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Northern Star (1837-1852), 31st May 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 7, London Cors* Ejxc'ia-vge , Monday , Mai*...

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    • Jtotp iftobemente
    • THE LAND!
    • $lar&rt Jjitenftwit
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      M^ May 31, 1845. The Northern Star, __^^...

      M _^ _May 31 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR , ___^^ 7

      Jtotp Iftobemente

      _Jtotp _iftobemente

      "At " And I Win War, At Least In Words, ...

      "At " And I win war , at least in words , ( 4 b _( i _*** _* * —should my chance so happen—deed * . ) , _Vfit With aU who war with Thought !" "I _"ithihklhear a little hird , who sings Th < The people by and by will be the stronger . "— _-Btaos

      THE NEW REFORMATION . _ECrflSECrilOS OF THB BEFOBMEBS . —M 0 BE _DEFECIIOXS 0 . V _SBOM BOMB . _—ESXHUSUSMC BECEFHOS OF ItOXGE D _15 D _CZEBSRI AI BKHUX . b _< We concluded our last week ' s article with a statei , _tjjjent of the noble conduct of the King of Saxony in _iojdation to the Reformers , and their enemies the _iijtomisb _chargy ; Ms answer to thelatter when applying irtolihn for coercive measures to stop the movement a { fas a truly noble one , and led us to hope that for once i _& king wo *— b * found who would dare to be just ; we e ! i _^ _rect' *)' - ay t _^ _™ _^ _' 2 _* _i _«» weliavesmeeb & Mme _eaosscssedofstows thatwe were too sanguine in _enterutaining ihat bope . The King of Saxony , though i ruling a nation the immense majority of whom are

      ( _Protestants , is himself a Catholic _^ and unfortunately iii has for his spiritual advisers members of the Jesuit _Mfs-atenugr—uiose arch-enemies of freedom ia every m shape . No doubt , influenced by them , the Saxon : Idns : has caused to be intimated to the Reformers : { kit absence of punishment js all the favour that can I be shown to them ; permission to assemble for public * worship has been denied to them , with a notice that i toleration , not lecognilion , must content them . i Anainsi . this decision , however , the Reformers have i resolved to appeal to tbe House of Representatives , and we trust their appeal xsill be successful . The ; Bavarian monarch , whose court has long been known I as the nest and nursery of Jesuitism , is one of the 1 declared enemies of the new movement : in Bavaria

      persecution of Protestants and liberal Roman Catholics is quite the order of the day . A still more formidable enemy of the new order of things is the Emperor of Austria , who by an autograph letter has forbidden the name of tiie German Catholic Church being given either in the journals or any printed _TOtingiiothe body of Separatists from thatof Rome ; and we find it stated in The Correspondent de Hamiourg that " _negotiations have been entered into between the cabinets of Vienna and Manicb , for stopping , by means of tine interventionof the Germanic Diet , the encroachments of ihe Catholic Separatists . It is said that Hie cabinet of Munich ( Bavaria ) proposes to signalise the Separatist movement as dangerous to

      the safety of Germany . " Of course this is _<* j _* _uite in _thsraczer with the infernal despotism which in Austria wages eternal war with freedom and right is eveiy sense and shape ; whieh upholds the "miser able old chimera of a Pope" in his blood-stained rule / and , by overwhelming brute fo-rcc , perpetuates the slavery and degradation of Italy . An armed and _sangtunary persecution of the new sect by this brutal Government would be nothing surprising , as any attempt at establishing freedom of thought must be regarded as dangerous by Mettebwch and Co . If the new Reformation is to be baptized in blood , be it go ; but not in the nineteenth century will such means be effectual to stay the march of truth , or _•« _, 1 nMn _tllA * J * ft _. _«*\ _Af _ImtnJ _vt

      uiui _**** --. _*<***> * _c £ u _uauu _. Besides these Royal conspiracies { he Romanistsare fnhninating their " suspenaons , " " degradations , " and " excommunications , " and doing their best to -excite the open violence of the fanatical portion of iheir followers . In some places the Reformers have had their meetings invaded by enraged fanatics , and their persons exposed to violence in the streets ; but the enthusiastic reception given to Ronge at Berlin , described below , proves that Hie influence of the _delusionists over the masses , even in Germany , 13 becoming " small by degrees and beautifully less . " We now proceed to report the progress the movement had made np tothe loth of April , for the facts of which we are indebted to the German correspondent of The Continental Echo , published monthly , by J . Snow , 35 , Paternoster-row : —

      In addkion to Ronge and Czerski , the German Catholic church has obtained a new clerical confessor , and , as _Suss suspension , degradation , and excommunication can make him so , a martyr , in the person of Carl Kcrblet , late chaplain in the Breslaw diocese , who , having definitively ranged himself on the ride ofthe Reformers , by uniting with them in public worship , and assisting Ronge in hi ; clerical duties , has been honoured by a fulminating denunciation from the consecrating bishop and chapter , Vicar Lstnsseck , similar to that so innocuously launched some months since at Ronge . It appears , thatin giving in his formal resignation to the vicar , Kerbler had made use of expressions which drew from the offended eccle siastic ths folloiring reproof : — "You declare that you cast off the Roman hierarchy , —by which you can mean

      no other than the holy , Catholic , apostolic , and hitherto yonr own mother church , and that you henceforth belong to ihe Catholic Christian church , —by which you can only mean a . sect to which you falsely and presump tuously give that name ; " after which the document _rroccedsinlheusiJ * alfonntoprono-on - _ceKerblers'j _^ pended , degraded , and to be excommunicated , if he do not within _tight days repent , recant - , and return to the bosom of his mother church . Such return not having occurred , the fell weight of ecclesiastical punishment which tbe -nineteenth century permits has fallen upon him . Carl Kerbler , from this moment stamped a man of note , was bom September 6 th , 1819 , pursued his scientific and theological studies in the Gymnasium and University of Breslaw until 1838 , when having been consecrated as

      priest , he successivel y supplied _thechaplaincies of Baiizen , _ZSteineic , and lindecau . In this last , his , with himself . l & Bs-debaied resolution to separate from tire Church of Sonic , was finally formed ; and that this important step was not taken without due consideration , is evidenced by his treatise on Diocesan Synods , which appeared a _co-osideraMe time previously in thepnblic journals , under the _jagnatare of " A Catholic Priest , " It is sad that Eerbler intends shortly to publish his "Justification , " after the example of Ronge and Czerski . Curate _Echbora has likewise given up his situation asHoman Catholic priest ; and joined the church under Ronge . He Has driven to this step by being taken to task for attending the meetings of the Reformers ; and although he might probably have lingered some time longer in his old

      communion , the inquisitorial pertinacity of his spiritual _OTperiorj hastened his decision , as it has done that of many others . We pass by other proofs of progress , to come to the preliminary conference of fhe chiefs of the Itefonnatiton , holden at Leipac on the 14 th of March , which teas attended _bydeouties from the cities of Berlin , _A-anaberg , Brunswick , Breslaw , _Chemnitz Dresden , _Eterfeltf , Hildesheim , Magdeburg , and Offenbach ; _Jlisesbnrg , Oschatz , Bahlen , Zjscheppan , Peniz , Kauen , and Leignitz , spoke by proxy , and Worms _ttdTViesbaden sent letters , while Wismar , Marien-** > argh , and Oppehi intimated to the meeting their heiSr on ihe eve of _fonnins sister churches , to be

