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Northern Star (1837-1852), 15th February 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 7

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    • rMHHnaa-HM*^«Mma>^H«iMBa g^ MMMH ^ HH
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      J^™ -'™* 6 : _.,__ Th^Y(^|Rhe^)-S'Rm.R ....

      _- _™* _ ., ___ TH _^ _y _(^| rHE _^) _-S'rM . r . . y , t ¦ - _- ——— . _—~~^ _^—**^ _^ B' | _^** | _*^^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^*^*^^ _" _- ' _^^^^^ _Mwm

      (Concluded From Our Sixth Page.) ~~ " , ...

      J ' ( Concluded from our sixth page . ) ~~ " , so . n . _jjr M _^ Donalltold me , two days after his rcturn-from _Trrate that he had been informed by a Government dicer /„ Paris , that Fcargns O'Connor had sold the _JsL-iists a * Lancaster to the Government , and that ¦ _»* wasinthe nay of the Government ; and the same IL ** was repeated to xae in many places , and by dif-Sr « it persons in towns where Dr . M'Douall had been Sarin * as hx _* hjg been circulated by him : — _s Christopher Doile . _^™ : _^^^ .

      so . m . Pr . M'Donali made the same statement io me at the Thomas _Ciark .

      so . IV . Extract of a letter from Mr . D . Ross , of Leeds , to : nicnd in London . , Leeds , Febrnary 4 th , 1845 . y ] v Dear Sir , —Dr . M'Douall has undertaken to _Tilav _' thc despot with a vengeance . Every misfortune •" _iajjfcr . * bqfcdlcn Chartism , since 1 & _42 , may justly be _gflributcd io him ; and now , by way of compensation , _Jnce his return from France , he has done little but _* o about . like a destroying angel , spreading dissennonsand fomenting divisions . In fact , he told me , in _-jje sniunin of 1 ast 5 _" J "what he would do ** and he _]^ _JMthflul V kept Ms word _. What the Glasgow _segelsry kasshsee chavgedbim with , he then told to me , _-aitb inany other things equally base , wliich I will -rove to hki _c _081 when I am so fortunate as to obtain i ss _rjwortunity of doing so . I am , -respect-fully yours , 6 David Ross .

      Ii rosy he well to explain here that the statements _ikiih Dr . M'Douall denies as having made wero heaidby Mr . Doyle and Mr . Clark some time before the Doctor visited Manchester , and consequently before Leach and him had an opportunity of meeting . After hearing the whole of the evidence the _Counaj retired to their room . During them absence 31 r . Lowe was examined , and declared fhat he had sever heard Dr . M'Douall state anything injurious jo O'Connor ' s character . ] i about half an hour , the Council returned , when _-Jioibairroan . said they had come to an unanimous iVtiaon , which was as follows : —

      " That we , the Council of Carpenters' Hall locality oi the _National Charter _Association , having heard the evidence given by Mr . Leach , Mr . Butterworth , and flic statements made by Feargus O'Connor , as well as the letters from Enoch Horsfall , of Todniorttoi ; BavidKo 9 S , of Leeds , Cliristopher Doyle , Thomas Ol'irfcv , and "William Hewitt , of London ; asd having _sto heard read the letters of Dr . M'Douall , in which he denies the principal statements attributed to him iv th" other gentlemen ; from that evidence we are _fii'Jv satisfied that Dr . M'Douall did make use of the miri _°£ _* n _£ _w . d \ _iit < lt 0 ihe statements attributed to iiw : and , bound as we arc hy that evidence to beli such expressions _snd statements to lie false and

      _mjaioious , wc are of opinion tliat Dr . M'Douall has ferfeiled ihe confidence of the Chartist body , and is _aenetforth undeserving of their trust . And we , the _t _^ sueiL d « -ia Mr . _O'Comior fidly exonerated from _sTi lie charges that have been brought against him ; _sa _» l are of opinion that he is entitled to the continued ami _Tantservcil confidence of tlie Chartists of Great _jsr-tsia and Ireland . ** Signed , on behalf of the Council , " Thomas Rankis , Chairman . " M . ' _-ss-heAier , Feb . Stb , 1845 . iltsoivci— " That a report of these proceedings , _kdiwsc ihe above resolution , he published in the _ft-vr of Saiimlav noi . "

      After the Council had reported , Mr . Pnllen desired _icszva _woitl . From the _rcpresenteilons made to Fur . by Dr . _M'Doual ] , whom he thought the honestest Ban iu the country , he wlieved _MiCO'Connor to be tie wosst and most dangerous villain in the world . Trva _thirae representations he was induced to abanim ibc Chartist Movement altogether , and to become _z menibc-r of _M'DnualVs Committee , ! J _? ow . howfver , he liad changed his opinion of both parties , and looked upon O'Connor as an injured , honest man . One of the Council . — _'fhen , Mv . Pnlki -, are yon rcparcd to _iako out your card , and join again 1 Mr . Pnllen . —Acs , _ewtainlv , I am . ( Vociferous _diecrins ;) .

