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Northern Star (1837-1852), 16th August 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 7, "Ai "And I will war, ot least in words, ...

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      ' «?. *¦ 7 Au( August 16, 1845. . . .- T...

      ' «? . _*¦ 7 Au ( August 16 , 1845 . . . .- THE _^ _ORFMEnN _, STAR . 7 . . .. ... ¦ .. .... .: ¦ __ — _- _^ _s

      J- Bretmt Ihouement^

      _j- bretmt iHouement _^

      "Ai "And I Will War, Ot Least In Words, ...

      "Ai "And I will war , ot least in words , ( An ( And—should my chance so happen—de _^ da ) , Wit With all who war with Thought V « I "I think I hew a little bird , who sings _Thi Ihe people hy and by will be the stronger . "— -Brsot

      It Italy, Austria, And The Pope * Havi H...

      IT ITALY , AUSTRIA , AND THE POPE * _Havi Having sketched a few traitsof the " best" governicnt ( acnt ( the Austrian ) exuding in Italy , Mr . _Maxzisi suet puext proceeds to afford the English people a glimpse : the jf . the " _wors _' , " thc States of the Pope . That there _iuM , » uld , hy any _possibility , _^ exist a worse government iau tthaii the Austrian despotism which at present curses _ehctyenetian-Lombardy , our readers will , most likely , sinew inclined to doubt . J « efc the doubters , however , ad tread the following , and mark , learn , and inwardly _igestUigesfc the _consequences of allowing priests to nie ' -rale * . —•

      Gen' Central despotism is the characteristic of the Austrian CoverGovernmeut : organized anarchy , to the extent such a thing thing is possible , is the characteristic of the Papal . And this a this anarchy , au Inevitable consequence of thc _cons-. itutionaltional nucleus of the government , cannot be modified by writtTwritten laws or by essays of partial reform , come from what what quarter they may . The * gaverametit is clecAtoc and despodespotic : it is rested ina man who is Tope and King at the _sithe same time , aud who proclaims himself to be infallible . _Sonl'o rule is prescribed , none can be prescribed to the sovereigt reign . His electors , aU and alone eligible , believing _thea themselves clothes _wiili a divine character , divide among then tliem the direction of affairs . The chief offices in the i the different departments of administration arc all filled hy v hy -priests . Very many of them are totally irresponsible ,

      wot wot merely m fact , hut of right . The Pope , generally a _cres creature of the faction opposed to tbat which elected ids pre < predecessor , overturns the system ill operation prior to his ace accession , and hy a tagtu-proprio _substitutes his own . His Jiis electors , tbe cardinals , each eligible after him , and fee feeling themselves his equals , substitute their pleasure for for his , everyone in his sphere . The bishops , also partal taking in tliis divine charatcr , and in irresponsible authorit lity , exercise a wide and almost entirely independent po power . The same , too , with the chiefs of the _Holy ' Itiqn qnisition . The ecclesiastics , holders of the principal of offices , incompetent frotnpasthabits and studies to uuderta take their administration , discharge their duties hy the ai aid of inferior employes ; who , in turn , feeling their posi-« tion uncertain , as dependent on a necessarily short-lived

      p patronage , are guilty of every possible malversation , and a aim solely at self-enrichment , fiencalh all , the weary I people , borne down by all , reacting against all , arc ini-1 tiated into a corruption , the example of which is set by i their superiors ; or avenge themselves as they may by 5 revolt or lhe poniard . Such , abridged , is the normal state of Papal Italy . In such a system there is not , there cannot be , any place for general , social interests , but place for the interests of self alone . The priests who govern have nothing in common with tlie governed : they may liave mistresses—they cannot have wives . Their children , if they have any , are not legitimate , and have nothing to hope for bnt from intrigue aud favouritism . The love ol glory , the ambition of doing good—thc last Stimulant left to individuals when every other is wanting

      —exists not for them . The absence of all unity of system , the instability of all principle of government , as evidenced at Home trader each new Pope , and in lhe provinces under each new legate , wholly destroys the _possi-Tjility of such an impulse . How should men devote themselves to amendments _thst can be in force but a few years , that must pass away ere tliey hear fruit J 5 es 5 de . s as I have before said , the ecclesiastics arc driven , by their want of political aptitude , to govern by auditors , assessors , or secretaries : why should these last labour for good , wbcai the glory would all go to their chiefs * IThy should they not labour for evil , _wheu the dishonour will fall there also ? Pear has no hold on the subalterns : for , not acting in their own name , they hare _noiliinir to dread save for their patrons . Fear has no hold

      on the heads ; for as to some , their pjwer and the part taken in the ejection of the reigning- Pope , as to others , the apostolic constitutions or tile traditions of the Church , establish an irresponsibility in fact or law . In the Papal States the Minister ot Finance ( Treasurer-General ) has no account to render : he may rob the Government with impunity , and he can be removed from his office only by promotion to the Curdinalate . From this single fact - judge of the rest . Consequent on this irresponsibility , in combination with the absence of distinctive limitations to official authority , no irregularity is too extravagant for the Popedom . The Cardinal-Batario claims the right of setting aside the ordinances of the Pope , whenever it seems good to him . A law of Benedict the Fourteenth , confirmed by Pins the Seventh and Leo tbe Twelfth , ordains tliat every farming of duties and every contract _relating to the exchequer should he effected hy public competition , and that after the first auction a certain time should elapse , to see ifanypartywilladvancc on thehighest

      hidding , aud yet the Secretary of State aud the treasurer constantly / violate this prudent regulation , and , for a sum in band , without the slightest formality , assign such contracts to whomsoever they please . Cardinal Alhaui published at Bologna , on the 1 st of February , certain ordinances of Gregory the Sisteenth , of the SUi of October , 1831 , to tlie effeet tliat for the future no man should he taken out of the hands of his native judges ; and twenty days later he created a Provost ' s court , that treated as crimes acts not before obnoxious to thc law . The Cardinal Treasurer and the Cavdioal-Camerlengo promulgated at the same time ( 182 S ) two opposing regulations relating to the posts . The _fuuetiwas of the provincial heads are laid down by law ; hut tlie Pope reserves to himself thegift of a letter or "brief of instruction , hy which he extends their power to what limit he pleases , and often invests tliem with the exercise of a portion of legal jurisdiction in civil matters : tliey may abuse these powers according to caprice , for , whatever they may do , they cannot be recalled till the expiration of three years .

      Under this abominable system of misrule , the sources of material prosperity are one by one withering ; property is depreciated , commerce swallowed up between the monopolist and the smuggler , and industry shackled and oppressed . The treasury , when not plundered by the irresponsible treasurer , is _exhausted in pensions scandalously lavished on idle prelates—on inferior proteges , whom it has been necessary to deprive of their employments , but whom it is hazardous to bring to justice or _iguoniinously dismiss—on women of ill life , courfcrouw to t / ic cardinals , or on such as have rendered secret services to the Government , ot any one of its members . Large pensions have often been granted to the brigand chiefs of the Campagna , who covenanted with the

      Government for a Ufe-vncome , proportionate to the profit they drew horn their murderous calling ! The treasury " matnfainsa large part of thc congregation ofthe Propaganda ; it foments political plots in Spain , Portugal , and _elsewhere ; it everywhere keeps alive , by . secret agents , Jesuits , or _otlters , the assailant spirit of Papistry ; it feeds the luxury ofthe most demoralised court in Europe , In the midst of a famishing population . " Mr . Mizzm next speaks ofthe intellectual state of the Pope ' s subjects . He asks of English travellers , how inaiiy peasan _+ s have they met in the Popedom that could read and write ? * At the _Congresses of

      Science that have assembled of late years iu difaercnt parts of Europe , not a single professor lias been seen from the Papal States . And all this , thc mass of material and moral pestilence , afflicting t is wretched population , is based on _ai-hayijom no longer believed in , that has ceased to have _faiilt in itself . " Conceive , " says Mr . Mazzvsi , "the state of a creed-distrusting people , curbed , domineered over , burdened hy au army of priests manifesting faith only in _lorce , wild i surround themselves with Swiss and Austmu bayonets , or , in thc name of Cuuist , muster brigands i from the galleys !"

