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Northern Star (1837-1852), 22nd February 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 6, 6 THE NORTHERN STAR. . Febbuaby 22} i Wt...

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    • ^ Stiiulture-ai^ mttitixltuvt
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      6 The Northern Star. . Febbuaby 22} I Wt...

      6 THE NORTHERN STAR . . Febbuaby 22 } _i _Wt ¦ ¦ ¦ _. __^_^ _^ _JM j _^ Ml MtMM _| _-MM'M 1------- --- _- _' _-- _^^

      ^ Stiiulture-Ai^ Mttitixltuvt

      _^ _Stiiulture-ai _^ mttitixltuvt

      . Field-Gapvden Operations , For Tiie We...

      . _FIELD-GAPvDEN OPERATIONS , For tiie Week ending Monday , Feb . 2 Gth , 1844 . [ Extracted froni a Dust of actual operations on a number of small farms in Sussex and Yorkshire , published by Mr . John _Xowell of Faraley Tyas , near Huddersfield , Yorkshire , as a guide to other possessors of Md-garden farms to the labours which ought to be taken on their own farms . The farms selected as models , are—First . That of the Willing don school , five acres in extent , conducted by 6 . Crattenden . Second . Tie Eastdean school , also five acres , near Beachv Bead , conducted by JohnJIams

      Third . * That of Jesse Piper , consisting of ioSr acres , at _Cruttenden . Fourth . That of John Tuinbrell . a farm of six acres , at Jevington , near Beachy Head Fifth . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite , near Huddersfield . Sixth and Seventh . Two small model farms at the same place , occupied on the estate , of ihe Earlof-Dartmouth , by Charles Varlev and John Bamford . _liie : consecutive operations in these reports vrill enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south witli the north of England .., The BiAHr is aided by _"Notesand Obser-Tationsf" from tho pen of Sir . _Sfowell , calculated for the time and season , "which "we subjoin . ] /

      SUSSEX . Mosdat . — Willingdon School . Boys railing wheat stubble from the young clover . _^ Eastdean School Twelve boys digging for carrots , applying tank _liojiid , picMngnprootsaiidstoncs . Piper . Getting flints for future use . Dumbrell . From home . Tuesday . —Willingdon School . The same as yesterday Eastdean School . Digging for carrots , treading and weeding the tares , putting in beans , and planting cabbages . - Piper . Cleaning pigs out , and composting the dung with mould . Dumbrell . Digging , and stacking Utter . Wedxesdat . _—IVtUingdon Seltool . Boys raking clover , turning dung , sowing a little rye for expa'iment . EaMwii School . Boys emptying pigstye tank , carrying dung to potatoe mixen , weeding clover , S icking stubble . Piper . Removing potatoeswithin oors . Dumbrell . Digging , carrying manure for

      oats . Tmmsniy . _—WiBin gdon School . Boys raking _elover Eastdean School , Putting in peas , canrying manure for fares , treading wheat , picking stones . Piper Digging ; lias a wonderfully fine calf to-day , from lie cow he -works in harness . Dumbrell . Digging , pulling turnips , wheeling manure . Fbiday- — Willingdon School . Boys raking stubble Eastdean School . Boys thrashing oats , trussing straw , - and clearing the oats for seed . Piper . Emptying the tank , pouring liquid upon the mixen . Dumbrell . _> Digging , wheeling out manure , putting tank liquid to i _* ye . SA ? _rja > AT . —Wittmgdon School . Boys gathering stones off the clover . Eastdean School . Boys emptying privy pails , and tank from the cows , cleaning out the pigs , and school room . Piper . Digging for carrots , to be sown in the latter part of March . Dumbrell . Digging and wheeling out manure .

      T 0 HK 5 HIHE . Slaithwaite Tenants . —2 fo return . Cow-teedixg . —Willingdon School . "White carrots and shaw . Dumbrell . One _cowstall-fed with turnips , mangel wpKel , and straw . A cow and heifer fed with turnips , carrots and straw .

      NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Soot . _—Brovide soot for wheat , or seeds , and sow it about the beginning of March , after ihe rate of 30 bushels an acre , with 5 or 6 bushels of rough salt . Hemes Compost , No . 1 . —[ "Woody fibre in a state of decay is called humus . "—Zielig . }—Compost together , and mix intimately , _jieat , tanners' refuse , saw-dust ' , weeds , the greater variety of -vegetable substances the better , with SO or 401 bs . of common salt , and about 8 gallons of quick lime for each couple of one-horse cart

      loads of such materials . Turn the heap over several times , and when wholly decayed apply the _jnixtui-e , along with farm yard manure . It will be rich in humus , or partially decomposed woody matter . This substance in its further decay , when -within the ground , nourishes the embryo plant , and is a kind of jap to support it in the early stages of its - growth The base of it , charcoal , in combination with another element , afterwards enters a more mature plant , as food , and thus , what was previously part of a dead plant , becomes , once more , a part of a living one .

      Hr aius Compost , No . 2 . —When you have a mass of stubble roofs , loaded with earthy matter , sods , and weeds , and' much soil , you ought to ferment it into humus , if . you would not wish to bring it to the mixen . Carry it to cow or stable dung . Horses'litter is best for such a purpose . Compost it into a humus mixen in the field , as follows : —Place a layer of dung , and then a much larger layer of the rubbish before mentioned , proceed and buildlayer upon layer of tliem , * see thatthe heap ferments well , and tarn it over several times . In a _fewmonths you willfind the roots decayed , and converted _intovery perfect humus , if the fermentation has been properly _managed . _3 fever born sucli good things as flieserthe ashes certainly remain , but ihe woody part , which in its decay furnishes _hzvus , ia destroyed . This humus , or its combination humic acid , plays too important a part to be sacrificed . » -: ' .- ' . '

      SpfiKG . _TiHES . — [ " In March and in April , from morning to night , —in solving and seftmo must be yonr delight . " ]—IX § e' care in selecting seed ; old seed will not always vegetate . "• Reject such as , when hit asunder , will not easily separate , and such as arc very bard or dark skinned . If you live in the south , yoii . may by sowing early , and in an early spring , obtain a crop of spring tanjs , and afterwards dig and sow again , two _andahalfiashcls ' of tare seed , and half a gallon of ¦ tape , per aire , and still be in time to sow wheat before winter .

      COXVEHSIOS- OF THE SpBIXG TARE IXTO THE WlXteb Tiirc _^ The spring and winter tare are plants of the same species , but of different habits as to ripening . The change of habit is thus effected : —In autumn , spring tares are sown in a well sheltered situation _; if the plants can be made to stand over winter , their former hibit is changed , and their seed on r ipening has become what is caped the winter tare seed , and may be sown , in confidence that It " will again stand the winter , and attain eariy maturity in spring .