      _^& may added LandshnC Friestadt , _Schweid-^ SchJawenzfife , as well as Gorlite , in the _pro-JU M * of Silesia . Priest _Kbbbixb was present , but Rosge -jfas prevented , attending by other engagements . * vhe meeting was professedly a prelunroary "ue _*; the deputies delivered their credentials and _senthnents . Professor Wigabd from . Dresden , and the delegate from Brunswiek , delivered short addresses . Priest KCTm . T-. it also addressed the assembly in Roxge ' s name . Several propositions were agreed to for the union and safety ofthe movement , and committees appointed to cany out the rcsolu iicms . At this Conference the delegate from Magdeburz read the following address from the magistracy Of that city . The address was received with loud congratulations : —

      "From the magistracy ofthe dry of Magdeburg to the committee of the German Catholic church here constituted , " is dated 18 th March , 1845 , and runs as follows : — " With joyful surprise did we hail the first traces of your Sharing in a movement springing from free and truly German feelings ; we have , with an ever-heightened interest , vatched its progressive development aud increase , and now regard the futurity winch opens before you with the liveliest and best founded hopes . Our ancestors were once overwhelmed by an awful calamity , while struggling ftr spiritual freedom themselves , and the deliverance of tie German nation from hierarchical tyranny ; a calamity ofwhich the very redtal , after the lapse of two centuries , makes every ear to tingle ; but the spirit of those brave ancestors still lives in their children , though , thanks to the milder temper of onr times , they seek but to promulgate words of peace , by peaceful means ! Our country

      lot * wiih eyes of eager expectation to the resolutions » _H-AtheJ _« psic « *» nfereni » winadoptintheapproadiing _faster week , and trusts , above all , to see unanimity , and •» foundation , at least laid , of ecclesiastical organisation ¦ 5 a soon as thatis accomplished , it _wBlbeeasy to meet the _fccleaastical wants of fhe congregation in this city , and * e but _await that moment to prove our good will is not limited by wishes of prosperity , but fhat we will gladly Sera our hearty co-operation to support a cause which _4 aU have thus received the stamp of dtwabittty . You "a ? confidently reckon on -aid from fhe city funds in b aaing the necessary expenses of your worship . " Signed _* wnke , chief magistrate ; Bore , Fabridus , _Gostavus _^> il « , lappd _^ Hev ae , Helms , dry deputies . . Another proof of the progress of tiie movement is _bi be found in the enthnsiastic reception given to § oxge and _Czebski at Berlin ; vre quote from the Wo : —

      Though several meetings of the Gennan Catholics had _biea hda for divine service in that city , the first which _^ _a- _^ periybetennedapublicassemblyof their church _*¦*¦ * ¦ * place on the 30 th of March , in the large lecture-room _w the city _grmnashnn , which had _becnldndly granted for _^ f Pm pose , and at this Czerski and Bonge presided _, _^ formerappeared in his many-coloured embroidered _Wcstl y vestment , the latter in a black gown . Above 150 F _^ ns received from their hands the dements of the _** a ' s supper ( tiie one dispensing tbe bread , andthe other ft nine ) ; and more than an equal number were forced li lhemsdves to dday _ronnnnnicating until another _£ _« sion . _After-iliiineserrii » , ax ( _iH drenwerebaptized _j _^ _ea Bonge , at the termination ot the service , left the _^ to rettan tothe carriage which was waiting for him , _^ _eounfless mDltitnde of men and women which had . _^ bltd in the _OTtat-j-ard of the gymnarimn , formed _^^ _"esintosetried ranks on each side his path , and ?***• * • bim with silent respect ; but so soon as he had J ** 1- * the street , the carriage was surrounded by e * _-S er _^ _-Haaa _aftwuma-roiceairaas _* . arose in honour of

      "At " And I Win War, At Least In Words, ...

      the fearless priest ; who , with uncovered head and profound bows , acknowledged the joyful greetings of a . multi tude which hemmed his course , and compelled a slow return . Ko notice is taken in any account I have seen of Czerski having received any particular honour in leaving the place of worship , nor indeed in what manner he left it ; most probably , with his accustomed retiring unobtrusiveness , he remained in the disrobing-room till the crowd had dispersed , and then quietly made his way to his lodgings . All who have seen this modest , and 1 really believe truly Christian man , whether at home , _amia his & ock , or In more public Scenes , Speak with respectful esteem ofthe simplicity with which he pursues the quiet tenor ofhis way , and the cordiality , mingled with clerical gravity , ofhis manners . There followed a pubhc dinner

      in honour of both clergymen and some delegates from sister churches ( now present in Berlin , on their way back from the Leipsic conference ); and in the evening another entertainment was given ; at which , however , Uonge alone enjoyed the honour , as [ Czerski excused himself on the ground of having promised his return to his congregation at Schneideraiihl against a certain day , which necessitated him to resist the urgent entreaties ofhis many fiiends and admirers , and to leave Berlin the same evening . But while _Czersti ' s demeanour is lauded as a happy mixture of firmness , humility , and strictclerical decorum , it would be highly unjust to Ronge , were the very slightest aspersion understood as being thrown upon his moral conduct by this distinction , which indeed has never been ventured on by his bitterest opponents ; but his whole conduct , and

      even his professed principles , indicate a lower grade of spirituality—a more worldly enlightenment—than those of Czerski . I cannot but repeat the opinion expressed in my last , and which every inquiry and occurrence confirms , that there are now two elements at work in producing a separation from Rome—a patriotic ,, and a religious . The concluding sentenceof the above extract would form our justification—if justification were neededfor meddling with this matter . The religious convictions of our brethren of all creeds and persuasions we respect ; but when the members of any sect choose to dissent in any degree from the creed or form of worship they have formerly adhered to , we claim for them the right to dissent , express their convictions , and hold their religious _communinss in accordance

      with the dictates of their own minds , and if attacked or persecuted , we deem it our duty to raise our voices in their behalf . This is precisely the position of the German Reformers , and we should be faithless to our mission , and play hut a dastardly part , if we were to hesitate to speak out , because we might possibly alarm the prejudices of the unreflecting . But this is not all : the patriotic element is largely at work in the new movement , and that _gloriousspirit of liberty aud love of justice so extensively moving the hearts ofthe great German people , has apparently at length " reached the inferior orders of the priesthood , and of that manifestation Rokge appears to be the persomfication and representative . This is shown by the following extract from Rosoe ' s address to the inferior clergy : —

      Stand forth against the despotism of Home ! Abolish superstition , that barrier to free agency , and the free practice of virtue ! break down the dishonoured restrictions upon conscience and religion ! Contend for the spiritual and physical well-being of your fellow-citizens , and you will aid thepeople and yourselves ! Yes , arise , and burst the chains of cowardice and shame ; tear asunder the web of dissimulation which Borne has woven round you , and become unfettered , honest priests—true teachers ofthe German people . You will become everything ! for at present you are notftiw . Become-men . ' attain

      at last to the conviction , that the priests exist for the people , and not the people for the priests ; that Christ established his religion , and enjoyed brotherly love , that mankind might be rendered holy and happy even while on earth ; and that it is no t His wish that they should pine in soul and body here , in order to be saved at last , as Romish despotism teaches—dare to achieve tins conviction , and act upon it , as in duty bound ! Cast off the silly bigotry with which Home knows how to inoculate yon , and live and labour , not for Rome ' s bishop and her ambitious prelates , but with and for your

      fellowcitizens . These are noble sentiments , glorious sentiments , sentiments vindicatoiy of principles for the triumph of whieh we labour . To Roxge and his compatriots we therefore wish good speed , and may their labours and sufferings hasten the day when light and liberty _sliaU illumine and bless the entire German people , and the reign of priestly fraud , political tyranny , and social wrong be Known no more . '

      The Land!

