominable raensure ^—and he believed , thouzh

      he was not certain , that liis brother was o » e of the Somerset House King *— it was for this service that he was provided for at the public expense . ( Sham * , Hhame ) Thin was a specimen of class legislation . The Whig Government dystem was this—to provide means of existence for themselves when th » y should be out of work —( laughter)—but did thoy act so by the people ? He had read iu a work written by Mr . Carpenter , of Lcndon , that the Duke « f Wellington and his fasaiiy enjoyed no less than £ G 8 . 069 of tha public money in pensions , sinecure-, < fec . ( Shame . ) Let them contrast this monstrous extravagance with the income of the poor , thousands of whom received 5 * . a week , and wer « then pensioned off in a bastile at 15 d . ( Shame , shame . ) The system of class legislation indulged in by tLe Parliament , and lie had Wing authority for tha assertion , wasofth *) most oppressive character

      imaginable . Dr . Bawrmg , who had represented Blackburn in Pdrliument , declared , ia die course « t a Com Law lecture in Manchester , that it had beeH fully proved befere a committee of the Iiou ? e of Commons , that the Swisd artisans wero paid onethird more real wages than the English , and that thiswas entirel y owing to the duties imposed on foreign produce in England for the benefit of certain classes , while in Switzerland trade was entirely unfettered . He woald remark , in conclusion , that if thoy sat down easy under their misfortunes , and did not put their shoulder to the wheel , they would , aud pugut to suffer yet more severely . The resolution he had to propose ran thus : — " That this meeting is determined , by every constitutional means , to make Universal Suffrage the law of tbe land , for the purpose of destroying ( and for ever ) the poverty and misery , andconjequentvice and crime , that at present afflict onr unhappy conntrv . "

      Mr . Staou , ofPrestoa , seconded the resolution . He was sorry he was not able te address so respectable an audi > nce in tUe manner he could &a . va wished , but he would do the best he was able to make himself understood by the meeting . Hj said this " respectable" audience because he considered it such . He thought no men more respectable than those who by their induntry created all capital ; though certaia classes had been in the habit of calling them the swinish multitude , the intolont rabbis , * cum-o ' -th' earth , tag-rag-and-bob tail , < fcc , &c . And who were the classes who thus dealt out their would-be wit ? Who but the very men who were gorging and fattening on what the objects of their derision produced by th ? sweat of their brow . Who was it called the poor idle , lazy , good-for-nothing bnt

      vagabonds the men who lived upon the fruits of those very men they so grossly slandered ? These men had even attempted to interfere with this wry meeting . The antnorities had taken away tieir waggon ; and they thought by so doing , and by following the procession up and down and endeavouring to intimidate those who formed part of it , to prevent the meeting from taking plnce —( shame , 8 Vame !)—but they had beeu defeated in their object , as they richly deserved to be . The very men who Hupportud a state church , and compelled the petple to pay large salaries to men for preachiBg the Gospel , had arrested the people ' s delegates for giving them the advice which Christ himself gave " He that hath not a sword let him sell his garment and buy one . " Was it O'Connor who gave this

      advice ? Was it Stephens ? No , it waa Chriit himself , and for repeating this advice to the suffering people of this coantry their delegates had beeu incarcerated . Would they submit to this ? ( No !) Rather let them loss every drop of blood they possessed . ( Cheers . ) What was life to them it they couli not enjoy themselves ? The working classes of thig coantry were transported to their different trades , aad could scarcely drag ont a miserable existence by incessant toil and privation . They worked for twopence out of every shilling they earned , and the statement was made by Attwood in the House of Humbugs . ( Laughter . ) A man earns a shilling , and is obliged to give 9 i . for leave to earn it . As he aaw a reporter present for their Tory paper , hft would read them a tew items from a

      memorandum he had made oi the sums paid to people for doing nothing , and he trusted the meeting would watch the reporter to see if he put them down . ( L&u ^ hter . ) First there was Qseen Victoria who had £ 386 , 209 per annum , amounting to £ 1 , 067 per week . He thought that would be a caulker for the Tory . ( Great laughter . ) Then there were the revenues of the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster , which were also received by the Queen , which amounted to £ 44 , 000 per annum . The Duchess of Kent received £ 30 , 000 , Queen Adelaide , £ 100 ^ 000 , Princess Augusta £ 13 , 000 , Princess Elizabeth £ 13 , 000 , Princess Mary £ 13 , 000 , Princess Sophia £ 15 , 000 , Dnchess of Gloucester £ 17 . 000 , Dake of Cumberland £ 21 , 000 , Duko of Sussex £ 21 , 000 , Duke of Cambridge £ 21 , 000 , Prince George of

