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Northern Star (1837-1852), 18th January 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 6, rThe John h was here sent forand on whol...

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      Rthe John H Was Here Sent Forand On Whol...

      6 THE NORTHERN STAR . _^^ 18 ; i I

      The Chambers' Philosophy Refuted. Labour...

      THE CHAMBERS' PHILOSOPHY REFUTED . LABOUR PLEADTKG ITS Q \ 7 S CATJSTi . THE EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYED . a roams , dialogue . —part t . _Gld Robin and Hichard Jackson visit Shoddy Hall by tpccial invitation , and are received by Mr . Smith in his study . ( Concluded from last meek _' s paper . ) Smith . —Well hut now , Robin , how could all the poor people possibly make laws ? Surd ? they cannot mderstandthe complexity , the intricacies , and the niceties of law-mating ? . __ . Robin . —Ecod , they ' re too nice , intricate , and complicated ; but I'll tell thee what old John of Greenfield . _Yorkshire prophet , said , when Milton

      -ax'd him at nomination : "John , " said fold Lord ; "John , " _savshe , " what ' s thou know about making laws ? " " _2 _S owt _, " said John ; " nowt about making shoes either ; hut I know when a chap makes a pair that pinches niy toes—anddamn'd if he shall make -any more for me . " Now , that ' s just the thing , maister Smith ; _Jpoor folk isn't all going up to't "hoylc , " to Lunnon , to make laws , but they want ¦ to send chaps there that would ' nt make laws to pinch their toes , as the old prophet said . And , ecod , if they did , poor folk would tell them at the end ofthe year , when't account came in , to go about their business , as laws wefnt worth poor folk ' s money , as pinched poor folk ' s toes . Smith . —Well but , ltobin , what would you have

      the representatives do ? _^ _Sflbin . — -Why Lord Milton axed old John same question . ! He said— "John , " says he , " what ' s thou know about making laws ? " "I know nowt , " says John , " about making laws ; but I know this—I know that all the stuff i' the world were made for aU the folk i' Hie world , and I aint my share of it ; andlwantlawstogivememyshare . " . Now , maister Smith , weren't that more sense than all Chambers ' rubbish ? And as working folk can't get their share without law , ecod , they must onl y combine together , and sec if they can't change the law , and keep np't _xrage like , by "Trades Unions , " and "combinations , " until they get law to do it for them . Smith . —Well but , Robin , now how could laws possibly interfere with the rate of wages ? Robin . —Aye , dearee me , what rubbish you do talk . Don ' t faw interfere with everything ? Doesn't

      know that there was a time when King and Parliament combined to keep np wages and keep down price _qf food . See here , see all Acts of Parliament I have here for seven hundred years gone . See here whcnall Kings—Edward ' s , Harry ' s , James's , Richard s _, old Bess—ecod , all had laws to keep down prices of food and keep np price of wage . See here , maister Smith ; see old Acts , commanding justices of the peace , shcrifls , and , all officers of the county to meet , aud declare the price of food , and to punish all as shall refuse to sell at that rate . Ecod , but I remember , —aye , its four score year now sin' old Samuel Dodge was put in the pillory ; and what for think , maister Smith ? Smith . —Well , I really don't know , Robin , but it must bo some dreadful crime , as the pillory was a degrading and shocking punishment .

      Robin . —Eh , thou'rt right , maister Smith : it were a dreadful crime ; it were _atbeguining of a hard summer , and provisions were getting scarce ; and Samuel goes outaiid buys 'taturs , and corn , and things as was coming _h-. to market ; and when market opened there was but _Httle choice for poor folks that wanted to buy , as they were obliged to go to Samuel , as he had bought sto _Jk up . Well , Samuel thought to rise the price a-bit ; and folk went for beadle , and beadle went for justivc , and justice com'd down , and all poor folk flocked round him ; I never seed such a sight ; and justice ! _- ; Id _hsidle to bring Samuel before him , and , ecod , he was put in the pillory , and justice ordered that aii ;' .: e stuff should be sold at the rated price . Now , maister Smith , in them old times the law

      called x « _is "forestalling" and it had great deal about " engrossing , " "forestalling , " and " regrating ;" and , eco : _\ , all them laws meant that folk should be punished if they speculated in prices of poor folks food ; ana what do you think , maister Smith , ecod , for third _oficiK-e it was death . Well now , just see here ; now look down at the big warehouses , full of wheat and oats , aud folks starving , and owners buying and piling up , and , ecod , trying to make a scarcity to geta bigpricefor the loaf ; and , ecod , they are called * 'anti-monopolists . " Why , good God of heaven , if Samuel Dodge deserved pillory , eighty years ago , before our common was stolen , and when we hadn't onethird of onr present population to feed , ecod , every one of them there rascals with big corn-stores "

      regretting , " engrossing , " and forestalling " poor folk ' s food , should be sent to work in the chain gang , instead dfpooi * Frost , that felt for poor folk . Why , maister Smith , ain't it a common thing now to hear men , them there patriots , free traders ; them there chaps as is for cheap food—ain't it a- common thing to hear them in coffee-shop , aye , and in open street too , speak this way loike : " Well , maister Grudge , bad prospect of harvest this year : now's the time to buy wh at , it ' s sure to be dear ; " and so with 'taturs and beasts , and flour ; and , ecod , if there ' s two or three cloudy days , baker will put _six-Seucc or happen ten-pence a stone on to poor folk ' s our . . Now , maister Smith , in olden times some o £ them there patriots would have been put in the pillory , and more on them would be hung ; and , ecod , now them

      very chaps does it in open day ; and , ecod , folk are to -send them into parliament , to keep down wage , and keep up price of food . Ecod , but they call themselves poor folk ' s best friends ; widle they ' ve got , as old Job ; : would say , all the stuff of the country that belongs io all the folk in the country . Now , maister Smith , doesn ' t know that in reign of Henry IV ., when landlords were feeding sheep on land , because wool was very dear , and folk could not get food , ecod , Hal come down to Parliament and told Commons how folk must be fed first , and Commons made law that squires and landlords shouldn't feed so many sheep as " woutn pkess habdlt crox the _steaxs of _btjbsistexce . " Habit that one of the free trade gammons , maister Smith , how population _presses too hardly upon the means of subsistence ? Smith . —Yes , Robin , certainly that is one of their -sayings ; and don't you think there is much wisdom

      m , _t- . Robin . —Wisdom , yea , great wisdom , in making philosophy first , and then giving it good name . But , maister South , was there much wisdom in _taking three thousand acres of " ould common" from all folk _i't parish and giving it all to one man ? Ecod , Maister Smith , it ' s the only big man with big throat that swallows up all , and not poor folk that presses lardl y " upon themeans of subsistence . " Smith . —Well but , Robin , just see what the wage of a working man was in those times , when the law protected it . We read ot four-pence a day with food , and five-pence a day without food , andjust see what a difference now-a-days . Robin . —Well now , _Alaistci' Smith , I'll tackle thee upon that . A man would get four-pence a day , and his food , good food , for the odd penny . Now * then , Maister Smith , that ' s a day's wa » c in olden time ,

      feeding five able bodied workmen ; and , ecod , I'd like to see the men now , single men , that did live as folk did them times , and save four shillings out of every five of his wage . And , ecod , the four shillings saved would do as much as four pound now . Now then , Maister Smith , there ' s difference of time ; and then see that was all d- ae by combination . Look at all them there laws , and then there guilds—the Tailors ' guild , tbe Goldsmiths' guild , the Clothworkcrs ' guild , the Saddlers' guild , and all them there guilds for regulating wages , for building alms-houses , and Supporting folk—w . _-. sn't that combination ? And now , ecod , folk is _obliged to combine to support one another when they are sick or out of work , and to may one another when they arc dead ; aye , ecod , they'll let poor folk " combine" fast enoughwhen it's to screw pence out of poor folk ' s selves to do what law Ought to do f _« - : lieni .