      Religion—I speak of _Tapal Catholicism—is , in the JRoman States more than elsewhere , lifeless : lifeless in the educated classes as a conseguenre of the enlightened age ; lifidess in the people as wanting a symbol—as wanting a something representative . _Who in that country is ignorant that the nomination of Christ ' s vicar depends on ambassadorial intrigue , and that the direct or indirect veto of Austria , of France , or some other power , throws into _condarial nonentity the so termed chosen of the Holy spirit ! Who is ignorant that long since the King

      strangled the Pope ; that diplomacy masters theology that ihe notes of foreign plenipotentiaries have inspired briefs to the clergy of Poland , to the bishops of Ireland ? ~ Whieb molu-propriQ ofa Pope but insults the infallibility of liis predecessor I Who at Koine hut can point out the ¦ _mistresses of the cardinals S or who in the provinces but « in point to the agents of the _prelatc-goveruovs , _shamelessly trafficking in ail that can briugmoney to themselves _<» r their masters * How , dizzied iu this whirlpool of c-candal , of hypocrisy , of dilapidation , can man preserve his faith intact ?

      Hereisaspecimen ofthe faithlessness of the Papal _Gorei'hnient , and its utter disregard of the mast solemn treaties : — In 1 S 3 I , an insurrection , internally victorious , was _troieted by Austrian intervention ; but the insurgents remained in possession of their arms , their position and places of strength . A capitulation was signed at Aucona _ontheSSthof March , between the members of the Provisional Government on one side and Cardinal _Benvcnuti on the other , covenanting a full aud entire amnesty for all those implicated in the rising . The cardinal was legate a lasers ; that is to say , clothed with every powerfin alter ego—in the language of Home , Deo ct -non nobis

      rationem redtaiurus . The 2 bth might have lurmshed a pretext for parties who would have been glad to look upon him as at that date still in the power of the insurgents : on the " 27 th , free , and invested with supreme authority , he spontaneously ratified , the , capvt . Mla . tiou . Xinety-mue of tbe most compromised of the uirarrgents , with tbe connivance of Benvenuti himself , who for the purpose _persuadedliscapt _^ ntohreaka coutract , _euvhasktdou hoard " the _^^ Isotta , nnder the Papal flag , furnished with _reg-olai ; passports , signed by the pontifical authorities and fey the consul of France . Therestremained _. on thefaith of the capitulation . On the part of the insurgents eveiy article was observed ; they surrendered their arms , the fortified places were' giTen up , tie insurrectionary flag * " Italy , Austria , and the Pope . A letter addressed to Sir James Oraham ; Bart . By Joseph MazzinL" londonj U . Alba ' ned ; ' 8 ; _Quikai-s . _Tet-t , Golden-square * . Cleave , Shoe-lane ; _ffelherington , Holywell-street ; Watson , Paal' sfUey ; and Strange , Paternoster-raw ,

      It Italy, Austria, And The Pope * Havi H...

      pulled down , Gnthc 5 th » 3 f April , when thecountry was entirel y atthe Papal acsey , the Pope declared . the _c-ipiro > ; lation null as for as regarded himself . Ordinances ofthe llth and 20 th « f April organised a bitter prosecution against those who bad been , however slightly , accomplices , favourers , or approvers of the insurrection . Tlie ninety-nine passengers Of tlie Isotta " were stopped on tile high sea , hy the Austrian Admiral Bandiera— - ( whose two s « ns expiated their father's wrong against the Italian cause , by pouring out their blood in martyrdom , on the ; 25 ; h of July , 1844 , at Cosenza )—taken back to _Aucto-i , and from thence to Venice , to the prisons of Austria , against nliom they had committed no attack ; from which they were released after tiro months' ill-treatment , by the intervention of Prance . After facts so revolting to good faith and morality , how can meu believe in the religion of the court of Koine ? Of the Duchy of Tuscan ? Mr . Mazzini savs : —

      In the _JDacliy of Tuscany—the only Italian state mi which the corruption of a mild despotism has been preferred to the system of terror elsewhere dominant—one of our first authors , _i'ieoliui , published his tragedy of Arnaldo da Brescia : for two days it had a free sale ; on the third the whole impression was seized , at the instance of thc court of Home . IutUe same Duchy , a native restored the house formerly inhabited by Alfisri , and added au inscription , lauding the great poet for his love of Italy : the Tuscan censorship found in it nothing objectionable * but the Austrian Ambassador demanded its obliteration , ' and the Government obeyed . Mr . Mazzixi thus suni 3 up the general state of Italy : —

      _Ifisgorernment and foreign despotism in lombardymisgovernincnt and the worshi p of an imposture in the Popedom—you have only , sir , to apply these three things to entire Italy , and you will have got the truth . The Popeis the cross , the pommel of a sword , of Which Austria is the point ; and this sword hangs over all Italy . The Pope clutches the soul ofthe Italian naticn ; Austria the body—whenever it shors signs of life : and on every member of that body is enthroned a petty absolute prince , viceroy in turn under either of these powers . Three despotisms in plnce of one !—without any of the advantages that sometimes accompany despotism , when national , and when operating on a grand scale .

      Progress Of Tiie German Reformation. We ...

      PROGRESS OF TIIE GERMAN REFORMATION . We copy the following interesting - '" particulars of the progress of the " _Kew Reformation" in Germany from the Continental Echo , just published : —¦ Perhaps for the desirable progress of the Catholic reform movement , the most liopcful occurrence which I have to relate is ilie decision of Dr . Tlicinrr tosep . _ir . lte from the Itomau Catholie Chun * . This , for the latter , - severe blow , iras hastened , as so many others have been , hy the indiscreet zeal of the diocesan Vicar Lnttisscfc , who towards the end of April wrote demanding : a contradiction from Tlieiner , ofthe reports in circulation respecting : his intended junction witli the German Catho-Jics , failing which , their truth wouldbe taken lor granted , and his excommunication follow . " Tlieiner , it is said , replied , he would not gire the demanded declaration : tliat the chapter might do its pleasure as regarded him ;

      hut if it decided on hostile measures , he . had'Ave state _, ments ready , which he likewise would lay hufore the public , and which might , perchance , be neither agrccahlc nor beneficial to the chapter ! The threatened breach was apparently healed through the intervention of Dr . Uitter ( canou of the cathedral ) , hut on the renewal of similar reports in the newspapers , and when a reprint of sonic of Theuier _' s woihs , written assuredly in no ultramontane spirit , began to appear , latussek again launched a threatening letter against the priest of _Hundsfield , which occasioned his inviting his patron and churchwardens to meet liim onthe morning of the 17 th June . He then declared to them his resolution to lay down his office in the Romish Church , and to give immediate intimation to that effect to the diocesan vicar . This he accordingly did , and his immediate suspension , and conditional excommunication ( thatis , if he do not within a given time return to the bosom of the Church ) , followed , as matter of courts .