      THE LAND !

      Within That Land Was Many A Malcontent, ...

      Within that land was many a malcontent , Who _curs'd the tyranny to which he bent ; The soil fbll many a wringing despot saw , Who _work'd his wantonness in form of law . Byron . "A people among whom . equality reigned , would possess eveiything they wanted where they possessed the means of subsistence . Why should they pursue additional wealth or territory 1 No man can cultivate more than a certain portion of land . "—Godwin . "Ho one is able to produce a charter from heaven , or has any better title to a particular possession than his neighbour . "—Paley . " There could be no such thing as landed property originally . Man did not make the earth , and , though he had a natural right to occupy it , he had no right to locate as his _property in perpetuity any part of it ; neither did the Creator of the earth open a land office , from whence the first title deeds should issue . "— Thomas Paine . Theland shall not be sold forever . —Noses .

      "There is no foundation in natnre or in natural law , -why a set of-words upon parchment should convey the dominion of _hvaAJ'Slaclitonc . " The land or earth , in any country or neighbourhood , with _everything in or on the same , or pertaining thereto , belongs at all times to the living inhabitants of the said country or neighbourhood in an equal manner . For , there is no living but on land and its productions ; consequently , what we cannot live without , we have the same property in as in our lives . " —TAomas _Spence . " The kind is the people ' s inheritance ; andkings , princes , peers , nobles , priests , and commoners , who have stolen it

      from them , held it upon the title of popular ignorance , rather than upon any right , human or divine . "—Feargus _CPConnor . "My reason teaches me that land cannot be sold . The Great Spirit gave it to his children to live upon , and cultivate , as far as is necessary for their subsistence ; and so long as they occupy and cultivate it , they have tbe right to the soil—but if they voluntarily leave it , then any other people have a -right to settle upon it . Nothing can be sold , bat such things as can be carried away . "—Black Saick . " Every individual possesses , legitimately , the thing which his labour , his intelligence ( or more generally ) , which his activity has created .

      " This principle is iucontestible , and itis well to remark that it contains expressly an acknowledgment ofthe right of all to the soil , for as the soil has not been created by man , it follows from the fundamental principle of property , that it cannot belong to any small portion of the human race , who have createdit by their activity . Let us then conclude that the true theory of property is founded on the * creation of the thing possessed . ' "—Fourier . " If man has a right to light ; air , and water , which no one will attempt to question , he has a right also to the land , which is just as necessary for the maintenance of bis subsistence , if every person had an equal share of the soil , poverty would be unknown in the world , and crime would disappear with want . " -- Mike Walsh . " As the nature and wants of all men are alike , the wants of all must be equal ; and as human existence is dependent ou the same contingencies , it follows that the great field for all exertion , and the raw material of all wealth , f he earth , is the common property of all its inhabitants . "—John Francis Bray .

      " What monopoly inflicts evils of such maguitude as that of land ? Itis ' the solebarrier to _uationot prosperity . Thepeople , the only creators of wealth , possess knowledge ; thev possess industry ; and if they possessed land , thev could set all other monopolies at defiance ; they would then be enabled to employ machinery for their own benefit , and the world would behold with delight and astonishment the beneficial effects of this mighty engine , when properly directed . "—Author of the "Reproof of Brtiftus . "

      SUFFERINGS OF THE SCOTTISH POOR .-THE POOR LAW . We this week again present to our readers two letters from the correspondent of the Ernes , exposing the wrongs which the poor of the Scottish Highlands are subjected to , and the state ofthe law which should have prevented those sufferings , but which has been found powerless to that end . The " reports'" of the Times " assistant commissioner " are most valuable , and the gratitude of every friend of humanity is due to the conductors of that journal for the efficient means adopted by them to lay before the public the truth of the present state of things in the far north . To aid in the extensive publicity of that truth we are resolved to do our best .

      Perhaps it may be as well at the outset to indicate the course we intend _topui-sue in the series of articles we now commence on the Land question . Our resolve to no longer delay the discussion of this allimportant question has been taken in consequence of the horrible system of extermination now going on in the Ilighlands—a system based upon the assumed right of the landlord to "do what he _likts with his own ; " a right we deny to exist , and which we pledge ourselves to prove has no foundation either in natural or constitutional law . But goaded by the crimes of the aristocracy , we are _detenoined to push the inquiry further than this—and to shftw not only thatthe landlords have not the right to do as they like with the land , but fnrther , that they have no right to the land itself , their present ownership being an usurpation , whether tried by the principles of what is called the British Constitution , or bv the principles of natural right . in

      Before , however , we come to this part of the - quire , we think it will be judicious to first direct attention to the circumstances out of which tius investigation has arisen-the state of the poor in Scotland , and the inadequacy of the Poor Laws of that country to afford even relief , —we will not say justice , —to the sufferers . It may be objected , that it the Scottish Poor Law is to be discussed , it should be discussed under a distinct head , and not under the head of "The Land ; " but we think differently . Pauperism and inadequate provision forthe destitute necissarily spring from , and are connected with , the unjust appropriation and _mal-admiuistration ol the soil , and therefore rightly form part and parcel ot the great question—as do also the iniquitous Game Law ? and the sufferings they produce . Again , at this juncture , kquii 7 _* mtotheScottishPoor l _^ ws is nM ! essary as those km are just now under the _considera _« tionofthelegislature . And , lasU _/ , inenteringupon * ui inquirv as to the right of the anstocracy to the land ,

      Within That Land Was Many A Malcontent, ...

      it is only fair that wc should precede such inquirv by ascertaining _^ ow they have fulfilled the duties wh ' ich , it is acknowledged by all parties , they owe to the rest of the community . Our course , therefore , in the series of articles we intend to lay before our readers , will , most probably , be as Mows : — 1 st . To detail the facts connected with the present ¦ gate of thrpoor in Scotland—and , _incidentally in h-ngland , Wales , and Ireland , as narrated iu the Times newspaper , and from other available sources . 2 nd . To investigate into the " constitutional" and "legal" right of the landlords to theland ; the duties attached to their alleged "right ; " and whether those duties have been fulfilled by them . 3 rd . To inquire whether the landlords' assumed

      right to the exclusive possession of the soil is in accordance with natural right , and the laws of eternal justice . The great length of the letters given below from the Times , combined with other lengthy matters , such as the important Parliamentary debate of two nights on Lord Joes Russell ' s resolutions , prevent us going further into the subject this week , but next week , we hope to address our readers at greater length . In the meantime we recommend to our readers , particularly in Scotland , their attentive perusal of the two letters from the Times , especially the second letter , which lucidly explains the origin and present state ofthe Scottish Poor Law . Ofthe proposed " amendment" of that law wc shall have something to say in our next .

      _LETTEE I . THE CONDITION FO THE _TOOB IV SCOTLAND . Dobnoch _, _ScTHEEi . _i . _NDstHTiE , VLkx 20 . —My attention whilst here has been directed , from reading some articles in jour columns , to the actual condition of the poor under the existing Scotch Poor Law ; and if that condition be , as it has beeH acknowledged , " not what it ought to be , " to trace to what it is owing—to the law , or to its administration , or non-administration , aud therein to inquire as to the apparent necessity of any change in the law , and whether the proposed change is likely to better the condition of the poor . With this object I left A . vdgay , in Rossshire , to proceed to this , the _principaltowti in Sutherlandshire , a distance of about twelve miles , intending to visit such cottages as were within an approachable distance of the road , and to see their condition and that of their inmates myself .