      Gc & xo as" a JIaxcke . —To Heivit Davis , Esq . —Sir , It is always with pleasure tliat I peruse any article bearing your name , and your letter on guano afforded me much , gratification . It was _~ kigh time thatsome one called tbe attention of farmers to the fact that guano does , not possess all the good properties which have been _itttribnted to it : at the same time , in some cases Iconsider ifc a valuable assistant to the ¦ fanner , but cannot allow that four cwt . is to cany through the whole course of crops . Ite greatest use

      js in urging on young turnips ,-to get them out of the way of the fly , and for green crops , as early vetches . At the same time turnips require backing with good yard manure , to carry them through . I cannot agree with yon in your calculation of the composition ofthe crops , as I conceive yonare taking credit for elements which it is not m the power of any man to supply , which I will endeavour to show : — Tour table takes 4-308 lb . of oxygen 611 lb . of hydrogen 5 , 374 lb . of carbon

      10 , 293 lb . from the soU or land . We will just examine from what source plants in a great measure derive these elements . The source of tbe oxygen of plants is easily perceived , for the water they imbibe contains a great quantity of oxygen , e _^ _at-ninths of the weight of water being oxygen . But there are other sources from which it is derived : the atmosphere contains 21 per cent , of oxygen , and carbonic acid contains 72 per cent , by weight . From any of these sources a sufficiency is to be obtained ; but it is-from tiie first that plants are supposed to derive tlieir principal supply . _Thesource of hydrogen is perhaps more limited , as it is not known to exist in nature in an uncombined state , and it is supposed to enter plants in combination with some other

      element ; and ' we are limited to water as the substance capable of forming that element ( with the exception or the "very small amount of hydrogen contained in tiie _nifavgenised constituents of plants ) . And as your- , table shews , a very small amount of hydrogen , only . 6111 b ., water will provide a sufficiency alone , ° as it-is composed of one part hydrogen and eight parts ; oxygen . The source of carbon is equally evident as ihat of oxygen and _Jrydrogen It is -from , the air that plants derive their carbon , or more correctly speaking , from the carbonic acid of the atmosphere . Again , carbonic acid : is produced by combustion and respiration . It is estimated that the carbonic acid derived from the _eumbustion of coal and wood annually in

      Great Britain is alone sufficient to supply carbon for seven eighths of the arable land of this _conntiy . It is estimated : tbat a-rall-grown man gives off , in the course of a . year , 1001 b . of carbon , inthe form of carbonic acid ; and snpposing each inhabitant of Great Britain , vonng and old , to give off 601 b . per year , the 20 , 000 , 009 would give off 200 , 000 tons , and _pmuming the other animals to give off twice as much more , the whole weight of carbon returned to the air by respiration iu this island would be abont 2 , 000 , 000 of tons , or the quantity abstracted from the atmosphere by 4 . 000 , 000 of acres of arable land . Lapandus found that a phtitofborago officinalis , after a . growth of five months , _nroduced ten times as much vegetable matter

      as the soil in which itgrew had lost during the same period . The experiment of _Bourssingauld proved that peas planted in pure sand , and watered with distilled water , and fed by the air alone , nevertheless found in the air all the carbon necessary for their development , flowering , and fructification . May I ask how it eanbe otherwise 9 for if we turn to the noble oak , and inquire when the acorn fell , whence sprung this noble tree some centuries back ? - If the ground contained one millionth part of the carbon which the oak » ow contains , it is the carbonic acid of the atmosphere which has -furnished all the rest ; that is to say , almost the whole mass of this noble tree . I am willing to allow the nitrogen to go to your credit , at the same time a portion of it is also derived from the atmosphere . , ' . .

      . Field-Gapvden Operations , For Tiie We...

      Then if we deduct 4 , 3081 b .. of oxygen ,, .,...... -- " _*** " " "' " - - " - " " Clllb . of hydrogen 5 , 3741 b . -of carbon 10 _' 293 lb . of elements from 11 , 0501 b . of dried matter , it leaves 7571 b . Even allowing that you have helped to contribute to the supply of carbon by the decay of vegetable matter , and leaving _thajout of the question j wc find that the oxygen and hydrogen ( two elements that you cannot claim to have supplied ) amount to 4 , 9191 b ., or near half the crop you claim as lost to the land . Should I be wrong hi my _caicuiations , 1 hope some more scientific friend will put me right , as the object of my letter is to call the attention of agricultur ists to the value of chemistrv . _Tnos . Kier Short .

      Martin Hall , Nottinghamshire . Ok _Ma-sube . —Sir , —Manure cannot be kept too close together , and the less exposed to the weather the better , but it ought liot to be permitted to overheat itself . It is the practice of the farmers to fodder their cattle in the fields ; I do not hesitate to say , that such a practice is inconsistent with the improvements ofthe present day ; no man can calculate the loss sustained by such a method . All cattle ought to be housed by night from November to April , if allowed to range a few hours in the day on a rough piece of pasture . Good manure cannot be made in the open field , nor scarcely in a farm yard ; if the droppings of buildings are allowed to soak through it ; all firms ought to be provided with sheds adequate to the quantity of stock for consuming the produce for the winter . Cattle require but very

      b ' _ttlexoom if tied up ; there is some trouble attending this plan at first , but in a few days every beast will know its place , they will then be able to enjoy whatever food is put before them , and are not subject to be driven from one place to another by the master beasts of the -herd . There ar e two things of the greatest importance on the farm—draining and manure ; it is _difficult to say which preponderates . You may extol guano , or other novelties , but there is nothing equal to animal manure , as Mr . Bayis has demonstrated in his excellent letter . The farmer ' s particular attention should be drawn to this subject now , since steam has so much superseded horse labour . Where there used to be hundreds of

      stagecoach horses on the highroad side , there is not now one . Theurincofthecattleisthemostessentialthing in decomposing vegetable matter , and every drop of it ought to be preserved ; which can easily be done in the following inexpensive manner : —If the farmyard is on a declivity , so much the better ; if not , let a . pit be dug in a convenient situation , of an oblong form , the one end sloping in until the opposite side is four or . five feet deep , if the bottom is composed of hard gravel there is no occasion for it being paved with brick or stone ; the sides ought to be walled up , but if this cannot be afforded strong stakes may be driven in about a foot and a half apart , and roddled np with stout rods to keep the sides from fallinsr in from the action of the frost . No water

      should be allowed to enter this pit but what falls from the clouds , and to its margin the dung from the stables and cattle sheds should be wheeled every day , but on 110 account turned in , but shook in promiscuously with a fork and evenly together . As to the saving of the surplus urine that is not absorbed by the litter , I would recommend the following simple and economical method : —Let a shallow gutter be made behind the cattle to drain into a receptacle ; brick tanks are rather expensive , but in most market towns there are oilmen who sell their large casks for very little money : let one of these be sunk level with the surface as a receiver , and give one ofthe labourers a trifle to attend to it regularly and empty it , when necessary , into the manure pit . A boy can

      perform this work with ease with two stable pails . This liquid should be spread evenly over the surface of the dung by a trough extending across or into the middle ofthe pit , with holes perforated in its bottom . Manure made in this simple and inexpensive manner is veiy efficacious ; one cart-load is worth three or four of that generally procured from farm-yards . A common labourer can do all that is required ; and I think no landlord would object to find the materials to accomplish a thing so desirable as providing substantial animal manure , on which the permanent hopes ofthe tenant for bountiful crops chiefly depend . —A Farmer of Thirtt Years' Experience , Middlesex , 1845 .

      The Mortality Of Loxdon, And Indeed Of E...

      The Mortality of Loxdon , and indeed of England generally , shows a gradual' annual decrease , whilst it is well known the population increases considerably . The rates of premium for Life Insurance have been greatly reduced during the last few years , yet the offices , continue as prosperous as formerly . These facts clearly demonstrate that some cause , either unknown or unheeded , must have produced sueh favourable results . Amongst these causes , the . increased knowledge of anatomy and the many very valuable discoveries in medicine , will stand most prominent . The small-pox , that annually earned off thousands , has been successfully eoinbatted by vaccination ; and gout , tliat used to claim its numerous victims , has been thoroughly vanquished by Blair ' s Gout and Rheumatic Pills .