      _Snnthv—Vy «_ iL _uponmy honour , Robin , there is certainly no resist hi ihc overpowering strength of your argument ; but . et sec how different the appearance of the workiii ; . classes and their mode of living now is , w 3 : L _* n _c-nipared with their former condition and habits . _^ Robin . —Foraya * c _« sdition and habits 2 why where did _' st learn that stuff ? Smith . —Why we read daily of the vast improvement made by the working classes . I take my information fean the newspaper press , and from the great improvements made in every direction—better clothing , better cottages , better furniture than they could possibly have in those barbarous times .

      Robin . —Barbarous you call them . Ecod , I'd combine to-morrow to make us ail such barbarians again . 1 thought I'd Lear sunnnat of that sort , and I brought up with me what the lung ' s Lord Chancellor , Sir John Forteseue , wrote to the King ' sson , in the reign of Henry the Sixth ; and now , maister Smith , here it is . Good authority , I think , coming from the King ' s Lord Chancellor ; better nor all that rubbish in the press of middle-folk , and Chambers ' . tracts . The old English Chancellor says : — The King cannot despoil the subject , without making - jjnp le satisfaction for the same ; he cannot , by himself or iiis ministry , lay taxes , subsidies , or any imposition whatever , upon the subject ; _ue cannot altee the iaws , on ittXE sew ones , WITHOUT THE EXPRESS CONSENT

      OP THE WHOLE m . ? DOM IX PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED : every inhabitant is at his liberty fully to use and enj ' ij _^ .- ntever his farm produceth , the fruits of the arth , the increase of his flock , and the like : all the improvements he makes , whether hy his own proper industry or of those h ? retains in his service , are his own to use and enjoy , wit ] t the lett , interruption , or denial of any . If he he i :. . uiy wise injured , he shall have his amends and safofc-lion against the party offending : HENCE it is tL . ii . _« inhabitants of England are rich in gold , _sUeer , and all the necessaries and conveniences of life . They drink no water , unless at certain times , upon a xeligious score , and by -way of doing penance . Xhey are fed in ureal atoidajice with all sorts of flesh anifish _, of which they have plenty everywhere ; they are clothed , _ti . mn _^ hont _, in _goodumV _. ens ; their bedding and other _furi _^ . _^ i-c in their houses are of wool and that in great store ; they are also wcUprovukd with all sorts of _houteliM goods ,

      The Chambers' Philosophy Refuted. Labour...

      _andneeewary implements for husbandry ; every one accord ing to his rank , hath all things which induce to make life easv and happy . " And after this he observes , that _^ _sft _iethe effects of laws which are founded uuon the p rinciple , that " a king U given for the sake of the kingdom , a nd not a kingdom for the sake of a king . " Now , what doest say to that style of barbarism , maister Smith ? Smith . —Well , upon my honour , Robin , I really don't know what to say . " One hears and reads so much stuff in Clvxmbcrs' Journal , and newspapers that I declare I thought the English were barbarians , and all prowling beggars and vagabonds before the introduction of machinery .

      Robin . —Introduction of the devil ! Ecod , III tell thee , maister Smith , when I was born , —that ' s now near hand ninety years sin ' , the King of Englandhadn't such a carpet as that , nor King of England hadn t such cloth in his coat as thou hast now , nor such boots , nor gold chain ; nor , ecod , carriage or horses . Smith ( smiling ) . —Ah , ah , ah ! Why perhaps not , Robin ; but see what a palace the Queen has got , and what furniture she has . Robin—Eh , ecod , that ' s not the thing ; but feather bed and bedstead that the old folk kept , and that I were born in , is the only bit of good furniture in my house now : and , ecod , I can't live as well as faither , nor as well as I did before machinery came up . r _» ow , maister SmithI'll tell thee how . tilings were with

      , poor folk before they were compelled to live from hand to mouth , and when there were very little money in the country : when faither d ' eed I were twentv-five years of age , and I got a cottage and acre of land for nine _shilluig a year . Well , I had grass for a cow , and ' appen a heifer on common , if it weren't overstocked . And when I had work at my trade , I d work ; and when trade was slack , I go into 't field , and I'd work there ; and , eh ! what a Devil ' s Dust it were then , compared to now 1 There weren't a better labourer in the parish ; and when poor Robin grew up to be alad , and after he had done schooling , mother bought a loom for him out of milk , butter , and vegetables . Mother would say to Robin , "Now , Robin , there ' s a good lad , finish thv task early , and thou mun make hay , or

      weed with faither" —and eh , my God , but the shuttle would fly like lightning , aud Robin would whistle , and all young folk would set to reeling and winding to come out at same time wi' Robin . 0 , butit was a beautiful sight to see poor folk coming out of a spring morning to see the garden after a shower : and then to see them at three o ' clock , when the day ' s work were done inside , running like mad to the spade , and the hoe , and the rake ; andmother , with 't baby in her arms , looking at faither and children working , and the birds on the wall in cages that would sing as if they thanked God . Aye , dearee me , how the nows would go thro' 't Village that Will tliis , or Ben that , or Jack

      so and so , had first early lettuce , or first bunch of radishes , or first dish of 'taturs . Eh , to see them looking at first dish ! and then to see flowers growing , and see all folk with nosegays , p icking and choosing to see whieh old parson Flower liked best on Sundays . Eh , maister Smith , instead of lashing the flesh off back of poor babies of nine years of age , mother then need only say , "Now , Bess , if thou baint a good girl for tlie rest of the week , thou shan't have a nosegay for parson Flower on Sunday ; " and the child would he good I'll warrant mo . Well now , maister Smith , what if votes got money to keep French out , took common from us , and machinery took acre of land from me ?

      Smith . —Machinery take the acre of land from you —why how'did machinery do that ? Robin . —How did machinery do it ? Why , God bless my life , when mill after mill were built , all the land in Devil ' s Dust were wanted for banks and churches , and police barracks , and station houses , and lock-ups , and warehouses , and lawyers' offices , and shops , and cottages for poor devils to starve hi ; and , ecod , down comes lawyer Grind and gives me notice to quit , and sticks up big bills all over my acre of ground that _grandfather held , and faither held , and I held under 'tsquire : but , ecod , Grind bought it , and then were all them bills with ¦ " This eligible plot of ground to be let or sold for building ou ; " and , ecod , all the gardens in Devil ' s Dust were served alike ;

      lawyer Grind , and lawyer Squeeze , and lawyer Quill , and all the whole bunch of devils , bundled poor folk out ; and now , maister Smith , there ' s police barrack , bank , church , lock-up , session house , bcershop , billiard table , and brothel , all standing on my acre of ground ; and , ecod , if Shoddy Hall , and them there buildings , don't press hard upon my means of subsistence , I wonder at it : and then who'll tell me that all the money that I hear of being in the country now , and that forces me to live from hand to mouth , is as good for me as " common" and "acre of ground ? " Altho ' rich folk like it best , ' cause poor folic can never learn the Talue in their labour when machinery docs their work , and it allows rich folk to gamble in their labour , without knowing what profit is made of it . Doesn't that press harder on poor folk ' v Devil ' s Dust

      than all Corn Laws ever Parliament made ? Ecod , maister Smith , but we have queer laming now-adays . Ecod , but they sell poor folk ' s land by yard to budd on , and steal poor folk ' s common ; then , ecod , when they ' ve took all , they tell us that poor folks is too many for land . Ecod , it ' s rich folk is too many for land ; and they tell us to go all the way all over the __ world for produce of other folk ' s land . Now , maister Smith , the more folks comes into the world , the more laud they want ; and , ecod , the more they wanted , the more rent they must pay for it . So , do you see , maister Smith , somehow or another , poor folk be taxed when they come into the world—they be taxed all the days that they live in the world ; and , ecod , as old Jem Tot told Parson Barcbones at vestry , t ' other day , they bo taxed going out of the world too . Smith .-How ' sthat , Robin ?