      The first parish I entered on crossing _Bonar-bridga into Sutherlandshire was that of Criecli . According to the report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Poor law , the population of this parish iu 1841 was 2 , 567 ; in 1842 there were 101 paupers , and £ 38 was distributed among them . There are now 140 paupers on the roll The Kirk Sessions collection nsed to be from JSH to £ 18 before the secession . Itis from £ 8 to £ 10 now . There are five heritors in the parish , who subscribe among them £ 14 . So that since the commissioners report the num . ber of paupers increased from 101 to 140 , and the amount for their support is decreased from £ 33 to £ 24 . There is a fund of about £ 200 , arising partly from donations , and partly from a sum subscribed for the relatives of a number of persons who were drowned

      many years ago , called the "Meikle-ferry Fund , " which is in the hands of trustees for the poor , and this sum is now being distributed . The extent of the parish is forty miles long by seven to nine wide . In the commissioners ' report Mr . Duncan Ross , Sessions clerk , states the amount of relief to the paupers "to _va-ty from 2 s . to 5 s . a-year ;" that they maintain themselves chiefly by begging- , that "the chief food of the paupers is potatoes ; " "that he is in tlie habit of seeing the paupers in their own dwellings , " and that "the aged aud the infirm are not properly provided for . " He mentions the case of a blind woman on the roll , who then got 5 s . a year , and lived in the house of a distant relation , a middle-aged man of 40 or 50 years of age . This woman is the first I wentte see , and I trill describe to you her condition .

      Ann Campbell lives in the cottage of James Fmer , a small farmer , who man-led her niece , since dead . He is just able to pay his rent . The cottage is in Criecli , on the hill side , within 300 yards of the church , and irithin 100 yards of the minister's , the Rev . Mr . Murdo Cameron ' s house . The cottage was warm , and rather better than those around it ; low roofed with turf ; dirided into four compartments—the cow-shed , a sort of family room , a bed-room , and a room in which the old woman was ; mudfloor ; peat fire on the floor , with a hole in the roof to let the smoke out . There was no appearance of want in it , as there was a bag of meal there , and sufficient chairs and tables and crockery . Another -niece of the old woman , who could not speak English , was making oatcakes , and managing the house for the farmer . After a

      short salutation I asked to see the old woman , and with many warnings to stoop under the low doorways and to mind and not fall , I was shown into a room , which was quite dark , but in which , from the streak of light tlirough the doorway , I saw a bin with potatoes in it at one side . I then heard the woman talk to aud attempt to rouse some one , au attempt which was answered by alow and continued kind of grunt or moan , and i was told to go near . I would not , as it was quite dark , without a ligbt , for which I asked , and the younger woman brought a piece of lighted stick from the fire , by the light of which I almost started back at the shocking and disgusting object close to my feet . On a bed on the floor , iu a kind of bin , in this dark hole , lay the pauper woman , covered with a coarse rug , like sacking , the colour of the mud floor . The pillow for her head and the covering about

      her person were of the same colour and coarse material . Round her head was wrapped or twisted , without any kind of form , a most filthy-looking cloth , also the colour of the mud floor . The poor old creature was covered with vermin , and she kept repeating an uneasy and impatient grunt or moan , Her niece did not know her exact age , hnt said she was between seventy and eighty , and blind and deaf . She had been bedridden , in the place where saw her for eighteen months . The minister caUed at the cottage once when there was a funeral , but had uot been to see them for the last eight years . Since the disruption in the church they had gone to hear the Free Church minister . The niece ' s name , who told me this , is Hannah Campbell . She received 3 s . or 4 s . a-year from the poor ' s fund . This year she had received 3 s . and a "fairlot " ( two pecks ) of meal from Mr . Dempster , one of the heritors .

      I will make no comment on this case . I left the cottage with a strong feeling of disgust , which was not lessened at seeing the house of the miuistev , of whom mention had been made , within a stone's throw _. The next place I passed through was Spiningdale . Some years ago a cotton-factory was built by a Glasgow company in this vale , which gathered round it a small population , and a considerable number of stone cottages were built here . Thefactory , however , was burnt down , and has never been re-erected , and as a consequence the village went to decay . It presents a melancholy spectacle of ruin ; eight out of every ten cottages are roofless . The population which remains is in a wretched state of destitution .

      The first man shown to me here on the poor ' s roll was William Calder , aged 92 . He formerly occupied a small farm , but was turned out last year ; he then got a cottage , with half an acre of land , upon a moor , whieh he cannot now cultivate . His daughter , the wife of a labourer at Glasgow , takes care of him ; but her husband has sent for her , and he does not know what he shall do . He was at the last distribution allowed 3 s . and a stone of meal ; the meal was from the heritors ; the money from fhe Kirk Session . That was all he was allowed for the year . He was supported partly by what , his son-in-law sent him , and partly by begging ; " but , " said the old mau , " every one has enough to do for themselves . "

      I went next to the cottage of Ellen Cameron , who is on the poor ' s roll . It was a most wretched place —oue of the dilapidated cottages patched up , but to which the weather had access from aU corners . Th « re was no fire in it ; some chairs ofa better description than usual ; some broken dishes as crockery , a kettle , a pan , and abed . This constituted the furniture . She is a widow , with five children ; the eldest , 15 years of age , is at service ; tlie rest are depending upon her , the youngest 4 years old _. Her husband was a sheriffs officer at Bonar , and died two years ago . Her furniture was takeu after his death

      to pay the rent . She was taken ill last winter , and whilst sick was put on the poor ' s roU _, and had 3 s . given to Iter . Since then she has had 3 s . and some meal given to her , which is her whole support , besides what she could get by begging , which she has had for five months . The meal she got just lasted a fortnight . She did not think she could keep herself and family alive under 4 s Cd . a-week . They required a stone of meal a-week , wluch costs 2 s . ; and potatoes , a little tea for herself , and soap , and bits of clothing , would consume the rest . Since she had lived there she had never tasted butter or cheese , ov meat of any kind . She was dressedin rags .

      I then went to some cottages on the hill , and entered thatof Fanny Murray , who is on the poor's roll . She was dressed in rags ; is 70 years of age , andhas been seven or eight years on the roll . About a month ago she got a distribution of 3 s . and a " fairlot" of meal . Never before got more thau 2 s . or 2 s . Cd . a year . Has been unable to work for fourteen years . Her son , a sickly young man , has an acre of land on the moor , which he cultivates , and goes out as a labourer on the roads , when he can get work , and gets Is . a-day . She lived with his assistance and that of her neighbours . The cottage was miserable . The peat fire was on the mud floor in the middle of the room , aud the smoke found its way out at the doorway .