      Mr . Charles _'layior , _fi-ensurer to ihe M'Douall fsnd , wis not in Manchester at the time of the int-uiry ; hat on his arrival , having heard of the evidence of Mr . Lowe , he stated that , after the investigation in Leach's case , and after M'DonaU ' s denial of leach ' s assertions as to the "denunciation" of O'Connor , he ( Taylor ) walked home in eompany with Lowe , when Lowe remarked that he never was so laueh disgusted , or thought so meanly of any man , as lie did of Dr . M'Douall ; for he had _' heard him over aid over again state tbe very same things -with reference to ~ 0 * Connor in several companies ; and that he { Taylor ) , if present , could Lave proved that 31 'Douall had frequently made the same charges with

      respect to O'Connor's selling the Chartists ; and , fanher _, that M'Douall stated that he had ample documentary evidence in his possession to prove the feels . M'DourJl further stated that there was a viper in the rapks , gnawing the very vitals of the movement { meaning thereby Mr- O'Connor ); and that he _IM'Douall ) was the only man flat could destroy hhn , -SB & _vbat he would do so . At tbe close of ihe proceedings Mr . O'Connor jaid : I have had the honour of recognizing she of my old Lancaster companions ; and to leave nothing unanswered , 1 shall now examine as respectable a working man as ever breathed , with respect to my _i-onduetat Lancaster , Mr . Crossley .

      Mr . 0 'Connor . —Mr . Crossley , will you have tne kindness to state to fhe Council the impression yon received of my conduct throughout the trial at Lancaster ? Was there anything calculated in my crossetamination , my speech , or any part of my conduct io create doubt or suspicion in your mind ? or did jou think that I attempted to save myself at the _esense of other parlies ? Mr . Crossley . —No , certainly not , quite the reverse . 1 thought you seemed to feel for every one as much , if not more , than yourself . Mr . O'Connor . —I shall now examine Mr- Leach . Mr . Leach , will you lave the Mildness to answer the _ame questions ? " _ ilr . Leach . —Why , its all nonsense : the question . hist lies here . Mr . O'Connor and Mr . Roberts

      pitched upon the men that should speak in defence , _si-dhad counsel for others ; and the men that were _stated to speak were chosen for fear theignoranee of _euio-scfthe lawmightleadthem to say something that _f-anld criminate Dr . M'Douall , as we knew that if he and O'Connor got off we should all get off . Mr . O'Connor . —Gentlemen , I have now sifted all ; were never was a more glorious triumph than the _j _^ _waaer triumph , whieff one reprobate would mar % trying to make a grievance out of nothing . As wtl einterview alluded to , with tlie Attorney-General , J * n will take my word and honour for it " that neither ¦ Mr . _koherfe or myself ever Jaid eyes on himexcept

      , * court ; in fad ; , lam at a loss to comprehend the Qfaning of sneh systemarie villany as is developed _? uie revelations made hereto-day : and now , _thankp _& yon for yoia- patient investigation , I have thought * my duty _fy- tliis further evidence to strengthen the _*« uecfyourverdiet . h te right to state that , several of Dr . M'DouaH ' s E intiniatc friends were on the Council , while the _"mority of the witnesses who were examined had *« uall y licen induced to abandon the Chartist cause J jlltoi _saiPs representations . ! Mr . _Redfeai-n , one _« we Council , had actually offered to establish him in _W ' _-pm in Manchester .

      _When the division of the Council was read , it was _^ tttdwith the most _raptnrons applause ; and the _^ CKU delegates present instantlv started to _com-™* ffiittite tlie result in their several localities _^ ever did Mr . O'Connor receive such a rapturous * aeameas when he entered the Carpenters' Hall in ifle evening . The impmsion upon every mind is , jjj _atiais inquiry will tend to give increased confidence « j tlie really honest , and will cause a reorganisation _w _omranK

      _LOXDOX . _^ brrrl { . j ., _^ j { District Cocxcn , Fcbniary 9 th ; , Ir _^ _hlne in the chair .- _^ It was unanimously resolved that tlie Executive committee be requested to _re-| _£ to the danders of the Weekly Dispatcli , contained t" tins day ' s number . " After some other business _u-e-council adjourned . _^^• _•^ tu . —A public meeting was held at the llth _t _^' _^ _ndge-i-oad , on Tuesdav evening , Feb . W i e pur se of hearing Mr . P . M'Grath deanrT _;^ i > w ; e on the principles of Free Trade as 0 e wcaltl 1 producers Mr . n . Cullingthe

      SET * , . " _¦ PenJ _^ i _^^ to chair , and in a neat speech then _S , _j " _^ _^ of the evening . Mr . M'Grath _ar-ii _; _^ _T dear 3 - shewed the great evils that must ¦ _ttS _^?™ _^ option ofthe Free Trade principle _aJl » _* fwcumstances . This able lecture was _tteIS ' de < 1 _^ _ugnont . At the conclusion of _Mes _^ v mi _anunated discussion ensued , in which tooki ' nrt _S _SkUwood , Smith , H . Ross , andothere * _fth _* _- » _iK _" *' _- * _^ _'Grath eloquently replied . A vote * _t _av ? _i | , lra _^ eB _unanlmoosly awarded to the Jec-• l i- _^^' i" _^ _"Grath responded , and the meeting