      A Gentleman ' s Life Saved by taking Holloway ' s _Piiis . —A wealthy farmer , a Mr . John Robinson , residing at _TVootton , near Bedford , was a short time since informed by his medical man that in two days _hej-Yoald be a corpse . He then measured seven feet round the body from dropsy ; his legs were so full of water , and so large , that they burst in three places . Inthisdreadfulstatehedismissed his doctor , and had recourse alone to these wonderful Pills , wliich saved his life , and immediately carried off all the water from the body , and he now enjoys perfect health . This gentleman is well known , as likewise hisfaniily _, throughout the county of Bedford .

      Romance in the Lije of a Factory Girl . —Miss Irene rJichols , daughter of Mr . Nathaniel Nichols , of Monmouth , Kennebec Co ., while atworkinafactory in Dorchester , Mass ., some four years since , was offered very ; liberal wages to go to Mexico , and engage in a factory just established there . She , with eight others , accepted the offer . While there , she became acquainted with Ferrera , tbe present revolting and successful General , with whom she contracted marriage . She made a visit to her friends in Maine , last summer , during which she received frequent

      letters froni Fen-era . She left here in July or August last , ibr Mexico , via New York , where she obtained a license , and was united in marriage to Gen . Ferrera , by his representative , the General not being able to leave Mexico—a step rendered necessary , as the parties were both Protestants , and could not be married in Mexico , a Catholic country . Ferrera is now President of Mexico , having his head quarters at the national palace in the city , and this Kennebec " Factory Girl" now " revels in the Halls of the _Montezumas . _" . Gen . Ferrera is of German extraction . —Kennebec Journal , Maine .

      Metropouian Lmphovements . —Lhe new street from Long-acre to Ilolborri , forming the continuous h _' ne from Waterloo-bridge to the new Holbom-road , has been named Endell-street ; and the fine opening which connects High-street , St . Giles ' s , with Monmouth _, and St . Andrew-streets , is called Broad-Street . The new street connecting Long-acre with Coventry-street is in such a state of forwardness that it is expected to be open for traffic in about another month . Revolution at Ichaboe . —Strange as such a fact may be , it is not more strange than true . By letters which have arrived in town this week , it is stated that a complete , and , happily , a bloodless revolution had taken place at Ichaboe , at the date of the last

      dispatches . It seems that in the operations of the first six months after the island was visited , a host of agents or supercargoes established themselves on the island , erecting tents and temporary residences . In a short time they had marked off the ground , and laid claim to all the principal parts as their own bona fide property , on behalf of _. themsclves and their employers at home , erecting loading stages , and selling pits at extravagant-prices . Till the revolution no opposition was made to this mode of procedure , and the consequence was , that ultimately no ship , unless the captain submitted to these land sharks , coidd get a shovel's breadth of ground to land upon . When an agent had a ship loading at his stage , he purposely kept dallying with the work until another ship from his house at home would arrive to take up the berth , although there might be 300 other ships surrounding the little island , and waiting access to the beach . Squabbles and small fights were of continual

      occurrence , and increased till a sloop of war arrived to preserve order . Her commander remained till he believed his presence was no longer necessary . On the following day the demurring shipmasters held a meeting , and it was very soon resolved that a general reform should be _^ made iiistantcr . There were about 300 ships at moorings , and each ship agreed to send her proportion of men ashor with guns aud bayonets , mustering altogether about 1400 men . Supercargo town was attacked , and its entire population put to the route at the point ofthe bayonet , and driven into the sea , up to their chins , and the discomfited landlords there and then made to swear that from that time henceforth they had relinquished all right and title to the soil of Ichaboe , after which declaration they were permitted to return to tlieir respective places of abode . This summary proceeding produced an entire change in the civil affairs ofthe island , and ships are now loading at the rate of 50 tons a day , after lying idle for months . —Greenock Observer ,

      Lewes Election—On Monday last , pursuant to public notice , the nomination ofa burgess to serve in Parliament for the borough of Lewes , in the rooin of the Hon . Henry Fitzroy , who had accepted the office ofa Lord of the Admiralty , took place in the Nisi Prius Court , in the County Hall , at 11 o ' clock precisely W . C . Mabbott , Esq ., stepped forward , amidst cheers , and said he had tiie great gratification of nominating the Hon . Henry Fitzroy , who had so many years represented them in Parliament , as a fit and proper person' for that purpose . Having accepted office under Government , it became necessary that he should be re-elected , and he had , therefore , the pleasure of proposing him . Mr .. R . Flint seconded the nomination . Mr . Fitzroy was then declared duly elected . The Hon . Member returned thanks , and the proceedings terminated _.

      ¦ M ' Jto - ---Intewgmcfe = -

      ¦ M ' _jto - ---intewgmcfe _= -

      Loiinon Corn Exchange, Mojtoay, Feb. -17...

      LoiinoN Corn Exchange , _Mojtoay , Feb . -17 . —The arrivals of wheat , barley , and oats from our own coast ; were short during last week , aiid the supplies of the latter article from Scotland and Ireland moderate , nor were the receipts of beans or peas by any means large . From abroad a parcel or twoofwheat , one cargo of barley , and about 1000 qrs . of oats , with fair quantities of beans and peas , constituted the suppbes . At this morning ' s market there was rather move-wheat offering by : land-carriage samples from Essex and Kent than last Monday , whilst of barley arid oats the fresh arrivals were trifling . Beans , and peas were rather more plentiful , particularly the Former article . _^ The weather is now open , though the nights continue frosty . The demand for wheat

      was slow to-day , and though the condition was generally good , considerable _difficult-jr was experienced in malting sales at former rates , indeed in partial instances buyers had the turn in their favour . The inquiry for free foreign wheat was likewise very tardy , and so unimportant were the transactions as tp render quotations little better than nominal . Hour was saleable in retail quantities at about previous prices . Holders of barley firmly , resisted any further decline , and , with a restricted sale , the currency of this day se ' nnight was maintained . Malt was likewise held at former rates . The principal dealers bought oats

      cautiously , and even consumers showed unwillingness to take more than they required for immediate use ; the moderate _natnre ofthe supplies tended , however , to impart confidence , and good corn was not cheaper than on this day se ' nnight . Beans moved off in retail without any change occurring in their value . Peas were held at previous prices , but the inquiry was far from lively . The sowing season having been retarded by the late severe weather , comparatively little business has hitherto been done in cloverseed . This morning the trade was , on the whole , firm , and former rates were well supported . Canaryseed was again the turn cheaper . In quotations of other articles there is no alteration to notice .

