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Northern Star (1837-1852), 27th September 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 7, Composting- MASunn. —In every moment ofl...

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    • asanftrupts., &i
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      The Ampoyeffrjabeialnations. '7-£8££K ' ...

      THE ANDOVER ABOMINATIONS . ( Cominned from our ¦ sixth page . ) viva voce hy the " eminent accountant" with the books before him in open court . But this , though the only right course , wonld have been a dangerous one , as Mr . Mitchiner must then have been subjected to the inconvenience of a < _aross-exainination , which would have confuted hia statements with regard to figures , and _Btopped his opinions on diet , for which hewas not asked , bnt which show how completely he is the creature of the system by which he lives , he being the auditor of sixteen Poor Law unions . Mr . Parker left Andover yesterday morning for London , just before church time ; hehas notreturned , feut it is expected that he wiU be here to-ni ght , and re-open his court to-morrow , for the purpose either of going into the new cases or of stating that no further inquiry will be made , and the reasons why .

      & SDOVZB , Sept . 23 . —Contrary to general expectation , Mr . Parker , the Assistant-Commissioner , did not come down here this morning to re-open his court ; but a letter was received from the Poor Law Commissioners by the master , a copy of which was also forwarded to Mr . Lamb , the clerk to the board of guardians . _^ _, _„ _, _ The letter is dated September 32 , Isto , and states , ihat the object of the inquiry -was to discover the fitness or nnfitness of M'Dougal for the office of master of the union workhouse ; and that sufficient evidence having been brought forward to warrant his dismissal , he was therefore required to quit the

      workhouse -with the least _jiossibtedelay , as the Commissioners no longer considered him master of the house . They also state that they disapprove of the guardians having engaged him to manage the house for another month . They state further , that Mr . Parker laid before them a copy ofthe evidence , which would fee immediately investigated and reported thereon , as to whether further steps should be taken for an inquiry into the other charges , hinting that such inquiry would in some measure depend upon the instant obedience of M'Dougal to their command to leave the house directly .

      I do not know who M'Dougal' s present adviseis are bnt ihey appear to beverynnwise persons if they have instructed him to pursue the course which he declares he will take . lie considers the Poor Law Commissioners arc not his masters , but that the guardians are so , and them alone he will obey . He has therefore closed the workhouse door against all comers , and acts as porter himself , keeping a lookout from Ms office above to see who approaches it . lie says that he will not go without a warrant , and that he will admit nobody unless he pleases . Bis

      friends should tell Mm to complete his resistance to the orders ef the Poor Law Commissioners b y fortifying the workhouse and arming the male inmates , who , no doubt , from their great affection for the master , would rather die than suffer him to be compelled to surrender his command over them . If any more need be said beyond what has been already stated to show the impropriety of retaining the master in full exercise of his powers during the inquiry into his conduct , the following facts are strong illustrations of that opinion : —

      One of the inmates who was examined as a witness in favour of M'Dongal , and who swore that she had always duly received her rations , though the contrary was the fact , has ever since evinced great distress of mind , frequently weeping and expressing her sorrow for having told such lies , and her wish that she had an opportunity to recant the falsehood and tell the truth . This shows how much the presence and control of the master have influenced those inmates who spoke favourably of him . The second case is that of violent conduct of the matron towards one of the inmates , who did not scruple to state the troth boldly , for having done so . She abased the poor woman , whose name is Elizabeth Gate , for having said things against M'Dongal , and

      threatened to throw a pot of hot gruel over her , and continued to talk and act in such a manner that the woman became alarmed for her personal safety , and left the workhouse . AsDOVEB , SEPI . 2 i . " Is he come ? " " Is Mr . Parker down yet ?" " "Where is the _Assistant-Connnissioner ?"—These were the universal inquiries this morning ; but they received no satisfactory answer . As the day wore on it became known that Mr . Westlake had received a letter from the Poor Law Commissioners , which in some degree accounted for the continued absence of the Assistant-Commissioner , after his promise oh Saturday to be here cither on Monday or Tuesday , but at the latest on Tuesday . This is the letter : — " ( 11 , 4093-45 . ) " Poor Law Commission-office , Somerset-house ,

      September 23 , 18 i 5 . "Sir , —I am directed by the Poor Law Commissioners to inform you that they yesterday received a report from Mr . Assistant-Commissioner Parker , accompanied by the evidence taken in the recent Inquiry , by which the commissioners have been made aware that on the 20 th instant Mr . M'Dougal placed his resignation of the office of master ef the Andover Union workhouse in the hands of the board of guardians , and thai his resignation was then accepted by the guardians . " This was a step entirely within the discretion of the guardians to take , and , as they have accep ted Mr . M'Dougal' s resignation , the inquiry by Mr . Parker—the abject of which was to ascertain Mr . M ' _Dougal ' s fitness for the office which he no longer holds—is necessarily terminated .

      " The commissioners could not now issue an order dismissing Mr . and Mis . M'Dougal , since such an order would be a nullity ; inasmuch 33 there IS HO _logger any master aud matron on whom an order of dismissal could take effect . "VYhat further proceedings it may be incumbent npon the commissioners to take in thi 3 matter , after a perusal of the evidence , now for the first time before them in any official shape , they will proceed to consider . "I am , sir , yonrmost obedient servant , - " Geom-b _' Goode , Asastant-Secretary . "

      Thc commissioners do not state what length of time they wiU take to consider what further proceedings it may he incumbent upon them to adopt ; and , therefore , the rate-payers are still in suspense as to whether the master will be criminally prosecuted , or suffered quietly to walk off , being enabled to say wherever he goes that he was not dismissed or punished , bnt that he magnanimously resigned . The letter is silent also upon another subject upon which Mr . _WsOake has for the last three or four days expected a communication from Somerset-house , namely , the personal attacks made npon him in the course of the inquiry by air . Assistant-Commissioner Parker , and upon which the following correspondence has already taken place : —

      _"Am-oveh , Sepi . 18 , 1845 . " Gentlemen , —Upon one passage of your letter ofthe 16 th instant I beg leave respectfully to make an observation . Ton state that the summonses on the witnesses are to be served by ' nersons employed hy yon or b y your assistant-commissioner . ' " This method of proceeding will cause inconve - nience and delay , hut nevertheless you are the proper judges to determine upon the course to be pursued . I must , however , lay before you a complaint not ancoHncctedwrith tliis subjeet , " against your assistantcommissioner , Mi * . Parker , who has thought fit publicly to state that the summonses served by me and my solicitor , Mr . May , were surreptitiously obtained , b y -which , as I was the person by whom they were obtained , Mr . Parker was understood to mean , and must havo meant , that I had surreptitiously obtained sneh summonses .