      _Oari ? _jir ' f ~ On Sunday evening last , Mr . T . _laW . m ¦« ir . _^ and instructive lecture on - -W t h _^ atifr- Doddridge ' s , Bricklayera ' thr a : is _^ , ' _S ? -street . An unanimons vote of " - _^ _as awarded to the lecturer . _W-esj _H- _JORKSHIRE . , fa _$ leM 7 _T _"nxoAZz Meetisg . —This meeting H all SS rBaan _tto notice , in the Working Man's _fc lWini _^ i ' on SHnday , _^ ie 9 ih inst , when the _** _* % ij _, _^ T _^« Pre _« nted :- ! Brauford , Little-JJ _hJ-nhrP _^ > _Waw & H , Ealifax , _Birstah , _^ _C _^ _^ _wsbary , and Lockwood . Mr . T . _^• " mth _^ Tri _& e cLair * The secretary read _to 4 iV cf _Vr _« J ? rerions meethi &» which on the _^ rft ' _-cd . il 7 | ifie , seconded by Mr . Shaw , were 5 _*^ l !» A „ _i _^ _" ° _*™ g _snms were then handed 5 _^ _iT _^ J _^ _in 6 s . 3 d ., levy 3 s . 2 d . ; Mrs . _X _^ hn V _Wax » _Execafive 7 s . < Jd ., levvls . 6 d . ; _W' J _? ecntivels . 8 d .. levy lOd . ; Hebdenbridge , _^ _M _-. W _^ ' _* _& 31 ' _laflehnm , Executive _^ i * _B » stan , Executive -J & v 3 ia . ;

      (Concluded From Our Sixth Page.) ~~ " , ...

      _Dnddersfield , levy 2 s . ; Lockwood , _ExeeutiriiZsF , _iS _^ _tZLt 0 ° " _^ _^ _ftBwwng _resolutions v \ nrV _£ I * " _? aium ? nsly :- " That we , the delegates representing the various localities inthe West _Rfdins ol the county of _Yoric , do hereby express our entire confidence in the integrity of Feargus O'Connor , _Asq ., despite tlie ftnl Calumnies dii-ected against him by base cowards , who envy the popularity his virtues nave acquired for him ; and we also express our confidence in the other members ofthe Executive _, _i urther , we tender our warmest thanks to the Manchester Coancil forthe just and impartial manner in which they have sifted the charge of M'DouaU against Mr Leach ; and we trust that the General Council will always have the moral courage to root out traitors whenever and wherever found . " "That we aprrove of the resolution ofthe South Lancashire delegates in favour of bringing out a Chartist hymnbook , whicli is vcrv much wanted . " _--.,.,. ••' _- " _I'TVfc * _- * _r i _ir - _*» i "' i ii _^~™ " _^ —

      OLDHAM . Lect * jke . —On Sunday last Mr . J . H . Taylor delivered a veiy interesting lecture on the " life , writings , and genius of Robert Burns , " hi the Chartistreom , Greaves-street . The lecturer commenced bv giving a biographical sketch of the poet ' s life from youth to manhood , reciting a varietv of his poems in true Scotch idiom , in which were exemplified . i genius unexampled at such an early period of life . The lecturer gave general satisfaction .

      MACCLESFIELD . Lecture . —On Sunday evening Mr . West delivered a lecture in the Chartist-room , Stanley-street , to a numerous and attentive audience . The subject ofthe lecture was the Queen ' s Speech , whieh Mr . West dissected in his usual , lucid and forcible manner . At the conclusion an hiterestingconversation took place on the subject of education , wliich was highly instructive . Macclesfield bids fair to lie soon " up tothe mark . "

      Rmhhnaa-Hm*^«Mma&Gt;^H«Imba G^ Mmmh ^ Hh

      _rMHHnaa-HM _*^« _Mma _>^ _H _« iMBa _g _^ MMMH _^

      Manual Of Field Gardening: Or, Belgian A...

      MANUAL OF FIELD GARDENING : OR , BELGIAN AGRICULTURE MADE EAST . London : Simpkin and Mai-shall . Huddersfield Kemp . Such is ihe title of a valuable little work which has just issued from tbe press . It is a daily record of the actual workings on four small garden-fhnns , lying several miles distant from each other , near Eastbourne , in Sussex . Jt may be depended on as containing a correct report of the methods of cultivation adopted by numerous garden fanners upon the estates of Mrs . Da vies Gilbert . The farms selected as models are , _Lrf . That of the Willingdon School , conducted by O . Cmttenden , who occupies , in addition to the school-house , five acres of land at the usual fanner ' s

      rent . He is assisted by from five to twenty little boys , who , paying each one penny per week , receive instruction in readiug , writing , and arithmetic , from nine till twelve in the morning , and in the afternoon help him hi return with his farm-labours and stallfeeding , from three till six o ' clock . This plaee , adjoining the village of _YVillingdon , is delightfully situate , on one of the slopes declining froni the Chalk Downs . It is in view of the English Channel , which , with the _Martello towers .-Jong the coast as tar as the eye can reach , form a striking scene . The place exhibits neatness and order without the least display . 2 nd . That of tkcEu- _'Z'Jt'an . School , near Ecachy Head , conducted by John Hams , who holds five acres of land in addition io ibe school , where about the same number of boys are trained to mental and agricultural pursuits . 3 rd . Thatof . _fe ! . _"cy _^> € i _* , whichisaprivatefarm , higher up the Down than tiie school at Eastdcan , of

      tour acres . He is partly employed as an overlooker with ether work , but cultivatesliis plot two or three days per week , assisted by a boy , and an occasional man . He was lately examined by the committee of the House of Commons on the Allotment question _itlt . Thai of John Dumbrdl , at . levington , or near to it , also a private farm of six acres , who is assisted in its cultivation by his father , seventy years of age , in addition to wliich he keeps a little village shop ; he also was examined before the same committee _, -levington is situate about four , miles from Beachy Head , and is sequestered deep in a vale amongst the chalk hills . Li general the soil of these farms is formed from the disintegration of the chalk rock which is close below the surface , or of alluvial mould swept into tbe valleys ; the colour of it is whiter than is quite agreeable to the eye , and evidently must owe much of its fertility to thelaboura of man or the mildness of the climate .

