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Northern Star (1837-1852), 23rd August 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 7, T*MWitruwii«iXM*ir*»i*wii.-f^. **' »> t i* -*T7Mamiirxyw*&^mtr!i^tt* l*nv^m+CHii+*u ¦ .» »—» • *V****^- **w**JWy»ini'*^t i M.-«r*m-M<^ 11 ¦.»»—»

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      ¦- Ziizi —»"W Iiw ¦¦ Iui11 F Tod^G Ust 3...

      ¦ - _ziizi —» "w iiw ¦¦ iui 11 _f tod _^ G _usT _3 & , im THE NORTHERN STAR . _? _

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      4 tfmimi _-ffimmmts

      "Ant "And I Will War, St Least M Words, ...

      "Ant "And I will war , st least m words , ( And ( And—should _vuy c ' _sam-e so _happen—aezHs ) , With "With all who war with Thought . " " I tl "I think I bear a little bird , who sings The The people by and by will be tbe stronger . "— _-Braos IM 1 TALT , AUSTPJA , AND THE POPE *

      SO . V . n jasln justice to Mr . _Mmixt _, andthe glorious cause of ch _hiich he is the advocate and champion , we feel called n toon to give entire thc Mowing sketch of the rise 1 _st-nd struggle . * - of the national party of Italy _;—fe _aTTe arc a _pjcj _. le of from ouc-and-lwenty to t * . vo-andnty reflty miKicns of men , known from time _kimcmorial bysane same nam- ? , as the people of Italy ; enclosed by naal _liiral limits the clearest ever marked out by the Deityscale sea and the highest mountain- ; iu Europe ; spea & ing i same same _language , in _,-diflcd by dialects varying front each _icr Bier less tlian « 3 o the Scotch and the _English ; having

      > saue same creeds , tlic _saineronimeri * , the same habits , with _I'lifiio'lincalions not greater than those whicli in France , e mete most homogeneous country oa lhe earth , distinguish e lfcbe Basque race from the Hrcton ; proud of the noblest lditiraditiouiui > olitics =, _s-. wr . cf , andart , tliatadornsEarop !; an stentstery ; having twice given to humanity a tie , a watch-Drd rord of unity—once , in tlie Kome of tiie Emperors , again , e tfcre they bad betrayed tlieir mission , in the Rome of tlie _apef opes ; gifted with active , ready , aud brilliant faculties , nds not denied even by our calumniators ; rich in every _ransourcaof material _vi-H-bui's tliat , fraternally and libejllyraHy worked , could _t .: sl : c ourselves happy , and open to _istesister nations the brightest _i _. rospect in tbe world .

      W We have no flag , no political name , no rank among EnrEnropean nations . We bave no common centre , no commormon pacr . no common marhct . We arc dismembered into into tight _staits— - Lombardy , I ' _arnw , _Tusciny , aoiUna , Lucliucca , ihe Popedom , Piedmont , tbe Kingdom otX . iph-sail 5 ail independent one of another , without alliance , without wii unity of aim , without organised connection between them . _Eif Eight lines of _cm-tom-bonsc . * _- , without counting the _impeilpedimenisaiipertaiains to tbe internal administration of eac each slate , sever _« ur material interests , oppose OUT advai vancem-nt , and forbid us large manufactures , large comme mercial activity , and all those encouragements to our «* a ; _«* apaKIi ! its tr .-.- ; t s centre of impulse would afford . Probil bihitious or enormous dalles " check the import and expo port of-articles of the first necessity in each state of Italy . Tc Territorial and industrial products abound' in one

      pro--r ii -vince tbat are deficient in another and ws may not lrcely sc sell the supcifiuKies or exchange among ourselves thc to necessities . Eight different systems of currency , of w weights and measures , of civil , commercial , and penal It _legislation , of administrative organisation , and of police ti restriction , divide us , and render us as inueli as possible s strangers to each other . And all these states among v -which we ar .- partitioned arc ruled by despotic govcnii ments , in whose working thc country has no agency w hat . < ever . Taere exists not in auy of tliese states , either 1 liberty of _il : e press , or of united _sction , or of _ypeecll , or « of collective petition , or of the introduction of foreign ¦ 1 "books , or of education , or of anything . One of tliese . states , comprising nearly a fourth of tlic Italian population , belongs to the foreigner—to Austria ; the others , ¦ some from family ties , -ome from a conscious feebleness , tamely submit to ber influence .

      From this contrast between tbe actual condition and the aspirations of the country was muduced the Xational party ; to which , Sir , I _lia-re the honour to belong . The National party dates a long time back in Italy . It dates from Koine—from _tiiat law of the Empire that admitted every Italian to tlic lights of citizenship in tlte capital of lhe _kuorntworld . -Thework ' of assimilation which then _insliuciively began , iras interrupted or rather _complk- ' _-U-d _i-y a new task , by thc invasion of tbeJSorthem lior & cs . It wns necessary to _assimilate to ourselves bydegrees these foreign elements , before resuming the work of internal bomogencization . Two or three centuries sufficed for ibis business of preparation : and when our Communes were established , tlie work was resumed , Tbe national tendencies , hitherto pursued unconsciously , took

      a condensed form ana existence in the conception ofour great men of thought or ac . ion . From tlie Consul _fJrcacenzio to Julius tbe Second , or to our agitators ofthe sixteenth c .-ntary— from Dante to _Jfctchiavel— -you will not find one . Sir , who did not adore the oneness of this nation , this Italy that we adore , and for which the sons of an Austrian admiral died Jast year . Then , thanks to Charles tlie Fifth and Clement the Seventh , thanks to the Pope and tbe Empire , slavery fell upon us—a common slavery , tliat crumbled all our old hostilities and bent our restive heads under one yoke . When , after nearly three centuries of this common infliction , the Prench Revolution burst on _Europe , tbeXational party in Italy wasfouud quite forme . ! , and ready to appear on the political arena . As if to afford a practical proof that we were ripe for

      • anion , _Xapolcon ran a line across Italy , placed Ancona and Venice , Bologna and . Milan , under the same government , and icuaded tlie Eingdoai of Italy . The essay succeeded . Tbe intellectual rise , tbe rapid increase of material prosperity , tlie burst of fraternization , that were manifested ia aU those very _prorinces that short-sighted politician . * - , oi * lhe faith ofa few popular phrases and petty jealousies , would a few . days before bave declared rsady to cut each other ' s throats , are facts , especially in the period from 1 * _" 03 to 1 S 13 . _irrevocably committed to history _3 * otwlthstan < m . g onr dependence on the French Empire , under political despotism and despite war , theft-cling of nationality , specially incorporated in onr brave army , elevated our . souls , picturing in tlse distance ilie oneness of Italy , the object of all our efforts . Tbe strength of

      tbe National party was so enUre ' y recognised , tliat when the time casus for the fall of Napoleon , it was in thc name of this party that the European governments sought to arouse us against tbe domination of France . As far back as 1809 , Austria spoke to us _l » y his Imperial _IKgbness the Ardiuuke John , of glory , of liberty , of independence , and of a Constitution based on the immutable nature of tilings _^ . Four years later , General Nugent promised us an independent Kingdom of Italy . J . And iu the following year , jour _EuzLind , Sir , proclaimed by tbe mouth of Beutinck tbe liberty and independence of tlie Italian peoplejl . _-yoninscribed these words _iLwertaeIndeiu : r . denzaltaIica tbestandards of tlie Legion , itself also called Iialica , that was organised in Sicily to be employed in Tuscany : you everywhere disseminated by the officers of this legion

      copies of die Sicilian Constitution—of tbat Constitution . Thy the by , whicli was given to Sicily _wlieo . that island was important as a military position J , and « as _diFgraccfulIy abandoncd , yonr purpose one *; answered , in spite of promises in which tlie bouour oflbe country was involved . *! Napoleon fallen , all these promises were forgotten and broken . The meaning tUcy conveyed was more permanent , and was confirmed , even _diplujnatiesD . v , by the _National party . Tbe hopes of the army and the National Guard were evidenced iu addresses . A deputation of commerce had an interview at Genoa with Lord William Bentinck . Active efforts were made about Prince llettenurii and the Emperor of Austria . Interviews took place at I ' aris _betu-een the deputies oftlie Kingdom of Italv and the En-dish Plenipotentiaries , tlie Earl of

      Aberdeen and Lord Castlereagh . ft e then bad faith in diplomacy , and especially in England . All was unavailing . Your country , said ths Emperor Francis to tbe Italian deputies , is mine by right of conquest And tliree months after Lord Castlerc-agU ' s assurances that the Austrian Government would be altogether paternal , Italian officers and civilians of every rank , in considerable numbers , and under pretext ofa conspiracy against the Austrians—at a time when ' they bad not been declared masters by tbe Congress—were arrested at liiian and elsewhere , and thrown into military prisons , where all communication and every means of defence

      • were withheld . These arrests took place at Milan almost _TeguVarV- every Saturday niglitfrom November , 1 SH , to the end of January , 1815 . After several months of secret investigation , the prisoners were refused the , choice of advocates , and tbeir counsel were nominated Vy the Anstrinns . Tried in tbe citadel of ilantua by a sort of half civil , balf military , but wholly inquisitorial court , some were sentenced to tbrce years * imprisonment , others condemned for life to the fortresses of Hungary . In Piedmont , in the States oflbe Pope , in Sicily , throughout Italy , one stroke of the pen erased aU < ror _Ubtrviss , »\\ oar ' reforms , all oar hopes . The old regime reappeared , Iiemicious as before , _butsarcharged with vengeance .

