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Northern Star (1837-1852), 26th July 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 4

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  • Departments (3)
    • HBHBAP, ELEGANT, AND EXPEDITI OUS PRINTING.
    • THELAND.
    • THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, JULY 28,1845.
  • Adverts (11)
  • Text (7)
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      N « Envious Class? With The The Letting ...

      _^ TKE N _. QRT , HERy « fAmT 3 m % _y _^ ¦ ¦ i _r————~^~^— _^ mm * wmmmm _* _mimAvq _&***»*~—~*~ _' _^*^ . „ _—**—~~^ T _^^^ . " ' . '" . - I

      Hbhbap, Elegant, And Expediti Ous Printing.

      HBHBAP , ELEGANT , AND EXPEDITI OUS PRINTING .

      Ad00406

      _-lOrfOMMITTEES , Managers of Eibilnuons , _> _« " _* - " _- -J tL > rooms , Theatres , Benefit Societies , and pd * c _Intox _snem-enOly , wul find it much to their ' _**»»*' _" £ " _ _° _udridr „ rfe * -3 to T . STUTTEK , 3 * i 4 , ° _»™»«" _- _^• _Jeftnal-sreen , London . Cords , Is . per hundred ; Hand ails , ills , by _taking twenty thousand , 2 s . _pCT ihou « m « i ; Por , u _SSiUs . 5 s . per hundred . Orders fh . m the _eountry , _S e a koto *** , promptly attended to . Goods _KlMelivered within five mUcs of London . Gi Girc yonr orders to T . Stutter , S and I , _Church-row , _IfethSethnal-greai , and save at least fifty per _-cmt .

      Ad00407

      _tfTTClDWARD _TFAIS'EK'S Fourth Letter to the Bishop _" Y _. _Fa of Worcester . —Just pubUshed , price Sd ., by post six porjpostagestamps , " 'Wiist is blasphemy V "Has man a _drrfreewill V "Is there an intelligent first cause V and , _***' _""Wlio takes _eareofitiie souls of the clergy f Questions _-S ! asked in a letter to the llightRev . Father in God the X Xishop of Worcester , by Edward _AYalter , of _VTorcester . — * " * " He alone can _disoaver truth who dares to investigate all H things . " "He alene can be free who has truth for a g guide . -- ' Worcester : Baker , bookseller , Mealelieapen-Bl street;—London : Hetherington , HolvweU-strect , Strand ; \ 'WaUon Paid _? _sa ! kf , Patiarnoster-row ; andiillbool * seUers . 1 The following _alsabv Edward Walter : — s . d . 1 Thoughts on Education , Customs , Opinions ,

      Ad00408

      NOVEL EXCURSION TO BRIGHTON AND BACK IN ONE DAY , FOR FOUR SHILLINGS ! THE JUEMBEKS and FRIEXDS of the CHARTIST ASSOCIATION and CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY , respectfully announce to the Public tliat they have engaged Special Trainsfor a PLEASURE TRIP to the beautiful and salubrious town of BRIGHTOK , on _Scsday , August 3 rd , 184 S . The Committee have made every arrangement with the Brighton friends to render the excursion a truly pleasant one . Cliildren -under fifteen years half price . The Trains will start from the terminus at London Bridge at a quarter past 8 o ' clock precisely , _returning from Brighton at Seven in the evening , thus allowing upwards of eight hours to visit the Pavilion , Chain Pier , Devil ' s Dyke , Kemp Town , and the _Bum-rous other attractions of this pleasant town .

      Ad00409

      REMINGTON'S LINE . IOXDOX ASD MANCHESTER DIRECT KDEPEN

      Ad00410

      REMINGTON ' S LINE . LOXDOX ASD MANCHESTER DIRECT INDEPENDENT JJAILWAY , _wiili a Branch through fhe Staffordshire Potteries to Crewe . —Nuiice is hereby given , tl ft ** no further _spplicatfous for shaves will be received filler the 2 'jia day July i :: s :: i _: ii , except from parties locally interested , whose _applications must be wade on or before tuts : &\\\ _jssli' -i _.. Hy oidcr . * I ! i : Vi ; V W . MATTHEWS , tec .

      Ad00411

      THE . HISTORY OF TIIE CONSULATE ANI

      Ad00412

      A BOOK FOR THE MILLION 1 Now publishing , to Be completed in sixty numbers , at One Penny , A NEW AND ELEGANT PERIODICAL , Consisting of sixteen closely-printed pages , double-crown , and embellished with several superb Engravings by Landtdli and others , entitled TALES OF SHIPWRECKS , AND ADVENTURES AT SEA , containing talented sketches of the sea and seamen , and truthful narratives of shipwrecks , fires , mutinies , famines , and every danger of this life of peril , rendering it the handsomest , largest , and best pennyworth ever offered to the public Parts I and 2 , now ready , containing upwards of thirty fine engravings , and one hundred and forty pages ef letter-press , price sixpence each . The People ' s Edition of the complete works of M . Eugene Sue . Parts 1 to 7 now ready , price sixpence each .