      This diary has been deduced from returns ingeniously contrived by T . Thynne , Esq ., steward to the Earl of Dartmouth , for the guidance of the model fanners , established by him at Slaithwaite aud Lingavds , near Huddersfield , in Yorkshire ; and it is now published by the benevolent John _Nowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfield , as a guide to the workers and pro-motel's of agricultural" improvements elsewhere . « In additiou to the diary the work is interspersed with "Notes and Observations" applicable to each time and season where they are introduced . These notes contain a fund of information on the bestinode of securing , preparing , and applying manures , and on many other matters essential to the success of the _siimll-fai-niproject , in which question Mr . Nowell , though a Whig , takes a deep and even enthusiastic

      interest : for in tltal question alone he sees the salvation of the country from impending destruction . He has issued his work , he says , " to assist those kindhearted , generous men in their labours of love for the benefit of human kind ; those who , in their _endea-Toia-a to improve society , wish to procure for every country cottage in Britain ' its rood of kind , ' and to maintain a fair remuneration for the labour of its inmates ; those who , in encouraging better cultivation _, wish to restore a sunken yeomanry to comfort and happiness ; those who , by promoting the closer union of the two twin sisters , agricultural and manufacturing industry , arc wisliful to benefit both master and workmen ; to assist those , above all , who , in endeavouring to unite physical and mental training in schools of industry , are desirous of ensuring the future happiness and security of _^ heir country . "

      So convinced arc wc cf the invaluable use of the diaiyhere made public , thatwc shall weekly insert from the pages of Mr . _NbwelTs work , that portion relating to the week following the . publication of our journal . Wc shall thus be affording to the workers on small farms a guide for their operations ; for the arrangement of tbe diary is such as to show the nature of the work that was engaged in during each day , by the parties whose operations are _recocded , and whose success in tlieir plans has been most eminent : so much to some of them ns tu obtain the prizes offered by the Earl of Dartmouth for the most successful cultivation . In doing this we know that

      we shall not be giving cause of complaint to Mr . Nowell ; for in publishing his book he has not an eye to individualprofit . He has issued it to aid in extending a knowledge of the inestimable blessings that can be secured to this nation from a proper application of labour tothe soil ; and in carrying out the intention expressed abovc , we know that he will consider US US aiding him in Ids benevolent labours . With mere book-makers for profit ' s sake we should not have daredto take such a liberty : with Mi * . Nowell , —a _* man who lias devoted his time , his energies , and no inconsiderable amount of money to the bringing of the question of spade _husbaiidi-y and small farms before the public , —our motives and intentions will be appreciated and thankfully acknowledged .

      The two first extracts wc give relate to the nature , structure , and component parts of plants , or vegetables . They will greatly assist the reader to understand the discussion on the nature and benefits of the different species of manure now going on : — _iSALOGT BETWEEN * PLOTS _XSB AxiMALS . —[ "The chief art of agriculture depends upon the collection and future application of all those manures whicli arc essential to vegetatio : i . " 3—Plants are formed of roots and leaves . The roots absorb from the earth-liquid food into the system . It- is modified in their leaves by a peculiar process . One part of such food is retained , the other is expelled . Plants differ from animals in containing no internal sack or stomach . Li the animal the food is taken info the stomach , is

      acted upon by certain juices there , and converted into a semi-fluid mass called " chyme . " It passes into the intestines , is absorbed from the grosser food by the "lacteals , " is refined and goes iuto the veins as " chyle , " and is mixed with the blood . After passing through the lungs , and becoming decarbonated , it is then changed into blood , . which contains materials for the nourishment of all parts of the system . In different parts of the body are certain glands , as the liver and kidneys , wliich may be compared to pipes and strainers . They secrete or separate certain substances from the blood , which are carried off as being no longer necessary to nutrition . These , as well as the superfluous portions of food not necessary to tbo formation of " chyle , " are discharged as excrements .

      In planfe ? , the stomach is the earth , the roots are the "lacteals , " the sap is the "blood . " The plant-stumaeb / or tbe earth , furnishes the food of plants in a gaseous orfluid state ; forsolidscannot enter them . It is taken np by the roots . The " energy of life" in the plant can separate from heterogeneous mixtures tbe elements carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , which are its principal food . These are furnished by carbonic acid , _waterj carbonate of ammonia from rain-water and decaying animal matter , & e . There are other substances required by plants . The sea plants require iodine and common salt as condiments . The reed tribe requires _silex and other substances ; but every

      tribe exercises its peculiar choice . Tliat important dement , nitrogen , is present only in certain organic substances in plants , but enters _largelv into the composition of animal matter . The chemist can combine the elements oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , or separate them by the aid of his art in a few instances . But the plant , surpassing his skill , is in itself a wonderful chemical machine , can exceed all his efforts , and alone can combine these elements into organic compounds . Manure put into the earth , or plantrstomach , in a raw state , must be first dige-ted there , as food is digested in the stomach of animals . The digestive process is putrefaction , fermentation , decomposition .. Thus organic matter is i _^ ored .= to . inorcanic , and fitted fox

      Manual Of Field Gardening: Or, Belgian A...