      I next drove through Clash-more , which is , 1 am informed , in the parish of Dornoch . This parish is ten miles loug by six broad . The population in 1811 was 2 , 714 ; in 1842 , eighty-five paupers were received , and , according to the evidence given before the commission , £ 7719 s . was distributed among thorn . The average allowance , according to the evidence of the Rev , Angus Kennedy , the minister of Dornoeh , was 8 s . to 9 s . a year , the whole fund not being distributed . According to the evidence of Mr . Fraser , the senior magistrate of Dornoch , in tlie commissioners' report , " the poor are certainly not sufficientl y provided for ; fhe funds are inadequate to their proper support . " This gentleman is of opiuion that " voluntary contributions" shouldbe tried before recourse should be had to an assessment for the support of the poor . Respecting the " voluntary contributions , " it need only be said there is much occasion for them and nothing to prevent them . '

      In 1844 , the number of paupers on the roll was 139 ; the amount gathered by the Kirk Session was £ 23 8 s . 4 d . To this is to be added the interest on about £ 800 , which has been derived from donations and legacies and the Meikleferry Fund , given to the Kirk Session for distribution , but which bas been hoarded up and put out at interest ; the interest amounts to £ 33 12 s . 3 d . The sole heritor , the Duke Of Sutherland , pays £ C as his contriburton . and

      Within That Land Was Many A Malcontent, ...

      allows a number of cottages in different parts of the parish to the poor at a nominal vent . The rent of the parish in 1810 was £ 2 , 96917 s . 10 d ., it is now £ 3 , 196 8 s . I proceed now to describe the condition of some ofthe paupers that I visited in this parish . Janet Munro is a widow , sixty years of age , who lives on the moor of Clash-more . Her ' husband was dvownto at the Meikle-ferry , in 1809 . Part of the sum of £ 800 in Dornoch parish , lent out at interest , is derived from collections theu mado in aid of the relatives of those who were then drowned . She lives alonewith no one to

      at-, tend her . Her cottage is a miserable hut on the hill side . The old woman said , « she had neither furniture nor friends . " She had been fifteen years on the poor's-roll _, and before tho disruption in the church she got about 7 s . or 8 s . a-year . Since the disruption she has only received 3 s . this year , wliich the minister gave her out ofhis own pocket . But for the assistance of her neighbours , she would starve . Two or three of her nei ghbours to the west were very good to her ; bnt she could not often walk about and see them . Her food is potatoes , and a little meal , when she gets it given to her .

      I walked over the hill to a place called Cyder-hall , where there is a cluster of poor cottages . I entered one ! The name of the occupant was Catherine Gordon , a widow , in bad health , aged forty-six , having two young children dependent upon hev . Her husband died of cancer in Inverness Infirmary two years ago , leaving her with seven children . ; all but two were away from her . The first year after her hUsband ' s death she ' received 8 s . relief from the poor ' s fund . She was obliged this year to petition for relief , when she was asked if she would be satisfied with the Kirk Session relief . Not understanding the objeet of tbe question , she said she would , and signed as paper to that effect , —and _^ _theii received 5 s ., which was all she had got this year . Her object in

      petitomng was , that the Court of Session might order her a weekly allowance , as she was near starving ; and she complained of having been deceived into signing the paper . She laid out the 5 s . in potatoes , and with the help of her neighbours she was just kept alive . After her husband ' s death she was nearly twelve months in bed , and was now unable to work or get about ; and a grown daughter who is in service came and managed for lier and the children . jTho cottage or hut was perfectly miserable and dilapidated . There was the usual furniture in it , a low deal table , two rush chairs , some boxes , two or three plates and dishes , and a bed . Excepting a handful of meal now and then given to her by her neighbours , she never tasted anything but potatoes .

      The next hut to this , which seemed in danger of fall _, ing , was that of Eliza Koss , single woman , aged seventyfour—the interior a miserable hovel of the usual description . She applied by petition for 2 s . a-week relief . The Kirk Session put her off by giving her 5 s ., which was the only relief she had since the disruption in the church in 1843 . Sho is helpless and cannot do anything , and has been on the poor ' s roll twenty years . She never got more than Gs . a-year . She has not tasted meat for years ; and the poor old creature laughed with incredulous astonishment that I should ask her such a question . She lives on potatoes and meal , whieh her neighbours give her .

      The next cottage to this was that of Andreivina Jfaclde ; she is sixty years old , and has been bedridden six months . The doctor attends her . She has received 5 s . from tho Kirk Session this year , and got 5 s . last year ; she has a son eighteen years of age , who attends upon her , and helps to support her , and her neighbours assist her with bread and potatoes . She is helpless ; and cannot wash her own clothes . She was lying in a room quite dark , The window was without frame or glass , and waa stopped up with a board to keep the wind out . I then drove on to Doinoch . In this town I visited the

      cottage of Kate M'Leod . She is in bad health , and aged fifty-four . Has no relations , and has been twelve years on the roll . Has 5 s . a-year allowed . Lives on potatoes _, which her neighbours give her , and never tastes meat . She had 2 s . Gd . given her when the Duke ' s daughter was married , about a year ago . There was a small table In the room , on which she sat as on a stool ; a small wooden stool , a bed , a few potatoes iu one corner , and two or three plates . This was the furniture . The cottage she had rent-free . She had not yet this year received anything by way of relief .

      The next cottage I entered was that of Margaret Grey , aged sixty , a single woman , in bad health . She lives alone , and has no one to take cave of her . "Was bedridden the whole winter . Lives on potatoes and meal , when she happens to get any given her . Never tastes meat . Received last year 8 s . Cd . from the Kirk Session . This year had not received anything . There was scarcely any furniture in the place and no fire . She was not able to go to the minister to complain ; and the minister never came near her . Tha Free Church minister sometimes saw her and helped her a little . She never begged from door to door , but her neighbours supported her .

      I have given you a description ofthe eases just as I saw thera . I have taken nobody ' s representation one way or the other ; I saw them myself , The simple description of the way in which these poor people live , or rather starve , is enough , without any further attempt at awakening sympathy , I will merely add , that I never saw human beings in a lower state of degradation and wretchedness .

      LETTER 11 , THE SCOTCH POOR 1 VAW . Dornoch , Sutherlandshire , Thursday , May 22 . In my last letter I gave you a description of the actual condition in which the paupers of this part of Scotland are compelled to live , derived from my own personal observation of some score of cases which I minutely inquired into in the cottages of the paupers whose condition I aescribeo . and who told me with their own lips the information I sent you . "Without repeating similar evidence I may add that I have since visited Golspie , some ten miles further north , on the east coast of Sutherlandshire , near which town is Dunrobin Castle , the mansion of his Grace tho Duke of Sutherland . In this town I saw several more paupers in their cottages in precisely

      the same miserable condition , the rate of allowance being about the same . An old man of 82 years of age had Ss . a-year to support him ; a widow , with two children dependent upon her , 7 s , 6 d . a-year , and so on ; the amount derived chiefly out of the Kirk Session collection , the Duke of Sutherland contributing £ 6 a-year to the parish . The population , in 1841 , was 1 , 146 ; in 1842 there were sixty-seven paupers relieved , and that number is now increased ; and the sum distributed amongst the paupers , wluch is now about the same , was then £ 33 3 s . Gd ., or about 9 s . or 10 s . a-year each on an average . Their food is chiefly potatoes , and sometimes a little meal and fish . TheDuke of Sutherland , who is the sole heritor , has the reputation of being very liberal to the poor , in permitting them to have holdings at nominal rents , and in private acts of charity . These briefly are the facts .