      Ad00413

      AMERICAN EMIGRATION OFFICE , 9 G , Waterloo-road , Liverpool . THE Subscribers continue to despatch first-class Packets to NEW YORK , BOSTON . QUEBEC , MONTREAL , PHILADELPHIA , NEW ORLEANS , and ST JOHN'S , N . B . They are also Agents for the New Line of New York Packets , comprising the following magnificent ships : — - Tons . To Sail . Qc £ es of the WE 6 T 1250 Gth July . Rochester 1000 Gth August . _Hottisodeb 1150 Gth September . _Liverpooi . 1150 6 th October .

      Ad00414

      NOTICE TO EMIGRANTS . THE Undersigned continue to engage Passengers for First-CIass Fast-Sailing AMERICAN PACKET SHIPS , wliich average from 1000 to 1500 Tons , for the following Ports , viz . : — NEW YORK , | BOSTON , PHILADELPHIA , | NEW ORLEANS , BALTIMORE , | BRITISH AMERICA , & c . Emigrants in the country ca . ' engage passage by letter addressed as underneath ; in wh . ? h case they need not be in IiverjKHil until the day before the Ship is to sail ; and they will thereby avoid detention and other expenses , _lsesiues _fCCKi-ii _! _- ? o _» lieaj > cr passage , and having the best " -jsrths allotted to tliem previous to their arrival . For _fartlier particulars apply , post-paid , to JAMES _BECKETT & SON . North _E- ; J Prince ' s D « _- !' Liverpool .

      Ad00415

      CHEAPEST PERIODICAL IN THE WORLD . THE WELCOME GUEST OF EVERY HOME . THE FAMILY HERALD is not only the cheapest but the most amusing literary miscellany ever published . It consists of interesting TaleB ; extraordinary _Advenventures ; wonderful Narratives ; remarkable Events ; moral , familiar , and historical Essays ; select Poetry ; in . _structive Biographies ; comic Sketches ; amusing Allegories ; the wisest Sayings of the wisest Men ; important Facts ; useful Advice for _Self-improvement ; salutary Cautions ; scientific Discoveries ; New Inventions ; Hints to Housekeepers ; practical Recipes ; diverting Sports and Pastimes ; ingenious Puzzles and Riddles ; facetious Sayings ; humorous Jol . es , & c , affording agreeable and harmless recreation for all thc members of a family .

      Ad00416

      RICHARDSON , MANUFACTURING CUTLER , ESrABLlSHED 1805 , AW the Church , _Kaiswigfon . GARDE NERS'Pruning , Grafting , and Budding Knives in Sheath , Is . Gd . each ; shut ditto , 3 s , each , "These knives are made of tie best materials ; I always use them . "—Vide the lato Wm . Cobbett in his English Gardener . Best made Razors , Black Handles , Gs . tho case , or 3 s .

      Theland.

      THELAND .

      I Hereby Direct That All Monieb Payable ...

      I hereby direct that all monieB payable to mo , as treaturer to the Chartist Co-operative Land Fund , must be transmitted as follows : —Eitherby Bank order or Post-office order , to the " care of Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., 840 Strand , London ; " and payable to _« w , " W . P . Roberts . " That is , that my signature shall be required to each order . This direction is plain . For instance , say ' that Edward Hobson , of Ashton , 'has £ 10 to transmit ; he is to transmit the same to Mr . O'Connor , by Rank letter or _Post-office order , made payable to W . P . Roberts That order I can sign when I go to _Londen , or when a parcel of them are sent to me . The two only things required to secure the triumph of Labour ' s battle are , union among the working classes , and undeviating

      honesty and punctuality on the part of those who hare the management of their affairs . I therefore adopt this plan , that we may have upon each other as many salutary checks as possible . This is advisable , as much for our own mutual satisfaction , as for the satisfaction of the subscribers . I therefore request that these plain and simple instructions may be punctually attended to in all cases . To save additional postage , each letter containing a money order , may also eontain a list of the respective sums , and all other information necessary for the general secretary , Mr . Wheeler , to have ; which letter Mr . O'Connor wdl duly forward to him . This done , there cau be no puzzle about the accounts .

      W . P . Roberts , Treasurer . All orders should be made payable at 180 , Strand , London . —W . P . R . [ The above mode has been adopted at my suggestion , in consequence of the endless trouble I have had , owing to some parties sending mo Post-office orders payable to »• / order ; and some to Mr . Roberts' order . Obseivance of the above very simple rule will insure uniformity , satisfaction , and protection . There is a difficulty at the branch Post-offices about getting monies , when the orders are not signed by the persons to whom they are made payable . _Tsazqvb O'Cbiwoa . _l

      The Northern Star. Saturday, July 28,1845.

      THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , JULY 28 , 1845 .

      Earl Gret: Manners Sutton: And General J...

      EARL _GRET : MANNERS SUTTON : AND GENERAL JACKSON . Wb beg to direct attention to the Memoir that appears in another portion of this sheet , of the " Reforming Minister , " who insolently avowed his determination to " stick by his order , " when he wished to curb the democratic spirit , of which he had professed himself to be a " leader . " That Memoir will well repay perusal ; particularl y the lucid and racy review of his acts as Minister , made by one well able to judge , and as well able to speak . Tho young

      Reformers of the present day willldam something from that sketch , of the nature of the times tlirough which their elder brethren have had to pass , and o _^ the difficulties and dangers that beset their path * They will also learn something of the character of the man in whom the nation ence reposed confidence for a thorough Reform of the Commons House ; and learn also not to trust the next Reform into the hands of any one man , or any one set of men , that can be got together . The next Reform must be the people ' s own .

      Since Earl Gret was " gathered to his fathers , another important actor in the stirring events of British history , —" Green bags , " " Six Acts , " " Queen Caroline , " "Currency Laws , " " Emancipation , " and " Reform , "—has slipped off the stage of existence . We mean Manners Suiios , late Speaker of the House of Commons , but lately shelved in the House of Lords , under the title of Viscount _CAsiEnnuRT . Ho was seized with a fit of apoplexy when travelling on the Great Western Railway on Sunday morning , and died on Monday afternoon , having never spoken from tho time he was found in the railway carriage to the time he ceased to breathe , We had intended to give a noticeof this man ' s career , as a sort of memory-jogger of the acts against public liberty to which , as Speaker , he was party ; but we find ourselves compelled to reserve it till another

      occasion . In an article , on Earl Grey ' s character as a Peer and as a Minister , the Globe of Monday has the folowing : — "Almost contemporaneous with Lord Grey ' s has been the decease of the famous General Jackson—the representative of a later and worser scliool of statesmanship than that of the Minister of Reform . We do not for a moment disguise our hope that the aristocratical clement in English institutions —however modified—however purified , or recruited —will survive to check thc exaltation of mere momentary popular will as the sole power of government—that exaltation which Andrew Jackson did his part to accelerate and consummate precisely bv

      the Same means and stages as wc find it was done in the commonwealths of antiquity . Thc strongest sign of the progress of " ochlocracy " in the Greek commonwealths , was tlic multiplication , and , as it were , public scramble for petty offices , and the adoption of a system of rotation instead of election , and of rapid succession in those offices , intended to gratify the universal thirst for an actual share in power . This idea of rotation has been put forth in thc late General Jackson ' s Messages , precisely from thc same motive as prompted it ( though , be probably knew nothing * about that ) in thc States of Greece . And General Jackson carried out into actual practice the same princi ple , so far as it consisted in making all places _change hand . - ? , for ( he gratification of th _* i humblest ambition ;' , l . v _corrviij _^

      Earl Gret: Manners Sutton: And General J...

      farther than ever had been done before him , on attaining power , a clean sweep of every holder of even the lowest public office . In like manner the downward movement of democracy in the several States has tended to abridge the duration , and change the holders , even of judicial offices . We shall be quite content to contrast the character and acts of Andrew Jackson , the sturdy democrat of Republican America , with the character and acts of the proud , aristocratic , " unbending" Earl Gret ; and to this end we shall , next week , give the reader some idea of who and what Andbkw Jackson was ,

      and wMt he did to save his country from the English aristocrats and the jobbing Jews : and also some few other facts , in addition to those we publish this day , to let the young reader know the true character of the Eabl " NEPOTIST" whom the Globe so ardentl y admires . For once we will have real patriotism , manly independence , and true genius , —both military andstatesman-like , —in contrast with truculence , perfidy , and a hungry grasping at public money , combined with a total disregard of the interests of the nation . If the Globe had been wise , he would not have provoked the exhibition .

      Beneficial Effects Of "Secure Tenure." T...

      BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF "SECURE TENURE . " Thebb is no question that lias , of late , made such rapid progress in the public inind , as that of the app lication of labour to the soil , as a means of relieving the "labour-market" of the " surplus " almost constantly struggling there for a " SHARE" of the fund" wherewith Capitalists set Labour to work . It is true that the question , in one shape or other , has been before the public for a long period of time : but it is onl y of late years , when the operation of our currency crotchets and thc effects of machinery

      made it necessary for us to look out for other modes of employing the labour of our people , that the only mode which can never be susperseded or rendered valueless has beon entertained by tliose who arrogate to themselves the title of "the World ' s governors . " More than fifty years ago Tiiomas SpjeitcB promulgated his Agrarian theory that "the land is the people ' s farm ; " and proposed that the nation should resume national possession , that the people might become possessors of such amounts as tliey could respectively _cultiyate , under a commonwealth Government . T h omas Pa i ne too , about the same time ,

      wrote his " Agrarian Justice . " Robert Owe !** , from the first day of his appearance in public with plans for the amelioration of social evils to the present hour , has alwsys made the possession of the soil the groundwork on wliich to build his " new structure of societ y " and William Cobbett , the great teacher of political truths for a'half century , was enthusiastically attached to the land , always preaching up the system of Small Farms as alone conducive to a nation ' s greatness and security , and directing the whole force of his bitter scorn and scathing satire against the large-farm-bull-frog system , wl i ich

      Papermoney had erected on the ruins of that mode of occupation of which England had reason to be proud , because it promoted real substantial freedom and happiness . All these authors and teachera , laid down and maintained the general principle that the application t » f a large amount of the labour of a people to the soil of their country , would secure the greatest amount of riches to each individual member of the community , and render the aggregate independent and free of all otlier people ; and the two latter , Oweh and Cobbett , exhibited in detail the modes of using the soil when in possession , so as to yield the

      best return for the labour and capital expended on it . Cobbett , it is well known , did much to improve both Agricultural and Horticultural sciences . To him we mainly owe the successful cultivation of the Swede Turnip . He was also the introducer of many p lants , shrubs , roots , and trees , now in _constantgrowthjandhehasleftbehindhimtnitructionj , _*—plain , simple , and understandable , —for the management of gardens , of woodlands , and of small allotments , wliich will hold a place as long as thc Ianguage lasts . "When lie first published his Cottage Economy , wherein he gave instructions how a

      labourer might maintain a cow out of a vory small garden , he was laughed at , sneered at , abused : still the . workwas there—is there still ; and now we find that scores hare proved the full _practicality of all he proposed . Mr . Owes has also always advocated Spade Husbandry , as the most profitable mode of cultivation . He has not onl y advocated this mode , but shown its superiority in practice , in the experiments of Falla and others . For now just upon thirt y years has this Reformer been dinging into the ears of the public that the mode of culture at present pursued is most wasteful and unprofitable , compared

      with that which , while it returned an immensely greater aggregate of wealth , would also employ that portion ofthe population which our " hi gh state of civilisation " has doomed to unwilling idleness . We certainl y are not entitled to say that these teachings were in vain : for we behold tlie effect of them at the present day is tub _isii-roved misd of the COD . VTRT , particularly oh this _rery subject of the allocation of the soil . Solomon has said : " Cast thy bread on the waters , and it shall bo seen after many days . " In teaching a nation , this is always so . A people cannot be moved like a few

      individuals . A stone thrown into a pond may cause a violent commotion of the placid surface where it drops ; and it will even agitate tho whole body of water to its utmost verge ; but tho undulations , as they recede from the centre of turmoil , become small by degrees and beautifully less , " until they are scarcely _perceptibla at all . So with society . The words of wisdom have to be iterated , and reiterated again , and again , and ; again to that , times without number : but as" constant dropp ing wears away stone , " so a constant enforcement of a truth forces it on the attention of one , and then of another , until in the end society as a whole receives and adopte that which , when first enunciated , was met with general denunciation and scorn . Thus has it

      been with the general teachings of the parties wc have named . Those teachings have been "bread cast on the waters ; " and we of the present day " see " them . The general ideas so long inculcated have seized hold ofthe public mind ; havo become reflected therein . The Reformers of the present day , therefore , who make the general occupancy of the soil the basis of their remedial measures for social evils , have comparatively an easy task . The general principle is grounded to their hands : they have but to appl y proper and harmonious details , and the result of the labours of those Reformers who have gone from off the stage of existence , and those who now occupy their place , will be exhibited in successful practice _.