      From the frauds oftlie _Omsrcss of Vienna sprang ihe insurrections of 1820 , 1821 , and 1 S 31 . The iusurrecliou of 1820 { _JajyJ took place in the _Engdom of _JXaplcs , embracing the whole of it . TllC absolute government was everywhere ovcrtanied , without resistance , without bloodshed . Tie King yielded to the desire of the people and the army , and proclaimed on tbe Cth—for tliis was all done in six _days—constitutional fonns , demanded , as _exprcssedin bis edict , by the general will . The insurrection of 1821 ( _ATan-h ) had Piedmont and liguria for its theatre . Almost tbe entire nobility took

      partm tins movement , tlie initiative being with tbe army . The Xatioual party had even gained over tbe Prince of _Csaignauo , heir to the Crown , it matters little tbat this Prince , _iiuiNjual to bis task ; betrayed his party from fear , _and now reigns an absolute sovereign in Piedmont : his accession to the combination docs not tbe less prove bow Mgb the _Xatio-ial party had pushed tlieir proselytism . This movement , commenced on thelOth , was complete on tbel 3 th , a bloodless victory . ThcKiug , Victor Emanuel , bound by oaths to Austria , abdicated , appointing 3 Bq ,-tot ; _iriio , on the 14 th , took thc oath to thc consti' jtional system proclaimed .

      The insurrection cf 11531 ( February ) comprised in it * action She _Dndiyuf Parma , tlie Dncby of Modena , and the States of tbe Pope . " It travelled from one city to another as it were by mail : tbeaews of a rising eflVcted in one locality was sufficient to determine that nest on tbe line . t ! wQ a double difficulty to surmount—the Pope being _fb authority bath spiritualand temporal . However , the _wsttrrectioatriunipbedwitbontobstacle _/ witboutthe least _«** der . The Pope beheld Ids temporal power abolished iby decree- and never thought , so thoroughly conscious was he of ite impotence , of bricging into play his spiritual authorit y . Bat Iigw was it that these _insntreetions against the Italian dtgpotisros _, alwavs successful , were nevertheless always put down ? " By Austria—by the immediate and unexpected interveniiun of Austrian armies .

      I share with many of ray countrymen the opinion , that by acting in a certain coarse and in a certain mode , an Italian insurrection might successfully brave Austrian intervention . I thiuk that serious faults of management were committed by our leaders - and tbat so cue of them

      "Ant "And I Will War, St Least M Words, ...

      hitherto has been equal to tliose elements of _aclion that we possess . Bat this opinion , right or wrong , lias nothing to do with my present argument . 2 fy _prescntargumeut , which you , sir , cannot refute , based as it is on unassailable historical _lai-ts , is amply this— "That tlic _National party in Italy comprohends thc immense majority of my fellow-citizens ; that it has been , and would be now more than ever , master at homo , were it not for thc immediate armed intervention of a _foivi-jn power . Sir , ours is the only country in Europe tbat is deprived , thanks to the Diplomacy you personally so well _represent , ofthe right of managing its own business in its own way ; the only country in Europe that cannot ask for a common life , a common bond , or even a incve partial a : nclioratiow of its laws , without a foreign army pouring into it , and contesting by brutal force its right to progression ; the frdy country in Europe in which an admitted unanimity of opinion doe 3 not constitute acknowledged right .

      Sir , I say that m this there is great injustice—a great crime chargeable on European society ; and thatit is the duty of eve . y Italian to protest hy word and deed , through life and through death , against this great injustice . So I have done ; so I shall do . You may open my correspondence , or calumniate my life ; y . u may"disgrace theland tbat grants me hospitality by reviving _tUe , _.-Uita . mu : hut 1 doubt strongly , sir , whether you will ever make mc deviate one breadth from ihe course which my duties as a man and an Italian ' lung since marked out , whose consciousness accompanies nie wherever I go , and whicli will ba iu no wise aflicled hy the'degrce of latitude and _longitude under which I may lind myself .

      Before wc proceed further with the selections wc intend to give from Mr . Mazziki _' s vaiuahlc work , wc must again recommend to oar readers that they purchase it for themselves . Although wc have Air . _Mmtxi _' s sanction to reprint in ourcduuins as much of his work as we please , still it would fee very unjust were wc to take the cream ofhis _lab-mrs ' without ( Joins all in our power to extend the sale of the work , thatthercby Mr . Mazzixi may be , at least , reimbursed the outlay for printing ; . & c . Men of wealth professing - liberal principles , if really sincere , wiU pan .-ii .-isc copies of ' . Mr . Mazzisi ' s work for distribution , that thereby the truth of Italy aud her v . _* viwi « s may be

      made known to the Jlritis ; people . But without loohing to professed liberals of tlie golden order to do this tvurk . of circulating Mr . Mazzixi ' s _pi-cduction , it behoves thc real _iiberals , the patriots for iiriiain , for Italy , for Europe , and for the world—thc intciligu . t aad liberty-loving of the working class—thc proletarians of tlic State—thc class wc specially address—it behoves them to see that Mr . Mamsi h ho loser by his generous appeal to England on heliaifof his _uobl _' e country . Tliis work might have had a large sale , hat for the infamous silence of the press . 'ihi > pretended liberal journals , daily and weekly , liave , almost universally , done their best to . stilly Mr , Mazzisi ' _sappcai bj the " silent system . " Why ; -is the Weekly Dispatch silent ?

      To the working _mr-ii wc appeal to give them aid m extending the _clrcnlation of Mr . Mazzini ' s " Italy , Austria , and the Pope . " Its price is , we believe , ha ! f-a-crown , a sum beyond thc means of many hundreds who read this paper ; hut what one cannot do , three or four may accomplish without any sacrifice . At least , all Chartist Associations , and liberal councils and committees , should procure conies of the work for tlie instruction of their members .

      * " Italy, Austria, Aud The R*.?E. A Let...

      * " Italy , Austria , aud the r * . ? e . A letter addressed to Sir James Graham , Hurt , liy Joseph Mazzini . " London U . Albmiesi , 8 , _Quceii-strect . Gulden-square ; Cleave , Shoe-lane ; lietlieriugton , Holy well-street ; "Watson , raul _' s-alley _; and Strange , Patemoster-row . t Invito dell' Arcidiiea Giovanni al Popola < T Itali < i , lSW , i Proclamation of the loth December , 1313 . II Manifesto of the llth March , as above . § Lord Castlereagh ( Marquis of Londonderry ) in the liouse of Commons , 21 st June , 1821 . 5 Lord William llcntinclc—same debate . See also the noble and generous sentiments uttered on tliat occasion by Sir James Mackintosh .

      G Gricidtttre Tm% Iwtittilim*

      g gricidtttre tm % _iwtittilim *

      Fielb-Galiden Operations. For The Week C...