      It will not be amiss , for the benefit of your English readers , who do not understand much about the Scotch Poor Law and its administration beyond this , that it has been the fashion to praise both , briefly to explain it . By an Act passed in the year 1579 , c . 74 , in the reign of James VI . of Scotland , power is given to the magistrates in burghs , and justices constituted by the King's commission in landward parishes , "by the gude discretions of the saidis Provests , < Sso ., and sik as they shall call to them to that effect , to tase and stent the hail inhabitants within the parochin , according to the estimation of their substance , without exception of persones , to sik weekly charge and contribution as sallbe thocM expedient and sufficient to sustains the saidis pure people . "

      By a proclamation of William and Mary , dated the llth of August , 1692 , the heritors , ministers and elders of ercry parish are required twice in the year to meet at their parish kirk , " and tliere to make lists of all the poor within then-parish , and to cast up the quota of what may entertain them according to their _rospefltitie needs , and to cast the said quota , one-half upon the heritors , and the other half « pa « the householders of the _parith ; and to collect the same in the beginning of every week , month , or quarter , as they shall judge most fit ; and to appoint two overseers yearly to collect and distribute the said maintenance to tlie poor according to their several needs . " And by a subsequent proclamation of William and Mary , under date tbe 29 th of August , 1693 , the magistrates of burghs royal are commanded " to meet and stent themselves conform to such order and custom used and wonted in laying on stents , annuities , ov other public burdens , in the respective burgh as may be most effectual to reach all the inhabitants -. and the heritors ofthe several vacant

      panshes likewise to meet and stent themselves for the maintenance of their said respective poor" in manner appointed by the former proclamation . "And all the _fliinwters and heritors arc hereby required to give timeous intimation to the sheriff of the shire if any parish or person sliaUfatt in performance of this Christian duty in hail or in pairt , " on wluch they are to be called before the sheriff and fined double the quota wanting . This is the whole of the law for any compulsory provision for the poor , ( Speech of the Lord Advocate . Dunlop ' s Parochial Laws , page 229 . ) It has been since settled in practice that heritors are liable in an assessment for the support ofthe poor of the parish where the property lies , although not inhabitants ofthe parish . ( Dunlop _' s Scotch Parochial Law . Ed . 1830 . page 230 . )

      In the case of "Higgins » . the Barony Parish of Glasgow" ( Dunlop Ibid , page 377 ) , it was held , that assuming the applicant to be a proper object of relief , the heritors and Kirk Session are bound by the acts of Parliament to give aid ; they have no discretion to refuse relief , where the person is a proper object . If they should refuse relief , their decision is subject to the control of the Court of Session ; and if they should award " an elusory aliment , " the Supreme Court would have the same power of control . An "elusory aliment" has 'been defined to denote

      " something thatis not done , but only pretended to be done . " ( Per Lord Cockbum in "Duncan v . Heritor - * & c , of Ceres . " Scottish Jurist , vol . 15 . ) It was , however , long left an unsettled point , merely because it was not tried , whether the Court of Session could review the determination of the Uevitovs and Kirk Session of a parish in regard to the amount of aliment awarded to a pauper , it being acceded in that the fixing of this amount was discretionary , and under the words of the act need only be such " as shall be thocht expedient and sufficient , " though subsequent decisions had held that it must not be " elusory . "

      This point , however has recently been fully settled in the case of "ElizabethPryde , or Duncan , advocator , _^ the Heritor and Kirk Session of Ceres , respondents " ( reported in 15 Scottish Jurist , 1842-43 , p . 287 ) , and it is now producing a considerable change in the administration of the law _. In this case the advocator was a widow with seven childrcn , the eldest under fourteen years of age . She presented a petition for relief to the Kirk Session of Ceres

      Within That Land Was Many A Malcontent, ...

      who agreed to give her an allowance of Ss . Gil . a week , being at the rate of 6 d . a week for each child . Not satisfied with the allowance , she presented another petition to the heritors and Kirk Session , who gave what is termed in the Scotch law , " a deliverance" ( i . e ,, exonerating the Kirk Session from blame , and rejecting tlie petition ) , finding , that under all the circumstances the allowance was sufficient , she then presented a note of advocation ( appealed to the Court of Session ) _, and iu her statement of facts set forth amongst other things , " that the allowance of 3 s . 6 d . a week was so utterly inadequate as to be altogether elusory . " The respondents replied , that she was incompetent to advocate her claim , because it brought

      under review a judgment of the respondents as to the quantum of aliment ; and the aliment was not alleged to be totally inadequate . On the first hearing , in giving judgment , the Lord Ordinary held " that beyondall doubt the Court of Session possessed a power of review ofthe proceedings of the Kirk Session and heritors in their modification ofthe aliment of the paupers ; but it had been hid down that in the exercise of that power the Court should not rashly disturb the quantum of aliment awarded , unless it should appear that an allowance was given so plainly elusory as to amount in substance to a refusal to execute those statutes which devolved upon them the charge of Hie poor . " Tlie judgment on this hearing was , that the amount given was not elusory .

      Tin ' s decision was again appealed from , or , in the Scotch law phrase , " the advocator reclaimed ; " and a case was ordered to be prepared fov the opinion of the whole Court ou the following questions : — " 1 . Whether , generally , it is competent to bring under review of this Court , by advocation or otherwise , the deter _, mination of the heritors and Kirk Session ofa parish with regard to the allowances for the poor *? " 2 . -Whether , in particular , after an allowance for a poor person has been fixed he the said body on due iuquiry , it is competent to bring under tho review of this Court the question , as to the advocacy of the amount of such

      allowance . " 3 . Whether itis competent for the Court to ordain the payment of any particular rate of allowance for the poor , ov tho imposition of any particular rate of taxation to provide for payment of allowances to the poor . " In pronouncing the final decision the Lord President said , — " The controlling power of the Court to interpose in the case ofa mere nominal or _elusoi-y aliment seems hardly to be disputed ; but if so , where is the limit to he drawn ? If the Court is not entitled to interfere but in the case of an elusory and a defective aliment , then the result must be , that where there is a wrong done it is to be without

      remedy , and must hold it competent to bring under the review of this Court the sufficiency or adequacy of the aliment awarded . As to the first question , I do not think it admits of any doubt . Questions have been entertained generally , when the right of relief was denied , or the liability of particular individuals in parishes disputed . We have never scrupled to do so . The second question I am disposed to answer in the same way . If the heritors and Kirk Session err in judgment , assuming that to be needful sustentation which is not so , I don't see any solid ground on which we can refuse redress . Indeed , the necessity of redress seoms more clamant in the case of the poor than of any other . "

      Lord Jeffrey said"If anything is clear in law , nothing seems to mc so elear as that the poor of this country have a legal title to needful sustenance . Indeed , at common law , if a man has not forfeited his rights , I should think he has a good right to needful sustenance , which is only in other words a right to live . This right , I suspect , lies a little deeper than the right of property itself ; but I don't go into that . " In giving judgment on the third point , as to the sufficiency of aliment awarded , the Lord President , after stating that the words of the statute contained a direclio zraperitiva entitling the pauper to " needful sustenance , " proceeds to

      say" What then is ' _wcedjd sustenance ? ' If the party is impotent altogether , it must be what is necessary for her support ; or if , like here , there is an infant family , ' needful sustenance' must mean the sustenance needful for them all . Now , needful sustenance is that which is not only necessary to preserve from starvation , but also to prevent the health from being injured by scantiness of food . That I take to be the meaning of the act . Not only are soul and body to be kept together , but the health must not suffer . I do not think that the 3 s . Cd . is sufficient to eke out what is necessary to constitute needful sustenance . " The Court then pronounced the following judgment : —

      " That it is competent for this Court to review the determination of the heritors awl Kirk Session of a parish in regard to the amount of aliment awarded to paupers applying for relief . That the allowance awarded was not sufficient , as needful sustentation , for the family of the advocator , under the circumstances in which it was placed ; and the respondents are ordained to reconsider the advocator ' s application for relief , and to award such addition to the sum formerly fixed upon as weekly aliment as may be reasonable under the whole circumstances of her case . "

      Such , then , is the law as it now stands . In theory , most effectual ; in practice , or rather in its administration , it has been seen how insufficient . The proclamation of 1693 points out the course which " minister and heritors" are required to take , if any parish or person shall fail in the performance of " the Christian duly , in hail or pairt , " of supporting the poor . In the case last quoted the Lord President held " that the power Of the Couvtof Session t & interpose in the case of a mere nominal ov elusory aliment was hardly disputed . " Will it be questioned that _IJd . to 2 id . a-week is not an " elusory

      aliment ? " If it be an " elusory aliment" with an " undisputed" remedy , how does it happen that tho ministers and heritors , the proper guardians of the rights and interests ofthe poor , "failed in tho Christian duly" of en . forcing the remedy ? Why just thus , because the heritors themselves , so far as they were concerned , would have to supply a sufficient aliment , if enforced , and the ministers were often their most obsequious friends . The poor , therefore , contrary to the law , in breach ofa " Christian duty , " have been let remain in slow starvation and wretchedness .