      Wc mean not to contend that the conviction , —that such a direction of capital anil the energies of the producers as that contemplated by the Land-ltcformers would be nationally beneficial , —lias become universal . On tlio contrary , we have bitter reason to know that sucli is not the fact . The virulent opposition which the proposal , even now , in the advanced state of the public mind in regard to the question , receives at tbe hands of thc envious , the ignorant , and tho interested , is proof that unanimity does not exist . There arc a class of oppositionist ' s who will denounce anything and everything witli which parties to whom they have personal dislikes are connected . Another sot arc so envious of everybody ' s success before tlic public , that they cannot

      afford to examine thc merits of any plan of operations that may be proposed—but ' , condemn all wholesale , p lan , projectors , adopters , and advocates . To these have to be added tliose who fancy that their own position , cither socially or pecuniaril y , would be deteriorated b y placing the mass of the people in a situation of comfort and enjoyment . These three classes of objectors have to be contended with . To attempt to hason with them , would be throwing your cap against tho wind . What argument would avail witli the first ? Could you hopc ° ( o make those who allow tUciv own personal piques lo ia / itteiice tlieir public conduct , lo tlie rejection of entire measures because certain individuals are connected therewith ; could . vou hope to make these listen to fci'oro ' . i- _'? ' Could you hone to

      Beneficial Effects Of "Secure Tenure." T...

      succeed better with the envious class ? with the poor creatures who are utterly unable to make their way in the world-but who , stung to madness at the consciousness _. of their own inferiority , are yet filled with " envy , malice , and all uncharitableness" even to bursting ? Would the most logical propositions that ever were framed have effect on the understanding or conduct of these men ? Nothing of the sort . Same-like with the _intuited . With these too , it i s a matter of feeling- * matter of fear that their bullfroggedness will be reduced in size , by the enlargement of the store of the labourer . To all these , ar-„ ,.,, . _„! ... „ « , »; n . _« t , o nnnr

      gument would be thrown away . But then there is also another class—those who are well-disposed as things go , but who have not had opportunities of informing themselves of the real object of the Land-Reformers , nor tho mode of operations they propose . This class is open to reason . Argument , when addressed to these , is not out of place . Nay indeed it is necessary . The cunning and the crafty of the w » - _terested oppositionists , know this very well : and well do they ply the weapons of their craft to poison their minds . Talk of the benefits that must accrue from a large number of small holdings , under _circumstancGS that must cause labour to be

      well applied , and that cannot fail of securing a more than adequate return ; show how this can be easily , cheaply , and immediately accomplished , and the crafty will bid you "look to Ireland , urn see thb _EFrSCTS OP SMALL HOLDINGS AND _SUBDIVIDHOS THERE ! " And with the uninformed and the unreflecting this is an answer . They know that holdings there are small ; and they know also that with such small holdings there exists tv state of things more unendurable than the condition of nine-tenths of the barbarous savages of the forest and thc desert Without looking further ; without diving beneath

      the _surfaca thus presented ; without waiting to inquire whether this horrible state of things be a con sequence of the great subdivision of land that there obtains , or whether it be not the effect of other causes which could easily be got rid of , without " adding house to house and field to field" for one man ; without waiting to do this , the superficial and the unreflecting conclude their minds against tho proposed Small Farm System here , persuading themselves that the plan , if acted on , could only make bad worse . And thus is the cause of the interested served !

      This instance of Ireland has becomo one of tho stock-arguments of the League * opposcrs of the Land project . It was first used by these very kind " friends and fathers of the poor * , " and its use is almost exclusively confined to them . Still with them it is ready at every turn . It will therefore be well to blunt tlie edge of it , by not only exposing its ' fallaciousness , as applicable to the proposed mode of allocation on the soil—but also by adducing a full examp le of tho working of the proposed principlo where an entire population are placed through its operation in circumstances far superior to those of any other population in the whole world ! This we shall just now do .

      Ireland is no " example" at all . The requisites we ask for aro not there . Thc first , the main one we seek , as the inducement to labour and improve _, ment , " fixity op tekukb , " is wholly absent in thc case of the small landholders of tbat country . They are there mere " _tenants-at-will * , " holding on from year to year only from thc fear that" wild retributive justice" will avenge with death the attempt to " clear " them off . In addition to this , there is the accursed system of " middlemen " and " subletting . ' The absentee landlord , caring nothing for the management of " his" estates , provided that he gets the means

      of spending from , them , "lets ' to a heartless brutalised " middleman , " who treats the tenantry or d er him to every exaction that the wit of sordid cupidity can devise . And this case ; this scandalous and unmatchable case ; this crying disgrace of both government and people ; this instance of the most gross abuse of the " rights of property" tbat the world ever saw : this case , is adduced by the League opposers of the Land plan , as a sample of the condition to which the promoters of that p lan seek to reduce the people of England 1 Was there over such an instance of glaring imposition ? We ask for such an allocation of the soil , that each that chooses can apply his whole labour to as much of it ,

      and no more , as he can well cultivate ; we ask that full and entire possession of that amount of land shall be ceded to him , * we ask for a tenure that shall make IT HIS for his lifetime , and his child ' s or children ' s after him ; we ask that he may be secure of possession , and thus lutve every inducement to work and improve , knowing that what he is doing is for himself , and not for others , * we ask for such arrangements as shall enable him to bkjot the fruits of his own industry—and we are put off by a reference to the condition of the Irish mud-hovel in-dwellcrs , where none of the conditions we seek are to be found , beyond the . bare possession for the timo being of a portion of the soil whereon to grow wealth for j others ! I