      E _, CURRENT _PKICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . s s s s Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 42 48 White 50 8 * Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 43 4 C Ditto 48 50 Northum . and Scotch white 42 4 G Pine 48 52 -Irish red old 0 0 Red 42 44 White 45 48 Rye Old 81 32 New 30 32 Rrank 35 36 Barley Grinding .. 26 28 Distil . 29 31 Malt . 32 36 Malt Brown .... 54 58 Pale . 58 62 Ware 63 65 Beans Ticks old & new 30 34 Harrow 33 38 Pigeon 38 42 Peas Grey ...... 32 33 Maple 33 34 White 36 40 Oats lancolns & Yorkshire Peed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotch ........ Angus 22 24 Potato 24 26 Irish ......... White 20 22 Black 20 22 Pei \ 2801 b . net . s s Per 2801 b . net . s s Town-made Flora . . . _« , 44 Norfolk & Stockton 33 34 Essex and Kent .... 34 35 Irish . 35 36 Free . Bond

      Foreign . su ss Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , & c 52 60 36 40 Marks , Mecklenburg ........ 48 54 32 35 -Danish , Holstein , and Friesland red 44 . 47 28 30 — Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft . . . _44 > 47 26 28 Italian , Red . . 46 50 White ... 00 02 30 32 Spanish , Hard . 46 SO Soft . . . . 4 S 52 30 S 2 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 30 32 Undried . . 31 32 21 22 Barley , Grinding . 26 28 Malting .... 31 33 . , 22 29 Beans , Ticks . . SO 34 Egyptian . 31 32 26 30 Peas , White . . 36 38 Maple . . 33 34 28 30 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 — Russianfeed , 21 22 15 16

      Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 25 27 19 20 _Losnos Smithfield Cattle Market , Monday , Feb . 17 _i—Since this day se'nnight , the imports of live stock from abroad for our market have not been so extensive as in the preceding week , - yet they have , for the present season , proved rather numerousthey have amounted to 136 sheep , and ninety-three oxen and cows , all from Holland . To-day there were on sale here seventy beasts and ninety sheep , the whole of wliich were in very moderate condition , and sold at corresponding rates . From the official returns , just issued , we learn that the following were the importations in the years mentioned : —

      1842 1843 1844 Oxen and bulls 3165 1114 3710 Cows 1046 367 1155 Calves 76 40 ...... 55 Sheep ; 638 210 2801 Lambs 10 ...... 1 . 16 Swine and hogs ...... 415 ...... 359 ...... 271 The number of beasts derived from our various grazing counties were less than those exhibited on Monday last ,, owing to which , the increased attendance of buyers , and the dead markets being tolerably well cleared of their late large country arrivals , the beef trade was somewhat better , and in some few instances the primest Scots ( which were scarce ) commanded ah advance of 2 d . per 81 b . In all other kinds of beef , however , not the slightest improvement was noticed .

      Prom . Norfolk , Suffolk , _Essex , and Cambridgeshire , we received 1250 Scots and homebreds ; from the northern grazing districts , 200 shorthorns ,- from the western and midland counties , 600 Herefo ' rds , Devons , runts , « fcc . ; from other parts of England _; 500 of various Breeds ; and from Scotland , 180 horned and polled Scots . The supply of sheep exhibited a decided falling off , yet it was quite equal to meet the wants of the trade . On the whole , a slight improvement was noticed in the demand , but prices'ruled about stationary , though tliey were fully supported . The numbers of carves were on the increase , owing to which the veal trade was heavy , on lower terms . For pigs we had a steady inquiry at full prices _^ There were on sale about 2000 shorn sheep , and 20 " lambs . '

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . s . d . s . d Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 6 2 10 Second quality > . . . . 3 0 3 4 Prime large oxen . .. 3638 Prime Scots , < Ssc . . . . . 3 10 4 2 Coarse inferior sheep ' . . . 2 8 3 2 Second quality .... 3 4 3 8 Prime coarse _woollcd * . . . 3 10 4 0 Prime Southdown . . . . 4 2 4 4 Large coarse calves . . . . 40 48 Prime small . . - . . . 4 10 5 4 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 32 0 Large hogs . . . . 3 0 3 8 Xeat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 4 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 18 O 20 Q

      HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books ofthe Clerk ofthe Market . ) Beasts , 2 , 555- Sheep , 20 , 230—Calves , CS—Figs , 313 . Loxdon Smithfield Hat Market . — Coarse meadow hay , ' £ 310 s . to £ 410 s . ; useful ditto , £ 412 s . to £ 5 3 s . ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 Is . to £ 5 8 s . ; clover hay , £ 410 s . to £ 6 . ; oat straw , £ 116 s . to £ 118 s . ; wheat straw , £ 1 18 s . to £ 2 per load . Supply but moderate , and trade tolerably steady . Manchester Corn Market , Saturday , Feb . 15 . — Since our report of this day se ' nnight the trade has undergone but little change , a fan * consumptive demand for flour having been experienced in the early part of the week at about previous rates ; subsequently , however , sales were with greater difficulty

      effected , and the tendency of prices was towards ft decline . For oats and oatmeal there was , likewise , but little 'inquiry , without material alteration from the currency of last market day . At our market this morning but few transactions occurred in wheat , although secondary and inferior descriptions were freely offering at a decline of full y Id . per 701 bs , Flour was only saleable to a limited extent in retail quantities , and must be noted rather cheaper . _Oata were in _veiy moderate request , at a reduction of Id . per 45 lbs . ; and oatmeal met a slow sale at au _abater ment of 3 d . to 6 d . per 2401 bs . The demand for beans was trifling , and their previoiM value was barely supported . Liverpool Corn Market , Monday , Feb . 17 . — We have this week had a fair arrival of flour from Ireland , but the imports of oatmeal and of grain are

      of very moderate amount . The trade has at the same time ruled exceedingly dull , and most of the principal articles have again receded in value . The finer . qualities of Irish wheat have been sold at Id ., and secondary samples at 2 d . per bushel below the quotations given in our last . Foreign has been held at previous rates , but has met a very limited demand . Flour must be noted Is . per sack , and oatmeal 3 d . to 6 d . per load cheaper . Oats , are * d . per bushel lower ; 3 s . per 4 olbs . the top price for Irish mealing . We reduce the quotations for beans _byOd . to Is . per quarter , and either this article , or barley or peas have moved only in retail , the two latter at about previous rates . No change lias occurred in tlie duties on foreign produce this week .

      _Leehs Cloth Markets . — \ Ve cannot report any material alteration in the state of trade in Leeds , except that prices , in consequence of the advance of ' wool at the recent London sales ,, aro rather higher . The late jsevere weather has given a check to the spring trade ; but a speedy favourable , re-action is confidently looked for . Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , Feb . 18 . —With a limited supply of grain here this week , we have no change toircport in the value bf any article , arid the demand is , still confined to the supply of pressing wants . Our principal millers hold off , waiting for a better selection in _, fine dry wheat . Barley maintains last _jweek _' s prices from the _smallness of the arrival . Oats , beans , and shelling without change . RicnMOND Corn Market , Feb . 15 . — We had a plentiful supply of grain in our market to-day , and the _priceslmucli the same as last week . —Wheat sold from 5 s . to 6 s . 6 d . , * oats , 2 s . 2 d . to 3 s . _, * barley , 3 s . 6 d . to 3 s . Od . ; beans , 4 s . to 4 s . 9 d . per bushel .