      assimilation by _plants-thosc beautiful engines or laboratories of vegetation ! . ' Vegetables organise inorganic matters . They are the food of domestic _aninials , ami these the food of man . In the substance , then or the excretions of man and animals must be the elements requisite forthe food of plants , and the collection and proper application of them the primary object of agriculture . ¦ ¦¦»< ¦ Tire Economising of Manure , Man's Duty and _Intehest . —[ " There shall be no idleness iri my dominions ; tor if there be one man idle some other man must suffer , cold or hunger . Mv villages shall be cleaned , that the corn may grow . "—Chinese Emperor . ) r-Wemay already advert to what will hereafter be strikingly exemplified , in the _mart ' _ioo of small far .

      mers , that their care must be incessant in the collection and preservation of every kind of refuse and excreaientitious matter , whether solid or-fluid , or however offensive may be its nature , tor purposes of future utility . And here v ; e cannot fail to be struck with those hidden causes which lead mankind imperceptibly , as it were , into habits aud practices necessary to the existence of our species . In the processes of the animal economy , whereby life is sustained , there are formed , separated , and voided from the animal organism , substances endowed with qualities so offensive to our senses , particularly to the sense of smell , that we are compelled to get rid of them , and winch require of man that he shall put them away , or bury them forthwith , out of his sight in our common parent , the earth . The penalty for the utter

      neglect oi this duty would be famine , pestilential disease , and a train of human ills . Nevertheless , in these things , thought to be so utterly vile and often sivein their nature , are contained " pearls of great price , " indeed above any price ; which , if husbanded and duly commingled with the earth he cultivates , are the means of sustaining life by the production of the food he consumes . Let us not then say that the fungus is alone peculiar to the diinghill , without remembering that our own existence depends upon the same elemental matter derived from that humble source . How necessary then it is , that men and nations should attend to an object of such primary importance to their existence !! How deep the obligation we are under to attend to the economising of all the manures created near onr abodes as one of the first of duties !

      V . r c next give the Diary of FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS FOB , THE WEEK commencing Monday , February the 19 th , ISM . Monday—Willingdon _Seliool . Boys digging wheat Stubble . _EostdetKt School , Roys digging two spits deep for carrots , and manuring from the pigstyc mixen . Piper . Digging . DumhreU . Putting tank liquid to rye grass , digging . _TtxEsoAV—Willingdon School , - Boys digging wheat stubble . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the liquid manure tank of the piggery , applying it to the ground for mangel wurzel , ifcc . Piper . Sowing peas . Dumbrtll . Digging . _Wednesday—Willingdon . . School . Boys digging wheat

      Stubble . Eastdean School . Wet weather , boys thrashing , picking , sorting , plaiting straw . Piper . Emptying the tank . BumlreU . Digging . _Tuubsdav—Willingdon School . Very wet , boys in school . Eastdean School . Drawing manure to the mixen , for potatoes , digging for carrots , and spreading cowshed tank liquid upon it . Piper . Cleaning barley . Dumbrell . Collecting mould . _Pthoav—Willingdon School . Very . wet , boys in school . Eastdean . School . _Jloys _thrash-hijj _, and cleaning oat 3 , trussing straw , sorting potatoes . Piper . Collecting flint stones , to mend roads at a future time .

      Dumbrell . Digging . _Satohuat—Willingdon School . Boys digging-. wheat stubble . Eastdean School , Boys emptying pails , getting turnips , cleaning up the pigs ; and school room , and to the mill with oats to grind . " Piper . Removing potatoes within doors . Dumbrell . Digging , collecting mould . _Oow-Fjekotso . — Willingdon School' , Cows living on Swede turnips and straw . —Piper's . Feeding on carrots , with straw once a day , and hay once . — Ditmbreli ' s . One eon * _siall-fcd with turnips , mangel wurzcl , and straw . A cow and heifer fed with tur nips , carrots , and straw .

      NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Reat Compost . —The Rev * . W . Rham recommended the following compost : —ono ten peat ashes , one cwt . soot , one cwt . of lime , one cwt . of common salt , Ulbs saltpetre ; to be mixed well together . It has been tried by . 1 . Bamford , of Slaithwaite , and found very beneficial , when applied to artificial grasses of the second year . Potash Compost . —[ " The meanest things fulfil most usefid purposes . " ]—The following , method of collecting the . potash , & e ., from kitchen slops , has been found to answer satisfactorily . A pit was formed in a garden , about two yards square , and two feet deep , bottomed witli puddled clay and roughly paved . In the summer time , or dry weaker , it is filled with loose , porous mould , yard sweepings , * & c . The water

      from the sink is led beneath its surface , through aud over all parts of the mould , by a temporal *}* drain of loose stones . The dry mould imbibes tbe fluid , and evaporation from its surface withdraws part of it , leaving the remainder moderately concentrated . This may be further promoted by " sowing seeds of such plants upon the spot as love potash , they will grow there with great luxuriance , and increase the evaporation from beneath . Tlie contents are removed about twice a year , allowed to dry in the sun , and then composted with lime , and sometimes with a further quantity of potash from the shops , turned over frequently , and after . some montlis , mixed up with othor ingredients recommended by Professor Johnstone , as forming a good and cheap manure for potatoes ; or * it is used instead of coal-ashes for making domestic guano . -

      Earth axd Animal Matter Comi'Ost . —['' There is not an atom of matter in creation , but has its uses . " ] Do not lose a Bcrap of decayed animal substance of any kind ; blood , old rags , cropper ' s flocks , engine-waste , willy-dust . Gather up all such things as may be offensive in their decay ; and when divided woik them up together with mould into a heap . Let it remain for a year , to be fully decomposed , turning it over several times . The watering of a mass of this kind with soap-suds , or _scourings from a clothmill , will much increase its value . "Very striking and long-continued effects from the application , of such a compost upon meadow land , are frequently witnessed in a manufacturing district . The action of such substances in their Mivlecomposcd state is very slow , and in some cases almost negative , as many must have witnessed .