      Robin . —Well , I'll tell you . Parson and Jem had some words over church-rates , and Jem says to parson , " Why , " says he , " ecod , that thou hast richest farm of ground * y Devil ' s Dust . " " Why , " says he , " parson , " says he , "there ' s acre in church-yard , and there ' s four thousand eight hundred square yards in acre , and ecod , large and small , thou pack ' st poor folks into about square yard , and makes them pay ten shillings for 'hoyle , ' and eeod , there ' s £ 2 , _400 an acre . " " Pooh , pooh , " says the parson . " Gammon , " says Jem , " you puts ' em two deep too ; eeod , two crops like , and four if be . " Now , baint that a tax , maister Smith ?

      Smith . —Yes , Robin ; but then the working classes have burial societies though . Robin . —Aye , aye , there it is , ecod ; the law lot them do that , and barrister'ill certify that , and maisters will tell them it ' s all reet . Is that combination ? Smith . —Well now , Robin , you are hinting a good deal about the laud , but surely you don t mean to turn poor operatives from the warm atmosphere of a cotton mill to work in the open air . I am sure , Robin , your heart ' s too tender for that : and then how could you expect them , some of them stricken in years , to learn the science of agriculture ?

      Robin . —Ecod , but thou makest me laugh , maister Smith . Thou thought very little of turning poor folk from field and fresh air into hot oven , and , ecod , there was no difficulty at all in the way ofclodpoles learning new trade when maisters wanted them , but now , ecod , folks are thought to forget all about spade and land . Now just look here , maister Smith , if farming were to turn up best for making money , ecod , but we'd hear of nowt but the healthy labour of a farmer , the honourable occupation of a farmcr , andall newspapers would bo crammed full of that like ; but now , maister Smith , when rich folk can speculate on poor folk labour without land , and make thirty , and forty , and fifty per cent , on it , then , ecod , you'd think that a spade was a mariner ' s compass , and that hoe and rake were like freemason's square and compass . Whv , look here , maister Smith , it took me seven

      years to learn to make a pair of shoes , and I prick my finger wi' awl and hit thumb wi' hammer as often as leather , and burn my hands up when end would miss wax , and cut my hands when I'd be closing , before I knew how to work elbow , and other man should cut for me , but , ecod , maister Smith , somehow or another natur seems to have cutman out for land , for , ecod , the _verylfirst cabbage I ever stuck in ground , it grew just as well as if I'd sarved my apprenticeship I'd go and see farmer Stretch a bit , and go and look at Squire ' s gardener , that used to come down ' y season and shew folk what to do , and then , in short time , when all folk 'y Devil ' s Dust do grow a bit for pot thcmselses , ecod , but there come six gardeners , and but they had all enough to do . I'd have one a day , and another would have one a day , aud so on ; they were better combination nor lawyers , maister Smith .

      Smith . —Well , upon my honour , Robin , I behove you ; and now , Robin , just a single word about early marriages , temperance , early education , a good system of emigration , better ventilation , and cheerful parks for the working class to exercise in , with mechanics ' institutes as a mental resource , and , as cleanliness is next to godliness—bathsfor the working classes , versus the land and combination ; and , upon my honour , Robin , I'll be bound by the conscientious impression that your reasoning shall make upon my judgment ; and now , Robin , be brief , and then we'll have a chop and glass of old English ale , and you must drink my toast , or I'll drink yours .

      Robin . —Ecod , that's fair , and spoke like a man , maister Smith , and I'll be short . Early marriages . Now , maister Smith , when I was a young man , old folk were always trying to marry young foils before they got too set like , so that they might grow up to one another ' s ways , and would hive one another , and help one another , and that would keep young folk out of harm ' s way , and make lads and lasses tasty like , and thrifty ; lass would learn housekeeping , sewing , and cook a bit , and neighbours would all know it , for mother would tell it , and lad would be neet like in Ma dress , and work a bit extra to treat lass , and he'd learn to dance in evenings , and happen have watch , and bit o' trinket like ; and . then , young folk would grow up together , and children would grow up together , and young married folk would be sound and heartyto earn for cliildred , not to work ' em too young ; then , maister Smith , marriage state were a happy one , and , as Chambers says , was " a sacred and proper institution , " but now , ecod , its like cattle market ; old men wheedle young lasses and marry to get their wage , and young lads marry

      The Chambers' Philosophy Refuted. Labour...

      old wives to get bit of brass , then , ecod , the old man ' s young wife , and the old wife ' s young husband come together , and they mikes what they calls a moral _marriage , and sec what a sacred and proper institution that is . See Queen , how folk praised her for marrying so voung , and see how folk ring bells and piav , and thaiik God for all her "bairns . " Maister Smith , believe me , that there ' s nowt like folk that's to live all then * lives together , being welded while they ' re both hot : for , ecod , thou'll see that a red iron and a cold bar won't uuite , maister Smith . Smith .-Well , Robin , we'll go on step by step , and I candidly confess that you have justified the early marriages , and now for temperance . Robin . —Temperance . Give a man a comfortable home , maister Smith , let wife keep key of cock , and then see how soon beer-shops and gin palaces will close shutters , and how folk ' 11 open their eyes and stare , and point finger , when they see a Ml drunk instead of working for HIMSELF , maister Smith , —

      mind , for HIMSELF . Smith . —Well , Robin , you have completely satisfied me upon that subject : and now for early education . Robin . —Well , maister Smith , let folk marry when they are young , work for themselves , or , if they work for others , let their wage be regulated by what they coidd earn for themselves , and then folk would educate their own children . Aye , and tako a prido in it too , maister Smith . Smith . —Capital , Robin , capital , you ' re a perfect philosopher , you haven't lived for nothing , Robin ; and now for emigration , aro you friendly to that , Robin ?

      Robin . —Tea-, maister Smith , that ' s the best scheme I hear yet , but , ecod , I'd _leti > arsons , bishops , lawyers , and all three of them idlers go over and consecrate ground first : and then , ecod , when shepherds and wolves went , folk would be looking for more hands to come and till soil . Maister Smith , if I had my way , no man that could work , and was willing to work , should quit ould spot as long as there was a bit of ground to be cultivated . Smith . —Well , upon my honour , Robin , I think I ' m in favour of your cargo , but where would you send them to ?

      Robin . —Why , to hell , and give ' cm Devil for pilot . Smith . —Ah ! ah ! ah ! upon . my honour , Robin , it ' s only turn about , that ' s where they tell poor folk they'll go . And now , Robin , what do you say to ventilation , baths , parks , and mechanics' institutes ? ltobin . —Ecod , I says gammon to all them ; never you fear when man be paid for his labour but he'll have exercise enough , and he'll have good air too , and I'll wan-ant me ho wont want water to wash , and he can make an institute of his own house . Smith . —Very good , very good , Robin—veiy good indeed ; but what do you want the land for ? I have told you over and over again that it is not the price of commodities , but the supply of bauds that regulates wage .