      York Corn Market , Feb ; 15 . —The _dulness which has characterised the com trade for some time past still continues , and millers and maltsters only purchase to supply their present wants ; and * , ' if anything , a trifling reduction has to be acceded to , to make sales . Oats are not very plentiful , aiid the price of good mealing ; qualities is fully supported . Beans as before . . '• .,. '' .-:: Malton Corn Market , Feb . ' lo . _^ We have a good supply of wheat , but moderate " - of barley ' and ' oats ; offering to this day ' s market ; -wheat- fully Is . ' per ? uarter lower ; barley and oats ' same as last week . Plieafc , red , new , 44 s . to 48 s . ; white ditto , 48 s , ' to 50 s . ; red ditto , old , 50 s . to 52 s . white ditto , 52 sV to 56 s . perqr . of 40 stones . Barley , 26 s : to 30 s . _* per qr ; of 32 st . Oats , Did . to 10 _| d , per stone .-

      Imperial- F Arl' Tammtr *

      _imperial- f arl ' tammtr *

      HOUSE OF _LORDS—Monoay , Feb . 17 . The report of the Board of Trade upon projected railways was again the subject of discussion in the House of Lords . . lord Brougham , with increased information , renewed liis charge against ' , Mr . O'Brien . That gentleman , he said , had purchased 204 South-Eastern shares as late as December 17 ' _, the prices instantly rose when it was kn _^ vn who was in the market , and tho result did credit to the sagacity of the speculators , forthe committee _deciQed in favour of the South-Eastern lines . Their Lordships were

      told that these decisions were only intended to assist Parliament , but he maintained that in almost ; every case they would , although unsupported by evidence ,, have overwhelming weight with Parliament , and thus affect most seriously the rights of private property . He objected to the constitution of a tribunal to which such immense powers were intrusted , and suggested that as so much importance was attached to its opinion , the public should at least hiiow whether the members were unanimous . He wondered whether this was always the case . Humour said that it was not , hut the rule was , that every member signed the report whether he approved it or no .

      lord _Daluovsif , declined to give any answer to the Noble Lord ' s questions . He had " wondered" very much , and wanted a solution of his " wonderings , " but he should leave him to " wonder" on . The rule of voting in the Board of Trade was tlie same as that in tho Boards of Admiralty or of Customs , in neither ofwhich was any _divU sionof opinion ever explained . These objections , too , to the constitution ofthe committee came toolate . It had heen established by consent of Parliament , the extent of its jurisdiction and the nature of its powers had been entirely approved , and it bad in no respect exceeded its authority or acted inconsistently with the course which had been prescribed for it . He repeated , that its decisions would only be entitled to influence so long as tliey were founded in reason and justice ; but he claimed . for the system a fair trial , which it had scarcely had when its first report had been but just laid upon the table of the House .,

      ' The Duke of Wellington said , that he had some acquaintance with both the Messrs . O'Brien . The one had been a most respectable and G & timaule military officer , and while the other had acted as Sir J . Graham ' s secretary lie had had every reason to he satisfied with his integrity and zeal . lord Bkououa . m denied that he had ever imputed the slightest collusion to cither of these gentlemen , but rejoiced that he had succeeded in eliciting so much information . So . far from " wondering" any longer , he

      was now entirely satisfied that his information as to the internal dissensions of the Board was correct ; and as their reports were not _lilie those of the Admiralty or Customs , but only the exposition of opinions , he . still contended that those members who dissented should not sign the report as if it had been unanimously adopted . His objections to the conduct ofthe committee remained unabated , and he thought the , public justified in entertaining suspicions when the mere connexion of Mr . O'Brien's name with the _Southeastern Railway had in a few days raised the price pf the shares from 13 to 40 .

      lord _Dalhocsie shortly replied ; and , after some observations from lord Campbell in condemnation of the committee , and from Lord _Wharncliffe in defence of its constitution , the subject dropped .

      „ Tuesday , Feb . 18 . The House of Lords saj only for a short time ; and at their rising-adjourned till Thursday .

      House Of Commons, Monday, Feb. 17. The H...

      HOUSE OF COMMONS , Monday , Feb . 17 . The House met at four o ' clock . Mr . S . Herbert took the oaths and his seat on his re-election for the southern division of the county of Wilts . An Hon . Member presented thirteen petitions from as many parishes in the county of Norfolk , for the repeal of the malt-tax . Mr , T . Doncombe presented petitions from Captain Stolzberg and another , who had presented petitions to the House last session , complaining that their letters had

      been opened in the Post-office . They stated that their petitions had been referred to a secret committee ; that that committee , had made a report , part of which they were informed was injurious to the character of the petitioners , and they prayed that if another committee should be appointed they might be examined , in order to have tlio opportunity of clearing their characters from any _imputation . The Hon . 'Member then moved that the petition ? , as also that . of Joseph If azzini ( presented on Friday last ) , be printed with the votes , as Ins intended to bring them and the subject to -which they referred under the consideration ofthe House to-morrow ( Tuesday ) . —Ordered .

      Mr . CORIIT . brought up the navy estimates , which were ordered to be printed . Mr . M . Gibson gave notice , that on putting the resolution of the Bight Hon . Baronet as to sugar duties in the Committee of Ways and Means , he would move as an amendment , " that no arrangement respecting the sugar dutics can be satisfactory or permanent which does not include au equalization of duty on foreign and colonial sugar . "

      PRINCE ALBERT . Mr . P . Borthwick , seeing the Right Hon . Baronet the First Lord ofthe Treasury in his place , wished to ask liim whether there was any truth iri a rumour which had appeared in the Morning Post- and other newspapers . The rumour WftS Olie on which he did not ask for any information , because it was sufficiently absurd and ridieulous to contradict itself ; bnt monstrously absurd and ridiculous as it was , it was calculated to . excite unpleasant feelings . Beforehe put the question he would read the paragraph itself , — " It is rumoured , and we believe upon sufficient authority , tliat the title of King-Consort is about to be conferred on liis Royal Highness Prince Albert . This , we presume , would he preliminary to a demand for an in-Creased grant . " He wished to ask the Right Hon . Baronet the question , simply to afford him an apportunity of contradicting a rumour , mischievous , absurd , and preposterous in itself , hut calculated to do serious injury [ to the object ofthe loyalty ' and affections ofthe nation .

      Sir It . PEEL . —The liouse will , 1 am sure , admit that it is hot a good practice to ask a Minister for explanations as to rumours which have appeared in the newspapers ( hear , hear , and . laugh ter ) , particularly when the Hon . Gentleman who putsthe question declares that the rumour to which he refers is sufficiently absurd to be its own contradiction , and wants no explanation from me . ( Cheers and laughter . ) I think that it is rather hard in this particular case that , the lion . Gentleman should , put mc to the ordeal of'answering his . question ., However , sir , I feel that I must leave it to the discretion of Hon . Members themselves to put such questions or to refrain from them , because I know that inferences are sometimes drawn from silence . On the whole , perhaps , silenea would be the best on the present occasion but to guard against the possibility of any erroneous inference , I will state , for the satisfaction ofthe Hon . Gentleman , that the paragraph to which he refers is wholly without foundation . ( Cheers and laughter . )

      A discussion respecting the Railway Department of the Board of Trade , and the recent gambHngs on the Stock Exchange , in consequence of the business of , thatboard , ensued , the subject being introduced by Lord Howick . Its purport was similar to the-one we have noticed as having occurred in the House of Lords . When it was over the House " considered" on

      THE GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL PLANS . The liouse having resolved into a Committee of Ways and Meansj the discussion on the financial plans of tho Government was resumed . Mr . _Ureene ( the chairman ) having read the question proposed on Friday last by Sir R . Peel : — " That it is tlie opinion of this committee that towards raising the supply granted to her Majesty , the respective duties on property , professions , trades , and offices , and the stamp duties on Ireland , granted by two several Acts passed in the fifth year of her present Majesty , be continued and further granted to her Majesty for a time to be limited , "—