      Thus wo show that the case of Ireland is not applicable to our case . Indeed we advocate our own plan no less as a remedy for the infernal evils of subletting and want of tenure in Ireland , than for the improvement in the condition of our own population . And now wc proceed to show what effect a general application of the princi ples we enforce has had on the condition of a whole people . We knew the advantage ofa good " CRY : " so do the League opposers of the Land p lan . " Ireland" has become their " cry , " against Small Farms : wo will now furnish one that will make overy utterer of that " cry" blush crimson when he is told of it . It will be for the advocates ofthe Land plan to take care that they remain no longer in i gnorance of thc facts now adduced .

      lhe " case that wc are about to quote , is not that of a people of a very distant country . We shall not send the inquirer to China , or Timbuctoo , to find out whether what we say he trite or not . Nor shall we send him on tothe continent ofEuropc ; no , nor even so far as Ireland . It is to a British Isle ; to a portion of our own dominions , within a short distance of every portion of our own shores , that we shall direct attention .

      The ground work of the article wc are about to quote , was contained in two papers published in Tail ' s Magazine for February and A pril , 1839 , by an inhabitant of the Isle in _question . From tho ' se papers an article was prepared for Chambers ' s Journal oHhe 6 th of A pril , 1839 ; and it is to the facts contained m that article that wc are about to appeal . 1 lie writer in Chambers ' s opens thus — SlNGUIAn MODE OF TE . NASTI . V 0 I . A . _VD IX _GiTEnvsnv . Tim Llnl ri _'" _¦•* " ™ WUlSKSSISV .

      ; .. _„~ v Vrn 1 i . ?* _Guernsey , situated on the coast of JeTof h » l _^ T mSt 0 Great Brito » . 1 «» * _surraw-MMd _. ofwhich onl y are capable of cultivation , and _Wip _ttvimJ _?*!? . _^! P ° _P- _* «' lt ' " > n . BEING AT T !! _SiV _^^ A LED RATJi 0 F A THOUSAND 10 rilE SQUARE MUX , _ormorethm three times wc ratio of Belgium , whiehis usuall y represented as the most densely peopled country in the world . _Making every allowance for abusy town , which draws support Irom commerce and from fishing , and contains 1470 inhabited houses , the population of Guernsey , as a small piece of agricultural territory , must still be considered as a singular phenomenon—one of whif . li

      it is well worth while to inquire into tho causes A writer , resident iii the island , has an _interestm _* _. paper on this subject in a late number of Tail ' s Edinburgh Magazine , from which it would appear that the chief , tf not sole cause of the _extraordinary populousncsso / theniral part of Guernsey , is a mode ofoceumh ,, laudpccultar to this part ofthe British dominions , and to some of tne noi-hbotirihg islands . Itis , wc believe the ancient Norman mode of land-tenu _-o or _somcthmglittlc different from it , _anditspmcticch ¦ u uernsey is ol many centuries' standiii "

      Well , hero is something startling tobegin with a population of a thousand to the _square mile ! We hear a great cry hen about " surplus population ; " about having " too many mouths for the food we hare •' We hear this on every hand , in this comparatively unpopulated country - . and if these cries be true prav in what plight must the Islanders of Guernsey be ? 'Ihcre they are , stuck all of a heap , _beiii" THREE TIMES more on the same extent of surface than is given for the " most densel y _Wukteil _^^ tho world" I Having noted the fact , that this astounding number are there , lcfc us mt see hm _yel-J't . _hiltSretoff / tf / _i _' _m / _c _oflettin- _land .-. '

      Beneficial Effects Of "Secure Tenure." T...

      The letting of land by a landlord to a tin , _^ _~^ known in this island . When a proprietor _^ l _" SIJ n « depute the cultivation ofhis ground or ZT " _^ to goes . in Guernsey , to give it to rent , he wlZ >« S species of sale , or what , at least , would be _iT to l as a sale in tins country . * All land is con * - 1 l ' r _* 'l divided into lots called quarters , a quarter iw Ueretl as valent to twenty pounds of Guernsey _cuvi-eno _? !* _- ' * nose that A possesses land to the value ol ' tiv i _glared pounds , or sixty quarters , and wishes kii _* 11 " 1 * of it to B , he conveys it to that individual _eithr ' 6 out receiving any cash , or receiving ( wliich is tl _"'"' ¦' common case ) one-fourth ef the value in hand _T _.- ore cash has been paid , A receives interest \ t is _" cent , for the whole £ 200 ; namely * 2 _J Pt * The _lettincr of land bv a l : _imlln ... i . _ . . _^^ * -3 IS