      _FIELB-GAliDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Aug . 2 Sih , ISio . [ Extracted from a _Dunr ef Actual Operations on five smallfarmson the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , ia Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Kowell _, of _Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , hi order to guide other _possessi . rs of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tkeir own lands . The farms selected as models are—First Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean , of

      live acres each , conducted by ( i . _Cruttenuen and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , thc latter at Jevingtou—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near thc samcplace . 'f hcconsccutfvc operations in thcsercporls _svill enable thc curious reader to compare the climate _sndagricultural value of the south with the north ' of England . The DiAKr is aided by ** 2 ? otcsand Observations " from the pen of Mr . Sowcll , calculated for thc time and season , which , we . subjoin .

      oi \ "Willi health of body , innoceuceof imwi _, aud habits of , industry , a poos man's child ought to bave nothing to be afraid of ; nor bis father ov mother anything to be afraid of for hiin . "— Vr . Paley . HloxK . —The scliool farms are cultivated by boys , v > ht > in return for three hours' teaching in tlie morning , give three hours of tlieir labour in the afternoon for tlie master ' s benefit , ivhick renders tlte schools _SELFsUPPORTixc . ir < _: believe that at Farnly Tyas _sixseveiitlis of tlte produce of the school farm will be assigned tothe boys , and one-sevcntli to tlie master , who will receive thc _usiwd school fees , help tlie boys to cultivate Vieir land , and teach them , in addition to reading , ivriting , < £ * _<* ., to convert tlieir produce into bacon , by attending to pig-lcceping , whicli at Christmas mag le divided , after paying rent and . levy , ajnonost them in proportion to their services , and ! be made thus indirectly to reach tlieir parents in a icay tlie most grateful to their feelings . !

      SUSSEX . Mosbat —• Willingdon . School . Boys carrying peas . Eastdean Sclwol . Hoys reaping oats , and beans , and tares . Piper . Trussing straw . Dumbrell Reaping , a wet day * . TuEsn . » . Y—ll ' _itttngdon . Scliool . Half day wet , boys digging early potatoes , and iu thc school-room . Eastdean Scliool . Boys binding sheaves , thrashing barley , digging DOtatoes . Piper . Trussing straw . Dumbrell . . Mending four rods ( 121 square yards ) with 100 gallons of liquid , turning barley and oats . SVsvxESBAX—Wiliiiig don School . Boys mowing bar-Icy . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable _piiils , and tank . Piper . Trussing straw , ami digging pea ground . Dumbrell . Turning peas and oats , reaping wheat _> carrying peas and oats . _TnvnsoAX—Willingdon School . Boys tying up barley

      sheaves . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing barley , cleaning it , and reaping wheat . Piper . Digging uea ground , and sowing white turnips on thc same . Dambrcll . Binding oafs . Friday— Willingdon School . Boys thrashing , with machine , the allotment tenants' wheat . Eastdean School . Boys cleaning the pigstyes , aud emptying the pig-pound tank . Piper . Cleaning the pigstye , and mending lucerne with liquid . Dumbrell . Binding up , and carrying oats . . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys doing same as yesterday . Eastdean School . Boys emptying portable pailsor privy tubs , and clearing * the ground where the turnips grew . IHper . Digging up potatoes , and housing straw . DumlreU . Carrying oats , raking the stubbie .

      COW-FEEU 1 XG . Willingdon Sclwol . Cows living on clover and white turnips . Dumbrell . One cow grazed in the day , and fed morn and even in the stail with maugci wurzel leaves . One cow and heifer fed on 161 I & S . of tares per day , till Thursday , the remainder of thc week entirely on clover . Piper ' s cows still feeding on lucerne .

      A Isew Yajuett Op Baiiley.—In A Recent N...

      A _ISew YAJUETT op Baiiley . —In a recent number ofthe "Journal of Agriculture and Transactions of thc Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland , " there appeared the following interesting and instructive article , by the Rev . J . _Koblc , of Madoes , _Tcrthauire , on a new and valuable species of barley . The

      reader will sec , in the history of this species , a striking proof of the benefits resulting from habits of observation and perseverance . IIow many thousands would have passed thc single car from which thc results detailed by Mr . Noble have _preceded , without notice , or with only a passing thought if thcir _attenticn had even been called to it : —la thc end of July , 1 * 338 , 1 observed a single car of barley in a field of the Dunlop species , which , from its marked difference rom those around it , and also from any that 1 examined in the neighbouringlieMs , I supposed might turn out to be a new species . According ly 1 marked its position , and when it was ripe , secured it . Iu 1 S _29 it was sown in a border of thc garden , and from the produce retaining all the peculiarities ot the original ear , and also from thc unusual length ,

      stillness , and brightness of the straw , I felt no doubt that my first supposition was well founded . Ihe produce of 1839 _( _auont a handful ) was sown in 1 _M « , and the result was a small sheaf . This yielded nearly a lippy , which , being sown in 1 S 11 , produced thirteen large sheaves , that , when thrashed , produced not quite a bushel . In 18-12 , as the pralaee of ihe bushel , 1 had about two quarters , not hig hly cleaned , but bt lor seed . I was now persuaded , from the quantity returned in proportion to what was sown ( taking at the same time into consideration the quantity and the quality of tbe land where it waa sown ) , and also from the excellent tillering character of the barley , and the length and Btiflhess of tuC stravv , that , while it was a " new , it would also turn out to be a valuable , variety . And , accordingly , jn

      A Isew Yajuett Op Baiiley.—In A Recent N...

      1843 , I sowed the whole produce of 1812 in . t field , which , in my ordinary rotation of cropping , was designed for barley—tlie previous crop had been who . it after potatoes , and there was no manure given to the _b-srley . At the same time and in the same field there was sown a proportion of early English barley , mainly for the purpose of ascertaining the comparative eariincs-j of the two varieties , though I had in view al _** o the comparative productiveness . Tiie result was that , in point of _earlincgs , the English had the advantage by three or four days , but iii point of productiveness the new variety hail a much greater advantage , being at the rate of eleven bolls or sixty-six bushels per acre , while thc rate of thc _English was not more than seven and a half bolls , or forty-five

      bushels , per sieve . Those persons in the neighbour hood who saw tlic crop while _gvovfing in 1613 , were so satisfied with its superiority in every respect , that all that I _bnd to spare for seed was eagerly _stiught after ; a ; td I now _timJ , from the testimony of those who made the trial of it and havo proved ir , that its high _piv'i . uettve qualities as indiealcd in previous years have been fully _mainis ' _incd . One _t'etitieman , viz ., Mr . John llamiic , Inchyrallouse , ia this neighbonrli _-jou , sowed two acres seventeen falls Scotch , with a quarter ofthe new variety , and having thrashed the produce , be informs me that it is fully _tiVCDtycisjltt bolls , _bsing at thc rate of nearly fourteen _boii _' s _, of six bushels each , per acre . Mr . Young , ( _Mi'isic Mill , on the estate of Pit-four , _silso in this neighbourhood , whose judgment in a matter of this kauri * entitled to the hhrhest resnect , states to mc generally

      that he is satisfied ic will pwve a valuable variety , particularly for light soil , ami that , having _hinisclt sown six bushel . - ; of it , his return , in point both of quantity niirl qualify , is much superior to that of tho early English variety sown in the same field .. In quantity lie says that he has eleven bolls per acre . Kobert ' Webster , Esq ., of _Balruddery , near Dundee , sowed a quarter of it , and he informs mc that its superiority in his field had been obvious throughout thc whole season , and though not yet thrashed , to show how linicl . satisfied he was with it , he said " lie wished he had had liis whole field sown with it . " There are several other persons who sowed it , from whom I have not as yet obtained any report ; but I have reason to believe that there is not any one

      among them who is not persuaded tnat it is a valuable variety . Distinctive Characteristics . —Tlic distinctive churaeterisiics of this new species of barley aro these : —( 1 . ) Up to thc time of ripening , the _skin uiaiutatiis a giossy whiteness without the . slightest streak of brown , while ail other varieties are marked by more or less of a brown tinge , the iid _<; es of the grain being uniformly streaked _' with a brown line . ( 2 . ) A second peculiarity is to be found in the brighter colour ami greater strength of thc straw than iu the common varieties . ( 3 . ) And a third peculiarity is to be seen in the greater distance of the grains from one another on the ear than in the orui-( linary varieties , so that an car of the new variety with twelve grains on each side , will be found fnliy

      three quajtevs of an inch longer than one with the same number of grains ' of either the Chevalier or early English kind . _Atiuatttages . —Tuc superior productiveness of the new variety is its most obvious and strongest recommendation , but for light soils especially tlic length of its straw must vender it advantageous . Its tillering properties ought not to be overlooked * , and particularly for moist districts , where barley is apt to sprout suddenly after being in the stook , the distance at which the grains are placed from one another in the ear may be regarded as a valuable qualification , inasmuch as moisture will not obtain siich a ready resting-place , nor be so long retained , _svs in a more compactly constructed

      car . Cottage _Faimhso . —It would be very serviceable to tire cottage former to have always on _UaiuladouUvj quantity of manure , whicli , by judicious management , may be easily effected . Supposing at the time of sowing cawot seed , he lays on the space a tolerable dressing of manure , and all the bones ( pounded , ground , or dissolved in oil of vitriol ) that he can collect ; these turned in to the depth dug ( whieh for carrots should be deepj , will naturally attract thc roots of thc carrots , inducing a heavy crop . Corresponding with this benefit , there is thc manure blendiag and mixing its virtues with the soils around , and thus preparing the earth for wheat in the most effectual way : for all crops arc thc better both for taste and health to the consumer , by the manures being so incorporated with tho ground as to approximate as close as possible to nature .