      The character of Themer , whether as general scholar , thoroughly trained theologian , eloquent writer , long experienced priest , and expert controversialist , joined to bis blameless life and orthodox creed , make him the very man needed hy the Catholic reformers at the present crisis . Invitations from Berlin and leipsic , with very considerable temporal offers ( which , ' 'however , may well be deemed _uninfluential with the _mainvho had voluntarily laid down the richest cure in Silesia ) , have been declined for the present , though in the most friendly terms ; and a gratifying testimony to liis value , especially to their cause , is expressed hi an address presented

      to him , m the name of the lircslaw Cathouc reformers , on the 27 th ultimo . He lias , without exactly accepting any pastoral charge among thein , announced his determination tSo remain for the present in _ilreslatr , regarding Silesia as the cradle of the ucw reformation ( lie himself , beyond all question , having been its first mover in years gone by ) , aud it is perhapsa no less wise than natural resolve , since nowhere' else can Ids influence and example be expected to work so powerfully as in his native province , and among Ins former clerical associates , many of whom are believed to be of kindred mind'With liim , as to the necessity of reforms in the Homan Catholic Church .

      Another , and no less powerful motive , winch may conspire to retain Tlieiner for a time in Breslaw is , probably , his avowed resolution uot to submit so quietly to the sentence of excommunication . Should it really be ' fulminated against liim , as others have done , the peculiarity ot his position , aud the terms which the homan _hierarchy may find necessary to heep with him , will he understood from thc following statement which has appenred in the Bremer Sews , under the head of Ureslaw , June 28 th : " It is a fact that our present prince bishop , lions , de Diepenbroek , has long corresponded with the celebrated Dr . Themer onthe possibility of effecting a separation from the papal rule , and that he liimself would willingly see ¦ ' Peter ' s rock , '' rolled out of Germany . ' * Tliis interesting correspondence is now in Theincr's possession .

      The rigidly papal part ofour chapter is aware of this , and Dean hitter , with several other satellites of Home , drove in all haste to Hundsfield , on the same day in which Theiuer sent in his abdication , to try by all and any means to rescue these dangerous documents out ofhis hands ; but he was far too much on his guard to be entrapped , and had , foreseeing the demand which might be made on him , previously deposited the important papers witli a Government bureau . It is easy , therefore , to conceive with what eyes the desertion of Theincr is regarded by the Bomish party , especially as he has openly declared his intention of meeting every attack which may be made upon him , by an open and fearles * s discovery of ecclesiastical abuses , and an appeal to the constitutional rights ofthe Catholic Church .

      The conviction of tlie necessity of reform is indeed spreading far and wide . In ' addi & _on . tO the testimony borne to that necessity by the pastors assembled at lladolfzell on the 23 rd of April , may be noted a meeting of the clergy connected with the rural deanery of _Linzgan , held at Salem , on the 27 th of March last , for thepnrpose of conferring on an archiepiscopal pastoral letter which called tlieir attention '' to _thepresentexcitimentprev . llent inthe llomaU Catholic Church . " * ¦ the meeting consisted of thirty-two clergymen , as representatives of thirty-seven parishes , and having heen exhorted by Dean _Woclicler , of

      Hebeilingen , to a faithful , candid , and yet calm and temperate _disenssion of the probable causes , and most suitable remedies for the present state of things , they proceeded to business . The debates were warm and Keenly contested , yet the longer the discussion lasted , the more evident it became that a large proportion of the disputants continued to he animated hy tlie spirit which prevailed during the whole of Wcssenberg * s administration ofthe ( then ) diocese of Constance , and for some years after his removal . After many hours spent in a fresh interchange of sentiments , the m . _ijori y agreed oa tlie following heads of desired improvement . —

      1 st . There-introduction of diocesan synods , according to ancient ecclesiastical regulation . 2 d . Revision and suitable alteration of thc Catholic public worship . 3 rd . An improved system of education for thelogical students with special reference to the inculcation of a spirit of Christian love , and the avoidance ofa distorted devoteeism . < itb . The abrogation of the compulsory celibacy of the clergy . Regarding these points , the resolationists bss respectfully to inform the superior church courts of theu- decision , and to entreat the summoning of a diocesan synod with as little delay as possible .

      Dr . Sehreiber , Professor in Freiburg , whose adherence to the German Catholics I recently mentioned , although not yet deprived of his professorship , has _beenforbidden to give _' lectures either publicly orin hisown dwelling , " until a decision be finally come to , respecting the consequences involved in his defection from the Church of Rome . " The question is likewise _nowpending , whether Dr . ltegenbrecht , in Breslaw , shall he dismissed from that univer sity . But while the Popish party thus shrink from suffering their followers to come into contact with eulightencd opposers , they challenge , as it were , Protestants to the combat , by exhibiting all tlie mummeries of their worship with an almost forgotten , long-disused pomp . Processions : no less than pilgrimages ave the order of the day . Knights , nobles , and high-born dames are seen prostrate inthe street when the host is carried past ; the highest c _* ergy . display a zealous humility in officiating in the most

      common Church serrices ; and every possible device i * put in requisition to furnish the illiterate with so much shew and shadow , as may supply the lack of substantial instruction . For the more intellectual there are books enough furnished , both in prose and verse . The German booksellers should strike a medal in honour of Bonge , for between uhnseif , his abettors , and his opposers , a golden literary harvest is hang reaped ; upwards of 300 publications , pro . and con ., are said to be in circulation ; and jet Austria and Bavaria do their best to stop , Saxony and some other powers to turn , the current The two former prohibit all which bear on the controverted subject ) perhaps wisely arguing , that as publications hostile tothe new opinions must at least . advert to the statements tliey contradict , some portion of the _pouon must be imbibed with the antidote . But , debar as tliey may , light will make its way , if not through windows , at least tlirough cliirM large enough a * least to show the darkness within .

      W^R Ti^

      _W _^ r ti _^

      London. Cm* Locality. —Mr. Cooper's Lect...

      LONDON . Cm * Locality . —Mr . Cooper's lecture on Sunday evening last , was one of the most numerously at- _, tauded of any that have been given in the City _Chartktiiall : iii fact , the attendance was so great that itwas impossible for many to obtain sittings : an inconvenience that will be obviated on the . night oi the next lecture . Mr . Cuffay was unanimously called to the chair , and introduced the lecturer ill a few weighty and most appropriate sentences ;—[ _U'ior to wliich , the City Chartist Choir , accompanied by the audience , sang "The time will come when wrong shall end , " one of the " People-songs , " composed by tlie lecturer during his imprisonment . The singing was a mutter of "heart and voice . " so earnestly was it accepted

      by the audience . Air . Goopcr ' s lecture occupied two hours _-iinl a half in the delivery : after a philosophical introduction on the difference between barbarism and civilisation , and on . the . varied character ot civilisation itself , —the country of Egypt was described geographically , and its agriculture and manufactures , its social and domestic customs , pointed out . The gigantic monuments of . the land of Cham—its sepulchres , statues , paintings , slid _iiituiimies—with the mysterious character of its old religion —( which the lecturer avowed he believed to . be the parent of modern religions , )—the craft of its priests , its castes and despotic institutions , were _scvei-aliy pictured to tlie mind in graphic and forcible terms . The audience repeatedly manifested their delight at the instruction thus imparted , and when the Chartist chaunt " Troth is growing , " had been sung , the meeting broke up .

      Soem Losdos Chartist . _Hau .. —The quarterly meeting of the Lambeth _distvidtof tllft _GlVMtfet Cooperative Land Society was held on Sunday evening last . There was a good muster of shareholders present , and seven shares were added to ' the list , which now numbers 1407 The money paid for shares in this district already amounts _tonearly £ 00 . It was agreed that a levy of one penny per month should be paid by each shareholder for the--purpose of . defraying the district expenses . Tho committee particularly request the shareholders to bring .-their cards with them for the-future , so that mistakes maybe avoided .

      lllE CiuniEB A . \ ' P me Lasb . —Mr . Stallwood deli' _-ered a public lecture on the above subject , to _thejnembers and friends of the Westminster locality , at the Parthenium Rooms , Saiiit Maitiu _' s-kuc , on Sunday evening , August 10 th . Atthe close , of thc lecture several questions were asked and answered . A vote of thanks was given tothe lecturer 1 W his services , and the meeting dispersed .