      Reservoir Deposits . —The deposit at the bottom of reservoirs and stagnant pools , when it can bo procured , will prove invaluable in malting various composts . The owners of mills ought not to permit these things to be lost , but have them composted up with _quicklime . They would be well repaid for tlieir trouble-GCAXO , AS COMPAEBO WITH OTHER _MaXUHES . —I _* XQUIRT IXTO THE _SOUBCE OP CaHBON IS VEGETATION . — [ In a r ecent number of the Star we inserted a letter signed " II . Davis , " in wliich tho writer contended that guano as a manure must act as an exhauster of the soil , inasmuch as it did not supply back to the land the elements of vegetation in sufficient quantity to compensate for the amount abstracted . by thegrov _* _s ing crops ; he also compared the respective values of mano and the ordinary farm-yard manures ,

      contending that the latter were much preferable , as they gave back to the soil much more of carbon and other elements of plants than guano did . The following letter has appeared in answer to the positions of j _Mt . H . Davis * . and we insert it , because calculated to impart just notions of a very important feature of _{ vegetable economy , the elimination or formation of _^ thc large ' quantity of carbon whichforms so considerable a portion of all vegetable substances . ]—Sir , —having observed in your number of January 20 th a letter of Mr .-H . Davis , with regard to the use of guano , I take the liberty of offering a few remarks upon it , as I think the sentiments wliich it expresses are calculated to be injurious to agriculture . The principal error consists in supposing that plants derive

      the greatest proportion of their substance from the soil . On many farms , in excellent cultivation , and which have been in an improving condition for years , the only artificial manures which have been used have been bones , or other substances equally light and portable , which could only equal in weight a small proportion of the grain sold , and of the elements of vegetation lostduringthefennentation ofthe manure ; and yet it has been proved , in thousands of instances , that farms , for the improvement of which such manures have been the only foreign ones purchased , have steadily and rapidly progressed in condition . Indeed , it is to such manures , to bones , to guano , to night soil , to ashes , to nitrate of soda , and similar substances , that we must in a great measure look for

      the general improvement of agriculture . Supposing any person buys a larger quantity ofthe litter formed in large towns than could have been produced from the straw of his own farm , he must do it at _^ the expense of other lands . Sneh a proceeding may improve the condition of a single farm , but cannot increase the general produe _# * nf the kingdom . To deal justly by an . lands , every farmer should take back-hi the form of litter and stock excrements no more , than could be made from the produce of his farm , and in that case it would be impossible to return to the soil a ton of manure , or anything near it , for every ton of crop reaped . The principal object of the farmer ' s solicitude _. _shonld be to supply to the soil ammoniacal

      manur es , and the inorganic elements of plants , or those substances which form their ashes . The largest proportion ofthe elements which constitute the great bulk of p lants ; carbon , oxygen , and hydrogen , are derived from the atmosphere and from moisture , and not , as Mr . Davis intimates , principally if not entirely from the soil . Oxygen and hydrogen are readily supplied to the __ growing plant -by : water _,, and tiie carhon . must principally be supplied : by the decomposition of the carbonic acid of the atmosphere . In proof of this assertion , we have only to' calculate the quantity of carbon taken fi-om the soil by crops , _jmd returned , to it again by artificial means , even tinder good systems of management ; , and we shall see thatthe quantity of carbon returned bears , no pro-

      Manual Of Field Gardening: Or, Belgian A...

      p ortion to that taken away . On a light land , or wold ¦ farm of 600 acres , entirely tillage , and managed on the four-course system ,, if the wheat average three quarters per acre , we shall have from 1 . 50 acres 4 o 0 quarters ; of this quantity 100 quarters mav perhaps he retained for seed and household support , hut not so much if the . system of thin sowing be followed ; the _remaining 350 quarters will be sold off the farm . To calculate the weight of the wheat at 35 st . per quarter , the quantity of carbon wliich will in this wheat be carried off . the farm will amount to about 68 , 000 lb ., for tlie wheat contains about four-tenths of its weight of carbon or charcoal . If wc suppose the spring corn to be entirely : oats , and calculate the crop , at six quarters per acre , we shall have 900 ouartere _*; of

      this quantity the half must be retained for seed , horse-corn , and home consumption ; the remaining 450 quarters will be carried . off the farm , and the quantity of carbon contained in them will amount to about 5 i , ISO . lb . The carbon contained in the grain and straw which are consumed upon tho farm , supposing the weight ofthe straw to . be twice that ofthe whole of the grain , would amount to 466 , 718 lb . Of this quantity , excepting in the case of tbe grain used as seed , not more probably than one-half , or at . most two-thirds , would be returned to the soil ; the . rest would be lost during its consumption by men and animals , aiuVduringthe processes of fermentation ami decay . The carbon- sent away in the grain sold would amount to 122 , 780 lb . We mav safely

      calculate that wluch would be loat on the farm at 150 , 000 lb ., wliich is most probably less than the real loss . Thus , wc see , that there would yearly be carried away by the com crops from such a farm as tliis 212 , 180 lb . of carbon . Almost the only foreign manures which are purchased for such farms are bones , or othcr . analogous substances . If the manure bo bones , and these be used for raising turnips at the rate of 2 qrs . per acre , their amonnt will be 800 qrs ., and their weight at 25 st . per qr . 105 _, 000 lbs ., of which not more than 26 , 2501 b . . will . be carfeon . But wc have seen that the yearly loss of carbon on such a farm will be more than 222 , 0001 b ., to which quantity the carbon contained in the bones bears no proportion , nor would it supply a fourth part of that sold from off the farm in