      CujMicoAi .. —rowdcred charcoal , as a manure , is highly beneficial , especially to plants that arc stunted iu their growth , weakly , or unhealthy . Great trouble may be saved by the cultivator always having some at hand : for a little strewed around , or mixed with the earth , near the plants requiring its services , will quickly restore them to healthful vigour . Tho action of charcoal consists primarily in preserving those plants , or parts of plants , to which it is contiguous , unchanged in thc vital power for _alongs-iacc of time ,

      so that thc plant cau develope those organs requisite for its future support and propagation . It exercises also a favourable influence by decomposing and absorbing the matters excre ' ed by the roots , keeping the soil ( by its porosity ) free from vitiou 3 putrefying matter . Mixed with earth , charcoal is excellent , in causing cuts of plants to throw out roots ; and also the germination of seeds , whether in the open air or hot beds . Experiments have proved that eliavcoal made from pine is the best , on account of its porosity and its quickly decaying .

      ORGANIC CHEMISTRY . A BIGEST FROM ME LKCTUnES OF _mOFESSOR _BRASDK . " Organic Chemistry signifies the chemical history of thc various proximate ' . principles which have been observed in the animal and vegetable kingdoms , and which are there associated together , so as to produce a peculiar structure , termed organic , such as is never seen iu any of the products of tlie mineral kingdom . Gum , sugar , starch , woody fibre , albumen , filirine , gelatine , and all those numerous substances of which plants and the bodies of animals are composed , constitute tliose proximate principles which are the products of animated nature . "Dr . O . B . Held .

      ( Coniiuucd from our last . ) 8 . It is not intended , in these investigations , to go into the details of thc chemistry of the atmosphere , water , carbon , and so forth ; but only to notice certain important points connected with them . I « , lookingattliecompositionof theatmosplicre , wcfiiiditcontainscavbon , hydrogen , oxygen , andnilrogon . All these arc found in the atmosphere ; thc great bulk ofthe air we breathe being made up of nitrogen and oxygen , to which hydrogen is superadded inthe form of water , and carbon in thc form of carbonic acid ; and it may be said further , that nitrogen exists in the air in the form of amnionia--in very minute quantities , however . The following table will show the composition of the atmosphere : —

      By measure . By weight . Nitrogen 77 ' 5 75 * 55 Oxygen 2 * 1 23 * 32 ¦ Aqueous vapour 1 ' 42 1 * 03 Carbonic acid _O'OS O'lO 100 . 100 . It will be observed by this table , that the great bii ! k of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen and oxygen ; there is about one part in 100 of aqueous or watery vapour , and one part in 1000 of carbonic acid : so that , whether we take the constituents of tlic air by bulk or by measure , we find that by far thc greater portion is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen ; _notacompound , but a mere mixture * Tbe properties of these substances may be hastily adverted to : carbon must be taken up pretty much in detail , iii consequence of the very important functions it performs . 9 . Nitrogen—or , as it is sometimes called , _ azotcis a gaseous body , somewhat lighter than air ; it is colourless , and has neither taste , smell , nor solubility . If a li g hted taper be put into ajar ofthis gas , it is immediately extinguished . However much it may be agitated with water , none of it is taken up ; so that it is not soluble . These arc sonic oftlie properties by which nitrogen may _hz recognised in its free and pure state : it isahiglily importentclcnjentof certain organic bodies . 10 . Another clement is _oxj'gen , which , like nitrogen , is a gaseous body : in its pure isolated state it is a little heavier than common air ; and it possesses the power of _supporting combustion with splendour and eagerness . 11 . To illustrate the composition and characters of atmospheric air , pure nitrogen and pure oxygen mar be mixed in the relative proportions ol lour parts by measure of thc former to one of the latter . In sueh a mixture a candle will burn precisely as m common air . If too much oxygen be added , the candle will bora brighter ; tf tw > _laiichmtvogen , it will burn dimlv ; but if the proportions be nicely balanced , it will burn as in common air . V \ e must not , however , suppose that because we can thus produce sometliing equivalent to atmospheric air , wc have all its essential elements ; for without water , it would be unfit for _mpiratiou and the growt h or p lants ; ancl without carbonic acid , unfit equally tor the vegetable world . Water is a very important constituent of thc atmosphere ; but the proportion n _^ which it is found is extremely variable . Its value is

      ? There Arc Three Degrees Of Chemical At...

      ? There arc three degrees of chemical attraction : the result ofthe first and lowest degree is mature ; oi tn < - sccond , solution ; and ofthe third , and most , eucrgetic , composition . By mixture , the properties of bodies arc nor essentially changed ; but those of thc _resulting prolines are in some degree intermediate between then- component jiarts . The properties of bodies are not changed Dj solution , anymore than by mixture ; and in this case , also , the characters oftlie resulting product partake oftiwsc < n its ingredients . But . unlike the case of mixture , there is a limit to the power of solution ; and liquids cannot combine with more than a certain quantity of any gaseous or solid body : thus water will take up , or hold in solution _, no more than a csrtaiu fenown weight 3 f ilium ol' sail . The point at which the action betwcea the two bodies ceases , i « called the point _otiatiirution . Up to this point tlie two bodies may combine iu any proportion . In composition , fhe result uf tbe highest degree of chemical attraction , the union of bodies takes place in the most intuniu _* . manner , and only in < fo « i * u < e proportions , which are invariable in the same compound ; and tbe union is commonly accompanied by ' an entire _chaaFe ofthe sensible properties of the bodies united , and a third substance , totally different from these , is the result .

      ? There Arc Three Degrees Of Chemical At...

      __ - _^ _^ r _y _*¦ " ¦'" —»—w _^ _ _^* _M __^ u _ manifest with regard to animals ; for if they breathe perfectly __ dry air , they soon begin to feel its extreme litcouvomciiec . Wc know that if a quantity of drv air is -. in-own into a room , the respiration ( or breath * _, ing ) becomes oppressed , ' because it produces- a great call ( in tao . body for moisture ; and therefore it is felt in the lungs and on tho skin . With regard to vegctiwics _, the vfket of dry air ou them is to cause them to . droop , as way he seen'during the prcr-iloncc of a dry _ca-stei-ly wind . Thero'is ' tho same call ujmii the leaves ot vegetables for moisture , and the consequence is , they shrivel : up : this is called " . a Wight , " I here arc various means of ascertaining very nearlv

      the ' . quantity'of moisture in the air ; but banicH ' s hygrometer is thc only instrument by which , we cau accurately determine , the actual ' quantity of water existing , at any given time , iu a given bulk of air . J 2 , Now , water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen : and , as it has already been noticed ( nar . 6 ) hon ' . 'important a feature it is in the constitution of organic bodies , it will be necessary to glance at its composition , as well as at some of its properties . The composition of _wat-.-r has been the subject , lately of a great number of accurate experiments . The result is , that water consists of 1 part by weight of hydrogen , and 8 of oxygen ; or , iw nearly ;\ S _ptasiMy _, Oi Oxygen SS'O Hydrogen . ill

      100 __ It may be nccessary . hcre to explain , that , in speaking ot the elementary constituents ef organic bodies , a meaning is sometimes attached to tlic ' _tcnii water different from the ordinary one—that is , where it is intended to refer to the fact that these constituents contain oxygen and hydrogen in ' the same relative proportion as in water , rather than to . imply that the water is ready formed in" them : thus , sugar may he called a compound of uuliun ' . v _»< A vsvAer ; by which is meant , that charcoal , added to accnaiu quantity each ot ' _osygeu and hydrogen in the same relative proportion us in water , constitute sugar . Water form ' s a constituent part of organic matter , and is essential to the condition of life . A piece of meat may be made perfectly dry , or we may think wc can squeeze it ' perfectly dry , but byrubbini ; it in a dry

      towel , wc find it sliil retains water in a very peculiar state : in fact , what wo call dry meat contains 7-3 per cent , of water ; and if we dry it in a high _Icmperiitui-e , it loses to that amount . _Wl-en we - . silk of cat uga ncimdof beef , therefore , we only cat a quarter ofa pound , all the rest is water . In its iluid slate , water is required to enable organised bodies to transmit through their vascular structure those substances which are necessary to their sustenance , and thus wc see , by the sap of plants , a number of substances are carried through the texture of the . . plant to nourish aad _hiild it up . Plants seem to be capable of taking np a certain quantity of water , and of combining it , in their texture with other substances , especially carbon : but this matter will be discussed more at length hereafter .