      MANCHESTER . Mb . O'CoxNon ' s Visit . —Sunday last was a proud day for the democrats of this town . It had been made known that it was the intention of Mr . O'Connor to deliver a lecture in the Carpenters' Hall , on Sunday evening , on the all-absorbing . subject ' . bf tlie "Land and its capabilities . " The spacious hall was crowded in every part . At the hour appointed , Mr . John Sutton , a factory slave , was unanimously called to the chair , who opened the business by a few appropriate remarks . The meeting was then addressed for a short time by Mr . Dixon . During the time Mr . D . was speaking , Messrs . 'M'Grath , Doyle , Clark , and Wheeler , entered the hall , and were loudl y cheered . The members of thc Executive theu severally addressed the meeting . Just as Mr . M'Grath

      was about to conclude his address , Mr . 0 Connor entcred the hall , when the meeting rose en masse , and continued chceriug until he took his place on the platform . After the cheering liad subsided , Mr . M'Grath concluded his able address by calling on those who differed with them on this ' question to come forward manfully and meet them before the public and discuss the question fairly . Mr . O'Connor , on rising , was again enthusiastically cheered for several minutes . Mr . O'C . then commenced one of the most powerful and energetic speeches on the '' Landand its capabilities" that we ever- had the

      pleasure of hearing him deliver . He spoke for two hours and an half in a strain of the most thrilling eloquence , and sat down much applauded . Mr . Dixon moved , and Mr . Wbittaker seconded , the ¦ following resolution : — "That we , the _inliabitacts of Manchester , do hereby return our hearty thanks to Mr . O'Connor and his brother officers of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , for their indefatigable exertions in pushing forward the object of that society ; and likewise to the whole , of-the directors for their stteudauce here this evening . " Carried unanimously . The meeting broke up at eleven o ' clock , much gratified with tlie evening ' s proceedings .

      YORKSHIRE . West Rimxo Delegate Meeting . —This meeting was held , according to notice , in tiie Working Man ' s . Hall , Halifax , on Sunday , August 10 , when the following persons were present from the following places , and handed in tlie several sums following for the Executive - . —Bradford , Gs . ; Mr . ' J . _Aldcrson , Halifax , Is . W . ; Mr . T . _Growther , Dewsbury , 3 s . Aa , ; Mr . Wm . Hey , Littletown , 3 s . ; Mr . M . Stiibley , Lower Warley , Is . ; Mr . John Wood , Sowerby Helm , 3 s . 03 d . Mr . B . Rushton was called to the chair _, 'flic secretary read the minutes of the last meeting , which , on the motion of Mr . Stubley , seconded by Mr . Crowfcher , were confirmed . A long conversation on the Land plan ensued , whicli ended in a determination to bave a conversational meeting on the subject ( at the" New . Holland Small Farm village , Wilsden , near Cullingworth ) , on Sunday , August 31 , to commence at nine o ' clock in the forenoon , When all

      persons who leel mterested ' in the Chartist Co-operative Land Scheme arc invited to attend . Tlic company will inspect the small farms there cultivated on Mr . O'Connor ' s plan , after which they will-hold ¦ a conversational meeting to discuss the merits and answer all objections to the same . The following resolution was passed : — " That we , the delegates here assembled , are impressed with the necessity of the Executive bringing out a Chartist Almanack for _ISiO , and continuing it each succeeding year ; seeing the teetotallers have their almanack , thc League and other parties have theirs , and that , therefore , the Chartists should have an almanack . We , therefore call upon the Executive to prepare an almanack for 1846 , at a moderate price , containing such an amount of condensed information as to them appears best calculated to promote our . cause . " After tlic transaction of other business tbe meeting adjourned to the second Sunday in September .

      BRADFORD . Os Suxdav thc members ofthe Chartist Council met in their room , when a new council was elected for the ensuing quarter . John Rogers was elected secretary ; to whom all coimuuiiicationsfovthe Chartists are to be addressed as follows * *—John Rogers , _Atkinson ' s-liouses , Wharf-street , Bradford . Ox Mosdat evesisg a meeting of the Chartist Land Co-operative Society was held in thelargeroom _, Bnttevworth ' s-buildings , when thirteen new members were enrolled . It was proposed to get up a tea-party to commemorate the establishment of the Co-opcrative Land Society in Bradford . All commmunicationsto be addressed , Tailors' Joint Stock Society , for John Smyth , Buttcrworth _' s-buildings , Meetings will be held every Monday evening in thc council room to receive subscriptions .

      Ascnsx Of Mb. Aot Mas. Gneex From Vauxua...

      _Ascnsx of Mb . aot Mas . GnEEX from Vauxuai . l _Gahjoexs . —The fancy fair and carnival alfresco in aid of tho funds of the Licensed Victuallers'School , Kennington-lane , was repeated on Tuesday at Yauxhall , when Mr . Green and his lady ascended in the Albion balloon , in the presence of at least ( 3000 spectators , from the Waterloo ground . At about haltpast six the aerial machine was distinctly visible for some time , and at length disappeared , taking a southerly direction . The gardens were crowded , and it was calculated that at no period could there have been less than 10 , 000 persons . The children of the school were in attendance , and a poetical address ,

      written for theoccasumby the secretary of the institution , was spoken by the senior boy . The band of the Grenadier Guards and the yager , brass band were in attendance . Mr . and Mrs . Green , after a delightful aerial trip of about an hour , _cftected a safe descent at Eden Park , Beckenham , Kent , the seat of Edward Lawford , Esq . , * and Mr . and Mrs . Green , after having been hospitably entieriained by Mr . Lawford , were conveyed by that gentleman , in his carriage , to the Beckenham station of the Croydon Railway . Mr . Green states that the balloon onleavingtho gardens took a south-easterly direction , but subsequently got into a north-westerly , current , and did not attain a greater altitude than 2800 feet .

      The New Hospital ron ¦ . Coxsimptiox , Ac , _Bkompton . _*—The western wing of this beautiful structure will be ready fov the reception of patients in the early part of next June . This portion of thc building will _conLiin every requisite for the health and domestic comfort of the patients . Thc funds in hand suffice to meet four out of the six instalments , together with the lieavj' expense of enclosing , draining , preparing , and laying out the ground . A Porpoise at Glasgow . —Yesterday morning a

      large porpoise was observed making its way up our liarbour , and within a hundred yards of the Broom ielav Bridge . A marine visitant of this kind is rare , even at Greenock ; but the presence of a porpoise within the very-royalty of Glasgow is , we behove , altogether unprecedented . It is , however , not more remarkable than the arrival aiid sailing of ships from 600 to W 0 tons burden at and from the Broomielaw would have been considered a jew years ago—events now of constant occurrence *—Glasgow Herald August lh

      Cakckrb » . Bbeast . —Extraordinary Cure by Holloway ' s . ' Ointment- and Pills . — -Tatton , Southampton , Feb . 0 th , " 18 _& , —Mr ; Holloway j Sir , —The Lordhas permitted to be wrought a _wonderful cure of a cancer or abscess of twelve years * standing in mv wile ' s breast . In the latter part of tlie time eleven wounds were open at once . The faculty declared the case was past cure . It was then that a friend recommended _theusc of your JPilU and Ointment , which iu a ; short mace of tune made the breast as sound and as well as , ever it was , in her life , and tliis af tor every _ogg m _^ _nshsd'faileil ; Sh _jaed _^ hard Bull , Boot