      the shape of grain . The consideration of these circumstances may convince us that the soil cannot be the source from which plants extract their carbon ; if it were , this immense drainage , so disproportionate to the supply , would speedily exhaust the soil even on the best cultivated farms , and a farm of light soil , receiving the quantity of bones I have named , would be considered barren by a very few crops . But it is well known that a fawn well tilled and receiving such treatment , instead of deteriorating , would gradually improve _^ and that the quantity of . carbon contained in the soil , instead of rapidly diminishing , would gradually increase . From these considerations we may conclude that plants draw a very small-portion of their carbon from the soil , but they obtain it principally by decomposing the carbonic acid of the atmosphere , and a much greater quantity of carbon is left in and upon the soil , in the roots and stubble , than the whole quantity extracted from it by the growing

      crop . Such boiii £ . the case , the farmer ' s principal solicitude should be to obtain manures containing tho inorganic elements of plants ; nor must he judge that because a manure is bulky it must necessarily be valuable . Guano contains in less bulk a greater quantity of the more uncommon inorganic elements of ! vegetation than ' almost any other fertilizer ,, and experience ' as well as theory has shown it to be one ofthe most efficient manures for green crops , especially for . turnips ; and whatever increases the bulk of a green crop , " if that crop he consumed upon the land will most certainly tend to increase its _' fcrtility . __ I have as little sympathy as Mr . Davis with the interested puffers of quack manures . But I think it injurious to agriculture , and the welfare of our country , that any ' manure which increases the produce of the soil should be . depreciated in order that we may exalt another , if that other cannot abundantly aud efficiently supply its place . -f . J . lLmuuiT . Octon , East Hiding , Yorkshire , inn . 25 .

      TniJi Sowing and Manuring . —Sir , —I observe in your valuable paper of the 20 th January , a long dissertation , by Mr . Davis , on the superior value of farmyard manure compared with guanoi Tliis _^ I think , he might have saved himself the trouble of inserting , for every _practical farmer in this country ( Scotland ) is perfectly aware that no artificial manures that ever have been or ever will be discovered , are in any way equal to well-prepared farmyard manures . Guano is , therefore , viewed in this country merely as a very valuable auxiliary . -Mr . Davis would appear io presume that nothing but guano ivas used on a farm , and that the farmyard manure was sent _te'slhc winds . The favourite rotation in tliis country on all turnin-and grass soils ,

      whichisthe great majority , is a five-course shiftviz ., oats , turnips , barley , and two years' grass once mowed . 2 _* vow I maintain , from practical proof , that two cwt . per acre of guano , sown and harrowed in with the oats , will add , at'least , two quarters per acre to the crop , and this at a cost now of from 12 s . to Us . per acre . Every farmer . is supposed , and generally has , sufficient farmyard .. manure for his turnip crop on . a farm , composed of good clay loam—a six-shift rotation is often followed , viz ., wheat , dunged in the clover stubble , beans , peas , and potatoes , a portion of each—oats , with a stimulus- of two cwt . per acre : of guano—turnips , manured at-the rate often loads per acre , with two cwt . of iruano . than which , so made , nothing will

      raise a greater weight of turnips , barley , and grass . In the corses . of Gowrie and Stirling , aud _ofter rich lands of Scotland , I believe , a four-shift rotation is followed—but that has nothing to do with my argument . Artificial manures are also highly valuable as a means of manuring reclaimed or waste lands , to obviate the difficulty that formerly existed , of robbing the rest of your farm by withdrawing a proportion of the manure . As to thin sowing , the whole of Mr . Davis's lecture on . that head amounts to merely this , that from soil and climate he is enabled to use loss seed than others not so favourably situated . The _seedmo of his farm must be governed by the

      discretion and observation ofthe occupier . Parts of fields even require two bushels-per acre less seed than other parts . If * we wero sure that every grain of wheat sown would arrive at maturity , of course much less seed would be required ; but we must look-forward to contingencies—griib , wire-worm , rooks , game , « fcc ., to say nothing of a severe winter of snow , which often rots out a third or more ofthe plants . I have often , in spring , seen fields of wheat too thinly planted , but I hardly ever in this country have observed any that could be styled too thicldy sown , and we generally sow from three to four bushels per imperial acre . I am , sir , your obedient servant , A Scotch Farmer .

      _Preparihg Corn for Fattening Pigs . —Siv , —To extend a knowledge ofthe most efficacious and economical method of preparing corn for fattening pigs , permit me to observe that I have followed the practice of boiling peas for fattening pigs for a considerable period , and have every reason to be satisfied with the experiment , inasmuch as . 1 have found pigs fed thereon fatten much faster than when fed in the usual way on meal , and by which a saving of fifteen to twenty per cent , is obtained . I have also found _gi-eat advantage in boiling oatmeal for feeding sows for the first few weeks after farrowing , but care should be taken not to overfeed , as it is liable to produce an overflow of milk , and endanger both sows

      and progeny . The way in whicli I have been accustomed to use the above is as follows , viz .: —To eight gallons of peas add twenty gallons of water , which , when well boiled , produces a thick glutinous liquid , to which might Iks added or not , " as convenient , a small quantity of _barleyincal . I have succeeded quite as well with pea 3 alone . The oatmeal requires _onetliii-d , ov , if heavy good corn , a double quantity of waler : this also produces a glutinous liquid when well boiled , aiid standing till cold , and should be a _^ ain mixed with warm water and some fresh beans or pollards , * and if given judiciously , I know of no food on which young pigs thrive better . —Tims . Stagg . Grafton Manor Farm , Wills ' , Jan . 28 , 1845 .