      Comberland £ b , 000 , Pnnoe George of Cambridge £ 6 , 000 , Leopold , King of Belgium £ 10 , 000 , and msny others . Now , he would a * t any man in the meeting whether these people did any work for the money they received . ( No , no 1 ) Then they must be great fools to give it . ( Laughter . ) He wasaoRpeeoa maktfr . but he had blundered out a few facts and would blunder out a few more . The wealth produced by labour in this country amounted to £ 600 , 000 , 000 . Now this wealth was produced by the respectability of the country , b y which he meant the working classes . He considered them , on that account , more truly respectable than tke wearers of broad cloth , Queen Victoria , or aay body that belonged to the plundering aristocracy . ( Hear , hear . ) Well , out of that immense sum of XGOO . 000 , 000 the wealthy classes received £ 600 , 000 , 000 , while the

      poor workmen , who produced all , only got £ 100 , 000 / K ) 0 . ( Shame , sh&me . ) They were told by the Scriptures "Thou shalt not kill , " and now Government were sending the police over the country to kill the industrious classss , because they cc mplained of their grievances . Bat if Government had a ngbt to kill anJ to starv « others , tbtn had taajrthe same right . ( Cheers . ) Ho liked to re ; er to the Bible . There were many very useful truths witkintlie clasps of that Book . It was there aaid that the cattle on a thousand hilli are God ' sr-tha th « earth , w the Lord ' s , and the fullness thereofthat bod w bo respecter of p ersapg . Now then , if the earth was the Lord ' s , fee challenged any inaa to jmew by what title the aristocra cy owned the lawk Fhey had no nght to the land—ri \ e land was God ' s ; and no man need pay any rent till < ht > landlord bimscjt C 8 me to look for it . ( Great lau < M ? r ami cheer-

      Untitled Article

      ing . ) He bad certainly m much right to look after this as any man ; far he certainly brovgbt as much land into the world , and should take a * much oat , as any landed aristocrat in the country , ( Cheers and laughter . ) He was afraid of trespassing on their time—< " go on ; go on" )—but as the day was favour able , he thought they might make the best use of it , for the time wa « nigh at hand when they would be trying something else . ( Cheers . ) The anstocrata who were continually adding field to field , and hoo *» to house , were beginning te feel rather queer on account of the Convention recommending s run oa the banks . He for on « had already acted on < h » advice they gave in this respeet , and if alt the Work . ing classes acted in th © same manner , it would ha ^ L ^ f ^^^^ tolook ^

      ail the better for them . He would endeavour to Aew them how the Savings' Banks operated to their disadtuataw . ( Hear . ) He would roppose one of these hanks was established in Bolton ; and that the working classes deposited £ 10 , 000 x * it . Who drew that money ? Was it the mechanic ? ¦* o ! The agricultural labourer ? No I The poor hand-loonrweaver ? No , no ! It was the charitable wtton lord * -the hardware lords-hard enough , God knows ! ( Laughter . ) These were the men who got the money from the Savings' Banks , and the use they made of it was to introduce machinery Then the poor workman was told he might eo to the denl , and through sheer necessity he was obliged to act as a knobsUck . He was obliged to go and as * for wages ! and that was the way tne workiajr ^ l ^« ^ rd ^ * f money . Oh *