      Lord John Russell rose and said , tliat he had always considered the income-tax as one whicli mighthe necessary in time of war , or some other great emergency , hut which was , even then , liable to the greatest objections from its inequality , its vexatious character , ¦ _-. its liability to fraud and evasion . Such being its faults , he was surprised that Sir R . Peel should have declared that he would not attempt to modify it , because any such attempt would only aggravate the evils which he was anxious to cure . When he originally proposed to impose the income-tax , he justified it on account of the political and financial difficulties of the country , and expressed a hope tliat by altering certain customs duties lie should so invigorate commerce , and so encourage industry , as to be able to improve the condition of the people , anil tb get back in a few years the

      revenue which he was then sacrificing . Why , then , had he declined to tell the House on Friday night what had been'the consequence of his reductions in the tarift _* , and to show that they wove even now producing , and would continue to produce , an increasing revenue ? Clearly because it was not in . his power to do so ; and hence he concluded , that if the House consented to the Government measure in its present shape , it would give its consent to sin income tax , to be renewed , it was true , from time to time , but still to be renewed perpetually . The real question , therefore , for the House to consider was , whether it would consent in a time of profound peace to render the income tax permanent . That being the case he proceeded to consider whether a permanent income tax . would be sufficiently repaid to the country hy the benefit to be derived from taking off certain taxes ,

      which Sir H . Peel had enumerated to the amount of his assumed surplus of £ 3 , 300 , 000 arising from the proceeds of that tax . Many of the taxes which he had determined to repeal were judiciously selected for the promotion of industry and the encouragement of commerce , as , for instance , the duties ' oh cotton wool and on glass _, lie could not , 'however , see any reason why £ 300 , 000 should have been g iven away in the auction duties ; on tlie contrary , he thought that the reduction ofthe duty on fire insurances and on soap—which was now the only tax left . on the absolute necessaries of life , so much condemned by Adam Smith—would have been a more expedient and advisable reduction . The _Right Hon . Gentleman ' s _inters ferenee with the article of sugar was also most injudicious and impolitic . Instead of interfering to break down restrictions and to restore the country to a * more natural condition of society , lie interfered to bring in a constant

      prohibition against certain countries , which would Send us sugars at a lowelprice than thatatwhich we could get it from our colonies , _and'that , too , on the pretence _that-it was the produce of slave labour ! Sir R , Peel estimated the loss to the revenue by his reduction of the sugav duties at

      House Of Commons, Monday, Feb. 17. The H...

      £ 1 , 300 , 000 .: > - He / contended , on the other hand ; that"if the sugars of all foreign countries were admitted on the same principle as that of our own colonies , there would be no occasion to abandon any part of oiir revenue . . He did hot think itrightfor the Government to propose , as they now did , a permanent income tax without their declaring explicitly whether they considered it as one of the best permanent taxes that could be imposed . ' , . If they did so consider it , lot them further consider whether they could not , either by a select committee , or by a committee of the whole House , modify- the defects which were known to exist in it . _| The Government , moreover , was not acting upon sound principles , but where great interests were concerned , and where great opposition was expected , was proposing to continue , if not to aggravate , monopolies which it found existing . His view was , that we ought to continue the income tax for the present ; that we ought to make

      some of the reductions of taxation proposed by Sir R , Peel , as on cotton wool and on glass ; but that , as to some others , as sugar , we ought to take a different course . If the question were between a permanent income tax and a continuance of . monopoly , he had no hesitation in . declaring that he was for a short income tax and the relaxation of monopoly . He , therefore , could not give his hearty concurrence to the plan of the Right Hon . Baronet . He would , " however , give his assent to an income tax for three years . He regretted that the Government had taken a course which would vender it necessary to continue it for a longer term of years ; but he hoped the continuance of so inquisitorial and odious a tax for any great length of time woidd induce the people to resolve upon setting trade . free , and to endeavour , by the benefits which free trade would confer upon their industry and enterprise , to get rid of an impost whieh it is not expedient that they should have to pay in time of peace .

      Mr . Roebuck , was disappointed at the lame and impotent conclusion of Lord John Russell ' s speech , after the manner in which he had impugned nearly every portion of Sir Robert Peel ' s financial statement . \ Had the Noble Lord made it for any other object than to find fault and to guard himself from any consequences whieh might result from the changes now proposed ? "He , , should impugn all the plan of Sir Robert Peel ; but , unlike the Noble Lord , he would end liis observations with a substantive amendment , on which he hoped that the _Xoble Lord would vote with him , It was a perfect delusion to suppose that the income tax was proposed as a mere temporary tax—he should assume it to be intended as a permanent tax , and should contend that its permanence greatly aggravated its mischievous tendency . Sir

      Robert Peel proposed the income and property tax to meet a deficiency in the revenue . The income and property tax . were to give him £ 0 , 000 , 000 . That was an amount of revenue which more than covered by £ 3 , 000 , 000 the expenditure for the public service which the Right Hon . Gentleman had to meet . He therefore insisted that the Minister was hound , first of all , to show that his expenditure was a legitimate expenditure ; next , that his mode of meeting that expenditure was the best that he could devise ; and , 'lastly , that he adopted it not only to meet the demands of the public expenditure , but also to enable him to make great and important changes in our commercial policy . Now , he should contend that the tax which it was intended to impose was an onerous , mischievous , and obnoxious tax next , that the taxes whieh it was

      intended to remit were . not so onerous , mischievous , and obnoxious ; and , lastly , that there was a mode of meeting the deficiency better than that which Sir R . Peel proposed . Mr . Roebuck then pointed out , at great length , the unequal , vexatious , and inquisitorial nature of the present income tax . To a property tax on realised capital he had not the same objection ; ' and he thought that if , in addition to such a tax , every nian were called upon to return his age and the amount of his income , and if ; the duty of two or three per cent , were to be applied to the permanent value of that fluctuating income , whieh could be calculated easily as property , it would

      nearly cover the demand of the Government for the public expenditure . He insisted that the House ivas bound to inquire , before it rendered such a tax permanent , whether the mischiefs it created would be less than those created by the taxes which were repealed . Now , none of the taxes which it was proposed to repeal crossed any of the great interests of the country . The agricultural interest was very cautiously handled in the speech of Lord John Russell , and the West India interest in the statement of Sir It . Peel . He wished it had been otherwise : for he was quite certain , that if the Right Hon . Baronet had not determined to keep up the differential duties on sugar , he would have had no occasion to sacrifice a revenue of

      £ 1 , 300 , 000 on that article , He also pointed out the loss which the revenue suffered in the present mode of levying the duties on timber ; and insisted that , by a property tax levied upon the principles which he had already declared , and by the equalisation of the duties on foreign and colonial sugar , and also on Baltic and Canadian timber , the demand might be met on account of our expenditure , and the country might be freed from the odious and inquisitorial impost with which it was now threattened . . He then concluded by moving that the words " professions , trades , and offices , " be omitted from the resolution moved by Sir R . Peel , not with a view of excluding them from taxation altogether , but with a view of subjecting them hereafter to that discriminating scheme of taxation which he had already described .