      annum , wnicn may oe considered as the yent . m a fourth of the purchase-money had been _adv- > ' i ° ' he receives only £ 45 , being the interest of tho ' tion allowed to rest with tho purchaser . " 'iv son , " says our authority , " wh y it is usual In one-fourth part of the purchase money in _^ l _^ that such payment may be some guarantee to \ I ) ' B will faithfully work the estate , and pav \\ t ,. ' regularly ; for , should the rent fall in arrear ( wf by a process called saisie , may totally eject ' Uf _- _* the property , and the three hundred pounds paiil */ 1 * B when thc contract was passed would be lost to ir for ever . In this manner , then , is the seller or h !! lord secured in the recei pt of the equivalent ' ? which he has parted with the estate * *

      " As soon as the contract between the pai . f , . executed , B becomes , to all intents and purposes ah ! solute proprietor of the soil ; and so long as lie _pavs his quarters , he never can be evicted ; nay , more j can fell timber , convert meadow into arable , ami In . blc into meadow , and perform any and every act that a tenant in fee-simple can do in England . ' Tl » _ej . tate , thus acquired , descends to thc keirs of the pur . chaser , and , on failure of direct issue , to his nearest of kin . Semctimcs these annual quarters arc made permanent , but most frequently they are _rcdeeiiiableby certain instalments , as the buyer and seller may have agreed . " The descent of these tenant-properties , as we may call them , is not regulated by the law of _primosem .

      ture ; neither is it quite free of this law , but appears I to be conducted upon a sort of medium , between tlie _? evils on both sides . " The eldest son takes the prin * S cipal house , and from sixteen to twenty perches of ? land , on which the outbuildings may be suppossd to stand ; this the law gives him exclusively , ami he also has the right to keep all the land attached to the house in a ring fence , and not separated from it by a public road ; but whatever he takes over and _abore the sixteen to twenty perches , he must account fo * it to his brothers and sisters , by paying them the value of this excess in money . By this p lan the estates in Guernsey are never so subdivided as to produce inconvenience , nor are they ever so consolidated as to produce injustice . "

      This mode , it is clear , cannot be wholly introduced here , at Inst for some time ; but the mode that next approaches it , in spirit , intent , and effect , is thc very onc proposed by thc Land Society—that of leasing in perpetuity . Under such a lease , the land would be , \ to all intents and purposes , the holder ' s own , minus the rent , or " quarters , " he would hare to pay to the purchaser of thc fee-simple . His tenure would be just as secure—which is the very thing needed to induce him to work for himself , and te improve the quality and capabilities of his land . Thc Guernseyman is secure : ho is not like the small Irish holderat the will and mercy of thc veriest rascal that hell could turn out . Let us see what this " security of tenure" does for him : —

      A great subdivision and a very thorough cultivation of the land have been the consequence of this system . "The estates , " says our author , " arc small , none exceeding seventy acres ; and the average amount of land attached to each house in the country , may It computed at five English acres . This minute subdivision CA . 13 SUS _TUE WHOLE ISLAND IO BB CULTIVATED as a gardes ; not an inch of available soil is lost , and even the hedges arc planted with furze for winter fuel . The crops are abundant , and far exceed tliose of England . The average produce of wheat per acre is thirty-three Winchester bushels , and as much as fifty-five to sixty have been raised . Five hundred bushels of potatoes per acre arc the ordinary produce , and the hay crops average three tons and a half , English weight . Twenty . I wo tons of parsnips per acre are considered a fair crop : 2 ' M

      milch cows are kept , yielding an annual revenue , in milk and butter , of - £ 32 , 520 ; 550 cows are annually exported to England , and the same number of cattle slaughtered for homo consumption . Y _egetables , fruit , poultry , eggs , and cyder , are most abundant , and of excellent quality . Now , thc question , the commercial question , arising out of these facts , is simply this : Where , in Great Britain or Ireland , can be found 10 , 000 acres equally productive 1 Let it not be said that the islands have richer land , a more favourable climate , or better implements of husbandry : this is not tlie fact : they have , moreover , many disadvantages , as tremendous gales of wind in winter , and scorching droughts in summer ; but they have one paramount superiority , ami thai is their system of landed tenure—the true source of their agricultural wealth .

      Here are facts ! What will the adduccrs of the case of " Ireland " say to them ? Tho land is " subdivided . " "The average amount is five acres to each house ; " and this causes thc whole Island to k cultivated like a garden ! Look at the estimate oi produce ! Remember too , that " it is not _fad' that the Guernsey people have richer land , a more favour * able climate , or better imp lements than we haTe . What will the adduccrs of the case of " Ireland" say to all this ? How can they get over the facts hero narrated ?