      13 . Tlic next subject that comes beiore us m this brief outline ofthe components of the atmosphere , is carbonic acid . Although present as a constituent of the atmosphere—and it is a very important con-RtiUient—avid ixitliough a large quantity passes tlirough the medium uf the air into tho vessels oi plants , and is absorbed by them , —very little is found at any one time in the atmosphere . Tliere is every reason to suppose ' that the carbon we find in the form of coal or carbonate ol'limo ( or limestone ) , lias originally been of organic origin ; thatthe _thousands of tons cf coal we are consuming every " year is theprbduct of

      the destruction of the vegetable world ot iormcr days . The limestone rocks—those great accumulations of carbonic acid and lime—appear also to have derived tkeiv carbon Irom the __ organic crcattun . And here some very curious points arise as to the wonderful provision made as it were for the building up of organic and vital textures from thc carbon of past ages . We aro , in _IV . cfc , carrying away enormous quantities cf carbon , iu tiie shape of coal , from the bowels of the earth , and burning it into carhonicacid . London alone thus sends into the atmosphere upwards of seven million tons of carbonic aeid . innnall v . But

      this carbonic acid , instead ot being left m the atmosphere , ' is absorbed by the vegetable creation , its carban is used to build up the woody fabric of tlio trees ofthe forest , and to form a part of all plants ; while its oxygen , or the greater part of it , is again restored to the atmosphere , from which for a time It had been borrowed . " - ' Animals—at . least the graminivorous tribes—live upon these vegetables , aud in their , various functions , but especially in respiration , they convert thc carbon into carbonic acid , and send it back to thc air again , to be absorbed and decomposed by plants , ' . as before . Thus we see , that while by animals a process is carried on , whicli is equivalent to combustion—that is , tliey convert carbon into carbonic aeid , and hydiwcn into water—vegetables are ,

      on the other hand , performing thc opposite process ; and if we contemplate , even only superficially , these wonderful _vel'AtievisU . pa .... * . _m-atuas dependencies of the three kingdoms of nature—of animals , vegetables , and thc atmosphere—wo cannot but be struck with the importance of their respective functions , and of thc wonderful maimer in which they , as it were , provide for each other's existence . —Attention will next be directed to carbon , aud such of its combinations as belong to organic chemistry . H . It will be necessary to return for a little to carbonic acid , which has already been ad verted to as one of thc constant , but variable ingredients in the atmosphere , and oue of which the average quantity contained in the air amounts to about oue

      part in 1000 . It is a heavy gas , and extinguishes llame . It is seiub | _c in water , which will take up , at a common temperature , about its own volume of it . It is familiarly known as giving an effervescing quality to many mineral waters . 15 . Carbonic acid may be very easily detected by means of lime-water , wliich it renders milky . If lime-water be merely exposed to the air , it becomes milky ; and if a bottle of it be left without a stopper , it will acquire , on the surface a film of carbonate of lime . Pure lime is soluble in water , but water takes tip only the 700 th part . Carbonate of lime , however , is quite insoluble in pm'O water , —and hence it is , that when ' carbonic acid is brought iuto contact with lime-water , carbonate of lime falis

      down ; and if the carbonate of lime be collected , and weighed , thc quantity of carbonic acid contained can be determined . There is , hoivcver , much difficulty in doing this ; tlte quantity of _carbouate _ofliiue being so small , Itis not so easy to collect , dry , and weigh it : so that this method cannot always be depended ou in quantitative proceedings , —though , as a quantitative test—that is , as a ready and accurate test of the presence of carbonic acid—lime water is invaluable The following experiment will show how carbonic acid may be produced , and its quantity determined . Into a glass globe put some pure oxygen gas , and also a little lime-water ; the lime-water will be perfectly pellucid , wliich shows that there is no trace ol carbonic aeid in it . Now , if charcoal , or plumbago , ( commonly called black lead , ) ov the diamond , or any carbonaceous body—and , therefore , auy vegetable or animal substance—be burned in the globe , carbonic acid will be produced ., if a piece of perfectly pure

      charcoal be chosen for the experiment , it may be heated by means ot ' a blow-pipe , aud then introduced into the atmosphere of oxygen . It will there immediately burn with great brilliancy , and completely disappear , as if dissolved . It cannot be said to be destroyed , nor will it have escaped from the globe . It will , in fact , be dissolved in thc oxygen , and have formed an invisible aeriform or gaseous compoundcarbonic acid .. A o » v it will be found , that in this combustion of charcoal in oxygen , by which carbonic acid is produced , the weight ofthe charcoal consumed , and that of the oxygcn . inwhich . it is burned , and which enters into chemical combination with it , will be in the same proportion to each other almost precisely as six is to sixteen ; so that , assuming the atomic weight , or combining equivalent , of carbon , or charcoal to be equal to six , and that of oxygen equal to eight , it may be said that carbonic acid consists of—Equivalent Atom . weight . Per cent .

      Carbon 1 0 27 , 27 Oxygen 2 16 72 , 73 22 100 10 . Though the exposure of clear lime water to carbonic acid produces a milky appearance , and carbonate of lime is precipitated , yet if carbonic acid be added in excess thc precipitates will be ' re-dissolved , so that the liquor will again become perfectly dear , although it holds the carbonate of lime in solution . There is no doubt that lime often finds its way into water containing carbonic acid , which is , in fact , sometimes saturated with lime in proportion to the quantity of carbonic acid it contains . It further deserves attention , that water containing carbonic acid is sour , and reddens vegetable blues . It lias , however , only a very slightly sour taste .

      17 . Ilie . carbonic aeid held in solution in water , performs a very important part with regard tothe growth of aquatic plants . When atmospheric aii- is held m solution in water , its oxygen is converted slowly into carbonic acid by the respiration of thc hslics and an ' raals existing in the water , and the carbonic acid so produced is decomposed by the vegetable growing in the water , charcoal is taUen _np , and oxygen given off . Hence the reason whv we cannot keep tish for any length of time in the ' ornamental basin , or in any piece of water where there arc not vegetables growing . Gold fish may be kept in water exposed to thc air , but , although the air has free access to it , we are obliged frequently to change the waterlor it

      , soon becomes so far charged with carbonic acid as to be unfit for the respiration ofthe fish . And m _^ regard io streams and natural sources of water , it there are not a sufficient number of aquatic vegetables , the fish will soon die , in consequence of therei being nothing to takcupthecarbonic acid which they throw oft , and wliich ultimately poisons them . It is a very curious fact , that the whole value of vegetables m water consists in their extraordinary powerin taking up the charcoal , and setting thc oxvgen free ; a power , however , which only bel -ngs to the green parts of vegetables , and which they only exert under the influence of solar light . This apparently easy decomposition of carbonic acid , by the joint operations ofthe green part of vegetables and of light , is a yery

      ? There Arc Three Degrees Of Chemical At...