      Sir G . 6 HF . Y called upon Sir Robert Peel , or some of his colleagues in the Ministry , to explain to the House the grounds ofthe confident expectation , which on Friday night he professed to entertain , that it might be possible for the House , at the expiration of three years , to dispense with the income tax altogether , He was prepared to agree to its reimposition provided that he could be convinced that this confidence was well founded ; but when he looked to the measure which was proposed as to the sugar duties , he could not bring himself to believe that the revenue derived from that source would be so restored at the end of three years as to compensate the sacrifice which the House was now ealled upon to make . In withholding for the present his opposition to the vote for the continuance of the property tax , he withheld it in the hope that he should be able to get rid . of the discriminating duties upon slave-grown and free labour sugar . He concluded by stating that he had heard nothing from the Learned Member for Bath which induced him to assist in carrying out his amendment .

      The Chancellor of the _Exchequer , m reply to the question , what grounds the Ministers liad for supposing thatthe income tax would not be permanent , and on what foundation their expectations of the future were based 1 observed , that his expectations of the future were based on his expevieuec of the past . The income tax was originally submitted to the consideration of the House in 1842 , for the purpose of covering a large deficiency , and of releasing a number of articles from restrictions which pressed heavily on industry . What was the situation of the revenue on the 10 th of October , 1812 , and on the 10 th of October , 1814 ? In the former year the revenue derived from the ordinary sources of Customs , Excise , _« fco ., was £ 47 , 000 , 000 . The measures proposed to Parliament in that year , and in the last , for the reduction of taxation ,

      withdrew from the public income no less a sum than £ 1 , 400 , 000 ; and yet , on the 10 th of October , 18 M , the same taxes produced not £ 47 , 000 , 000 , but £ 47 , 407 , 000 . He then referred to several finance returns , for the purpose of proving that both in 183 D , and again in 1842 , the revenue was greatly benefitted by the judicious repeal of _taxation ; and insisted that upon such data lie was justified _inspecting that , when this tax should expire , the country would bo in possession of such a revenue as would leave it free to decide whether it would abandon it or not . He then proceeded to refute Mr . Roebuck's argument that the income tax was unequal and vexatious , and quoted tlie authority of Mr . Pitt to show that it was inexpedient to make any distinction between realised and fluctuating capital . He

      then briefly adverted to the course adopted during the last and present year on the subject of the sugar duties . The Noble Lord had wished to fight over again that night the battle which they had often fought previously upou that subject ; he was not afraid of the contest to which the Noble Lord had challenged him , and would give him a speedy opportunity of discussing that question , when he brought forward , as he should do at a very early period , the reimposition of those duties . The House seemed not to be prepared to object that night to the resolution in the hands of the chairman , and he therefore thought that he should best consult the convenience of the House by reserving what he had to say in defence of . the remission of the duties on cotton wool , on glass , and on auctions , to when the fitting opportunity for them should arrive .

      Mr . C . Wood expressed his dissatisfaction with this explanation . He _recollected that , _wlu-n the income tax was first proposed ; it was on grounds of a temporary nature ; those grounds had now ceased to exist , hut it was quite clear that tlie income tax would long survive the causes which had given rise to it . Nothing whicli he had heard that night led him to believe that the income tax would not be permanent . He could not agree with Lord John Manners tliat it was a tax which pressed exclusively ou the rich ; on the contrary , it pressed also on the lower classes with much severity , in consequence of the great check which it placed on employment . He suggested that the tax should be extended to Ireland , as he saw no reason why an Irish gentleman , with an income of £ 5 , 000 _a-year , should not pay his proportion to the

      income tax . He paid no assessed taxes—why should he also pay no income tax ? He then entered upon a review of Sir It . Peel ' s statement , both with regard to the probable expenditure and revenue of the country during the next three years , and stated that , in his opinion , the Right Hon . Baronet had considerably overrated the amount of revenue which he would receive during that period . He had estimated tlie surplus revenue wliich he sxpected to _colleetat £ 9 , 400 , 000 , and the amount of taxes wliich lie remitted sit £ 3 ) 310 , 000 , and had thus left himself only a surplus of £ 90 , 000 of disposable income , which , under existing circumstances , was much too

      inconsiderable . With regard to his vote of that evening , he had no hesitation in saying ; that it would be given to Sir It . Peel . There might be a surplus in the year ensuing after the year 1848 , but that would be occasioned by half-a-year ' s receipt ofthe income tax .: In tho next year afterwards there might be no surplus at all . If that were so , then the' year after that there would be a still greater deficiency of revenue . As men of common sense they were therefore bound to provide against that deficiency . He thought it was better in such a case ' to continue the income tax than to impose new taxes . Though such was his opinion , he was not to be considered favourable to any plan for placing this tax ' on a permanent footing . ; '

      7 Colonel Cokolly thought that tne advantages , which had arisen out of the income tax . during the last three years were a sufficient justification for continuing it . for three years longer . One advantage of it was , that it had reduced the interest on money so much as to enable the Minister to reduce flic interest on the national debt . It

      House Of Commons, Monday, Feb. 17. The H...

      had also . greatly , benefitted the agricultural-interest in Ireland , by enabling them , to relieve , their estates from pecuniary embarrassment , and fo ' employupon them a greater amount of capital and labour ., Mr . 6 . Bankes complained that Sir R . p eel _, in nj financial statement on Friday night , and that the Oban cellor of the Exchequer , in his speech of that night had made no allusion whatever to the distress of the a » riCui tural interest , though that distress had been formally communicated to them . In Sir H . Peel ' s plan evervthin had been given to the mercantile , and nothing to the a » * cultural interest . Why was the establishment of _„ _" " army so great ? To protect our colonies , and our com ' merce with tliem . Why were the navy estimates to h "

      increased to the amount of one million ? Because both in China and in the Pacific new naval stations w 6 re necessary to defend the interests of our merchants in th ' vicinity . Did the agricultural interest object to this ' ' No such thing . Then let not that interest , if it were so powerful and predominant as was stated , be taunted = n future as selfish and ungenerous . As to the vote th « n before the House , those who represented distressed di tricts could only act as _ou'eumshineespevmiUed . He saw that both sides of the House were prepared to vote for the continuance of the income tax . He had , therefore ro choice , and must accommodate his vote to his situation The farmers were at present ill able to bear tliis or ailu other burden . ' *

      Mr . _Warborton thought that if the Government wore prepared to act with energy , and to lay open all the great branches of trade which could he laid open by the _desti-uc tion of gigantic monopolies , the revenue mi ght be made equal to the expenditure -without the income tax . ri difiered from the resolution , which not only continued but also increased the differential duties on sugar . ins i „> _i- r was , that the prosperity ofthe country would be increased ' if instead of an indirect , we adopted a direct system of taxation . The sum which then reached the Exchequer would be much larger than that which reached it under the present system . He repeated his opinion that , if the income tax were rendered permanent , all the objections to it would vanish : but , as it was not to be _vendery ! ljfcr _° manent , he considered it to be most unequal and Unjust " and should certainly not give it his support . ' "

      Mr . Robert Palmer thought that , if Government ivere unable to apply any relaxation of taxation to the an-ieui turai interest , it might still have avoided the Slight _tf passing over thatintercst in total silence . Ife hoped that the reduction of taxation proposed by Sir R . Peel mi _« ht be beneficial to the commercial classes ; but he could not conceal from the House that the agricultural interest was mutti disappointed that it had no share in that reduction He agreed that the income tax , as a permanent tax , would be a grievous and intolerable evil ; and he recollected that some years ago , when the present Duke of Buckingham then Marquis of Chandos , brought forward in that House a motion for the repeal of the malt tax , Sir R . Pee ) met that motion successfully by stating that there was no sub . stitute for it except the property tax , and by condemning the property tax as a substitue for it almost in as strong terms as any that had been used that _evenlmr in am House .