      Robin . —Well , maister Smith , now that's just coming to a point—that's just whole question of combination . Trades entes into union , and pays their subscriptions into fund , to supportthe trade when on strike , or to keep the surplus hands , rather than allow them to compete . Some keep them on tramp , some give them . standing wage , some pay them so much a mile and bed and supper money , and so much a Sundays ; now that ' s taxing poor honest folic that work , to pay honest folk that can't get work , and the fund is to support the surplus when restriction fails to give all work . Well now , thou ' st admitted that fift y hands , in a thousand being idle will reduce wage of all thousand , and tlie trade that they belong to must cither support them in idleness out of the " box , " and _thev'Jl drink then , maister Smith , or ,

      that channel of industry being closed against them , they must open another , and the only one they have capital for is the land . And now , maister Smith , I'll make a sum for thee . Suppose fifty in the thousand to be out of work , and suppose ten shillings a week each satisfies them , and keeps them off competing with them at work ; now , maister Smith , that's £ 25 a week , and that ' s £ 1300 a year going out of the "box , " and if trade , instead of spending money in that fashion , took land for them and paid a good man to manage it for them , he'd be worth his hire , it would pay the fifty thirty shillings a week each and put thirty shillings a week for each into "box " as well . Now , maister Smith , that would be making £ 3 , 000 a year , and giving folk thirt y shilling a week instead often , instead of losing thirteen hundred a year , and only giving folk ten shillings a week to live

      upon . Smith . —What's that ! What ' s that , Robin ? Do you mean that only fifty in a thousand , or one in twenty , is to go on the land—merely those that can't get work at their own trade without reducing the wage of others by competition ? Upon my honour , if that ' s what you mean , I know nothing that could bo more just ; but I always thought that the cry about the land meant the destruction of machinery , and a wholesale return to agricultural pursuits . Robin . —Ecod , you'll always hear stuff enough about owt that ' sjust to benefit poor folk ; but that ' s just what I mean—I mean just what maisters mean . They want to open markets for their capital , and I want to open markets for the poor folk ' s labour . Let their markets be all over world in big ships , and

      let poor folks that can't skill all those questions , have market that'll fill belly at home , and clothe back , and lodge folic , and furnish house ; and then , maister Smith—ecod , thou'lt find , when poor folk have land , and they'll bless the man that'll invent machines for digging and raking , and sowing and reaping , and planting ; for then , maister Smith , machinery would be man ' s holiday , and he'd love it ; but now it's man ' s curse , and he hates it . Why , see here , maister Smith , wheve ' s the use in nibbling and scraping with bits , of old sayings , like , " population presses too hardly on the means of subsistence , " and " competition , " and " buying in the cheapest , and selling in the dearest market , " and the injustice of putt ing any restriction or interfering with the wage of

      working man . All such things is all gammon ; for , in spite of all , we sec the owners of machinery piling up millions day after day , in all seasons all harvests , aU fluctuations , in good and bad trade ; while poor folic iu Devil ' s Dust , and elsewhere , baint able to stand out agin , a single week's idleness . I'll tell thee , maister Smith , when I sec rich folk subscribe money to try the experiment of what labour on the land is worth—ecod ! I'll believe they ' re the poor man ' s friend . But when I see them doleing out charity , and subscribing thousands for parks , and baths , and ventilation , and emigration , to keep idle _, folk quiet like , ecod ! that ' s all fear and no justice ; and when I see rich folk combining to pay seven millions a year poor-rates to support poor folk , ' rather

      than spend a guinea in teaching them the value of their own labour eeod ! then , Maister Smith , I think it ' s tune that poor folk should combine to defend themselves . And as thou admits the surplus of hands is the thing that regulates price of wage , then I say that every man of every trade i' England should turn his mind to provide for the surplus ; and I defy all the writers in the world to point out any other channel for the employment ofthe surplus but the land ; and give poor folk land , maister Smith , and then thou'll have no poorrates to pay , then thou'll have no police , no parish litigation , no strikes or turn-outs , no soldiers , in a short time , and thou'll see whether Englishmen employed at home wouldn't be better customers to

      manufacturers at their own door , than them there Chinese and Indians , and South Americans , aud all the rest of * them . Maister Smith , there ' s more good than bad in every man . The present brings out the bad , * let ' s try our hands at bringing out good , and then , here it is , maister Smith , you see as long as Queen and rich folk live on dissipation , they'll never put it down : and as long as idle sons of rich folk can getjobinariny or navy , or police , or law courts , or church , eeod , thou'll always find ministers and their friends telling poor folk that their own depravity and immorality make all them like necessary . And now , maister Smith , hast shown thee all about combination , and land , and free-trade , and what poor folic mean by protection for labour—by the law .

      Smith . —Why , Robin , not exactly the applicability of present Jaws to the settlement of wage ; but I quite agree with you that God , in his wisdom , intended that there should be a sufficiency of food for all those he was pleased to bring into the world . Robin . —Well , maister Smith , thou don't understand the meaning of the law , and I'll tell thee all about it in one word , but first I'll tell thee a story about a shoemaker that lived in Chester , and a bit of a spree he had with bishop . Daniel , for that was chap ' s name , was working one day , when in conies bishop . " Well , Daniel , " says bishop , , " I hear thou bee ' s a great agitator . " " I s ' pose I be , " says Daniel . "Well , Daniel , " says bishop , "I hear that thou puts down all want and bad things happen to bad laws and aristocracy . " " 'JSiou hear ' st reet enough , " says Daniel . " Why , Daniel , " says bishop , " doesn't know that all suffering of poor folic is curse of God

      lor tuen * sms ana wickedness , and immorality 2 " " Nowt the : sort" says Daniel , " it ' s all a damned lee . " Why , Daniel , " says bishop , stamping , " doesn't know that God Almighty never sent a mouth into the world without sending enough to put into it . " Well , maister Smith , now mind what Daniel said . Daniel heard that bishop was queer like , when he was at college , and used to be out at ncet wi , lasses , and bishop had no children , and Daniel was always a regular hard-working honest man , and he has ten children , and " Yea , " says Daniel , putting down the " last , " and looking in bishop ' s laeo , " yea , " savs he , ¦ ' I know that as well as thou , but I'll tell thee where all the differ is . " " Where ? " says bishop . " Here , " says Dan , " God Almighty sent all mouths to my shop , and the Parliament all meat to thine . " Eh , bishop cut . Smith ( roaring _ivith laughter . )—A . capital answer , Robin . And now about law in ono word , Robin ?

      # Robin . —Vote , maister Smith . Tote—that ' s the ticket ; and land ' s the soup , maister Smith . So vote and land be ticket for soup . ¦ . Smith . —Give me your hand , Robin , give me your hand . You have hit the nail upon the head—I was wondering how you'd wind up your argument . Come now , Robin , fill to my toast , a bumper , Robin , a

      The Chambers' Philosophy Refuted. Labour...

      bumper of good old English ale , that every man that wishes ought to have at home . Come , Jackson , join us . ' , , T . . , , ii Jackson . —Thank you , sir . I ' m a tee-totalier . _^ Smith . —Come then , Robin , you and ! ior it . Here ' s that we may live to see the restoration of old English times , old English fare , old English holidays , and old English justice , and every man live by the sw eat of his brow ; when the gaol was a terror to the wicked instead of a refuge for the destitute , wlien her hardy honest peasantiy were their country ' s pride , when the weaver worked at his own loom , and stretched his limbs in his own field , when the laws recognized the poor man ' s right to an abundance of everything , when he was willing to work as the first "lien" upon the land of the country ; and as the

      corrupt votes of others conferred the people s land upon an idle aristocracy , may wc soon see the day , when an enfranchised community shall regain those rights and property of which they have been robbed by an idle usurping oligarchy . Como , Robin , three cheers , fill your glass and cheer . Robin . —Ecod , but I'll do that . Take off wig too . Here's to the aforesaid , and sooner the better . Jackson . —Hold , hold . My word , if I never took another drop , I'll pledge the Squire ' s toast . Robin—Eh , he ' s real Squire now . Smith . —Come , hands around . Here ' s to the aforesaid , and the vote to accomplish it . Robin . —With three times three . Smith . —Nine times nine .