      _c- _strawuinnry circumstance , lor tlio aflinitr of carbon for oxygen is sueh , that the resolution of carbonic aeid into carbon and oxygen , by common ' chemical means , is a matter of great difiicu'ty , and can only be effected by substances possessed of a more powerful affinity lor oxygen than that which carbon has . The consequence is , that almost all burning bodies are extinguished when immersed in carbonic acid . There are , however , a few—aud only a very feu—of the metals which , in _consequence of their intense affinity for oxygen , will decompose , and consequently burn in , ' carbonic scid . Thus , if a piece of the metal

      potassium , heated in the air till it begins to burn , be introduced into ajar of . carbonic acid , the combustion w ill continue at the expense ef the oxygen ol * that gas , and its carbon will be thrown down . "In many cases ] when we decompose carbonic acid , instead of taking away the whole of the oxygen , we take away only hall of it , and when we obtain a . gaseous body , which , ol course , contains only half ihe quantity of oxygen which exists in carbonic acid . ' Carbonic acid * has already been stated fo consist of one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen ; but if wc abstract one of the atoms of oxygen , wc obtain carbonic oxide , wliich consists

      _nf—Equivalent : Atom . weight . Percent Carbon 1 ( _' , l 2 , v Oxygen 1 8 ' S 7 _. 1 M 100 ( Tobe-continued ) . i _rrr-i _i-imi- - > » _nmrinrnrrTn- _« - ¦ ¦ i _ninmuiiii _¦¦»¦ ¦ _himhi i - - ¦— lu ¦¦ ¦ - 1 1 1

      "M— —^— -- &Lt; -- *• "_^— "**** ^»»W»-—-" ¦¦¦! ¦¦ —¦Wplitjir^B !¦ ¦Ifiph^W**Iw***1*F *** »™Wt*, *»Fi^

      _" m— _—^— -- < -- *• _"_^— " **** _^»» w » - — - " ¦¦¦! ¦¦ —¦ _WPlitjir _^ _B !¦ ¦ IFIPH _^ W ** _IW *** 1 * f _*** _»™ wt _* *» fi _^

      Bankrupts, (From Friday's Gazette, Augus...

      BANKRUPTS , ( From Friday's Gazette , August 15 , 1 S 45 J Joseph Lazarus , Mavylcbone-lsme , ' elotlics-doaler—Wil-Vittm Parsons , _Wood-strecf , _Laiuueiii _, eoni-dealcr— David Davies , ¦ _ieruiyn-strect , St . James ' s , _dc-iler iu _veghnentiu and court dresses—John _fi-nii-la Taylor , avid Thomas I ' mitry Watkinson , York-terrace , Iti'Seiii's-parl ; , -mil _Watling-sirect , plumbers—George i ' _ralt-riek Kersolmcr . Ho ! . Uiway , victualler—John Miirsh , Rrcwood , Staffordshire , _Iprocc-r—John eadogan , jun ., llrccon , hat-wiirehouscinr . ii —Jacob ltichard Owen , . Manchester , stock-bvoUw .

      BANivllUl T . S . ( From thc Gazette of Tuesday , August 19 , J Prnneis . lachson , _Marylebnite-strcct , Golden-square , victualler—Kichard White , Portsmouth , surgeon aud apotliee . il- } - —James Chase Powell . _Chiswell-streer , _l- _'insbury , apothecary—Mark Marl-wick , Harper-street , lied _Lioii-squnre , builder—Daniel Dames , Liverpool , _yaper . _staiiic-r—Iiugli Muliinson _, Alinondbury , Yorkshire , _niamifucturcrof fancy worst . d and cotton goods .

      DECLARATIONS OV niVS » ESnS , J . A . Forrest , Liverpool , glass-merchant , first dividend of l » s in the pound , any . Humbly after the 4 th ot * October next , at the ullicc of Mr . Hivd , Liverpool . T . Atkinson , Gloucester , chemist , second dividend of Id in the pound , the last t ' _m-ce Saturdays in October next , at the ofiicc of Mr . Groom , Abchurclilane _, City . W . II , Williamson , _Dow-ratchill , tobarconist , first dividend of Is Ifld iu the pound , the tlu-ee last SntuYduys in October next , at the ofiicc of Mr . Groom , Abcliurciilune , City . T . 1 J . Golborne and A . A . _Dobus , Liverpool , wine-nicrcbaiits , third dividend of fid in the pound , any Wednesday after the 5 th of October next , at thc office of Mr . 1 'ollctt , Liverpool . i . Wilkinson , V . rymbo , Denbighshire , ironmaster , third dividend of _fildih the _i-omul , any . Monday after tho 4 th of October next , at the office of Mr . Bird , Liverpool .

      DIVIDENDS , Sept . 20 , C . Timmis , Stone , Stiift'ovdsbwe _, _flint-prlndev-Sept . 12 , T . Southern , Gloucester , grocer—Sept . 12 , W . S lieiita . il , _Kcwtou Abbott , Devonshire , banker—Sept , Id , I Sully , St . . Mary-Axe , City , inerebaiit . _CE-tTiFicATR ; to be granted , unless cause be ' shown to tin - contrary on tlie day ul ' _mcctiii-r . Sept . 12 , W , 0 . Thornton , _CleelCncr . ttni _, Yuvksliir .. ma * chine-inaUcr—Sejit . 9 , \ V . Jlilditeh , Faehwcn _, Flintshire grocer—Sent . U , J . Crabtree and W . Uurnley , _Tunstcad Lancashire , woollen-manufacturers— Sept . i ) . J . Davis , Bristol , ebeniist—Sept . !) , * t _) . de J . rnriciile , _Dui-y-strcet , St . _Jfary-Axe , merchant— Sept . ' J , G . Kstall , _Holywellstrcet . plasterer—Sept , S , 11 . _iNiehuls , Coleford , Gloucestershire , auctioneer—Sept . U . J . _Hai-bottle , Amble , _Iforthuniuei-Iaud , grocer—Sept . 9 , T . li . Hail , _Coggcsliall , Essex grocer—Sept . 0 , P . A . De Wilde , Wells-street , Oxfordstreet , cabinet-ironmonger—Sent . 'J . G . C . Burns , Devizes , Wiltshire , upholsterer—Sept . 9 , J . Currier and L . K . Seig . nctte , _H-Hie-h'S-lanc , merchants—Sept . i > , W . Hyers , Skin _, ncr-strcct . City , woollen-warehouseman .

      _PiRr-VERSIIIPS D / SSOtVED . T . Jennings and } . Ford , Laureucc-hine , City , common carriers—X , Deuton , G . llcdiern , av . d i . liow ' _ai-tb , Garten , Lancashire , _hntmaiiiifactui-crs—lt . W ., I- ' . G ., and W . il . _Carriiii * ton _, Devonport _, newspaper proprietors ; as far as regards W , M . Carr-ington—T . _Maish and W . JI . Synibns , New Bridge-street , Yauxliall , pyiutevs —\ V . F . _Chajmww aud S . _Gollis , coach-builders—J . Thompson and S . . Mar shall , jun ., Manchester , commission-agents—M . and 11 , Nixon , _itugby , _IVarwicfssiiu-o , hat-manufacturers — It . Brcrctun und J . _Itobhisoii , Liverpool , woollen-drapers—W . 11 . Hirst and J . Brooke , Leeds , _stockbrjil . er . s— T . R .

      _Jenlis and J . Mapp , Liverpool , tea-dealers—S . _Cartwrii-ht and T . Lowe , Manchester , _slllt-uiatuitiuitaveva—11 . Wainman and 11 . Bulks ,- Leeds , c / _utiMtierciiaiits—J . and T . 1 ) . Huttomley and T . Evans , Manchester , woollen-manufacturers—A . and It . llalliley and J . Donaldson , _Wljjton , Cumberland , calico-printers - , as far as regards 3 , Donaldson—C . and 1 ' . G , Turner , Preston , _Lam-asiiive , _cualmci-ch _.-mts—G . Cookson mid G , _Simfieton , Poulton-in-tbe-Fylde , _L-iDC-u-hii-e , joiners—J Abbott and T . li . Bowman , Liverpool , sliarebrokers—It . Kent , J . Adams , and J . Kent , llursluin , potters ; as far as regards J . Adams—J . SUilli . corn , D . I'ititicss , aud J . W . _liuilty , Liverpool , painters .

      T*Mwitruwii«Ixm*Ir*»I*Wii.-F^. **' »&Gt; T I* -*T7mamiirxyw*&^Mtr!I^Tt* L*Nv^M+Chii+*U ¦ .» »—» • *V****^- **W**Jwy»Ini'*^T I M.-«R*M-M&Lt;^ 11 ¦.»»—»

      T * MWitruwii « _iXM _* ir _*» i _* _wii _.-f _^ . ** ' _»> _t i * _- * T 7 _Mamiirxyw _*&^ _mtr ! i _^ tt * l _* nv _^ m + CHii _+ * u ¦ . » _»—» _* _V _****^ _- _** w _** _JWy » _ini' _*^ _t i _M _.- _« r _* _m-M _<^ 11 ¦ . _»»—»

      Lo.Vno.V Cor.V Exchange, Moxdat, August ...