      "Now , I beg to inform yon that shortly after the evidence taken by the guardians had been forwarded io vou , and yon had directed an inquiry should take place , I saw Mr . Lamb , the clerk to the guardians , who apprised me of yonr determination , and , producing a number of summonses bearing the signature of Mr . Parker , said to me , ' I have received these from Mr . Parker : you are to have as many as you please , reserving a few for Mr . MDougal . ' " I had nokind of desire to he troubled with the Bervice of summonses , nor had I the least notion up to that moment that I was to be called npon to take upon myself the prosecution of the charges which I had preferred ; but considering that Mr . Lamb was

      acting in pursuance of your instructions , I received & om him a number of summonses , which , at great espenseand very considerable trouble , I either served or caused to be served . And I ask you , gentlemen , whether itis proper that a gentleman clothed " with your authority should , under these _cireumstances _, publicly in the town in which I am living and practismg my profession , charge me with surreptitiously obtaining these summonses ? I am in the discharge of a public duty , to me of a very difficult kind , thrust upon me by peculiar circumstances , and I respectfully submit that I ought not to be grossly and unjustly calumniated by thepereon appointed by you to hear charges which I have thus been compelled to support .

      "I think it right also , gentlemen , to bring nnder your notice a _circumstance which occurred during the inquiry yesterday . " I was sitting on a seat which I had occupied on former occasions , and a witness named _Annetts was under examination , when Mr . Assistant-Commissioner Parker publicly stated that he saw me looking at the witness in away I ought not . I denied , and Imost distinctly and unequivocally _deny , that I was looking at the witness al all . I was indeed in a state of great bodilv suffering at the time , and I am conscious that neither my eyes nor nvv thoughts were directed towards the witness : aHd I can even establish

      that yonr assistant-commisssioneT's accusation was Unfounded by other unquestionable testimony . Still , the imputation is publicly made , and I am again unjustly calumniated by the person whom yon , gentlemen * have appointed to discharge an important publittrust " liave considered 5 fa duty both io you , _gentlemen , and myself , to draw yonr attention to these _otters , not merely because in prosecuting this _in-^ airy l consider myself complying with your wishes and instructions , hut because I know of ho other Power or iribnna t r which I can appea Ifor the _protectionmeed _, an < Uwhich _fthinfc fern entitled .

      The Ampoyeffrjabeialnations. '7-£8££K ' ...

      " Personally , I care but little for these unjust attacks npon me , but since they may tend or be intended to nrejudice the inquiry , I feel bound to repel them , ana most respectfully to call upon you to prevent a repetition ef anything of the kind . " I am , gentlemen , vour most obedient servant , . _-. . " . "T . C . Wesilake . " ( Answer . ) " No . 11 , 299 a-45 . "Poor Law Commission-office , Somerset-house , Sept . 19 , 1845 . " Sir , —I am directed by the Poor Law Commissioners to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 18 th inst ., _complaining ot the conduct of Mr . Parker , Assistant - Commissioner , in connection with the inquiry now being carried on b y him at Andover , and to inform you that the statements which yon have submitted to the commissoners will meet with their consideration .

      "I am , Sir , your most obedient servani , " Geoege Coode , Assistant-Secretary . "T . C . Westlake , Esq ., Andover . " There was a pretty full gathering to-day of the friends andadmirers of M'Dougal atthe reading-room , over the door of wliich , singularly enough , is a signboard , bearing the inscription , " Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . What connection there is between such an object and the moral , or rather immoral training , which for nearly ten years has been upheld at the workhouse , it is difficult to say ; but there it is , that the guardians , —not of the poor _, but of the master , —lay and clerical , congregated during the inquiry , with a few select friends , to strengthen each other ' s hands in their labour of love

      on behalf of the " most chaste and delicate-minded man" ever met with by the schoolmistress , as she declared npon oath . She has since resigned her office tobe married ; the character which she gave the master , founded as li was upon comparison , must be a great compliment to the bridegroom . There was a great deal of conversation to-day among the " Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , " both sitting inthe reading-room and " standing in the streets and in the market-place . " I undeistand that one ionic discussed was the abrupt vocal resignation ofthe Rev . Chairman and others on Saturday last , and the probability , no formal resignation having been made , of their quietly resuming their functions , lest parties whose principles aTe the very reverse of those upon which they have hitherto acted should acquire too much influence at the board . Another topic was naturally enough the departure of the master . It appears that the

      pro-Poor Law clique regard him as a persecuted man and a martyr ; the victim of wholesale perjury . It is very easy to say that a witness is peijured ; but why not indict the parties for perjury , and prove to the world their guilt , more especially as wrongful damage is pretended to have been done by their evidence ? One legal gentleman , who asserte that all the witnesses against the master were perjured , and that all who spoke in his favour are those only who are worthy of belief , was asked whether the fact that a woman had at some period of her life had an illegitimate child would disqualify her ever after from speaking the truth ? lie replied emp hatically in the affirmative . By the same rule , tlie evidence of one of Hie clerical _ivitnesses for ihe master might be rejected . I spare him the publication of his name . The learned clerks can translate " Qui capit ilie facit . " So much for this "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge . " Next Saturdav will develope then * new

      move . The master and matron still remain exercising their functions at the workhouse ; and , strange to say , notwithstanding the letters from the commissioners repudiating them as servants of the union , no actual means have been resorted to for causing their removal , or for establishing any otherpersons in their stead pro tempore . The master expresses his willingness to go away as soon as his accounts are made up and his salary paid to him . It is said he is about to take a public-house in Andover or Stockbridge .

      ;..Giffliabi^ The Noethern Star. . '" ;;...

      ; _.. _giffliabi _^ THE NOETHERN STAR . . _'" _;; _¦ ;; ;;; _;; _;^ Z T ' '

      The Corn Trade. (From The Mark Lane Expr...

      THE CORN TRADE . ( From the Mark Lane Express . ) The reports received from _theTijorthern parts of the kingdom speak in a very desponding tone of the probable effects of the extremely wet and boisterous weather experienced during the week on tbat por . tion ofthe crops still outstanding . That injur }' , to an extent difficult to be remedied at this advanced period ofthe year . Uas been done is greatly to be feared and unless we have an immediate return of dry weather the consequences may be serious . Even if the northern harvest bad been got in well the yield of wheat could scarcely have been expected to prove an average ; and , under existing circumstances , the deficiency in quality , if not m quantity , is likely to

      be much greater than was previously calculated on . Notwitnstanding the fine weather experienced for three consecutive weeks , there is still a great quantity of grain abroad south of the river Huniber ; whilst further north much is yet uncut . Ofthe total produce of the united kingdom probably _twOthirds may have been saved ; but it is needless to remark , that the manner in which the other third may be secured must greatly influence the whole . Our previous estimates ofthe probable _rogulfc of the harvest have therefore , we fear , been too favourable : and we now apprehend that , besides the already admitted deficiency in wheat and potatoes , the crops of barley and oats , as well as those of beans and peas , may prove inferior to what we were induced to hope .