      Robin and Jackson . —With all my heart , with all my heart , and one cheer move . Smith . —Well now , Robin , there's no use in talking without acting , how rauch land would you say was onough to occupy a man ' s labour fully ? Robin . —Well , four acres is over much , but man could manage it . Smith . —Four acres ! Well , Jackson , do you and every man that worked for me , and can't get employment at their own job , and that wishes , to go on the

      land , come up to-morrow , and , upon my honour , I'll divide the sheep walk into farms of four acres each , and I'll try the experiment . Jackson . —Thank you , sir , but we've no money to build cottages , or to live till crops come round . Smith . —Pooh , pooh , I'll do all that , and charge you fair interest for the outlay . Jackson . —Only give us the cottage and land , sir , and charge what interest you please , and take my head off my shoulders , if ever you are disappointed when you call for the rent .

      Smith . —Well , come , now we'll have a chop ; poor Robin is tired , I'll send him home in the gig , and I must go up to tho sheep walk to make my arrangements . Robin . —Ecod , I ' m not tired now , I'll walk home , and , ecod , I wont look so blue at ould common any more , though , ecod , I can't forget cow when I had it for nowt . Smith . —Well , come , Robin , here's some satisfaction for you . Here goes all the League ' s tracts , and all the rest of tho rubbish into the fire together .

      Robin . —Ecod , that will do , and now thou mun do what thou like wi' common . Good bye , maister Smith . God of heaven bless thee . Come along , Jackson , strightcn th y back , and hold up thy head , man , thou'll soon malic another five hundred now . Smith . —Good bye , Robin ; good bye , Jackson ; Robin , I mustn't forget you . You'll come and bring up your traps to the porter ' s lodge , and you shall have acre for less than nine shillings , and let Jackson and his friends " COMBINE" to till it for yon . Robin . —Thank yc , maister Smith . Thank ye . Ecod , that ' s something like " COMBINATION , " but , thanking thee all the same , I'll live and dee' m ould spot , where faither and _grandfather lived and dee'd before me .

      Smith . —Well , Robin , if you prefer that , I shan't interfere with your choice , but I'll take care that you shan't want for anything for the remaining years of your life . Robin . —Eh , but I can say nowt . My ould heart ' s go full . God bless thee ! God bless thee ! God Almighty bless thee ! Coomc along , Jackson , or I shall make fool of old eyes , ecod .

      ^Kcitrftttg, ( ©Ffeuf:$& Rngu*0t& $R

      _^ _kcitrftttg , ( _© ffeuf : $ _& _rngu * 0 t _& _$ _r

      Honnigxe Case Of Fratricide, Axd Committ...

      HonnigXE Case of Fratricide , axd Committal or the _BnoinsH _ron Tkial . —Staffordshire has become the scene of another shocking murder , and there is too much reason to fear that the diabolical crime was perpetrated by a brother . The murder was committed on the night of Friday week , at a place called _Biddulph , in the Moorlands , about six miles from Conglcton . The condition of tlie unfortunate parties was that of small farmers . Thomas Brough , the deceased , lived at the New Brent Farm , in the parish of Biddulph . It would appear that he was a man who , by parsimonious habit , had succeeded in accumulating some little property , and was tlie owner of Whitoficld Farm , which is situate near his own house . Whitcficld Farm had been in the occupation of his widowed mother and his brother John Brough , for a little more than twelve months . The mother was tlie

      recognised tenant , though , it would seem that the brother John managed the farm , and was applied to for the rent when due . Ou Friday afternoon last , the 3 rd inst ., about dusk , a distress was put in by tlie direction of Tlios . Brough , at Whitcnekl Farm , for rent due to him , amounting to £ 29 12 s . In consequence of some conversation which one of the bailiffs had with tho mother and John Brough , tho bailiff sent for Thomas Brough . in order to aii amicable settlement , if possible , without enforcing the distress . The deceased Thomas Brough shortly afterwards came to Whitcficld , and had some conversation with his mother and brother as to the rent due . There does not appear to have been any quarrel between the two brothers in the house , but the deceased complained very much about his rent not being paid , aud intimated that he must have it ; he also refused to return two boxes , whicli had been removed by the bailifls to his house , until tho

      following morning . The two bailiffs left the house , and the brothers remained in conversation . Shortly afterwards Thomas Brough went into the fold , where some further conversation ensued . ¦ He was about to leave , when his brother John said " Stop a bit , I will go and _| kin ( kindle ) my lanthorn , and will go with you as far as the barn , and sweep two or three oats up . " According to the evidence of his nephew , who lived at Whitefield , John Brough then returned to the house , lighted the candle in the lanthorn , and went towards the barn : and his brother Thomas walked down the meadow towards his own house . Thomas Brough was not afterwards seen alive . As he did not return home , his wife became alarmed , and , assisted by other persons , made various inquiries after him until a late hour that night , but nothing was heard of him until Saturday , about noon , when his body was accidentally found in a sand pit on Biddulph Moor . He was quite dead .

      The inquest . —The inquiry as to the cause of death , which was commenced on Tuesday , terminated on Friday , at the Talbot Arms , in the parish of Biddulph , before Mr . C . Harding , the coroner . Mr . John Harrison , surgeon , of Barsham , who made a 2 ) ost mortem examination , said he found the head on the left side was much fractured , and several pieces of bone were found driven completely in , whieh wore sufficient to cause death . It was the result of some severe blow with a heavy instrument , such as a hammer . . After the evidence of the constable and the two men who were sent by the deceased to make the distress before alluded to , the prisoner , James Brough , was brought before the coroner , by whom he was informed that he would be discharged from

      custody , as there was no evidence adduced to show that he was implicated in the murder of his brother . He was then called on to give evidence . Before doing so , however , the coroner told him that he was not bound to say anything to criminate himself . James Brough examined : I live at _Blackwood-hill farm , and am servant to Mr . Challinor _, to whom the farm belongs . On Friday night , between eight and nine o ' clock , while I was supplng-up my horses , my brother John and Ishraael Lancaster came to me . They opened the door and came into the stable . Ishmael Lancaster then said , " I am come to kill thee . " My brother John said that Thomas had taken my box and his , and was going to sell him up , and he wanted mc to go with him to settle it . I

      said " It is so near the weekend , it ' s no use my going with thee to-night ; he wont sell thee up this week . " He said "Bed them down , and . conic with mc now . '' I said "Sit you down while I clean them ; if I must go with you I will go . " John said "Never mind cleaning them , bed them down and go with us now . " I said , " I'll clean this mare . I ' ve been to Leek with her ; she is all of a sweat . " As soon as I had cleaned her down I went with them out , and locked the door . After I had locked the door I wont to look after the cows , to see if they were all right . We all three then went into the house . John Brown , another servant , got them bread and cheese , while I got ready to go with them . I said to John Brown , "I shall not be long before I

      come back again . " On my way they both kept tolling me I must do what I could to settle it . We all three went on until we got to Ishmael Lancaster ' s house , where Ishmael stopped . I and my brother came on . Just before we got to my brother Thomas ' s house , John said , " I will tell theo what thou must say when thou goes in . Thou must sav , ' What is my box doing here ? Where is Tom f" I did go into Thomas ' s , and saw the box . I saw my brother Thomas ' s wife . She said , in answer to my question , that she did not know- ; sho was at Tunstall when they were , brought there . I said to her , it was a