      Igricuitun Anu Lorttcultuce

      igricuitun anU _lorttcultuce

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , Aug , 2 lst , 1843 . [ Extracted from a DiARTof Actual Operations on five small farms onthe estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in . Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates of the Eavl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of _Fai-nley Tyas , hear _Hiuiuerslield , in order to guide otlier possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on tkeir own lands . Thc farms selected as models _are—Finsfc . Two school farms ' at WiUingdon and Eastdean , of five acres each , conducted by U . Crufctenden and Jolm Harris . Second . Two private farms , of live or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—thc former at Eastdean , the latter , at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial scliool farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the

      sanicplace . Theeonsecutive operations in thesereports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate ' * nd ; agricultural -value of the south with the north of England . The Dunv is aided by "A _' otesand Observations " from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin . " Can you keep a pig ? You will find a pig the liest savcili that you can have about a garden -, and he will pay yon well for liis keep . "— ' fhe Rev . R . W . Kyle ' s Lecture . Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , who in return for three hoursteaching in the morning ,

      ' give twee hours , of their labour in the afternoon for the muster ' s benefit , which renders the schools _SELFBurroiraso . We believe that at Farnl y Tyas six sevenths of the produce of the school farm will be assigned tothe boys , and one-seventh tothe master , ivho will receive the usual school fees , help the boys to _cidtlvate their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , tvriling , die ., to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services ' , and bemadethissindirectly to reach their parents in away the most grateful to their feelings . ]

      : . Sussex , _Monday—Ii 7 / Z % < _foj _> School . Boys carrying wheat and oats . Eastdean School . Uolyday for the boys , master reaping wheat , hoeing turnips . * Piper . Carrying wheat . Dumbrell . Reaping wheat . Tuesday— IViilingdon School . _TBcaping wheat . East-. dean School . Boys thrashing peas , turning barley , and planting-cabbages . for- the winter . Piptr . Thrashing wheat . ] . Dumbrell . Reaping wheafc . J _WEDXiiSDAT— Willingdon School . Boys reaping red wheat . Eastdean School . Boys clean ) ng the school , the pigsty cs , emptying : thc tank . Piper . _^ Thrashing wheat . Dundrell . Rainy day , attending the cows , ifcc . _TiiuBsuAT— _iriKfnotfon . -Sc / tooL-.-: ' -Boys- reaping red

      wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying tho portable privy tubs , carrying contents to tlio kind , and thctaukofthcpigsty . es . Piper . Thrashing wheat , and mending lucerne with cow . liquid _.-FniDAY—Willingdon School . Boys reaping red wheat , Eastdeaxi Scliool .- Boys reaping wheat ,: turning it , . to dry , and tying it up . ' ¦ ' ¦ Piper . Cleaning wheat , ami reaping , barley . Dumbrell . Mowing barley and oats , reaping wheat . -: '*¦ _* ; . '¦; . Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys reaping red _! wheat , and carrying liquid manure to the rye , about . to . bo sown on stubble . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the portable privy pails , and tanks . _I' _^ _er _.,. Reaping barley . Dumbrell . Mowing seed : tares , aud reaping wheat .

      J . - _COW-FEEMXO . - _.-.- Dumbrell . One cow grazed in the day , and fed in tho stall at mora and oven with 40 B ) S . of cabbages til 1 Friday , the remainder ofthe week with mangel wurzel leaves . Another cow and heifer entirely stall-fed on _164-W . _of tares per day during the week . WiUingdon School . Cows fed upon tho second cut of clover and white turnip . Piper . Cows fed upon white turnips and lucerne _.

      Iiauvestiko Grain Chops.—This Was The Su...

      _IIauvestiko Grain Chops . —This was the subject for discussion at the monthly _meeting of tlio'Maidstone Farmers' Club , on Thursday evening last , at the Star Inn ; O . _G-. Wliittaker , Esq ., in the chair _. The subject was discussed about this time last year ,

      when it was _rcsoh'cu that bagging was the best mode of cutting wheat ; after that mowing was recommended , reaping being considered the least desirable modcio . be practised , and to . tliisopinion the members present still-adhered . ult .. was recommended that the sheaves should bo small , and that tho crop should be cut a little , beforo it ; was ripe . An experiment was detailed in which portions of a field of wheat were cut three . weeks , two weeks , and one week before it was _considered-absolutely ripe ; also , one week and two weeks afterwards , the rcsuit of which was that the portion cut , two weeks before it was ripe produced the best ; sample . The Wiltshire composition for the destruction , of . rats , was _stronj-ly . recommended by a member , who . had . triedit . ; The Spalding variety * ; of

      wheat was yery highly spoken of . One member had grown of it as much as eight quarters seven-bushels an , acre—and -on the average six- quarters ait acve . An . incidental discussion took place on the merits of patent f elt as a covering for stacks in lieu of thatch , but many , objections were . stated against it , both on the ground . of expense and inapplicability . The preference seemed to be given to storing wheat in barns , in opposition to stacking it , and by way of corroboration , it was mentioned thatthe wheats of Norfolk and Suffolk , where tliey havo little barn room , fetch a lower price in London than those of Kent . . Jt was , however , admitted that the difference of . price in favour of Kent was more in winter than in summer .

      Thc following resolution was ultimately agreed-to . _*—" Rosolvcd , — -That it has been found desirable to cut wheat before it becomes sickle-cared , and other grain rather green . That if men can be got to bag wheat well , it is best . to bag ; the next best plan is to mow ; but botli bagging and mowing must be done well , or dirt will get into tlie sample , from the stalks which are torn up by the roots . That corn should always be made up in small sheaves . That when winter threshing is required , wheat threshed after , having been kept in ; the barn is generally better than that kept in stack ; but that for summer threshing the sample is rather improved by beingstacked . "—Maidstone Journal , .

      The Wax to do Good . —The Hon . Capt . T . Thurlow , brother of Lord Thurlow , having recently purchased au cstate at Etmswcll , a portion of it has been divided into 28 allotments for thc labourers , who took possession jn the beginning of Jast month . In three weeks the allotments were converted from a wilderness into a garden , with a prospect ofa good crop of potatoes , each man having been liberally supplied with manure by the same kind hands . The Naked Barley , on Barley Wheat . — This - valuable grain is worthy of the serious consideration of the agriculturist , as returning a greater profit than the barley in general cultivation ; and , if grown side by side , will yield more bushels , more Hour for human food , aiid 25 ner cent , more beer , and also . will

      feed more stock , because—1 . It contains more flour than any other grain , rice only excepted , 2 . It weighs more than COIbs . per bushel . 3 . The flour is whiter and sweeter than common barley flour , i . The flour , absorbs more water than other flour : consequently , it produces move wei ght of bi'cao . 5 . Bread made from any barley flour is better made into thick cakes ; and if from a fourth to an eighth of an ounce , of carbonate of soda is dissolved in thc yeast , it improves all bread / and takes thc bitter taste away . 0 . 13 y plain boiling , ifc is good food for children . 1 . The malt made from it . increases in . measure more than from common barley . ' 8 . The malt will make in seven days less than common barley . 0 . It can be made one month earlier and ono month later than

      trom common barley . 10 . It weighs considerably more than the malt from common barley . 11 . The Quantity of beer made from this malt is 25 per cent _, move than from common malt , and is of liner flavour . 12 . Three bushels will seed the land as well as . four of other barley . 13 . It should bo sown in March or April . 14 , It ripens in 80 or 90 , days only . 15 . If sown without grass , it can be harvested in two or three days , 10 . If sown early , it may be harvested iu time lor a following good crop of turnips . 17 . It only requires-the same cultivation as other barley . 18 . TllC straw is much superiorfor . ' fodder . 10 . It very seldom lodges , ami is not subject to disease . 20 . Each acreof this barley ' . produces about one third more food . N . 13 . —The produce of this barleyboth