      As thrashing is proceeded with , the complaints of the yield of-wheat certainly increase ; nor 00 the accounts of the quality improve . The loss in weight alone is a serious consideration ; supposing the same to be 31 b . per bushel on tbe entire quantity grown , which is a moderate computation , and taking tbe whole produce of wheat of the united kingdom , in an average year , at 20 , 000 , 000 quarters , this item alone -wouhfmake a difference of a million of quarters * Regarding the acreable deficiency little can as yet be authentically known ; but , from the dissatisfaction generally expressed by farmers who have put the matter to the test of thrashing , there is reason to suppose that there will also be a material falling off in that respect .

      These considerations have had some influence with holders of wheat , and the disposition to sell at present prices has much diminished . Those parties who have still stocks of old , naturally conclude that the superiority of last year ' s growth over that of the new will cause it to command a ready sale at any period ; and , though fair supplies of new have been brought forward by the growers , they have refused to sell except at enhanced rates . The increasingly unfavourable reports relative to the potato crop have also had their weight ; and the trade has assumed a decidedly firm tone . Not only is the crop short in this country , but the harvest has been defective over the greater part of continental Europe . In Holland and Belgium the fact is so well ascertained that the government of the former country has deemed it prudent to reduce the duties on grain to the minimum point ; whilst all restrictions on the import of corn into Belgium have

      been removed for a given period . Already numerous orders have been received from Rotterdam , Antwerp , Ac .: andthe moderate stocks of bonded corn are likely to be shortly reduced into a veiy narrow compass , if not exhausted by shipments to countries whence , in ordinary years , we are in the habit of drawing some portions of our foreign supplies . In the Baltic ports Great Britain must expect to be out-bid by the Dutch and Belgians ; and in the Black Sea wheat has been bought up to supply Italy , where the crops are stated to have yielded indifferently . It seems , therefore , that unless prices advance materially in this country we are not likely to draw any quantity of wheat from abroad . At nearly all the leading provincial markets held since our last enhanced rates have been obtained for wheat . "Up toTaesday there was not much excitement ; but since that period considerable anxiety has been manifested by all parties to get into stock .

      The upward movement has not been confined to the large consuming towns , tbe rise having been quite as great at many of the markets in the agricultural districts as at the p laces above named ; and , though the inferiority of the quality of the new wheat must tend to keep the averages down , a material reaction in the duty may be expected to occur later in tbe year . The most important intelligence from Scotland this week is . unquestionably that which relates to potatoes . The same disease so prevalent in the south has attached the plant in various parts of Scotland . This discovery , together with the unfavourable change in the weather and the animated accounts from the English markets , had produced much excitement .

      Some of our letters from Ireland begin to express fears that the crop of potatoes has not escaped in that country ; bu-J the reports thence on the subject are not of so definite a character as from other parts of tbe kingdom ; and we still hope that the failure may be confined to this side of tbe Channel . Thc fine weather broke up there about tbe same time as with us , and all harvest operations bad been arrested by the rain .

      We Beg To Direct The Attention Of Our Re...

      We beg to direct the attention of our readers to the following communication addressed to the proprietor of " Paul ' s Every Man s Friend , " whose advertisement appears in another column * —2 , Craven Buildings , London— " Sir , —The efficacy of your corn and bunion plaister is beyond disnute . I have been troubled ten years with " two hideous bunions , which rendered it impossible for me to get a shoe to fit , and when I did obtain such , I was unable to walk in thera , the pain being so acute . Having seen your advertisement in a weekly periodical , to which I am a subscriber , I was induced , from the astonishing testimonials I there saw , to give the plaister a trial ; and my hopes have been fully realized ; I can now walk with the greatest comfort , in the warmest weather , without the morttfiation of having the deformity of my feet observed . —I shall recommend the plaister to all I may find suffering from bunions , and tor the benefit I have received , pray accept my thanks . Jam , Sir , your grateful servant , Luci Com . June 1 , 1845 /'

      -, - Ffwtiwx J^Ton^Iit^

      -, - _ffwtiwx J _^ _ton _^ iit _^

      ¦• And I Will War, At Least In Words, (A...

      ¦• And I will war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance bo happen—deeds ) , With aU who war with Thought !" " I think I hear a little bird , who sings The people by and by will be the stronger . _"—Brao ** ,

      ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE . KO . VOT . We resume our extracts from Mr . Mazzisi ' s work ; we shall probabl y bring the subject to a close ( for the present ) next week . In the following extracts Mr . Mazzini combats the arguments of those who , looking back tothe intestine q uarrels _and divisions which rent Italy in the midd- e ages , and judging of the present by the past , disbelieve in the possibdity of a national organisation and unification of the ( now ) several Italian states . To these doubters and unbelievers Mr . Mazzini replies : —

      There is no true period of cessation for nations , SO long as the purpose to which their _historically-national tendence impels them , has not been attained ; so long as the faculties and powers whose germ they hear within them have not reached the highest degree of possible development ; so long , in a word—to avail myself of a phrase scarcely current iu England , " but that perfectly expresses my view of the subject—so long as their mission in humanity is unaccomplished . To that period Italy has not arrived . What she has done in the world , once hy material force , hy conquest—once by moral force , by the word—she has done in the name of a city or a man ; iu the name of a power or a principle incarnate in that man or In that city , never in the name of the entire nation . The nation has never yet existed in action . There

      has been a Rome of the _CrcsSrs ; there has been a Home of the Popes ; the Home of the Italian people has yet to burst forth . But everything has hitherto converged towards this point . The internal crisis that SO long vexed Italy has its meaning , Its historical explanation in this : it was the working of the Italian element , taking np substance hy substance , reducing , absorbing , all the foreign elements , races , and castes , that came from every quarterof Buropetopourlike afloodonthe Peninsula . All that function of fermentation and ebullition that constitutes our Middle age was a work of fusion . * it elaborated as it were the medium adapted for the development of that unifying Italian germ that still broods under the accumulated ruin ofthe Capitol and the Vatican .

      Moreover , this work has never been discontinued . It went on , less strikingly because less varied , but with twofold efficacy , during the times that followed the fall of tho latter republics— -times that appeared to the eyes ofthe superficial observer as swallowed up in inertness and insensibility . "When civic liberty fell , the work of equalisation progressed the faster : if it were less apparent , it was precisely that itwas acting on the nation ' s viscera . Whether before or during the revolutionary movements that at a later period came from without to agitate Italy , the people gain _» d ground far more than the educated classes : in fact , if from time to time there were manifestations crowned with success , they were popular manifestations , sueh as those of 1740 at Genoa , sueh as those , hitherto so misunderstood , of Naples in 1799 .

      This grand general fact of the Italian people becoming by degrees substituted for every partial element , influencing hereafter every question , aud forming the necessary and only point of departure for every endeavour at action , has completely escaped all those who have taken up the Italian question . The book of the nation has heen sealed to them Ml—to the historian Botta , as well as to the revolutionists Santarosa and Menotti ; to M . De _Sismondi , as ' . well as to the Provisional Governments of 1831 . Among writers , Ronagnosi alone has caught it ; but the deduction of all the consequences was beyond him . Among men of action , Napoleon alone , himself an Italian , comprehended it ; but he did not choose to apply it . France—perhaps because he felt more sure of her obedience—was his lever of action , and h « would give her no rival . 'Twas not till St , Helena , when _thure was no longer a motive for silence , that he could declare" Unity of manners , of language , of literature , must at a future more or less remote , end in bringing her _inlialitants under one government . '' Memoirs , Vol . 3 .