      Mr . M . Gibson , in reply to the complaint of Mr . Bankes and Mr . Palmer , that the agricultural interest had been unjustly neglected b y the Government , parodied _theobser . vationof Sir J . Graham on the Irish question , and declared that concession to the agricultural interest had at _ISSt reached its utmost limit . He showed that a graduated scale of duties had been applied to the income of all per sons engaged in trade and commerce under tho Income ! tax Act which passed the House of Commons in 1092 ; and he thought that a select committee ought now to be appointed to inquire what amount of duty should be applied to the income of those who had capital engaged in com . merce , and whether a better mode could not he devised of raising the income-tax on person * engaged in trades and professions . He should vote for the amendment of Mr . Roebuck , though he should have been better _pleasod had his learned friend reserved his resistance to the income . tax till the bill imposing it was brought in .

      Mr . Miles objected to the permanence of the income _, tax , although he believed that Sir R . Peel had introduced it for three years with the very best intentions . He found that the commerce and manufactures of the country were now flourishing , but that agriculture was in a state ofthe deepest depression . No attempt was made to relieve agriculture from any part of its burdens . We could not ask the Right Hon . Raronetfor the repeal of the malt-tax , because the surplus would not allow the Right Hon . Baronet to repeal that tax , and , even if it would , he would not ask that the whole relief from taxation should be given to the agricultural interest . But when taxes to tha amount of £ 3 , 400 , 000 were taken oft ; he thought that the agriculturists should have some share in the remission He would give the House a future opportunity of deciding whether , in this great remission of taxation , the agricultural interest should not have some share in its benefit .

      Mr , Verson Smith thought that the House was nongoing to saddle itself and the country with a pormaueiit income tax ; but he eould not vote for the amendment of the Learned Member for Bath , because eircumstaucis might arise within , the next three years to induce the Right Hon . Baronet to make some modifications and alterations in tlie income tax which he now proposed . He should certainly vote , if-such a resolution were proposed , for tlie extension of that tax to Ireland . He observed that tlie Right Hon . Baronet had swept from , the tariff 430 articles , by whieh ' a revenue of £ 320 , 000 was lost to the country . Would the Right Hon . Baronet have-any objection to state what were the principal articles s _\ removed from the tarift- and what amount of revenue was lost on each ? ¦ ¦¦ _¦ ; .

      Sir R . Peel defended * himself from the charge of heir . g insensible to the distress of the agricultural interest , _anft reminded the House that if he had not alluded to that subject in his speech of Friday night , it was simply be cause he had entered upon it at some length in a speech which he had made two or - three evenings before . He had the firmest conviction that if the agricultural interest would agree to the continuance of the income tax , aad to take their share in the general prosperity whicli l ) f believed would be derived from it , they would he more benefitted by it than if he were to relieve them from some local taxation , and to burden the Consolidated Fund with a grant of £ 500 , 000 for ' their benefit . He pointed out the advantage which-the agricultural labourer would derive from the repeal ofthe duty on cotton wool in the diminished

      price of his clothing , and which the farmer would find in the case of transferring his property , from tlie repeal of the auction duty , which , though the _Noble Lord thought it of little value , appeared a very ' njuuici * _' _^ tax to his late colleague Sir H . Parnell . Considering that the Noble Lord had described the income tax as a tax whieh was the most unequal , inquisitorial , and _oneroid that could be devised , he was somewhat suvpvisv . il at the compliment which the Noble Lord had paid him _instaiini , ' that he would give him the support of his vote if a division were pressed against it . He knew not' what the cause o : the Noble Lord ' s vote might be , but he could assure him that if he should be restored to office he would find this surplus of £ 5 , 500 , 000 a very comfortable addition to tlie public income . In reply to tlie question put to him by

      Sir 6 . Grey , he observed , that three years was but a shc « period for the restoration of the revenue , whicli l . e was about to remit ; and that , if he could have curried out his own views , he should have " preferred to prolong the _ec-nfmtt anee ofthe income tax to five years . He thought , however , that there was a rational expectation that the revenue would be restored to its present amount at the end of three years . He saw the population increasing , capita ! accumulating , and the means of conveyance greatly improved ; - Now , if they facilitated the application of that capital to new branches of industry , it would increase the . demand for labour ; with an increased demand for labour , an increased consumption of articles subject to duty would take place , and with that increase of consumption ths amount ot * the revenue would unquestionably bt au ; - mented . He showed that , as the income tax , if his plan were adopted , would not expire till the 5 th of April , _W 4 o ,

      and as he would have a rig ht to extend a credit e _£ 2 , 600 , 000 over the year 1849 , on account of half a year ' s income tax then to be received , the benefit to be derived from tlie income tax would extend over four years . Ifcould not foresee what events might occur in that period . The public , at the expiration of that time , might , from the experience of its benefits , be of opinion that the income tax should be further continued ; and if so , lie ought not to be bound by any guarantee given at present to allow it to expire . All he should say further was , tliat he _maae this experiment with a perfect confidence that , whatever happened , the House would maintain public credit . The tax was admitted to be much less onerous in itscollMtio _' * now than it was in the year 1842 ; and he did not _bciW _5 , that there would be any urgent demand for the repeal $ it during the period for which he proposed to u impose it .

      Lord Howick expressed his great disappointment tha Sir R . _l'e ' el had not given a more satisfactory answer m the admirable speech of Lord J . Russell . _Frorc thai speech lie saw that the period for the continuance of ths income tax was perpetually moving onwards . First i ; was to be three years , now they heard that Sir Robert thought five years better . The number of years , like the horizon , was ever flying before them . He called the attention of the House to the fact that the Minister hud but a surplus of £ 90 , 000 left him after his taxes were remitted , and that he made up that surplus hy an increased consumption of sugar , wliich he ( Lord Howick ) considered to be very problematical , and which was calculated as likely to produce a million of revenue . If the Right Hon . Baronet were disappointed' in that calculation , there would

      be a deficiency , and not a surplus , in the revenue . He then dwelt for some rime on the impolicy of levying s differential duty between foreign free-grown and foreign slave-grown sugar , for the purpose of showing that if tha : differential duty were abolished , a great stimulus would be given to the commerce and manufactures ofthe country . He thought that ii * the Minister had . dealt with the out ***? on the importation of cheese and butter , of foreign spirits , and more particularly of tea , he would have promoted the interests of the middle and lower classes more than he _vyas likely to do by many of the modifications of taxation which he had to propose . With regard to his vote on _tae present evening , he had only to say , that he did not see hoff the income tax could be dispensed with ' at present ; and therefore he should vote for ii as a temporary , but not as

      a permanent measure . Sir John _T- xbell ' thought that justice had not tee * done to the agricultural interest , either by lord Joto RusseU or Sir Robert Peel , in their capacity as Ministers . He taunted them both with inconsistence in their declarations towards the agricultural interests , and endeavoured to convict _Sii-lRober t Peel of it , by quoting a speech whieh the latter had made on Lord A 1 **" : ! . budget on the _Wthof February , 1834 . It was very to ®* ( Continued in aw seventh page . )

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 22, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_22021845/page/6/