      , in quantity and weight , surpasses all others ; and , as regards its . malting qualities , and extract ' of saccharine , is even superior , to the best Chevalier barley in quality as well as quantity . —Northampton Herald . _RSAPISO _Wjll-AT . —IMPORTANT : TO FaRMKRS . —It IS asserted by Mr . Hannam , a clever and _Jxperienced farmer , of North Deighton , near Wetherby , Yorkshire , that considerable loss-arises from , the , mistaken practice of reaping , wheat when "dead ripe ; " and this assertion he proves by the following experiments . —In 1810 , he reaped three large sample -parcels of wheat as follows ;—No-1 . Green , cut _Auuust 4 th :

      No . II . Raiv , cut . August : 18 th ; . No . III . Ripe , cut September . 1 st . When , threshed and : carried to market , theycommandedthefollowing prices : _* _-rNo . I . Cls . per quarter . ; No . IL -04 s . per _quarteiv ; No , III . 52 s . per quarter . In 1841 . _becut five half-roods of wheafc as follows : —No . I .. Verv . Green , Aug . 12 th ; No . II . ' Green , Aug . 19 th ; No . HI . Raw , Aug . 26 th , _* No . IV . Raio , Aug . 30 th ; No . V . Ripe . Sept . Dth . These samp les were first shown , at the- Wetherby Anricultural Society _^ show on Sept . 22 d , 1841 , when an extra premium was awarded to sample Iso , 111 . The wheat , from-. which the hut .. _¦*» samples _. were taken , was . then , ground and , dressed , by Mr . John It is betteralways _. to . hoe yourturnips . _threetimes , and then go over them mth the hand . _i _CJinj-Ulahe ' care of all your _chaff , - & C , when you winnow corn of any hind , andpres ' erve it , for nuxing w « u jour boded turnipimash forth * _cpwsiinwjtter .: X The wb _^ i _^ -i-eaped _) - _^ quite ripe ,. an _4- » et ; Up ' s _^ B hwve _^ . ija _^ slipolr ; ''

      Iiauvestiko Grain Chops.—This Was The Su...

      _Ilardcastle , miller , of Wetherby , when the following results ( omitting . fractions ) came out : — Grain . Flocr . t _' oLLAKD . Bras . Cot . No . HI . 100 lbs . _SQlbs . 5 lbs . 131 bs . Raw , Aug . S « - IV . 100 — 77— 7— 14— Raw , Aug . SC — V . loo — 72 — 11 — IS — Ripe , Sept . S As this experiment is really worth repenting , ami can lie tried without expense , wo would respectfully draw to it the attention of the farming body .

      . .. - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY * A DIGEST _TOOM THE MiCTUltES OF 1 _'ItOFliSSOn BI _5 A . Nfil 3 . 1 . Itis a remarkable tact , the fewness , as it were of the elements which are concerned in the structure and functions of organic bodies . There arc a set of , perhaps , between lit ' ty and sixty elementary bodies ; but it will not be _necessary , 'in . these lectures ,-to bring prominently into notice more than about six of them . 11 is ( he truly wonderful changes and adaptations to tlie purposes for which combinations of these are required that attention will be more particularly directed . 2 . We arc in the habit of talking of the ultimate and proximate elements of organic bodies ; and the meaning of these terms is probablv sufficiently evident .

      By the term ultimate elements , is meant those things into which aU organic matter can be finally resolved _, iieat any organic substance without tlie access of air , and it will be found thatcliai'COill , or carbon , remains . This is an elementary body ; it cannot be resolved into any otlier form of matter , aud therefore it is one of tiie ultimate elements _ofri'ganic matter . Other elements arc those forms of matter whicli are called oxygen , hydrogen , and nitrogen ; these arc gaseous bodies-. Hydrogen , nitrogen , oxygen , and carbon , to which may be added sulphur and phosphorus , arc the ultimate elements which will chielly come into view in thc course of these lectures . Oxygen , hydrogen , and carbon , arc found in all organic matter ; nitrogen is found in by far the greater number of the products of organisation ; and certain other elementary bodies will also have a place iii these iuvestijiiUions , though they arc comparatively insignificant in proportion ;

      tliey arc phosphorus , sulphur , iron , and some other substances . Oxygen , hydrogen , and _t-nrbon arc , however , the leading elements , and they _ai' _3 commonly the most abundant In vegetable bodies ' ; but nitrogen makes its appearance in most cases , whew animal matter js examined . In by . far the greater number of proximate elements of animal bodies , nitrogen is one of the constituents . Now it will be a question of much importance , and of great interest , to ascertain whence this nitrogen is derived . It constitutes a very large part oi' thc substance of graminivorous animals ; yet it is a curious circumstance , that the plants and _rcots on which tliey live contain very little of it , and it may almost be regarded rather as an accidental , than a constant , ingredient in their composition . Nitrogen is essential to animal life ; it is necessary , to the development of almost all plants ; and it i ' orms , as to quantity , the principal dement in the atmosphere .

      3 . With _regsm ! to proximate elements , —these arc substances which can bo separated by certain chemical processes , and _wlii . hcan be identified as having some definite and peculiar character , aud also certain definite compositions . For instance , resin is one of the proximate elements of vegetables , SO is sugar , so is starch , so isoil , - these arc combinations , which arc called proximate component parts of organic bodies . Now , in all these substances—resin , sugar , starch , and oil—there arc only three elements—carbon , oxygen , and hydrogen ; but they cau be grouped together in such a ' way , as to lead to sonic very extraordinary conclusions respecting thc families of organic bodies , and the orders to which they belong . In sugar , in in starch , in gum , and in wood , tlic ultimate elements

      are such , that their composition may be expressed as represented by charcoal and water ,. In all the esculent anil nutritive vegetables—in the grain of _ssta & _tmoTC especially—a substance is found identical in all its chemical properties , anil in its chemical constitution , with animal matter , containing nitrogen . This has long been known , but it has only lately been brought intO notice , or established as a physiological fact , by Liebig , a very distinguished German chemist , to whom we are greatly indebted for many important discoveries in organic chemistrv . 4 . Then there is an important , and very curious question , that will have to be discussed in these lectures . Take , i ' oriiislaiice , tuegvo \ vU' i of an acorn ; wc see it , in the progress of ages , giving rise to the gigantic oak , and we arc naturally led to ask , Whence this enormous accumulation of matter ? The acorn is planted in a certain spot of earth , and in the course ofa hundred years it is found to have accumulated

      tliree or four tons of solid matter , in consequence of tho growth , as it is called , of the vegetable . Now it is , of course , a . vevy , interesting question - whence this matter is derived . If-we say it is derived from _thcKoil _, we find that the soil remains very much the same at the end of the gvowth of the tree , as it was at the beginning ; we trace no great abstraction of matter from it ; and although , no doubt , thereis a portioii of the tree—a considerable portion of itderivable in a particular way from the soil , yet it is from the air that this great accumulation ' . of matter is principally derived . Thus wc lind that trees grow in and derive subsistence from , that which supports animals also . . Wo lind that the leaves of vegetables are , in fact , aerial root ? , as ifc were , continually taking up substances from the atmosphere to contribute to the vegetable ' _snourisJuneni ; and growth , —substances which , if they were not so abstracted , would exterminate animals by their . accumulation .