      "Where is there a single difference between the Lombard , tht _Eomagneue , and the Neapolitan , * whiehls notequally marked in France between the Basque , Breton , and Norman families . The middle age is dead : the Guelphs and Ghibellines hare passed away with it ; and those who dream of _thamfull of life , and prepared to revive and rekindle _bjtttr dissensions between province and province , deal in romance and not in history . The factions have lost their standards : the Pope and the Emperor tore thorn from their hands on the day they signed their treaty of union . Three centuries of an oppression exercised towards all in the name ofthe two , hare placed the pair on exactly the same footing , and devoted them to the same conditions of life and death . No more wars ; no more rivalries : as regards the elements of nationality , there exists no _longerGenoese , nor Tuscan , norBolognese ,

      nor Koman : there exist—in Italy as tjverywhere elseelements for the commune , none for the province . By an apparent contradiction that the vanity inherent to mediocrity sufficiently explains , it is just among the class of semi-thinkers , of semi-gifted litterateurs , political or professional—the superficial crust thrown over Italy by foreign influences and foreign schools , offering itself first to the sight , and not worth the probing—St is among that class that the distrusts and jealousies talked of are still exhibited : among that class at least is to be found a disposition to admit andexaggerate these jealousies , little reflected elsewhere . The people , the grand Italian mass , know nothing o ! them . ' How should they feel them f Wretched slaves that they are , where should they find elements of rivalry , local influences to pander to , vanitits to satisfy !

      Thera is enough in the distrustful habits of the Italians of the present day , to render extremely difficult nnd perilous the understanding that must necessarily precede any movement ; but that movement successful , there is little or nothing to hinder the unification of Italy . ' unification , I say , and not centralization , such as it _sesms to be too often understood , pushed to those farthest limits where it passes into despotism , ¦ _ff- * _tF _ff *» r _w Almost all the States into which Italy is now divided , are not of popular national formation—they have been made what they are by foreign diplomacy or usurpation : on the other _haad , thero is not , there never has heen , historically speaking , a settled , active antipathy of province against province . Scarcely do you find that the boundary of one of those provinces , as now traced , resulted from the wars that attended the period of Italian vigour .

      Those wars ; when they were not between citizens of the ame . city— "tra quei che un muro e una fossa serra , " as Dante expresses it—raged between one city and another : Pavfa , Como , Milan ; Pisa , Sienna , Florence , and so on . But all these rival cities have long since been engulfed into one vortex of power ; their hatreds have been deadened hy ages of common slavery . "What remains of them —if indeed aught remains—is barely enough to furnish a proverbial expression for household gossip , and is too feeble to reach the forum of national regeneration . Prisoners may sometimes gire a turn to sorrow by quarrelling in their chains ; but the first grand _impulso towards general deliverance will stifle in enthusiasm this relic of the old leaven , The tocsin of the nation imposes silence on the gossip ofthe household : and she slight differences existing may become , under the hands of able and popular men , an excellent stimulus to emulating efforts .

      Let me not be accused of neglecting foots , and of opposing hasty negatives to the deductions from a calm study of realities and to the lessons of experience : for I should he tempted to reply somewhat tartly to those grave and calm studies that are limited to a given epoch , and to that pretended experience that breaks tradition in place of continuing it , and nullifies the present for a past often ill-understood . Why should the recent immediate fact always ' he sacrificed to the ancient ? Why , in favour to the middle ages , are we always to shut our eyes to what the last forty years have heen incessantly repeating as to the inevitable effects of the impulse I have been describing on the Italian _raasseB 3 If those who nourish these fears for oin > future had seen , as we did , the wives and daughters of the people at Genoa , who a few days before , in the bitterness of common misery , were singing old snatches of song against tho Piedmontoso , now lavishing flowers and acclamations , as they accompanied them

      on their route , on regiments of these same Piedmontese , that , after having worked out the movement of 1821 , were quitting the city to march—at least so it was thoughtagainst Austria if they had seen the spirit of fusion and warm fraternity that actuated the youth of the most rival cities of the Popedom at the time of the insurrection of 1831 * , if they had followed , as we have done , the phases of Italian opinion throughout the inconceivable efforts of succeeding years—then they might comprehend what a feeling of country , reduced to a frank and energetic formula , could accomplish in a land all the districts of which have been cementing their brotherhood for half a century by the blood of martyrs ; they could more easily calculate the progress , what between its consecration on the battlefield and on the scaffold , that must have heen made in Italy by an idea re-echoed for fifty years , half from conviction half from imitation , by our literature , and diffused , filtered , through all classes , by an uninterrupted chain of

      secret associations . And now , ye throned scourgers of nations—ye liberty-hating diplomatists—ye English traitors , base seal-breakers and forgers , tools of foreign tyrants , shameless betrayers of England ' s honour —aU ye hated and detested ones , whom the nations pant to trample down , read the following ; list ! to the prophetic voice that forctels—aye , andforetels truly , too —your discomfiture and Ital y ' s regeneration . Read , too , ye patriots , and rejoice at the fast coming of that hour when Italy sliall burst her chains , and become once more

      ' * Great , glorious , and free . " " Italy , then , wills tobe a nation ; and one she must become , happen as it may . A 3 certain as I am writing these ivords , this age will not pass away ere the proto cols of the treaty of Vienna shall have served for wadding—perhaps on the march to Vienna itself—for Hie muskets of our Ralian soldiery . " # The islands alone present a physiognomy decidedly peculiar ; and no system of consolidation ever aimed at withholding from them _aspecial administration .

      Ftjrtcttttm* Airt G-Ortwuitutt

      _ftjrtcttttm * _airt _g-ortwuitutt

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      _FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Oct . 2 nd , 1 S 43 . [ Extracted fromaD iARY of Actual _Operationson five small farms on the estates ofthe late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model [? _, ru i ? the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at _blaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , Ot _iamley Tyas , near Huddersfield , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , oi

      five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five ov six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , tho Other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . Tho-consecutive operations in these reports will enable tbe curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The _Dunvis aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .

      "Let us ever rememb er that , in all our attempts to improve soeiety , we ought to direct our efforts to the young . aud unsophisticated . By giving them sound mental and physical training , wo may correct the errors and subdue the prejudices of their elders . _"—^ jio » . Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , who in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in theafternoonfor the master s benefit , which renders thc schools _self-SUPPOniiNo . W believe that at Farnly Tyas sixsevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assignedta ihe boys , yn & one-seventh io the master who will receive the usual school-fees , help the boys to cultivute their land , and teach them , in addition 10 reading , miUng , dx ., to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , _ivhich at Christmas may be divided , after , paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings . !

      SUSSEX . Monday— Willingdon School . Boys hoeing white turnips sown after oats . Eastdean School . Fourteen boys digging up potatoes , and clearing ground for wheat . Piper . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Digging . Tuesday—WiUingdon School . Boys turning dung and mould heap , to be ready for wheat . Eastdean School Digging up potatoes , healing them for winter , and stone picking . Piper . Carrying chalk upon the potatoe ground intended for wheat . Dumbrell . Digging . _WsnNEsnAY— Willingdon School . . Di gging stubble for winter tares . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the _pigstye tank , gathering stones . Piper . _Oarryins chalk as before . Dumbrell . _Diceine .

      Thursday—Willingdon School . Boys digging for "ff inter tares . Eastdean School . Boys digging potatoe ground , and picking up the haulm . Piper . Sowing rye . Dumbrell . Digging , hoeing turnips , thrashing tares , * applied 24 gallons of liquid manure to one rod of ground , for rye . Friday—Willingdon School . Boys digging for winter tares . Eastdean School . Wet weather , boys in the school all day . Piper : Digging wheat stubble for tares . Dumbrell . Sowing rye , thrashing barley . Saturday— Willingdon School , Boysthrashingbarley , the weather being wet . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable tubs and tank , cleaning styes and school room . Piper . The same as before . Dumbrell . Winnowing barley , tares , thrashing oats , and harrowing .

      COW-FEEDING . Willingdon School . Cows feeding ' on white turnips and a little chaff . Piper ' s . In the morning a little clean straw while cleaned out , while milking , a gallon of potatoes mixed with chaff , afterwards turnips or tares . DumbreU's . One cow stall-fed with Italian rye grass , and white turnips till Tuesday ni ght , afterwards with Italian rye grass and lucerne . One cow and heifer staked out on the young clover , and fed morn and even with tares , potatoes , and wheat chaff till Friday night . On Saturday , stall-fed with turnips / potatoes , carrots , and barley chaff .

      Composting- Masunn. —In Every Moment Ofl...

      Composting- _MASunn . —In every moment ofleisure attend to your mixens , compost mould and dung together in the mixens . Some one may say , " Where is the mould to be procured ? " You may repl y , "Everyone that has land ia not without mould of some sort or other . "—Then again it may be said , " Where are we to get dung ? " And your answer at once may be , " By growing plenty of food for cattle . " It may be said tbat there is an immense deal of trouble with these dung mixens . This is very true ; but we can get nothing in this world without trouble . The real _questwn is this , not whether you have great trouble from ia but whether it will pay you for your trouble . Be npt afraid of getting too much manure ; for if you neglect the chief object , your farm will be a failure ; while with p lenty of manure , you can double crop and double your stock .

      _Meihou of Composting . —Spread equally , and cover the whole of each mixen floor with a layer of cow dung , horse litter , < fcc , to the thickness of eight or ten inches , aiid keep the long straw nearest the floor . Then for every cart load of fresh dung , take 10 or 12 fi » B . of _gypsnm pounded from the rock , wliich will cost you from 2 s . Cd . to 3 s . per cwt . Sprinkle it over the surface of the layer of dung . Bring in a load of mould from headlands , decayed roots , scouring of ditches , road scrapings , stubble , saw dust , nothing can como amiss , and leaving it oh the composting yard pavement , the cart may pass through the cow-lodge without the trouble of turning round . Let the rubbish , so left , be handed to either mixen , and spread over the surface , and when you can obtain a load or two more at intervals , you may spread it upon the _othw _* . In this state let it remain until you have a fresh supply of dung under the manure doors ,

      then fork the first layer well over , and proceed just as before , careful neither to omit the gypsum nor mould ; in forming your second layer . Previous to forming a new one , always fork over the last layer , and after a few repetitions , pump and diflilse over the whole surface as much tank liquid as will completely saturate the manure heap , and any excess will fall back again into the tank ; and this repeat , from time to time , when it may . be deemed necessary to do so . With plenty of cattle in the byres , and plenty of space in the yard , you may thus create an enormous bulk of manure , rich , and well mixed . Further Means of Eniuching the Mixen . —Your pigs must be continually supplied with fresh mould . They will tread it and make it into the richest compost . It may then be handed over to , and compounded into thc mixen . The night-soil compost may be also used in the same manner .

      Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...

      _AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY . ( Continued from the Northern Star ofAngust 19 J

      ASHES . 92 . We have already alluded , incidentally , to the existence of ashes in the residual matters of all organized substances , when thc volatile matter and the carbon have been burnt away . It would tend only to protract and perplex our inquiries , should we attempt even to enumerate all the residual substances which ingenious persons have seen or imagined in the _ashe g of organised beings . Gold , for instance , has been discovered in tamarind stones ; " copper in coffee , to a large amount ; and arsenic in the remains not merely of poor Madame Laffarge , but of many

      other persons less unfortunate , it may be hoped , in their domestic relations . Much more useful was the observation of Sir H . Davy , that flint , or silex , exists in the stems of wheat , oats , and other grasses , * and it is perhaps by a continued investigation of the influences exercised by even minute portions of some inorganic or mineral substances upon the growth of cei '« tain plants , that we can hope to establish the practice of agriculture on a truly rational basis . Our countrymen have contributed little to promote such inquiries since the time of Sir II . Davy , but continental chemists have done more ; of this the pages of Professor Johnston , Liebig , Graham , & c , bear abundant

      testimony . 93 . About four years ago , Mr . Rigg published the results ot some interesting experiments " ofthe in * fluence of nitrogen on the growth of plants . " ( Phil , Trans . 1838 , p . 395-403 J He notices the remarkable connection between the nitrogen and theresidual _, as he calls it—i . e ., between the nitrogen and the ashes . He points out thc influence of both upon the growth oi plants . He observes , "that in that part of the seed where germination ( 84 ) takes place , nitrogen preponderates , when compared with its quantitv m other parts of the seed ; ' * " that those seeds of the same kind whicli contain the largest quantity of nitrogen , germinate the earliest : " " that the quantity of nitrogen is largest in the spring , and diminishes with the season . " He finds more nitrogen in the roots than m the stems and trunks of different plants , and then makes this important observation : — "Not only is the nitrogen more abundant in the roots ot

      plants and trees ; the residual , also , when compared -with the quantity in ths _trnhhs , will be found inexcess in the roots . " " Now , if we admit the principle , that nitrogen is a powerful agent in favouring chemical action upon vegetable and animal matter , and that this residual is essential to the healthy performance of every function ofthe roots , as well as everv other part of thepiant , _at , d forms , as it were , a most perfect skeleton ofthe whole , we have in these roots that which will favour such action in an eminent degree , when compared with the other part of the tree . I he sap-wood is very differently constituted from the more perfect part , the _hcart-wood , an excess of nitrogenbeing invariabl y found in the former . " " The _sap-wod more readily passes into a state ; of decay than the heart-wood . Here , again , the nitrogen and the residual being present in larger quantities in the former than in the latter , we have them exerting their influence as promoters of decomposition , " ¦• - * .

      Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...

      Wehave also the greatest quantities of nitrogen and residual in those timbers wliich grow the quiekest ; andfurther than this—for directly as is . the quantity of nitrogen and residual , taken collectively , so do we appear to havcthe decay of timber , all other circumstances being equal . " In Dantzic and English oak , the quantity of nitrogen and residual are _bo _. th very small . In American birch , the nitrogen and residual are in large quantities , and , as is well known , this timber decays very quickly . " But it is not enough for us to find a diffe rence in _theproijoi'tiGnatG quantity ofnitrogen in the different parts of the same

      plant or tree ; we must also observe , that the quantity appeal's to be proportional to the functions which the parts of thc plants have to perform in vegetation . For instance , if the agency of any part of the plant be great in the scale of vegetable physiology , so is the quantity of nitrogen , and vice vers ? ,, . So apparent is this , and so universal is the operation of this law over the whole sphere of inquiry in-which I have been engaged , that we might almost consider this element , when coupled with the residua ) , to be the moving agent / acting under iho influence of the living principles of the plant , and moulding into Shape the other elements .

      95 . Throughout tho whole course of my experimental iuquiry , " says Mr . Mr . Rigg in another place , " 1 have not met with one instance wherein we have a large proportion of nitrogen and residual , that we have not violent chemical action , and quick growth of tho plant , all other circumstances being favourable . " "I have not anal ysed any product in a natural state wherein I have not found both nitrogen and residual . " Mr . Rigg concludes his most valuable remarks , of which the preceding extracts form only a small part by stating his object to bo , " todraiV attention to an element which , comparatively speaking , has escaped unnoticed , and to vindicate the necessity of a most scrupulous attention to those products -which , though so minute in quantitv as to be with difficulty detected in our balances , have ,

      nevertheless , been wisely designed to discharge the most important functions . " 90 . If , for the sake of experiment , we burn wood , peat , or wood charcoal , and collect the ashes they afford , we shall be very much surprised to find tliem so light and so few . If we fill a wide-mouthed bottle with the dry ash thus obtained , we shall find that it will afterwards receive a considerable quantity of water . We pour in water until it rises to the bottle ' s neck , and sot it aside for a day or two , shaking it now and then . Wc can then pour off a clear liquid from the dregs at the bottom , can fill the bottle with more water , and again pour it off clear , once or twice . We shall thus divide the ashes into two portions ,, the one soluble in water , constituting the clearliquid , the other remaining as dregs at the bottom of thc bottle , undissolved or insoluble .

      97 . The clear liquid will be found to contain alkaline salts ; the dregs , or insoluble part to consist of earthy matters . The clear liquid obtained in this way from the burning of shrubs and trees , is , in some countries , especially in America , boiled down until all the water is driven away from the alkaline salts , which are converted into potash , * if prepared in another way , they are called pearlash . Wormwood is a weed abounding In potash , and was formerly much employed as a source of the alkali , especially for medicinal uses , and was termed salt of wormwood . 98 . Plants growing near the sea , and all kinds of sea-weed , when burnt to ashes , yield alkali called soda . ( Potash ia sometimes called vegetable alkali—soda , mineral alkali . ) Soda is the alkaline basis of common salt ; and most part of the soda so extensively employed in the arts is now obtained from the chemical decomposition of common salt , by processes , frequently _^ injurious to vegetation and prejudical to health .

      99 . Peaty lands are pared and burnt with considerable advantage . In this process many ashes are produced which , if left exposed in heaps to the weather , resolve themselves into a soluble and an insoluble portion , as described above . ( 90 ); the consequence of whieh is , that the soluble portion sinks into the soil , and produces burnt and barren patches in some places , in others rank and luxurious growth , instead of impartimg uniform fertility , which it would do if evenly spread over the field at an early period . 100 . A very large consumption of peat and firewood is effected daily in many rural districts , and a corresponding production of ashes is the result . These are too little attended to ; they are heaped up , generally near some open ditch or drain , into which the soluble portion , by far the more valuable as far as it goesis

      , , washed away by the rain . There , meeting with decayed vegetable , perhaps , also , animal matter , it hastens their unprofitable and deleterious composi- ! tion . The very property which gives value to the ) soluble portion of peat ashes , when judiciousl y applied to the soil , renders them , in this way , active instru- 1 ments of mischief . Peat ashes ought to be protected from the rain , whenever they aro found to afford much soluble matter . 101 . According to the views entertained by the most eminent chemical authorities , it is the loss of what constitutes the ashes of plants , and not , as was believed by the best authorities , down to a very recent period , the loss of carbonaceous matter , that impoverishes the field from whence a scourging crop has

      been taken ; and , of the ashes , the vegetable alkali potash , it is contended , is the substance most usually carried away , and tho one which is most slowly returned to the soil . It is an opinion very prevalent with \ the owners of land , that the way in which the fanner disposes of the produce of his fields , whether by consuming ifc upon the premises , by selling off hay , milk , straw , grain , potatoes , < fco . « fec , will , at the expiration of the lease , tell heavily in one way or another , according as the conduct of the tenant is fair and prudent , or the reverse . There are various sys terns established by usage in different parts ofthe country , mostly founded on experience , which ought not to be lightly unsettled on theoretical grounds . Yet it is obvious , that when the tenant can fully

      restore _. to the land in one form those elements of fertility which he has carried off in another , he will at least maintain its condition unimpaired , whatever may be his system ; and if he attend diligently to the mechanical state of his soil , he may perhaps effect some improvement . But in eveiy district , perhaps in every field of every farm , thereis au excess of one , and a deficiency in another , element of fertility . This holds especially true of the numerous substances constituting the ashes of plants , and those azotised matters which go to modify the juices of vegetables . 102 . Carbon , after all , is the staple of every organised matter . In 1000 parts of heart-wood of English oak , there are 421 parts of carbon , 567 of water , nitrogen 2 , ashes 8 . Wheat consists of carbon 410 , water

      560 , nitrogen 20 , ashes 8 . If the element of water be left outof calculation , the relative proportions of nitrogen and ashes to 1000 of carbon were found by Mr . Rigg to be as follows : —Young English oaknitrogen 13 , ashes 3 ; heart-wood of oak—nitrogen 4 , ashes 2 ; barley—nitrogen 40 , ashes 30 ; wheat—nitrogen 45 , ashes 30 . These instances are adduced to show the immense disproportion in quantity between the carbonaceous and other ingredients of vegetable substances ; not the disproportion in value—far from it . The object of agriculture is to produce azotised carbonaceous matters . Carbon forms the mass , nitrogen the quality ; the ashes—the saline matters—seem necessary accompaniments to the nitrogen . Carbon constitutes the bulk , nitrogen the valuable ingredient , in all vegetable substances .