      ZrAUD AND _POPUtATIOff OF THE 8 _MTISH _ISLANDS . It is generally set down as a thing decided , that the British Islands arc over populated . This is not the truth —it is tlie very reverse of the truth . The British Islands contain over fifty millions of acres of land , and they do not contain over half that number of inhabitants , Now , for every man , his wife and five children , in tho British Islands , there are no less than fourteen acres of land t The country is not over populated . Quito the reverse . The writer of this , in travelling from Liverpool to London , saw , comparatively , little else than black , dingy , smokey , soul-and-body-blasting factories , crowded into heaps at every interval , whilst the miles of open green country lying between , seemed unconscious of a plough from the morning of creation .

      John Bull is a great man for roast beef , and he takes a most expensive and uneconomical way of getting hold of this his favorite luxury . Take , for example , an English ox fatted for slaughter . He is five years old , and he has consumed on an average the product of two acres and a half of land yearly . Now if it be true what Goldsmith says , in his inimitable " Deserted Village , " "A time there was , ere England's griefs began , When every rood of ground maintained its man . " If this be true , then just count up how many human beings must give place to the ox , during his five years of grass and hay eating . And then remember that his whole carcase , hide , horns and all , would not support an ordinary family for three months .

      The truth is , England is over populated only because the people have no share in the soil of England . Immense tracts of it are laid out in the solitary demesnes ofndbk ( l \ men , Over many a square mile of surface human foot never treads , save the solitary stalk of "My Lord ' s " gamekeeper , whilst the " Lord" himself , perhaps , " Down Italian vista startles , W— - _> hunting among groves of myrtles . " As Burns most irreverently , but most truly , has it . Thus no inconsiderable portion of the soil of England is wasted and rendered useless , as effectually as if it had been created a desert blank—and on the other side , immense tracts of it are kept for the use of brute beasts , one ox being supplied with as much of its surface as would , with due cultivation , afford subsistence to a good sized family . But then the lord patroons will do with it just what they please , and there is no use in remonstrating with them . — -4 _lbajij- Freeholder ( U . S . ) .

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      W _^»^ a _^^^^ _am 0 mmm _0 _^ mijm 0 mimmi _^ _mmmtmmmm _^ mma _^ LORD _ELDON'S PILLS , HABITUAL Costiveness ( saidthe late Mr . Abernethy ) I have no hesitation in stating , is the foundation of all diseases!—These Pills are from the prescription of a celebrated Court Physician , and were used by the late Lord Eldon , They are put forth as calculated to remove two complaints , to both ofwhich Gentlemen of the learned professions are more or less subject—viz ,, Costiveness and Indigestion ; and are patronised' by the highest officers of the State . Sold , in boxes , at Is . lid ., 2 s . 0 d ., and silvered , 4 s . Cd „ by all respectable druggists aud medicine vendors in the kingdom ; and wholesale , at 13 , Great St . Thomas Apostle , Loudon .

      $Lar&Rt Jjitenftwit

      _$ lar & _rt _Jjitenftwit

      London Cors* Ejxc'ia-Vge , Monday , Mai*...

      London Cors * _Ejxc'ia-vge , Monday , Mai * 20 . —The supplies of wheat , flour , and malt , coastwise were moderate during the past week , whilst the arrivals of English barley , oats , beans , and peas were very small . Beyond a moderate quantity of oats , there were no receipts either from Scotlandor Ireland ; from abroad , however , rather a liberal supply of the last named grain , fair arrivals of wheat , barley , and beans , and a few hundred quarters ofpeas came to hand . This morning tho show of wheat by land-carriage samples from

      the iieigiiboiiringcoimtu's wassmall , nor were the fresh arrivals of any other article at all important . Up to Friday night tho weather remained very cold , lout sinco then the wind lias got to the south-west and the temperature has risen . The millers manifested more anxiety to buy wheat this morning than on any previous occasion for months past ; factors were , therefore , induced to ask Is . to 2 s . per qr . more , and a tolerable extentofbusiness was done at the advance . Foreign wheat , though less enquired for than that of home growth , was also dearer . The bonded demand appears to have _shwkcued . in consequence 0 *?

      London Cors* Ejxc'ia-Vge , Monday , Mai*...

      the high pretensions of holders ; the actual sales effected this morning were trivial . Flour was held at enhanced rates , and there was some uncertainty as to the nominal top price of town-made . English barley was scarce , and purchases could not be made on as easy terms as this day se ' nnig ht ; for foreign , parcels higher rates were also asked , notwithstanding which several lots changed hands . The operations in malt were on a restricted scale , but prices liad an upward tendency . Oats being very generally held 6 u . to Is . per qr . hig her than on Monday last , tho dealers acted with extreme caution , aud the rise could only be obtained from country buyers . English _, bean ? commanded a ready sale at an advance of fld . to Is . per qr ., but Egyptian , whether free or bonded , were not dearer . Peas , without beingmuch inquired for , firmly supported their previous value . Canaiy seed was in fair _suooly . but held at former terms _.

      Prices of rapeseed and linseed were rather higher . In _cloversced , tares , < L'c , there was little passing . CURRENT PRICES OF _GaAIN , PER IMPERIAL _QVARTBn .-BrUish . s s 8 » Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red H 50 White 50 5 ft Norfolk aud Lincoln . ... do 45 49 Ditto 50 52 Northum . and Scotch white 42 47 Fine 50 6 € Irish red old 0 0 Red 44 46 White 48 49 Rye Old 30 31 New 28 30 Brack 34 35 Barley Grinding . . 24 26 Distil . 27 30 Malt . 39 83 Malt Brown .... _*>'¦ - 54 Pale 55 59 Ware GO 62 Beans _Tieksohl * tnew 34 37 Harrow 36 39 Pigeon 40 42 Peas Grey 35 36 Maple 37 38 White 38 39 Oats Lincolns & Yorkshire Feed 22 23 Poland 24 2 S Scotch Angus 22 24 Potato 25 28 Irish 'White 20 23 Black 20 21 Pei-2301 b . net . s b Pcr 2801 b . net . s a Town-made Flour ... 42 44 Norfotk & Stockton 32 St Essex and Kent .... 34 36 Irish 84 38

      Bree . Bona . Foreign . s g _s 8 Wheat , Dantsic _, Konigsburg , & c 58 57 38 39 Marks , Mecklenburg 51 62 33 34 Danish , Holstein , and Friesland red 43 45 27 29 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 46 27 21 Italian , Red . . 47 48 White ... 51 52 30 35 Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft .... 48 52 30 St Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 28 30 PtuMed . . 28 30 21 22 Barley , Grinding . 24 20 Malting . . 28 32 19 2 * Beans , Ticks . . 34 35 Egyptian . 34 35 27 30 Peas , White . . 37 39 Maple . . 36 37 28 SI Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 26 It il Russian feed 21 22 15 It Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 24 25 19 20