      _5 . Now , when the atmosphere performs this very important part iu thc growth of the vegetable bodies , —when the vegetable bodies arc essential to the nourishment ofthe graminivorous tribes , —and when these , iu their turn , are essential to . thc carnivorous _luimala _, it will bean interesting-matter of _huni ' _ivy—( and a great deal of attention has been lately paid to it)—what are the substances in the atmosphere that can be so nutritive ?—and how are they arranged ? 6 . Of course , therefore , an accurate knowledge of the composition of the atmosphere as an essential and pleasing branch of organic chemistry ; and , in order toformjust notions of the parts performed by thc soil and the air respectivel y , wc must look carefully into the composition of plants themselves , and see

      what substances and what elements belongto thc air , what belong to the soil , and what arc common to both . By looking in this way into the composition of vegetables , . ' we ' shall be able to draw some very curious conclusions . There aro certain elements absolutely essential to the culture and growth of vegetables generally , and there arc others which are essential to particular vegetables only , and they may be called accidental or occasional . ' For instancecarbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , and oxygen , arc essential to vegetables generally ; but in certain vegetables , in addition to these four elements , wc lind sulphur . Now it is a curious fact , thatin the common mustardplant , sulphur is an essential element , and without it the mustard cannot live . We find that in wheat ,

      phosphorus is an essential element , and without it wheat cannot be cultivated . Then again wo find wheat , ov clover , or barley , or oats , growing in particular soils , will occasionally take up particular substances * . these may not be essential , but still wo find , in some particular cases , that there may be some accidental ingredient , that appears to contribute very materially to tlie production ' and growth of tbe plant . There is one point always to be kept in remembrance—and that is , that there is no life or vitality in matter which is dry , or deprived of water : that water , therefore , is an essential part of _organic matter . Then , again , as has already been stated _, there isno organic body which does not yield carbon , hydrogen , or oxygon , and , superadded to these , is

      nitrogen , which is as necessary to vegetables as to animals , —without which , in fact , as active plant ? , vegetables could not exist . The bark of vegetables may contain starch , sugar , or gum , and wc find that these substances do nofc contain nitrogen ; still we find nitrogen when we take a vegetable- as it is growing , with all its juices in perfection . Another substance which may also lie called essential to vegetables , is silica , f . Many of them contain it essentially ancl necessarily , and cannot live without it . The grasses , reeds , rushes , canes and bamboos , all contain it essentially . Take , for instance , thc . _straw-or stalk of wheat , barley , or rye , —in all these substances a certain fiuantity of silica is as essential as the carbonate of lime is . to . thc ' egg-shell . ' The stems of these vegetables arc rendered straight , hard , and durable , aim are unaffected by the moisture

      which surrounds them , by the small quantity of silica wliich is built up . along with the true organic matter ; and the strength of tho stem . mny fairly be said to depend principally upon the silica contained in it . The silica is very small in quantity , but when a haystack is burned a hard stony body is found as the result of combustion , —and this , in fact , is glass , whicli is a compound of the silica with the alkaline matter of the grass . In wheat we have phosphate of lime , or bona cartJi ; there is a considerable qim \ ttty of this in thc grain of wheat , showing that phosphorus is an essential ingredient . If vegetables arc burned , we have what are called ashes , and these ashes contain potash ; not that this alkaline matter existed as such in the vegetables , but it existed as a salt , and , by ¦ burning , that salt is decomposed . Kelp and barilla —( from which soda is extracted hy the action ot

      ' * .," Organic Chemistry Signifies Tho ...

      ' * ., " Organic Chemistry signifies tho chemical history of tbe various proximate principles which have beeu observed in the animal and" vegetable kingdoms , and which are tliere associated together , so as to produce a peculiar structure , termed _organic , such as is never seen in any of the products of tho ' mineral kingdo » . Gum , sugar , starch , woody fibre , albumen , fibrine , gelatine , and all those numerous substances ofwhich p \ ants . and the VoiVies of anunals . ore : _compwed , constitute , tlioso , proximate principles wliich are . the products of animatednature . " — Dr . D . B . R ' eid , t SUica _^ _-or _sttex—constitutes tlio . principal ingredient of flint , of the _eand of the _sqr and : of the desert , and ' of many rocks and minerals . Quartz is composed of isih ' ca nearly pure . Silica ; in combination with the fixed alkalies _—potiisliorsoda-foims the basis of thatinestimahleoro . ductof . _artjglaBS ,

      ' * .," Organic Chemistry Signifies Tho ...

      watert-are formed by burning vegetables , and many _vegetables are burned expressly for their ashes 1 hell xvaeome to chlorine and /«* :- «• ' _*«& _^^ fK ments that we find in the blood and m the flesh of graminivorous animals , must , oi course , have been derived from vegetables . .. 7 Thus , we fiud . one kind of vegetable production contains silica , another , contains phosphorus , another containssulphur , and soon ; and though tbeqnahties of these substances so contained arc very small , vet

      they arc principally derived from thc soil : henec the ncccssitv nf giving to the soil those inorganic constituents which particular crops require . The . matters , therefore , about which wc have been talking , begin to assume an aspect of considerable importance ; lor , by attending to tlio matters contained in particular crops , —by ascertaining how tar these are essential to them , how far they exist in the soil , and how far they do not exist , or can be added economically and profitably to the soil , a great door is open to agricultural improvement upon chemical principles . ( Tobe continued . )

      Iteltct Fotriltgwce* .

      iteltct _fotriltgwce _* .

      Loxnon* Conx Exciiaxoi:, Moxp.Vy , Aug. ...

      _LoxnoN * Conx _ExciiAXoi :, Moxp . vy , Aug . 11 . — Very little , if any , improvement has taken place in the weather since our Jast ; in the neighbourhood of thc metropolis heavy showers have fallen from timo to time , and a great quantify of rain appears also to have been experienced in different parts ofthe kingdom towards the close oft / lC _wcelc . 'The reports respecting the appearance of the out-standing crops have become increasingly unfavourable , and it is now very generally asserted , " that however auspicious the remaining part of the summer and autumn may prove for reaping and gathering in of the wheat , the yield must fall short in quality , ' as well as in quantity , of that of average years . This * opinion ' nwy , on live

      whole , be well founded , but there arc many mitigating circumstances which greatly lessen thc hazard of any serious scarcity of food being felt . _Hitliert » the crops of all kinds of corn , excepting wheat , promise a good , if not a large return -, tliat of wheat , though likely to be deficient per acre , may , from th * great breadth of land under this grain , after all yield nearly , if not quite , an average quantity ; and as the farmers seem still to hold plenty of old wheat , we do not apprehend vevy high prices , unless , indeed , the month should finish as unfavourably as it commenced . At Mnrk-lane to-day wc hail ail illlllieilSO show of wheat , tliere being , in addition to tho 10 , 000 qrs . reported , some -1000 or 5000 qrs . _frerfi up liy . land carriage samples from thc neighbouring

      counties . So abundant a supply of home-grown wheat was hardly expected by the millers , and ifc hail the effect of rendering buyers unusually cautious in their operations . In the early part of the day factors refused to accept less money than on this day week , and though they afterwards consented . to submit to an abatement of 2 s . per qr ., they only succeeded in placing a comparatively small proportion ofthe supply , by far the greater bulk remaining unsold at the close of business . The inquiry for free foreign wheafc was . of quite a ' retail ' character , and to have made extensive sales a similar decline to that on English must have been acceded to . Good Dantzio wheat in bond continued to be firmly held at 50 s . per qr ., and other sorts at corresponding terms ; there was , however , much less inclination to enter into speculative investments than last week , and but very few bargains were closed . Town-made Hour could not bo bought below previous prices , but ship flour was ,

      owing to the liberal nature of the arrival , the turn cheaper . The few parcels of English barley exhibited were held at slightly enhanced terms ; so unimportant , however , was thc demand , as to render it impossible to establish any advance on former rates . Malt was saleable in retail , and superior samplca were scarcely obtainable on as easy terms as ou Monday last . With a very small supply of English and Scotch oats , with less than usual from Ireland , and only a moderate' quantity from abroad , factors resisted any decline from previous prices J the dealer ? were therefore very cautious in their operations , ami though really fine corn maintained its former value , ordinary sorts , such as Galway aud light foreign , were the turn cheaper . There was very little passing in beans and peas ; these articles were , nevertheless , fully as dear as at any period of last week . _Canaryseetl was dearer , and caraway seed somewhat cheaper than on Monday last .