      LIGHT AND nAKKNESS . 103 . Light and Darkness act in a manner totally opposite one to the otlier upon organised matter , animal ana vegetable , living or dead . The modern art otpho togenie drawing affords a remarkable illustration of the chemical effects of light , and has led to the observation of a singular fact—that the green leaves of vegetables give no image on the daguerrotype , the chemical rays of light being entirely absorbed by the green leaves—an extraordinary circumstance , but one whicheasily explains thc enormous expenditure of chemical power required for the decomposition of a compound so stable as carbonic acid , Itis onlyunder the influence of light that vegetables exercise their reducing or deoxidating powers , already referred to

      ( S 8 , 90)—that they decompose carbonic acid , retaining ita carbon for their own use , and returning oxygen to the atmosphere . Plants , then , possess energetic means of reduction which -we cannot imitate ( 88 ); for chemists have no method of decomposing carbonic acid at ordinary'temperatures . 104 . In mines and other gloomy subterraneous caverns , there is either no vegetation at all , or it is confined to a few species of fungi , & c . The shade is always injurious to vegetation . Green colouring matter , the most abundantly diffused of vegetable products , cannot be formed without the influence of light . In the dark , vegotables are etiolated ; they are not merely blanched , deprived of colour , but altered in taste and form , insomuch that they cannot

      be recognised , and acquire properties tbat do not belong to their natural state . An acute French philosopher has drawn a useful practical distinction Between nocturnal and diurnal vegetation—the vegetation of light and the vegetation ofthe shade ( Ruspail , Physiol . Vegetale , A _* c . ); observing , however , that there is no vegetable absolutely diurnal or absolutely nocturnal—that the more elaborate plants are nocturnal in their roots , diurnal in their leaves , stems , and flowers ; and the most minute and simple fungi require light to perfect tlieir flowers and seeds . 105 . The great character of diurnal vegetation is the green colouring matter of tho leaf , and a fii-mor _, more fibrous or woody structure ; nocturnal vegetables are pale , soft , and pasty . Night and shade check the

      growth of the former , daylight that of the latter . In a warm and moist atmosphere the advance of diurnal vegetation , and the depth of its green colour , ave proportioned to the brightness ofthe sun ; influenced hy the same warmth and moisture , but shrouded in the darkness ofthe night , and under thc thick clouds of autumnal weather , the . vegetation of the shade is so sudden and so notorious , that the vulgar , who transmit the results of " their experience in proverbs , say of upstart men that they spring forth like mushrooms . The mushroom tribe , and many minute vegetations , such as those which cause blight , mildew , & c , are nocturnal p lants . The dry rot of dark cellars , and various species of mouldiness , derive aa much 0 f their destructive agency from " darkness as from damp . Whilst diurnal vegetation , under the influence of light , tends to restore oxygen to the air ,

      Agricultural Chemistry. (Continued From ...

      it is found that mushrooms absorb oxygen , and disen « gage carbonic acid gas . ,,..., 106 . The germination of seeds proceeds best in the dark , beneath the surface of fhe ground ; the seed soon establishes a diurnal vegetation in the leaf , whilst the opposite function is performed by the root . Skilful gardeners know the mischievous effects resulting from injudicious burying the stems of trees and } shrubs beneath a heap of mould , and from the opposite error of laying bare the roots . They also know how to profit by nocturnal vegetation , in the blanching of celery _^ kale , ifcc . The cabbage head is a good specimen of diurnal vegetation in its external green leaves that have been exposed to the light , and the nocturnal growth of the soft , watery , white internal portion to

      whieh tbe sun ' s rays could not penetrate . 107 , The chemical influence of light upon dead organised matter , upon the remains of animals and plants mingled with the soil , has not been much attended to . The subject is not attractive , yet must not be passed over entirely without notice . We will at least briefly advert to some singular effects of light in promoting the combination and combustion of certain inorganic gaseous matter . It has been stated alread that the decomposition of organised substance is in reality a sort of combustion—a combustion , too , of substances in rapid progress from a solid or fluid to a gaseous state—from the organic to the inorganic kingdom . We may also refer again to tha daguerreotype , as an instance of the chemical agency of light in effecting decomposition and reduction .

      10 S . When the water of the river Thames , whit Itcontains no small portion of organic matter , is put into casks , and of course excluded from tho light . it soon undergoes a kind of fermentation , emitting a disagreeable Ilarrowgate smell , until all the organic matter is dissolved into volatile ' _^ ases which cscapa into thc air , and black insoluble carbonaceous powder : which subsides to the bottom of the cask , leaving the . water purified , clear , and wholesome . If a glass decanter filled with Thames water , or any such compound , be placed in the sunshine , and continue exposed to the daylight , no such change ' " as the one above described takes place ; on thc contrary a quantity of green matter soon forms inside the glass , and increases day by day , for a certain time , during which period the green matter , under the influence of light , goes on purifying the water in its _peculiar manner , with this marked difference , that the gas

      emitted is pure oxygen . So that what we may term the diurnal decomposition tends to purify the airnocturnal decomposition to vitiate and pollute ifc . Thc mixture of water and organic matter is supposed _, to be the same—the temperature the same—everything the samo , except that light is admitted in the one case and excluded in the other . 109 . The green matter ofthe vegetable leaf appears to beat once a product of light , and a chemical agent , wliich , under the influence of light , effects the reducing process so often mentioned ( 103 ) . Chemists , as is their custom , have bestowed many names upon the green colouring matter—chromule , chromulite , chlorophyll , _chlovophillite , vegetable , chameleon , & c die So excessive is thc colouring power ofthis substance , that scarcely ten grains are reported to be contained in the entire mass of leaves ofa largo tvt e .

      100 . It were foreign to our purpose to discuss at length , and yet it were cruel not to mention at all , the salutary influence of light upon animals as well as vegetables . There can be no doubt whatever but light—sunshine—is essential not merely to the maintenance and renovation of health—to the beauty of complexion in the human species—but even to the development of form and beauty in tho lower animals . The very tadpoles , it is said ; will live and grow ia the dark , but without light they are unable to acquira the perfection of their nature ; they cannot becom » complete frogs . 111 . The salutary influence of light in purifying the air of the atmosphere , and in decomposing unwholesome gaseous matters of inhabited apartments , will not be doubted b y any one acquainted with therudimenta of chemistry , though we cannot adduce

      rigorous proof ofthe fact ; for we know little of sucli emanations , except their effects . It seems , however , that nitrogen and hydrogen aro the gases most remarkably affected by light in their compositions antt decompositions . In many cases , bodies which i _» obscurity remain totally witliout action on one another , are brought into combination by exposure to light , and the rapidity of their action is proportional to the brilliancy of the light . Thus chlorine and hydrogen mixed , remain unaltered for any period in the dark ; if exposed to the diffuse daylight , they silently combine , but explode suddenly if a direct ray of sunshine fall upon the mixture . There are some chemical experiments for which only a fe ' wdaysia summer were found bright enough in Dublin ; others for which the sunshine of Dublin was totally inade _*

      quate , yet which succeeded perfectly at Paris . 112 . Itwas time , rather than air or light , that gave rise to the sudden and remarkable effects about to be noticed , but they belong to our subject , and wilt not he misplaced here " . In the year 1815 the leaden coffin of King Charles I . was opened in the _presence of the Prince Regent , afterwards King George IV . An account of the appearances then observed was drawn up for publication by Sir Henry Halford , and countersigned by his Royal Highness . We shall onlyquote one sentence— " The left eye , in the first moment of exposure , was open and full , though ifc vanished almost immediately . " The unfortunate Charles had not been interred quite 200 years . The