      _sirangetinngwiey could not be quiet . I would _« ro over to my mother ' s , and would call as I came back _bXrTboi _7 _A g 0 ing T alon S * lle 1 { _™ from my toother Thomas a houso , I overtookmy brother John . Hosaid , s "Ishem ? " I said , "No , he has never & m _fJ a n _n-fTi _. , came frora _the Whitefield ?" Thomas s wife had told me this . John began cry in * and said he did not know what he must do ; and f S _^ _ft _^ v \ He Sfl m 1 » reckoned ho shoiddbehung I said , " What for ? " Hesaidhe X _! _^ brother Thomas on the back of the head with a hammer , _andhereckonedhehadWncd _liim I said , Oh dear John , you should not have dcS , you ' re sure tobehung , " _Ithensaid _, " _Whcrcffi "

      Honnigxe Case Of Fratricide, Axd Committ...

      rThe prisoner John Brough was here sent for ,, and on _bein" brought into the room , the coroner told him that the witness who was then being examined was beginning to give evidence whieh affected him ( Jpnii ¦ Brough ) as-being _impiicateii in _tiic m \ _mtev _ottvw brother , Thomas Brough . It was therefore his ( the coroner ' s ) duty to have him brought into the room , in order that he might listen to what was said , ine Coroner then read over tothe prisoner those parts ot James Brough ' s evidence which affected him . ine examination ofthe witness was then resumed . ] Ho said that he was at the bottom of the meadow , and that I must help him to do something with him . I said , " Oh dear , John , I cannot go near him . He him i _i i n i and ! on

      kept begging of me to h _» lp him to take somewhere . I told him it was no use asking me , I could not go near him . I went into my mother ' s house , and he kept following after me to ask me . My mother asked what she must get for our suppers ; I said " Nothing , I had had mine . " She then warmed some milk , and whilst she was doing so John went out milking . When the milk was warmed she gave mc mine , and I drank a few spoonfuls , the remainder I set down for the dog . She asked me if I was going to stop all night ; I said " No , I was going back again . " She begged of me to stop all night . When John came in , I told him I was going ; he said " Don't go to-night , start early in the morning . I said "I am obliged to go to-night . If anything

      happens at Blackwood-hill , and me here , Mr . James will lay it all on me . " I set off to Blackwood-hill . John came out with me and followed me to Thomas ' s house . I did not go in ; there was a lock on the outside of the door . I came out of the yard , and John begged of me to help him to do something with my brother Thomas . I said , " Ah , John , it ' s no use asking mc ; I can't go near him . " He then began crying , and I said " Goodnight , " and I started . Up the lane I met Ishmael Lancaster and Thomas ' s wife . She asked me whether I had seen my brother Thomas ? I said " No . " She said she doubted but that he was made away , as he had never been home . I said if he was lie would be found . I said if I could have seen him I could have settled the matter . She

      went down towards home , and I went to Blackwoodhill . When I got there John Brown was gone to bed , but ho got up to let me in . It was then a little more than half-past eleven o ' clock . We then went to bed . After the Coroner had recapitulated the evidence , he addressed the prisoner , asking him if he had anything to say with respect to the charge contained in the depositions ? The prisoner burst into tears , and uttered some expressions which were not distinctly audible ; but he was understood to say that he " must suffer for other folks . " He also said something in reference to transportation , or being sent out of the country . The j ury then returned a verdict of Wilful Murder against John Brough , for the murder of his brother , Thomas Brough . Brough was committed for trial at the next assizes .

      Executiox of Mary Siiemixg fok iik Murder of her _Gkaxdciiild . —Ipswich , Saturday Evening . — This wretched woman , condemned to death at the late assizes , by Mr . Justice Williams , at Bury St . Edmund ' s , underwent the extreme sentence of the law on a new drop erected in front of the county gaol in this town , at noon , in the presence of a vast concourse of people . The crime for which she suffered was the murder of John Sheming , the illegitimate child of Caroline , her daughter , by administering to it a quantity of arsenic in its " pap , " at a small village called Martlesham , on tho Woodbridgc-road , on the 30 th of July , and tho manner in which tho shocking act was brought to light is somewhat remarkable . The _unhannv woman , it seems , in conseauenco of the

      father ofthe child not allowing its mother any money for its support , aud this being the second illegitimate child of her daughter , for some time previous to its death meditated its destruction . A few days prior to the 30 th of July , she waited upon the village undertaker , and stated " that he would soon have to make a job for her grandchild . " She also said , "That if its father did not allow it anything , they woidd have to go into the union workhouse , " a proceeding whicli she utterly abhorred . It should be mentioned that at the tinie she gave vent to these expressions , which cvidentlv showed her intentions , the child was in perfect health . Things went on till the 30 th , and dining the daughter ' s absence she went into a neighbour ' s cottage with her grandchild in her lap , aud expressed her fears that the child was dying , but no

      medical man was called in , although the neighbour strongly recommended it . Fatal results happened , and , in a short space of time , three or four days , the unfortunate little victim was interred in a burying-ground attached to a neighbouring dissenting chapel , the registrar ' s certificate being gained on being assured that the deceased had died naturally whilst in convulsions . After its interment , however , suspicious rumours got afloat , and after the lapse of two months the body was disinterred , and on the contents of the stomach being carefully analysed , the presence of sufficient arsenic was discovered as to cause death , and Avhich induced the coroner s jury to return a verdict of wilful murder against her , on which charge she was found guilty on her trial , and whicli ended in her condemnation ; Since that period her conduct has been resigned . She has made several admissions—first , that the arsenic was in a cup wliich she kept for the purpose

      of poisoning tho rats , and which she accidentally made the pap in . Then she has given a story respecting it quite of a different description . It is , however , possible that she has made a full confession . During the last few days of her existence she seemed contrite , ant ! showed not the least ill-feeling against her daughter , the principal witness against her on her trial . On Friday she had a last farewell with her husband , a poor hard-working labourer , and some of her children , the scene being , as may be imagined , deeply affecting . She underwent a restless night on Friday , and rose at an early hour on Saturday morning , and partook of a slight breakfast . The chaplain of the gaol was early in attendance upon her , and about eleven o ' clock administered the sacrament . Shortly before noon the ceremony of handing her over to the sheriffs of the county for execution took place , and on a procession being fanned to the pinioning room , Calcraft , the Old Bailey hangman , who was specially retained , secured her hands . At twelve o ' clock the _wretched

      culprit was led to the drop , the prison bell tolling and the rev . pastor of the prison reading the burial service . On gaining the platform , there was a slight disapprobation amongst the multitude below , but it was not general . The executioner performed his task with much dexterity , and the miserable creature could not have been said to have been on the drop scarcely a minute before the bolt was drawn , and she was launched into eternity . Her death was , however , a severe onc her struggles were long , and she gave sonic convulsive heaves two or three minutes afterwards . The body , after hanging the usual time , was cut down , and interred in the prison . She was in her fifty-fourth year , and has left six children .