      _ ^ . ^ they were a nice set t ( Laughter . ) Then again let tham look at the enmewhich wascommittedagainst property in this country . Who were most a 4 Hirt < xt to this ? The poor min ' s child . W ^ T He need npt tell them ; but he would read them a fewitema of the household expeneea of the Sovereign of thia coantry in 1836 : and if poor men ' s children could enjoy some of those superfluities , there would net be a child committed for theft in 999 yeara First £ A ? S « tS 0 ? i £ *?* & ¦¦ TheBi fo « ow « d ' butter , < fec ., £ 4 , 976 ; milk , £ 1 , 478 ; butcherVmeat , £ 9 , 472 ; and h » must remind them that it Wag estimated that not 25 s . worth of flesh meat found ita way annually into the weaver ' s Moose . ( Shame , shame , shamef ) Poultry , £ 3 , 633 ; fisb , and they were the % Sni

      wno paid tor it , £ 1 , 9 / 9 ; groceries , £ 4 , 644 ; oilerieic he did not exactly understand thatitemy but be knew courtiers , were slippery kind of people , £ 1339 confectionary , £ 1 , 941 ; vegetables , £ 487 ; wine—• ' ^ -tne-bye , he had read that little Queen Vic tona had been graciously pleased to patronise the tee . totallers—but here was wine , . £ 4 . 850 ; liquor * , £ 1 , 840 ; ale and beer , £ 2 , 811 . Now , if the poor had access to such tables * as these , did that meeting imagine that they would steal ? The idea was preposterous ; and it was quite evident to him that the legislature could put a stop to crime at once by pasting such laws , a » would ensure to the working man something approaching a fair share ( for be did not go the length of asking for full justice ) of the wealth which

      he himself called into existence . ( Loud cheering . ) . But the Legislature preferred to keep « p the broad distinction between those who possessed everything and those who possss ^ ed notbuig : and so long as the poor patiently submitted to bo ground down by their aristocratic rulers , so long would they ba treared with the scorn which submission to such palpable tyranny naturally engendered . ( Cheers . ) Before he sa ' t down he had a word pf advice to give to the women , many of who * , he saw present ; and to those who were absent tha men could give tbe advice when they got homev There were many of the shopocracy who were their determined enemies , and who , instead of assisting them to obtain their rights , did everything in their power to koep them from them . He would , there * to

      re , aavise t&e women , the first time they went to bay anything , to ask the shopocrat , " Will you rapport the National Convention ? " He would most likely reply , " No . " Then they must rejoin— "Then I'll aot give you 4 d . out of e »* ry shilling I spend ; here ! ( Laughter . ) For the shepocracy pretended that it was necessary that they should have 4 d . profit out of every shilling ' s worth of goods they sold , in order to make up for bad debts . Well , taen r let the women ask them to subscribe to the National Fond r and if they would not let them tike their custom to those who would . Let every one present at the meeting tarn collectors , and then they would be able to support Stephens and the Conveatim ^ and enable their leaders to accomplish speedily the greRt work they had undertaken . —( Tremendou cheering . )

      The Chairman then put the resolution , which wa « carried unanimously . Mr . Smith roso to propose the third resolution . He caid he had not been in the habit of advocating the princi p les of the Charter ; but as the resolution placed m hi * hand xpreiss » d confidence in the Corv vention , and as he himself thought its members had manifested much talent , courage , and power , he had had great pleasure in moving its adoption . Th * resolution was as follows : — " That this meeting has the highest opinion of tbe talent and integrity of the National Convention , and the greatest confidence in their power to carry out and establish the People ' s Charter , if the blighting apathy of the people at the present momentous criS mar not their patriotic endeavours . " The resolution having been seconded was put te the meeting by the Chairman , aad passed unanimously . ., v

      A vote of thanks to the Chairman was then passed by acclamation , and ho was about to retumthankfr and dissolve the meeting when a large body of mem from Over Darwen , preceded by a band of mnsi < V and bearing banners , &c . made their appearance on the ground . The head of the column forced its way with some difficulty to within a few yards of tb » hustings , while three times three cheers greeted their arrival . TheCnairman then requested Mr . Llovd to read Mr . O Connor ' s letter to the brave men of Over Darwen , which that gentleman did ; and subsequently addressed them at great length in a vigorous and amusing speech , but which our limits will not allow us to report . *~

      After Mr . Lloyd had concluded , three cheers weregiven for the Convention , Mr . O'Connor , < fec . dscl and the meeting broke up , *"