      Loxno . v _Sitir / _iriEi-D _CUttie MiinKKr , _Moxbay , August 11 .- —During the past week the imports of live stock from abroad for this market have been moderately extensive , though not to _^ iy large , they having amounted ' to' 10-1 oxen _and-cowii _, t _« ijti _:-f . hcr with MO sheep and 1 * 1 calves , front tho _V- 'i ' _ii-in : Jolliffc and' JSatitvicr steamers frQiti-lt 8 fcte . vi . inKi . Comparatively speaking , these _arrives , though th ' _-vo havo been some useful animals _amoagst them , havo not beeu to say first-rate . To-day \ vo had on - oiler CO beasts and 50 sheep , , all from Holland .. At tho outports about ii . O beasts—100 from Holland and 50 from Spain—have been landed and disposed of in the several localities . Fresh up to pur market ' this morning , we received a full average number of beasts from our various grazing districts , and in which a . slight improvement in quality was noticed . Owing to the prevailing changeable ' , weather , and thc thin

      attendance of buyers , tlic beef trade was in a very sluggish state , and in some instances the quotations had a downward tendency . However , tho primest Scots were disposed of at 4 s id per Sib ., yet a total clearance was not cftected . Front Kori ' olk , Suffolk , Esscx , and Cambridgeshire , we received . S 00 Scots , liomcbrcds , and shorthorns , from the northern districts 400 shorthorns , from the western and midland counties TOO of various breeds , from other parts of England 300 Ilcrcfords , runts , Pcvons , ifcc . ; and from Scotland , 'M 0 horned and polled Scots . Although we had an increased number of sheep on offer , it was by no means large for the present season . Prime old Downs moved off steadily , at full prices ; but ail other breeds were a slow inquiry at late rates . The arrival of lambs from Leicestershire being on the increase , the Jamb trade was dull at a reduction in value of 2 d per Sib . For calves we had a slow demand , yet the quotations were supported , _'i'lwpovk trade " was dull , at last week's currencies .

      By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal . s . d . 8 . d Inferior coarso beasts . , . 3 0 3 4 Settiuvd _^ vm \ lV _* y . , . . 3638 Friiiiu large oxen .... 3 10 4 0 Prime Scots , he , . ¦ . . . < _t 2 i 4 Coarse inferior sheep . . . S C 3 10 Second quality . . , . i 0 4 4 Prime coarse _n-oollcd , , . 4 6 4 8 Pr ime Southdown . . . 4 10 SO Lambs " _.,-.. . . . . 5 0 6 0 Large coarse calves . . . . 3 6 4 : Prime small . . . . . * 6 * 10 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 0 Large hogs . . * . . 30 38 Neat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 2 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 1 G 0 20 < 1 1 IR 4 _B OP CATTLE OS SAUK .

      ( From the JJooks of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts ,-a / _HC-Sheep ani * Lambs , 28 . 870-Calves , 1 _CIl _> i £ s , 320 . Ricii . mo . vd Cons Makkct _, August 0 . —Wc only had a thin supply of grain in onr market to-day , and the prices wore rather higher thau lust week . _lYhcat sold from fs . ( Id . to Ss . Gd . ; oats , 3 s . to is . ; barley , 4 s . to -Is . 3 d . ; beans , 5 s , to os . 3 d . per bushel . _Maxciijgster Conx Market , _Satukijat , Avo . 9 . — - In the early part of the week the weather was vcy showery and unseasonable , but on Thursday and yesterday it was of a more favourable description . Influenced by the languid accounts from London and dtlior leading markets , the demand for cither wheat or flour since this day week has not by any means

      been of so lively a character as previously noted ; but , in the transactions whieh have occurred , no change in prices was observable . Uoth oats and oatmeal , on the contrary , being in moderate supply only , commanded more attention , and for each rather higher rates wero realized . At the market this morning the business passing in wheat was on a limited scale , and the turn of prices was- generally in favour of tho buyer . For flo » i' _ainotoale demand was experienced , without variation from tho currency of this day se ' nnight . Oats continued to meet a ready sale , and must be quoted 2 d . per 4511 b . dearer . Oatmeal was likewise in steady request , at an advance of fully Is . per load . There was a considerable fall of rain prior to and during market horn's .

      Liverpool Cattlh _Markkt , _Moxjuy , Auc . 1 ] . — We have had a larger supply of cattle at market today than of lato ;' a great portioii of second-rate quality . Any thing good met with ready sale at last Week ' s prices ; inferior quality met with dull sale at a little decline in price . Cattle imported into Liverpool from the 4 th to the llth of August : —Qbws 2159 ; Calves ' 113 ; Sheep 9028 ; Lambs 899 ; Pigs SfSO ; Horses Id . . ¦ . - ' ' . - * _Livbo tool Cons Market , Mosbav , Ajcust . 11 . — There has been a good supply of _wlicataifn ilOlir _Vr'ia Ireland , but small of other articles . Sii _^ c last _^ liesjay the weather has been cold and unfavourable for the crops coming to maturity , and on Saturday wc had incessant and heavy rain , which continued np to the following morning ; the appearance is now more transac

      settled , with a warmer temperature . 'Ine - tions in wheat and Hour during the week have been less extensive , the millers . ™ ] dcalcrs . obscrvingsomc caution in tlieir purchases both articles were sold on rather good demand has been tions of grain and pulse for Irish oats havo been sold , 40108 . Grinding barley 3 s . Canadian peas 35 s . to 3 Cs 28 s . to 30 s . per 480 lbs ., and 35 s 7 per . lS 01 b 3 _., whichisan perquarter ' on each . vancc of Is . Cd . per load , and taken . on ! speculation . Thc articles , on speculation , h _. tent . Stettin and Rostock ' 5 s . Idd . to 6 s ., and fine States flour has been sold at and ; not much on sale . uuwi

      , And On Friday Easier Terms. A Very Exp...

      , and on Friday easier terms . A very experienced lor . otherjescriptransit _Jg-JqsytlB . jaml _ji _^ . at 3 s . _Sf-rj-iUMM _^ Gd . to MM _^ _S _J _« \ . per _Spgl _^ _SW-V _'« _EgyptiaiVl ) _tianB ; a _^ 34 s . ' _-to ; , - _,-o - ¦ improV . _eraeji | of : l 8 : _; to v 2 s . ; _, ; £ Oatmeal _^ _astjbrflugh . _thn adf ( n . _soimquaitit | has teen * *¦ - oi ® atipB 8 B % _Mdcd _^ _- _rre be 8 B 3 _« _Mi _^ ex- _N- . rcdj _^ hea _^^ rogght _t Dates 7 s . _peOT _^ Umled . 23 s . Cd . to 2 W $ et barrel , -a I , ana on _svmay ¦ easier terms . A very ienced for _othejidcscriptransit _im--t % _& _ySlok A 3 s . 2 _& fo _, 3 s ; r _^ p _« r _> . _Gi to _Ms _M _^ Gib _^ _n _iCr 50 _|»^ naianleQrn : _^ ) V Egyptii _^ l ) tianR ; _alj 8 'is . ' to ; , - , _03 ' _impVoVleiuelJbtii ' _s _^ tq _^ s . '; _, ; , , ' , _* meal _^ as | _bfduglith * ri adf ( " 7-... d soma qu _^ tit | _i _* is biien , «¦• * ; _- _ebeehlSfMMi _^ ex- _^ . .. : red _wheaMMl _> rbgght' , * itB . _c-7 a _: | S t _™ BW _^ ¦ 23 s . Cd . to 2 _ls ? fpBr barrel , -4 _* l .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 16, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_16081845/page/7/