      Lo . _vno _. v Cor . v _Exchange , Moxdat , August IS"U p to Saturday last the weather continued very unsettled , but it has since undcrgono a decided improvement , and should there be no _. rcturn of wet , harvest operations would be immediately commenced on an extensive scale . In most of the south and southwestern counties _rcapincr was partially _bexjuu nearly a fortnightago , but tne prevalence of wet lias hitherto prevented any quantity being carried . The reports as to the probable rcsuit of the harvest are quite as various as at any former period , some parties insisting that seareely any injury lias been done by the untoward character of the H-c .-itlici _* dui'ing the greater part of the summer , whilst others represent tho mischief as very extensive . Wc feel disposed to steer a

      middle course . To affirm thatthe wheat plant has not been injured move ov less by the want of genial warmth and the excessive wet experienced in July and _August would be absurd ; at tbe same time we feel perfectly convinced that the uneasiness so generally entertained on the subject has _eausied the evil done by the weather to be a good deal exaggerated . As compared with last year ' s produce there will , no doubt , be a very great deficiency ( but it must be recollected that the crop was then an extraordinary one ) , * even to expect a hare average yield may , under all _circtmisti ' inces _, be regarded as sanguine , but that _iho deficiency would bo serious in case the next month should prove favourable for the ingathering wc do not apprehend , notwithstanding the slight reaction whieh has recently taken place in prices the

      fanners have - continued to bring forward good supplies , and at all the principal provincial markets hold since our last the value of the article has undergqnea further depression . The arrival of wheat coastwise into London during the week ending Saturday last has amounted to nearly 20 , 000 qvs ., being the largest supply we ever recollect at the corresponding season for many years . In addition to the quantity reported there was an abundant show of samples at Mark-lane this morning' byJnnd carriage from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk , making altogether an enormous supply . Under these circumstances the auspicious change in the weather told with double ciVect * the consequence was a depression in prices of 2 s to 3 s per qr . At this reduction the millers bought very sparingly , and all inclination to make speculative

      investment having subsided , a large quantity was left unsold at the close of business . A few samples of new wheat were exhibited of tolerably good quality , but haying been gathered when wet , the condition was soft . The transactions in foreign wheat were to-day ot ' _uwy littlo importance ; duty-paid parcels might have been bought somewhat cheaper , but there were no purchasers ; bonded samples were held at about former rates , without , however , exciting any attention . Quotations of town-manufactured . flour remained nominally unaltered . Ship qualities were more pressingly offered and thc turn cheaper . There was hardly any English barley exhibited , and the

      trilling sales eitected were at prices quite equal to those realised on this day _se'wwight . Walt , _pavttcularly tho liner sorts , was saleable in retail quantities at fully previous rates . Tlie market was sparingly supplied with English and Scotch oats , and the arrivals from Ireland were only moderate ; having , however , fair receipts of foreign , and _fiirthersupplies being expected from Archangel , Riga , he , the dealers conducted their operations with more than ordinary caution , nnd last Monday ' s currency was scarcely maintained . Beans were taken off at quite as high prices as those obtained at auy former period for some months past . "White rcas met a slow sale , but grey and maple were in lively request at previous terms .

      CUltltEJfT PRICES OF GllAIN , PER IMPERIAL qUAltTER .-Bntit . tt , s _s ¦¦¦¦¦ ' ¦ ¦ s « Wheat , Esses , & Kent , new h old red 49 61 White £ 0 C 5 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 50 f > C Ditto S 3 60 _Northum . and Scotch white 50 57 Fine 5 » 57 Irish red old 0 0 Red 48 51 White 5 * 2 58 Rve Old 29 32 Ifew 23 30 Crank 3 t 3 S Barley Grinding .. 26 27 Distil . 28 80 Malt . 3132 Malt Brown .... 52 5 * Pale 55 59 Ware 60 62 Deans Ticks old < fcnew 37 38 Harrow 83 40 Pigeon -11 12 Peas Grey 35 38 Maple 37 38 White 38 40 Outs Lincolns it Yorkshire Feed 22 24 Poland 21 26 Scotch Angus 23 25 Potato 26 28 Irish White 20 23 Black 20 22 Per 2 S 01 b . net . s s | Pcr 280 lb . net . s Town-made Flour ... 51 531 _Korfol . _* . h Stockton 36 38 Essex and Kent .... 38 42 Irish 87 39 Free . Bond .

      roreijni . •' ¦ ' Wheat , Dailtsic , Konigsburgr , he ...... B 9 61 47 59 _Mai-iis , Mecklenburg ........ 56 08 4 . 0 44 , Danish , Holstein . and Friesland red 4 S 52 32 36 Russian , Hard 48 52 Soft ... 48 62 . 82 34 . Italian , Red . . 50 52 White ... 54 66 86 40 Spanish , Hard . 50 52 Soft . ... 52 66 3638 Rye . Baltic , Dried 28 SO Dudried . . 28 30 24 25 _llarlev Grinding . 24 26 Malting . . 28 82 -. IS 54 Tan ! , ' Ticks \ . 34 36 Egyptian . 34 35 29 33 Peas White . . 37 39 Maple , . DO 37 28 J " Oats ! Dutch , Brew _andlbiek 23 25 20 21 Russian feed 20 22 14 If —Danish , _Frieshmd feed , 20 22 14 16 Flour , per barrel , , , " , 28 30 21 24

      Lo.Vno.V Cor.V Exchange, Moxdat, August ...

      AVERAGE PRICES Of the la . « t six weeks , which regulate the . Duties from tin 14 th to the 20 th of August . " ' WheatBarley Oats . Bye . -Bean _^ _PtM _^ _sTiTlTdT s . ( I s . d . _s . d . _s . d , Week cuduic ' _„ ,. „„ r July 5 , 1845 „ 47 11 29 10 , 22 8 31 0 3810 39 i Week ending „ „ _. ,-July 12 , 1815 .. 18 10 29 0 22 C 33 11 39 8 38 12 Week ending | , ,, July 10 , 1845 .. 50 0 29 Iii 22 4 32 8 S 9 9 40 2 Week _endin- 'i 2 I - July 26 , 1813 .. 51 7 29 21 22 5 31 7 40 3 33 10 rYcek ending I Aug . 2 , 1 S _10 J 53 S 29 Si 22 5 34 G 40 6 41 0 Week cndinsl ' j Aug . 9 , 1 SI 5 .. ! 55 3 29 V . 22 8 3 a 10 41 _« » «

      _Aggvegiitts liver . ! ) age of the _lastl j . six weeks .. 51 « 2 _' j 0 » 2 6 32 IV 40 0 89 8 London aver- j ages ( ending Aug . 12 , 1345 ) 61 5 29 10 : 22 1 33 9 42 2 40 7 Duties .. .. VJ ( i 0 n ; tl o 10 0 2 0 3 _G-

      Imports _i-kom August 11 to August 17 , inclusive . k . _noms 1 _i scotch . hush . foreign total . Wheat .. .. 29 , 793 42 0 2 ;! , _SM 43 , C ( iS Hurley .... 10 2 , 580 0 5 , 852 8 , 442 _Ollts .. .. 1 , 239 1 , 2 ( 13 10 , 018 19 , 514 : ' i , o 5 t ltvo .... 0 o o o 0 Beans .. .. 515 0 0 241 740 l ' eas .... 54 0 0 yn 81 Mult .. .. 8 , 223 ' tt 24 0 3 , 25 ' .-Tares .... o « < i _< j a Linseed .. 0 o 0 C _. SS 0 , 988 ltapesced .. 70 0 0 45 115 Flour , sacks 5 ; 34 « o 0 H 5 _. Ditto oris . 0 0 0 S 50 _o'SO

      Losdon Smitufielb Cattu: Makket, Mo.Nday...