      I following is a still more remarkable instance ofthe j effect of time upon organic matter . The Gonfaloniere Avolta of Corneto discovered , in Tarquinai , ths body itself of an Etruscan chief , though he was only permitted one rapid glance before the appearance was mingled with its mother earth , f ' rem which it had been so strangely kept apart for thousands of yeare . "He saw lum crowned with gold , covered wifclr armour , with a shield , spears , and _arfOTO . by _lUSBldC * and extended on his stone bier . But a change SOOtt came over the figure—it trembled , crumbled , and vanished away , and by the time an entrance waa effected , all that remained was the golden crown , and a handful of dust , with some fragments ofthe arms . " —Edin . Review , Ixxviii ., 12 T . ( To be continued . )

      Asanftrupts., &I

      _asanftrupts _., _& i

      Bankrupts. [From The Gazette Of Friday, ...

      BANKRUPTS . [ From the Gazette of Friday , September 19 . ] William Mills Robinson , of Burnham , Buckinghamshire , draper—George Fordham Blow , of 21 , Great Dover-street , Kewington , currier—Robert Ludgate Harness , of Dulverton , Somersetshire , spirit-dealer—James Fleetwood Cau . noil , of Liverpool , bookseller—James Meek , of Ruardeau , Gloucestershire , coal-proprietor . BANKRUPTS . ( From Tuesday ' s Gazette , Sept . 23 , 1 S 45 . J Theodore Loekliart and Charles lookhari , of 15 C , Cheapside , and of Fulham , Middlesex , florists—James Gale , of Little Albany-street , Regent ' s Park , candle manufacturer —Charles Best , of 5 , St . Jahies ' s-walk , Clerkenwell , printer—Thomas Sanderson , of Liverpool , coal-merchant .

      DIVIDENDS 10 BE DECLARED , III lilt CoUnlrf ) . _Tv'illiam Bowen , of Merthyr Tydvil , Glamorganshire , grocer , October 14 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Bristol—George Byford , of Liverpool , wholesale grocer , October 14 , at eleven , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liver _, pool—Wilson Forster , of Liverpool , tailor , October 14 , at half-past twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool-Henry Cook , of Liverpool , painter , October 14 , at halfpast twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—John James Brez , of Chester , tailor , October 14 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Liverpool—John Milne , of High Crompton , Lancashire , dealer , . Octoher 14 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Ifanehestsr—James _Ilaselden , of Bolton . le-Moors , cotton-spinner , Octoher 14 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester— William Nell , of Ardwick and Manchester , common brewer , Octoher 22 , at twelve , at the Court of Bankruptcy , Manchester .

      Certificates to be granted , unless cause be shown to tho contrary on the day of meeting . Peter "Walker , of Quickset-row , New-road , builder , October 16—Thomas Sims , 235 , Whitechapel-road , victualler , October IC—John Cann , of Woolwich , bricklayer aud builder , October 16—Francis Harrington Church , of Southampton , surgeon and apothecary , Octoher 15—Henry Prior , of _Sise-liinc , London , _atatioiicr and mnemerchant _, October 14—James Youug , of Bury St . Edmund ' s , tobacconist and tea dealer , October 14—Thomas Foot Piper , of 04 , Cheapside , 4 , _Bishops-iatc-stveet Without , aud 2 , Thomas-place , North-street , Whitechapel , and of Union-road , Landport , Hants , wholesale stay manufac turer , October 14-James Warren , of Bristol , merchant , October ID—James Bryan , of Bristol , chemist and drug _, gist and tobacconist , October 10 .

      Certificates to be granted by t _> ie Court of Review , unless cause bo shown to the contrary , on or before October 14 . John Crabtree and William Burnley , of Tunstead _, in the Forest o £ Hossendale , _Lancaster , woollen Hinnufnc turers-Bavid Parry , of Ruthin , Denbighshire , , currier and leather seller—Jame s Meakin Gardner , of Liverpool , wine and brandy merchant — Edmund Smith , Robert Smith , and Joseph Swaun , of Wpodliead , Chester , provision dealers and beer sellers-William Hay ward Rawe . of For tsea , Hants , currier and leather seller-Louis Leplestrier , of 50 , Alfred-street , River-terrace , Islington , watch maker-William Johnson , of 80 , West Smithfield , Wine merchant—William Walters , late of 23 , Crawford-street , Marylebone , silk mercer , now of 14 , Harcourt-street Marrlebone , assistant warehouseman . PAETNEUSIlll-S DISSOLVED .

      Henry Morson and Thomas Winston , of _Copthall-cham . bcis _, City , West India merchants—Henry Morson , Thomas Winston , and James Udall , of St . Christopher ' s , West Indies , merchants—Richard Kendall' and Rowland Hill , of Nottingham , brown net commission , agents—Henry Thompson and Edward Richardson , of 2 , _Cowpei s-court , Cornhiil , and of Southampton , ghip brokers—Dorothy _Uij-ginbottoui and Sarah _Hoiisley _, of Chesterfield , Derbyshire , milliners—Russell Taylor and William A burrow , of 2 , Idol-lane , City , druggists—Thomas Smith Parker and Fetor Taylor , of Birkenhead , Cheshire , veterinary . surgeons—Joseph Appleton and Richard Holland Bradey , of Greenwich , Kent , su 'geons—Joseph Edmund Pool and Charles Stevens , of 3 Furnival ' s-inn , City , attorneys—Thomas Chedwiek . an- * .. William Gaskill _, of Manchester ,

      cotton dealers—William Lea and Benjamin Culey , _ofJJirmingham _, architects — Charles Anstice . and Benjamin _Gruzelier , of Plymouth , soda water manufacturers—Benjamin Higgs and Thomas Wright , of Birkenhead , Cheshire ironmongers-John Alcock and James Wilson , ot Liverpool , fruit merchants—Edward Smith and William Smith , of Neirark . upon . Trent _, Nottinghamshire , _grocera-Charlea Long and Ford Hale , jun ., of St . _Johu-street , West Smith _, field , oil merchants—John-Simpson and William Simpson , ' of Market Weighton _, Yorkshire , innkeepers—John Ealeg and Isabella Eales , of West _Auckland , Durham , proprietors of a lunatic _asylum- _^ -Elias Dyer and George " Dyer , of Bath , com factors—Charles Appleton andiloratioNelson —Samuel Astley Weston and Reginald Jennings , of Fixford , chemists ,

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 27, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_27091845/page/7/