      Iue Somersetshire Murders . —Shapwiek , Saturday Evening . —In consequence of information received by the magistrates , the coroner issued Ms warrant forthe disinterment of the body of James Strong , the illegitimate child ofthe accused , Sarah Freeman , aged 7 , and interred on the 19 th of November , 1843 , and that of Henry Freeman , her husband , aged 24 , and interred on the 2 nd of January , 1844 . The disinterments having been effected , the coffins , which were quite perfect , were conveyed into the churchporch , and there opened in the presence of the coroner and the jury sworn to investigate the cause ol their deaths . Upon the coffins being opened , the intestinal canal and the liver and spleen of each of the bodies were takon out , placed in stone iars . and h . ivinu

      been tied over with bladder , and properly labelled , they were delivered to Mr . Herapathyin order that he might make a chemical analysis of their contents _, lhe coroner and jury having returned to the village school-room , at once proceeded to hold the inquest on the body , of Mary Dimond ( mother of tho accused , Sarah Freeman ) , aged 71 , who died on the 15 th of December , 1844 , and whose body had been exhumed , and the contents of Ucv stomach aud intestines submitted to chemical analysis . The following evidence was given : —Mr . Edward England Phillips sworn : I am a surgeon , and reside at Chilton-supcr-Poklcn On Thursday , the 12 th of December last , I was in the parish of Shapwiek , and as I passed the door of Charles Dimond I was called into to see _MaryDiy

      mond , tho deceased it was after dinner ; I went hi , and found her sitting by the fireside . I asked her what was the matter , and she replied that she had been taken casting ( vomiting ) , and that she had a pain all round her , and that she thought that she had the bile on her stomach . Her tongue was very foul , and the taste in hor mouth , sho said , was veiy disagreeable . She said that her bowels had been opened during the day ; her pulse was natural . Sarah Freeman , her daughter , stood beside me while I asked questions . I told her to give her mother- some gruel frequently , to apply warmth to the region of the stomach , and to send to my house as soon as she could that evening for medicine . She did not , however , send either that evening or the following day

      for any medicine . On the Saturday afternoon , about four o ' clock _^ I was again driving through Shapwiek , and was again called in to see deceased ; she was then upstairs m bed ; Sarah Freeman , her daughter , went upstairs with mc . I found Mary Dimond , the deceased , complaining of the same symptoms as on _inursday _, but that they were more severe . I felt her pulse , and found it small and frequent . I then told her that she could not expect to get better , unless she used the necessary means ; and left her with that observation . Sarah Freeman came down stab's v- 'ithmc _, and said , " What do you think of mother ?" 1 replied that she was in a vcrv _danscrous state , and

      _toid ner that 1 would proceed to Ashcottas quickly as 1 could , m order that she might have her medicines _fi-om my house speedily . The medicines were subsequentl y fetched by one of the sons , and when I gave him the medicines , I said , if sho became worse in the night , and they would let me know , I would come ; out that at all events I would come and sec her inthe mornnig . In the morning I accidentally heard that She was dead , and consequently did not go . On Wednesday last I was present in Shapwiek churchyard , and saw the exhumation of a body , and the comn opened ; it was identified before the jury in my presence as the body of the deceased , Mary Dimond I then proceeded to make a post mortem examination of the body . Mr . Ilerapath was present durine the

      Honnigxe Case Of Fratricide, Axd Committ...

      whole time . I took out the intesUn _^ _l _T _^ with the liver and the spleen , and _deliwZi % » Mr . Ilerapath . ' The deceased was 3 " * _"' _i of age . The heart was health y ; Ef \ ' _^ _\ old adhesions of the lungs , hut _wcrt , _^ v ,. * C my opinion occasion death . I saw n / . _p C struck me as the immediate cause f , _] 3 \ symptoms which I observed on visitin _* _« , _« _, ft _« were those which might or would result i ' _-n , ' _% *' ministration of arsenic , but they did not it * i tlle &! % _: attract my particular notice , nor had I J- . _* / _'" tii * & she was labouring under the effects of m \ in \ _« being asked by the registrar to _assi-V _,, „ " _h _M i __ _iP . t _i _„ u i .: „ . _« , „ _+ t n „ __ i , o ' ** Cain .. a 5 _? deathtold that l , _^ whole time . I took out tie _intestimTZ _555 _^

      , I Hun really could not tW ' Wi vcrv mysterious , for they had been very ' hnn * f _f _" " but that from her age , and knowing h \ i \ - to C" _' . ' " _^ weakly , I supposed it might be called decay oi \ _** % Mr . W . Hcrapath sworn : I am an analvtie ' il . i " *> On the 9 th of January inst . I attended at " tho _6 ' " _" church of Shapwiek , and witnessed the ovl „ , _^ I of a body . I found the coffin perfect , tlt " ii > _f > perfect , and the body also perfect . Mr pi "S % surgeon , of Chilton-super-PoIden , opened tl 17 ' * \ in my presence ; he applied ligatures round th *~ tremities of the oesophagus and rectum , ami ro , lJ _*" the entire alimentary canal , together vrith t ho ?'' H " and the spleen ; it was immediatel y placed fa ; . ' _£ ¦ - sel , and covered down in mv presence . \ _tnnl' _^ l _^ away with me , and without losing si ght of it eon , ! ll resilience _urisxoi

      it to my ax . upon cxamin „¦[ i _f stomach I found a moderate quantity of col , i W pea-soup , containing two whole yc ! kw pea _^ , 1 "" a few fibres of undigested meat . There wcle ' _? k upon the inner surface of the stomach a j _' CH J * * _5 ! detached white particles . The surface ot u & stomach had a pale blush of inflammation iwu in * _, _$ ' and in two portions that inflammation was _^< strongly marked . Upon detaching those winter ,, _< " tides , and collectingthose whieh had subsided to « 5 bottom of the vessel into which I had poured ! _^ ' j tents of the stomach , I subjected them to clioijJ _# , examination , and found them to bo white aHm « 4 \ acid ( common white arsenic of the shops ) . I pi 0 li ' _^ a specimen of metallic arsenic produced from _thc > A ' by sublimation with charcoal and carbonate ot « o _^ 1-

      I produce another specimen sublimed from then \\ i i _a « cyanide of potassium . Another specimen from _tC _% as precipitated upon metallic copper , by KienscU l ! method . I also produce a specimen of SdietV , | [ green , made from it with the ammoniacal _sulph _, jf of copper , and a specimen of _arsenite of _silvei , in > If from it with the animmonineal nitrate of silver _,,,. f a specimen of-sulphurct of arsenic made from it _lrj f hydro-sulphuric acid . These experiments k . _ive t doubt on my mind that arsenious acid was pre uui _ > the stomach ofthe dead body , and although tin , •„ I flamed surface was not so strong ! v marked ; _u I h 1 T * sometimes seen it , I believe it to have been the uu _,, of death . The fluid in the intestines had the jppo „

      ancc of pea-soup . Other witnesses were examine and the jury , after half-an-hour ' s deliberation , _n turned a verdict—That tho deceased , Mary _Dimoi-i died of poison , by arsenic administered to hci _, If by whom administered was to the jurors im _) _, v The inquests on the other bodies were then _atljoumcd EXTE . VSIVE FlKE AT NEWCASTLE . —A fire broke 0 i _, te on Saturday ; morning last , shortly after ono o docl _^ in an extensive steam flour-mill , situate iu imV gate , near the barracks , at _Ncwcastle-upoii-T' m , _tli « ' property of Mr . Laws , and in the occupation oi \\ t t Anderson . The premises are nearly new ; _aul ] ii |

      been fitted up at great expense with all tho ieui , I , improvements , the model being supplied h y one u | _ccntly erected in the United States . The fire on . * _, nated in the upper part ofthe building , it _i-s _si'p ( w , £ from the heating of the flues , whence it had < _yum t nicatcd with some of the beams in the viciniti ! J " was fortunately confined to the upper stories ot lit . * building , but- much damage was done to the ' oiii is ' 4 the lower departments by the immense _quautitv ( _< . _« water thrown in , as well as from tlie hasty _mamut " in whicli the sacks of flour were removed . ' The ¦ _* _, ] 1 mage done is estimated at £ 2 , 000 .