      Untitled Article

      Lynch Law—Equitable Retribution . — A fellow in Dukinfield , who is a widower , has for some time past acquired an unenviable notoriety in his neighbourhood by the ill treatment of hi » four young Children , Spending bis earnings on worthless objects , while he left them in want of the common necessaries of life . A few daya jince he act »* ally fastened a chain round the wrist of his eldest girl ( the poor infant is only seven yeara old ) , and by this means suspended her to a beam in the house for ten minutes ! Kor did this cruel deed prevent

      him from immediately afterwards beating her with a fire shovel . Tbis atrocious conduct at length reached the ears of his shopnates , who resolved , with the consent * f their employer , to visit hi * brutality with condign punishment . They acco » . dingly determined on treating him in the sarn * manner as he had treated his innocent child , and proceeded to carry their resolution into effect ; but before he had be « n suspended two minutes the poor wretch cried out for mercy , and , at tbe request « f his employer , he was taken down . TT « k-J . w ^

      , pended his poor child in this manner for ten minutes yet when taken down he fainted away with exhaw * tiOB . Chartist ME » Tiso . _ A t a meeting of the Parlmgton Branch of the Durham County Charter As * sociation held on Monday , July the 1 st , the following resolutions . were unanimously pawed : — . U Understanding from a letter in the Trtte Sft * . man , of the 25 th of May , signed by Mr . Abraa JUuncan , and copied into the OpcraiivtAf the week £ llow ' g > ' That it is the intention of Mr . Jamn a . O Bnen to attenipt the esUblishmeBt of a d * % aewspaper , devoted to the cause of the People ' *

      carter ; the meeting pledges itself to immesiateiy enter into a subscription to assist that patrioti * gentleman in his praiseworth y and necessary object , and recommends all the Charter Associations in th « kingdom to co-operate promptly and eff « ctmally m h f « at national undertaking . The money collected to be placed in the hands of a national treasurer , appointed by . Mr . J . B . O'Brien . "—SI . That the foregoing resolution be published in the True S *> tsm * H The Operative , The Northern Star , and The Northern Liberator , and that tbe respective editors of these papers be particularrv

      requested to recoramend the project to their readers , Murderous Assault . —On Thursday m M « . John Hall ofWggenhall , St . Peters " wS " k £ r * ad to some laad lying at a distance from his house , he met Mr . Jecks , of St . Germans , near Lynn between whom and him there had been some ill feeling for a long time past Mr . Hall being desirous of doiriR away with such feeling , accosted » JaI ' a ? d receiving a rongh answer proceeded on hubwaeaa ; « returning , he again encountered Mr . Jecks , armed with a gm , / wb . approached him , upon which Mr . Hall said " Yom don t mean *> shoot me , do yoa ? " Mr . Jecks rephed , "I do though . " Mr .: Hall immediately attempted to rush m , but before he could do so the gun : was discharged ; fortunatel y , having beea slightly parried , and being dote to eaeh other , th « charge passed on through hi . clothes , tearing tfeeni away from his side , without the sli ^ tMt imnrv -tn

      taspeiwn .. Mr . Jecks was goon after apprehended and committed to Norwich" Castle take his trial at the eBRuifig assizes . Both parties are men of the highest rvspeyabilUy and good property . What makes this occurrence the ' more melancho ' y is , that the parties are brothers-iH-law , having manv year ago married sisters .- Cambridge Advertiser ' .

      Great Bemonstkation At Blackbubn.

      GREAT BEMONSTKATION AT BLACKBUBN .

      Untitled Article

      * THE NORTHERN STAR . * r lo _ " ^ pjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj ^ __ _^^^^^^^ M j ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ j ^^^^ a ^ M^^^^^^^^^^^— - _ . ^ j - ~ - ^ s Ai" ¦ ^ s I ^^ B ¦¦ SsBh ^^ a ^ bbbt * ¦¦ * ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦ ' ¦¦ I' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ¦¦¦ ' ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ m ^^^^^ * immmmm V ' VBBB 3 BBEESSSBSSBB ^^ 1 O » * pjy « DBf towi jeur popul ~ ¦¦ ' ^^^^^^^ H === 5 == S 5 SHS 5 HaSHH 5 ? JaB 1

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 13, 1839, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/vm2-ncseproduct1065/page/6/