      But the best of all is to come . Wehave still to see what the effect of all this is , on _tue cokditiox of thc entire population . Wo _haye to see whether any of the characteristics of the Irish nwd-liovcl-system are to be found , in connection with this entire subdivision of the country into five-acre farms with _» secure tenure . We have to see whether tho Guevmcy people are compelled to live on " tunrjEn" potatocsa sort that even the looks will not feed on I Vie have to see whether they are compelled to led mth the pig , and to share the meal with it—it being l _*

      far thc most important member o f the family I _N ' e have to see whether the females have lo go just naked , with onl y an old apron tied on in front , awl forced to hide themselves when a stranger approaches the "dwelling ! " We havo to see whether this hi the case with the Guernsey "holders , " as it is with Irish ones ; or whether they are liko the Hampshire " labourers , starving on 7 s . a week out of the Union , or starving on Poor Law diet in the Union . We have to see this ; and here arc tho menus of judging : —

      The rent of land in Guernsey , expressed in Laglish terms , is never less than live pounds per En- . glish acre * , and it is a very rare case indeed , if it - ever falls in arrear . The landlord is seldom disappointed in the regular receipt of his income . * * * ; ' We shall now _procesd to the moral infiuenco pro duccd on the people by tliis system of tenure . One s of its first consequences is to raise the standard ol I virtue—to inspire the whole population with a manhi ;/ and independent spirit—and to destroy that cringing u adulation and fawning servility , which leases for t years have necessarily engendered among lhe ten * *• antry of England . All men have admitted that tlic c institution of property is the basis of civilisatii > B . f .

      This principle being acknowledged sound by urn- *• versa , consent , it follows that whatever counteracts s its expansion must be vicious , and that whatever t promotes its extension must be nationally hcncliVi ;'' - '• Thc bare _possession of property on a doubtful wmje a is scarcely a good : it is essential that thc posse _tfiM * a should be secure ; and if security for a term m of years be desirable , much more so must it be tor $ permanent enjoyment . Now , the plan of lease . - * J ' *'* ' >' seven , fourteen , or twenty-one years , together _v _- _*' ••* tenancies from year to year or at " will , is bud iu pri ' * »* ciplc _, as they merely convey a temporary interest de * oterniinablc at a date specified ; the working f _* u _>« et et thus becomes a bird of passage , without a fixed Iiom * _? - ie : He may be prudent , industrious , and sober—a _g '' 1 ' 11 * w _*

      father , a good husband , a good master , a good neip' labour , and a good citizen ; but these virtues avail hu" m _* nothing ; he lives in a state of agricultural _sci'vita-l * . . I <\ and , at thc expiration of his lease , the _ctpi'icc of or _s-oiteof his landlord may expel liim from liis . an _•¦'• 1 _'iU'dil . _ei'ent is thc condition of the GueriiscynW' _- ' . «• Once possessed of land , he can never lose it , cxi c | "j eft by his own fault ; he has only to pay the sti _pula t - ' tc < quarters of rent , and he continues absolute lord ot . 1 ot the property ; ho feels proud of his position , and ¦ "'j •!! - spirit of independence is within him ; be has n s *»» > f stake in the country , though it mav lw small ; « _^ wm say with honest pride , " This house is n'" ! ' « ° ' that field is mine ; and when I die , the law will e . v » - _^ them to mv children . "

      This system of tenure prompts to industry , ''>* '" '! * _'"' rages economy , and represses intemperance . ' A "" "J . '" "J . having paid down in cash one-fourth of thc value o i o the land he holds , is stimulated bv tlio most _xxwetW : _i't » J impulse to redeem the annual quarters , and _diseiiWi' ' : ? _' ? :: his estate from the payment of rent . In the eyes * ' > : * y [ a person so circumstanced , labour loses its rcf ' i )) _^ character , for he feels that he is _workiix / for _hufXf-T lie has an object constantly before his * mind ivlu * ; Iu * » r he steadily pursues . The prouensitv to _di-milt * _.- _" _* - _'* : * . _^ 1 so fatal to the _workimj-class ' esof Great l ' _i'it'U l- . j : l _' 7 ' counteracted with the Cfucrascymau by the desuv _;»^ . - _;»^ the _opportunit y of acquiring a _ilisenciiiiibi'ivd ' ' ' _- ;! j _, ' v % property j * * * \ Ye may with « " «¦ - * _>**" - " — — _^ T . _£ . _f ; S T _'* * _' ! - fl _a- > _-ieays to _ba a _ycse- > i ' o ! : _ii ce betwixt ¦ ¦ _¦ _¦¦' ¦' ¦ ¦ " ¦" and _Uii _' . t vffw . i n ¦ jroiiud _i-. i _f-ejtlar . il .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 26, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_26071845/page/4/