      Murder axd Highway lloni » : ny xuas _LivEitivn ; ,.. _y On Monday information was received at _Iiow-. _tieot P and thence circulated throughout the isictn , _oLtir . _(\ police force , that on New- _Year ' s-eve Mr . 'liwim _, | k Peacop , a corn and flour dealer , was , whilst on In . % return from his shop , in liockterry-lanc , to hw _u- % dence , near the New Ferry-turnpike , in the tow _n-. l , ic fj of Higher Bebington , in the county of Ghosh i _, m 'h tacked by three men and robbed . Tho villain-, bu \ Mr . Peacop to such an extent about the head , _iii _^ other parts of the body , that he died on tlie 4 tli m t _^ None of the offenders are known , but a rcnnidr / hi £ 200 has been offered ( £ 100 bv the Government ) f « Jj the apprehension and conviction of the oil- ndoi _^ M Her Majostv ' s gracious pardon will bo extended fr _& Hj any accomplice ( not being the person who gave [ km mortal blow ) who will give evidence that will _leadw i _^ the same result . IS one same result , - ; . vn

      Fire is TnE City-road . —On Tuesday night , al »« i '« y half-past ten o'clock , a fire broke out on the premiss j | g of Mr . Gorton , patent- fire-wood manufacturer , Cii ; | || Canal Basin , City-road , which for a time _threaiciieJli disastrous consequences . It was discovered hy Mr . _sm Gorton , who was accidentally near the spotlit th ' ip time , who observed a body of flame in tho steam-Ms engine room , and which adjoins the room which _cgu- || tained the composition of liquid resin in which _tkM fire-wood is dipped . Adjoining the rcsin-room is ih & W warehouse , in which wore above forty loads of _firfrfjp wood , which soon iejnited . The engines _beinifp promptly at work , an immense volume of water 'v ; i j ||| poured on _tlw devouring element , which very _shovtl'm overpowered its progress and prevented a vast da _^ struction of property . The workshops , which wcfiSjl lighted with gas , were destroyed with the machinery , J

      Treatment of Italian Boys in Exomnd . —« Monday forenoon , at ten o ' clock , an inquiry , a ' _-l- M journed from Friday last , was resumed and conclude *! M before Mr . Wakley , M . P ., at the Horse and GrO 0 _iOr | King-street , Seven Dials , on the body of _Joseya _^ Leonardi , an Italian boy , aged 15 , wlio was found || j dying in the streets in a state of destitution , mim expired on Wednesday last in St . Giles's workhouse , j « i to wliich placebo was removed . The deceased was M one of those unfortunate creatures who ; _u-e brought 'J | over in shoals to this country from their native land , 'la to preambulate the streets with hand organs , and K ;|| solieit charity from the inhabitants of those neighbour- S hoods they infest . The object of the inquiry ™ is II the employ of an Italian named Rabbiaotti , and with $$$ several other boys of the same class resided in a mi- _-ip serable hovel , pregnant with filth and disease , _infM Short ' _s-sardcns , Drurv-lane . Two Italians , in _ttefe

      employ of Rabbiaotti , were first called , and _concarrei _^ i in stating that he was a kind and considerate piaster _;^ that they were comfortably lodged , well supplied wift |» l food , and by no means hard worked . A ladiiamel | | ! Fortunate was next examined at considerable l _^?^ - _! He said he had formerly been in the service of Kal >|| biaotti and knew the deceased . He bad lived _w _& M deceased ' s master for some time , but was obliged _toM quit his service on account of the atrocious _cruelt-iaSf practised upon him . Thoir time for parading tli « | | streets was from nine in the morning till eleven at ® night . They then returned home and wont to he « _, _^ three of them sleeping together . From what- lie . || j knew of deceased he considered his death was _mainlj-gl attributable to the cruelties he systematically « _-f |;

      penenced , and to a violent beating given him by « " master . This beating the witness described as _folloffsia —One evening the deceased came home , and his n >| turn was represented to his master . " Is he by— -. | exclaimed Rabbiaotti , and forthwith went to th _« boy , who had by that time got into bed . l ! abbiaot &« took the lad by one arm and ono log , aud draggn « him from his bed , struck him violently agains t the wall , and beat his head against the table which was standing in the middle of the room . Deceased tH claimed at the time , " O , I am done for , " but stiul the master continued beating him . Deceased v _$ labouring under severe disease of the chest at thf | time , and constantly complained . _Notwithstanding this he was compelled to go for the usual time intcj the streets every day with his organ . —By a Jtirtf Thoro was no written _asrooment between Rabbiaotli |

      and those he employed , but the term for which WIS were engaged on being brought from Italy _wistvjtjS years and a half . Whatever money a boy brou _£ «! | | home at night he had to divide with the master \ _$ m the use of the organ . A gentleman who was pretf '" * ' ? J said that the amount of cruelty practised upon _t'li _^^ poor defenceless boys b their rapacious masters wsjgg inconceivable . A number of Italian gentlemen lliiv fl | become alive to the subject , and a society had bcc ||| formed with a determination of protecting-them , _at _^ jl g of procuring convictions against harsh cuYp \ oyefiS —Mr . Bennett , surgeon , deposed to having made J § _post mortem examination of the body . The lungs wenjB one mass of disease , and exposure to cold vvoal'g greatly accelerate it . There were no marks of violeiu' _j | on the external surface of the body , and lie was _& B opinion that a natural caiiso produced death .-if The Coroner summed up the evidence , and _*§§ jui _^ returned a verdict of Natural Death , but aecom ; H panicd it with a severe censure on the conduct o ; | g Rabbiaotti for allowing the deceased to be exposed _-Jm " the inclemency of the weather whilst labouring w _$ M such a dreadful illness . ffi

      Love . _vsd Suicide . —The festival of ChvistnvAS ; | | Glogan has been marked by a tragic event . A yo _^ m man named Pflieger , clerk in tho office of a- , If Wachselcr , had Men in love with his niast « _' \|| daughter , and his affection being returned , they _^ _^ secretly affianced . _Tflieger had a passion for m . M bling , and being unable to satisfy it , had robbed _iw _^ master of 6 , 000 thalers ( £ 1 , 000 ) and fled . On _® % % mas Eve ho returned , and had an interview _w ' ; f Mademoiselle Wachselcr , and both seeing their m » : | | impossible , resolved to commit suicide next movn' _-g M Accordin . rrlv _thar mot in a _ufiitrhliniivin '' wood , _a _' . _i- ' _-is

      having a brace of _double-ban-elled pistols , loaded' . I barrel with a double charge and two bullets , _^ i J were to discharge both ban-els into the mouth- . ( [ | young . girl fired , and expired immcdiatelj '; _^ i Pflieger , at the moment of pulling the trigger . • | seized with a trembling , and fainted . Thorepoi _^ _,. - the girl ' s pistol attracted a crowd , and _Pflicg"' ' . | arrested , and conducted to prison . The next _w _^ | ing , when the gaoler _enterea his cell with his w _^ J fast , he found aim a corpse , for , during the _J " _^ ; Pflieger had hung himself to the bars of lus ceil "' | liis sflk hau _& crcMef . _—toet _fe _des TriluMU _* ' I

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 18, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_18011845/page/6/