      Lo . vnox Smiikfie-gd Cattle _Maukkt , Mosdat , May 26 . — -The observations we offered under this head a fortnight since , respecting the future value of mutton in this market , having been realised , we shall , on the present occasion , make a few remark ** illustrative of the position in which wc find the demand at present , and from which a few practical hints of the highest importance may be drawn , As we predicted , in the period above referred to , the quotations of sheep have been maintained , even to tlio extreme range which they have assumed during the present season : and the question still asked is —* will they continue to be supported ? Wc have before pointed out the primary cause of the present high rates of mutton , and we may now add that our advices from various parts of England , but more

      particularly from Yorkshire and the other northern grazing comities , state that the numbers of sheep at present destined for this market are much smaller than was the case at the corresponding season in 18 i 4 ; whilo , from most other parts , we conceive there will he a slight comparative falling off in the receipts during the next month or six weeks . Rather an important feature is , however , observable here at this moment ; we mean the nearly average numbers of sheep brought forward , and the continuance ofa firm inquiry . But it is not always the numerical strength of the supply that regulates value . For in « stance , the sheep brought forward during the whole of the month—a natural consequence ofthe excessive drought experienced last year--have proved very light weighers , consequently the actual quautity of

      meat has proved less than many persons have appeared to anticipate . This deficiency , even though the stock has had p lentiful quantities of artificial food , must continue to be felt for some tune * , yet wc must not conceal the fact that the present somewhat plentiful supplies of green fodder must have a most favourable effect upon the condition ofthe animals . When the great enhancement took place in the currencies , graziers as well as the salesmen conceived that very large supplies of meat would be transmitted to New * gate and Leadenhall markets from Yorkshire aud some other quarters , thereby causing them to resume their former level . But the scarcity of stock to wliich _tve have beforo alluded , has been the means of preventing anv important improvement in the supplies of slaughtered meat ; hence , on a review of all

      the circumstances connected with supply and demand , we are led to the conclusion that the present rates ot mutton , if only ayerage supplies are received , will be supported for a month from the present time . Having given our opinion upon the probable future state of the demand for sheep , we shall now Mefty allude to that for beasts . Although a _verj * large in * crease is observable iu the bullock supplies from Scotland , upwards of 2000 Scots having come to hand from Aberbeen , Dundee , & c ., in the course ofthe present month , and the Continent . Those from Norfolk aud other parts of England have proved very moderate aa to number , while the quantity of internal fat carried I by them has been somewhat less than usual . Thia i circumstance , together with the high price of mutton I has been productive of an active beef trade , at rather

      a considerable advance in the currencies . _Ltvmh , veal , and porkhave likewise felt the effects of that ad « vance ; but we are not disposed to thiuk that it will be maintained for any length of time . Our readers will recollect that we have all along predicted that the imports of foreign stock for our various markets would continue to improve from time to time . A glance at the beasts almost daily landed will , at once , prove the coiTectness of out views . But we may state that the improvement was never so marked as during the past week , for out ofthe 128 oxen , cows , and hcifere , received from Rotterdam , per the Giraffe , Batavier , and Ocean steamers , scarcely oae of them was beneath the middle quality ; indeed we may venture to observe , without fear of contradiction , that the Dutch beasts shown here on Fridar

      were the best handlers in the market . To show the wonderful improvement in the quality of the foreign beasts , we feel bound to notice a heifer received from the above port on Thursday last . Withoutexaggeration we pronounce this wonderful animal , which weighed upwards of 150 stones , the most complete we _i ever witnessed , and had she been exhibited at the _s Smithfield Club ' s show we feel sure she would have i carried off one of the prizes . Frem Hamburgh , aa i importation of 12 sheep has taken place * , but their r condition is by no means first rate . At the outports , _t , upwards of 230 beasts have been received since this 13 day se ' nnight , * their quality is represented as very y superior to most previous importations . Since our u last an official statement ofthe imports of live stock k during the last three years , ending on the 5 th of of April iu each year , has been published . It _niaaia

      thus—1843 . 1844 . 1845 . Oxen and bulls ... 256 ... 150 ... 583 Cows 53 ... 2 G ... 360 Calves 1 ... 1 ... — Sheep 23 ... 17 ... 814 Lambs — ... I ... — Swine and hogs . 05 ... 32 . „ 155 Total 428 ... "SJ ... 1912 _, The number of foreign beasts here to-day comoa sisted of 27 head , the whole of which were in faitfau average condition ; whilst , fresh up from our variousous grazing districts , the bullock droves were somewhafchat on the increase compared with those reported on _thi'thi day se ' nnight . The attendance of both London anoano country dealers was somewhat extensive , vet the beeJbeel

      trade , arising chiefly from the beasts coming to handand in much better condition than for some weeks past > ast _, was not quite so active as oh ¥ viday , though tin th . < currencies realised on Monday last were supportecrtec in every instance , and a good clearance was _effectetctet by the salesmen . Wc regret to observe that both tht thi beasts and sheep , more particularly the latter , _weiwen suffering severely from the effects of the cpidemicmic On the roads the losses continue severe . From Nor Nor : folk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , we receiveeive ; ltOO shorthorns , Scots , and homebreds ; _fromtlmtui northern counties 200 shorthorns ; from the _w & _tep & _tei and midland districts 250 Devons , _Serefords , _mtrunfci ore . ! from other parts of England 200 of varioiarion _mmm 0 mm _^^^ _msmm

      breeds ; aud from Scotland 250 horned andpoll * poll « Scots . The numbers of sheep were _seasonably dr «;; tensive , though there was nothing remarkabrkabi amongst them as to quality . Prime old Downs tnovenov , 1 oft' freely , at fully the late advance in the quotatiotation ¦ —they selling at from 4 s lOd to 5 s per 8 fl > , but abut a ! other breeds met a veiy dull inquiry at barely _laily la , rates . From the Isle of Wight , 147 lambs came ame hand per railway , while the receipts from othi oth . quarters were liberal . Prime Down qualities _wejs _wes in steady demand , at full prices ; but other kiada-iudi lambs were rather inactive . We had a fair trade _i'ade il veal , and last week ' s quotations were wellsupporteporUi More business was doing in pigs , and the rates had 5 had improved tendency .

      By the quantities of 8 tl >„ sinking the offal . ! . t r . S . d . S . < S . << Inferior coars e beasts . . , 3 < _j 3 1 3 11 Second . quality .... 38313 11 ' Prime large oxen . , , , 10 _i ' 4 " Prime Scots , & c 4 4 4 ' 1 " Coarse inferior sheep . . . 3 S t t Second quality .... 4 2 4 4 Prime coarse irooUed ... 1 6 4 4 Prime Southdown ... 4 19 g 5 _J-am _» s 5 0 6 C Large coarse calves .... 4 2 4 4 Prime small 4 10 5 5 Suckling calves , each , , . 18 0 31 31 Largehogs 3 0 3 3 Neat small porkers , 3 8 *¦ *¦ _Quavter-old store pigs , each . . W « 20 20

      HEAD OF CATTLE OK 8 A . t , E . ( From the Books ofthe Clerk of the Market l ket l Beasts , 2 , 744-Sheep and Lambs , _SG _^ _O-Calves , \ S , m Your Corn Market , Mat 24 .-We have have has limited supply of all grain at our nffitffitE a _& cfof mtt Zl n _rL deniand . _»» 4 _« Mvance 01 oa , to is . per load . Other descrinlescrinv aW is . per quarter _ctearer . Othec aSKde ? supported last week ' s rates

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), May 31, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_31051845/page/7/