      Losdon _Smitufielb Cattu : Makket , Mo . nday _, August 18 . —The imports of foreign stock for ouv market siuce thisday so ' nni « ht have been again extensive , tliey having amounted to 230 oxen and cows iYom Holland , 30 ditto Irom Germany , and 20 from Spain . Tlic receipts of sheep have been 3100 , of calves 50 head , all from llottenlam . At Hull there have been received about 110 beasts ami 50 sheep . In to-day ' s market wc had on otter nearly 100 boasts from Rotterdam , 20 ditto from Germany , ' 8 ditto from Spain , together with ltjO sheep . The general quality of this stock was about a full _average—indeed there were some excellent beasts ons / ioV The demand for them , however , was inactive , ami thc quotations had a , downward , tendency , arising from die largo

      increase in the arrivals from cur own districts . From _Norfolk , Suffolk , as _ivell as the northern and niiilla . il * counties , the bullock droves fresh up this morning were , comparatively speaking - , large even for the time of year ; while a very great improvement was noticed in their general quality , particularly in thc shorthorns , _Dovous , Hereford * , and runts " ; indeed , we may venture to obsevvo Uuxt a \ aw &\ liner show was scarcely ever noticed here 'during the present month . This may be chiefly attributed to the abundance of pasture herbage * Prospectively , a further increase in quality may be expected , consequently no immediate advance can be anticipated in value . Although the attendance of havers was rather numerous , the beef trade was in a ' very depressed state , and , in most transactions , the quotations ruled 2 d . per Sib ., under those obtained on-Monday last . Thc highest figure for the best Scotsdid not exceed -Is . 2 d . per Sib ,, and at which a

      clearance was not _cficctcd . 1 he numbers of sheep were lavger than those exhibited for some time past Although there was an improvement in their condition , the primest old Downs sold at } r ' . ccs quite equal to those paid last week , viz ., if . lOd , to 5 s . per Sib ., but all other breeds met a dull inquirv , and the quotations wevc with diftiunlly _snppoitetl . The gradual . iutereasc in the receipts of sheep , aud the improvement noticed in their quality , lead us to the conclusion that , ere _lonjf . especially ' should the arrivals connucr to improve ( of which wc have little doubt ) , _lowercuiToncics will bo accepted bv the salesmen . The season for Jamb is now fast drawing to a close , yet the arrivals from Kent , Sussex , and the northern counties , were again huge . For all kind the demand ruled lica . vy , at a depression in value of 2 d . per Sib . The very _highest-figur-u was 5 s . 8 il . On the whole wo hada fair sale for calves , and last week ' s currencies were mostly supported . Thc best pigs were in demand ; but ail others were a dull inquiry . There were on offer about 200 from Dublin and Cork .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking tbe offal . s . d . s . d . Inferior coarso beasts . . _, 2 8 3 0 Second quality . , . , 32 34 Prime large oxen . . . . 3 0 3 10 Prime Scuts , he . J- . . 4 o 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep , , , 3 4 S 8 Second quality . , . . 3 10 4 4 Prime coarse wooded . . . 4 0 4 8 Prime _Southduwn ... 4 10 S 0 Lambs . * . . , . _, 4 8 5 8 Large coarse calves .... 3 0 4 4 Prime small- . . . . . to 4 10 Suckling calves , each . . , 13 0 30 0 Large bogs ... . . 80-88-. Neat small porkers . _ . , 3 It ) 4 2 Quarter-old store nigs , each , . ' 1 ( 5 0 20 t >

      head or cattlk on sale . ( Prom the Books of the Clerk of the _Jiarl-c-t . ) Beasts , : j , 400-Sheep and Lambs , 20 , _210—Cldves , 131-Figs _. m . __ _Riwimoxd Cons M . _inuur , August JO . —The continued uiiliivourublc weather and the limited stock of grain in the country , caused an advance of prices in our market _to-tlay . Wheat sold from 7 s . Oil . to g s . Od . ; oats 3 s . to -Is . ; barley -Is . to 4 s . Sd . , * beans 4 s . Od . to 5 s . per bushel . _MsxcimrFM Conx Makket , Saturday , Auo . 16 . — During ; thc week the weather , ' although still unsettled , with a . low temperature ,.-has undergone somo improvement in character , whieh ciroiuastiu . ee ,

      connected with the depression in Mark-lane , contrary to all calculation , has checked any speculative ' purchases ; whilst thc continued liberal supplies of wheat whicli advanced prices have brought forward attract general attention , and at present there is no evidence ofa scarcity of British growth . Thc business done at our market this morning has been only to a moderate extent , in either wheat or Hour ; and , though wc make no change in our quotations , prices were in favour of tho buyer . Tho value of oats and oatmeal was firmly supported , but there was no activity in thc trade . A few loads of oatmeal from Ireland , thc produce of this season , were sold in Liverpool yesterday , at 35 s . per 2 i 01 bs .

      Liverpool Corn Majiket , _Mokbat , August 18 . — Our . market continues to be liberally supplied with wheat and flour from Ireland , * otherwise the imports arc light . From abroad wc have no arrival of importance . The duty on Foreign wheat anil beans lias this week declined Is . per qr . on each . The late advance in the value of wheat has induced thc principal growers of English to bring to market a much greater quantity tlian it was calculated tbat they held , and though the weather has been by no means satisfactory for the progressing of thc crops , the large show of last year ' s produce has contributed to depress the trade throughout the kingdom , and prices have declined from Is . _to-is . per quarter . Jn this market , holders generallv have evinced less disposition to give

      way ; but to effect sales of English and Irish wheat from thc ship , a decline of Id . to 2 d . per bushel has been submitted to . Flour has also participated in the depression on wheat . Ko business of importance has occurred in bonded wheat and flour during the week , and prices remain nominally as quoted last Tuesday . The small supply of Irish oats and oatmeal has enabled holders to realise full prices ; the demand , however , has been very circumscribed . Barley finds a ready sale for grinDing purposes at 3 s . 8 d . to 4 s . 3 d . per GOlbs . ; beans and peas maintain tho late advance , whilst Indian corn is fully Is . per

      quarter dearer . At _1-rnlays market a small lot of lviali new oatmeal wns sold at 80 s . per 2401 & S ., and a little shipment of Irish new here at 3 s . 9 d . per COlbs .. _Livjerpool Cattlk Makket , Mom-ay , Auo . 18 . — Thc supply of cattle at market this day has been rather smaller than last week , thc greatest part of whicli was of second-rate quality . There being a numerous attendance of buyers , anything good was eagerly sought after , and sold at last week ' s prices . BeefdJ . to Cjd ., mutton bid . to 7 d ., and lamb _GJd . to Id per to . Cattle impovtcd into Liverpool from the llth to the 18 th of August : —cows 3023 ; calves 52 ; sheep 12 , 002 : lambs 329 : nigs U 33 ; horses _G'i

      ions . Cons Market , Auoust 16 . — "We have a good supply of wheat at this day ' s market , which met a fair sale at last week ' s prices . Oats and beans scarce , and rather dearer . _Malios Cons Market , August 10 . —• We have a fair supply of wheat offering to this day ' s market , but very short of oats . Wheat sold on much the same terms as last week . Oats rather dearer . Barley nominal . Wheat , red , from-Bis . to 62 s ; white ditto , 58 s . to _G-ls . per qr . of 40 stones ; oats , 11 Id , to 12 } d . per stone .

      Leeds _Cohiv Makket , _Ti _/ Esiuy _, "AUGUST 19 . — Thc supply of wheat is moderate , of oats and beans it is again short . In _nonscqutnec of the dull reports of Mark-lane , our millers are cautious buyers of wheat _,, while on the other hand thc damp showery weather causes factors to be firm * . we have therefore to report a rather slow trade at about the rates of last week . In oats and beans there is more firmness , and there is also some inquiry to-day for barley _ato malt . Leeds Cloth Markets . —In consequence of the present state of the weather , and thc consequent poor harvest prospects , trade lias only been dull , both at the Cloth Halls and in the warehouses . The stocks are yet only comparatively small ; and , unless thereis a speedy change to more favourable- weathor , will rapidly accumulate .

      Maltok _Fobtmght Cattle Faib , Auoubt 19 . — There was a good show of fat beasts at this fair , and an increased attendance of buyers , being nearly all sold up , at prices some little lower than the preceding fair . There was also a good show of Scotch beasts , with a brisk demand for them , and many sales effected at rather better prices . Likewise a . good supply of lean beasts , with a moderate demand , with little variation in price . The supply of sheep and Iambs was good , and the demand very brisk , being nearly all sold up , at prices about the same as at the last lair , inis was a _Imsiness doing fair , and waa . well attended .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 23, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_23081845/page/7/