      Duwrnies.—One Law For Ike Rick A*Sd K*So...

      _DuwrniEs . —One Law for ike Rick _a _* sd K _* soii _\* B for the Poor . —Some few weeks ago , a cowardly scoundrel named George Reynolds , lieutenant in her Majesty ' s 70 th Regiment , committed a gross assault upon the person , of a decent , well conducted , young woman , whose father is employed as under gardener , or in some sucli post , in the family ofa retired middle man , with the daughter of whom Reynolds is popularly reported to be on very good terms . The assault was committed in the entrance to her father ' s house ; and the poor girl naturally fled from the drunken -wretch to her parents for protection , shutting the door of her dwelling in the face of her pursuer . , Even there she was not safe ; for the

      scoundrel , assisted by others of the same kidney , buret in , and when the young woman ' s father rose from bed to shield his child , tore the shirt from his back and otherwise maltreated him , to an extent that , had the _offender been poor weavers , would have subjected them to a twelvemonths imprisonment at the very least . But what was the actual result ? When sobriety * returned ,- the parties were naturally anxious to get out oi' their _scrape ; and accordingly intimation was conveyed . to the lather , in a way not to bemisunderstood , that his daily bread was in danger should he appeal to the Sheriff . Of coursesonie show of justice was necessary to quiet the fear of . the community , and the lieutenant ' accordingly surrendered to the _tfveat nnuaid : a nroceeding , _; the station of the parties

      considered , whieh required no great stretch of courage on his part . Before the chief magistrate of the burgh , and accommodated with a place at the table ( had he been a poor culprit ,. his station would , according to use and want , have been the dock ) , the principal charge , that of breaking into a dwelling house , was , on the prisoner ' s pleading guilty ofthe mere assault , departed from _. and he was politely informed by theyust judge that he was amerciated in the sum of 7 s . 6 d ., or some such fine ; This is "justice ; justice" with a vengeance . So easy an escape frqm ' the consequences of hi * misdeeds was not ; it may well be supposed , calculated to 'check one whose name has already' become a by-word in- 'Dumfries , and a synonymefor every thing base , . cowardly , and immoral . It : would be painful were it . needful-to . recapitulate many of the actions the meanneBS of those in authority _iallow hiin to cobbb _»! almost witli impunity . We w 31 : therefore

      Duwrnies.—One Law For Ike Rick A*Sd K*So...

      confine ourselves to another example of remissness . and shameful neglect of duty on the part of the Dumfries local authorities ; if it ought . not to . be called by a harsher n . ime , jvlii ' cli occurred so Jiilc as Wednesday evening _last . _VI _' wo police officers had been engaged in removing a drunken , anil noisy ! person , when they were interrupted by this same _Reynolds , and another "gallant defender , " . . itc— .. _'lrccufr _; umbo—who if they did not actually deforce the officers , at least Interrupted them in . the exercise of their duty . "With reluctance , and almost compellcdby . the crowd which speedily assembled , the policemen took them into custody . Arrived at the station-house , Jones , the captain ofthe county " _rui-als , " and a tool , whom bv the efficient aid of . another minionthe

      , Duke of _' Buccleugh has suecceded . in . foisthig ' upon an unwilling community , compelled tlie withdrawal of the charge , and the pair were sot at liberty . . Tin ' s was soon circulated over the ! town , and coining to the ears ofthe indefatigable ! Mr . Andrew Wanlrop , he proceeded to one ofthe magistrates ,- when the following pithy dialogue , or something like it , took place : — Mr . W . .- So , the rogues have got off , have they ?—Magistrate : What rogues ?—Mr . W . : Iteyiiolds and Irving , to be sure . Bailie Jones did it . —Magistrate ' . Bupcrlndent Jones had no power to do any such thing . —Mr . W . - . 'Itell you he did it ; and if these men arc not tried this day , I go to the Monument this very night and ' expose the whole of you to the

      public ! " This threat had the desired effect ; the shop-boy was sent off on the instant . with a bulletin , and after a serious confab on the part of the bench , the worthies were tried ( although the charge had been withdrawn ) , in presence of a veiy respectable gathering of working men , and the magistrate or decency's sake was compelled to fine thein 10 s . Od . each . It is in contemplation to lay a statement of the proceedings of this ruffian before the Duke of Wellington , who may in his _. capacity of Commanderin-Chief , either remove , or put the public in the way of removing so dangerous a nuisance from a quiet and peaceable town . If , on the contrary , we are . ' under martial law , the sooner we know it from authority the better . —Correspondent .

      Mklancholy AccinENT . —Oh the afternoon of Tuesday last , eight boys , all said to be remarkably fine youths , were drowned at Bogfoot Loch , a reservoir in the neighbourhood of their residence , inthe village of Sallysburgh . Two families lost two sons each . The lads had gone to play on the ice , not knowing that it had been weakened by the thaw of the preceding Sunday , and all fell in , without a soul being near to r escue them . Their bodies have been recovered . —Liverpool Times .

      3banfcnu)T& &I

      3 Banfcnu ) t _& & i

      BANKRUPTS . ( From , the Gazette of Friday , Feb . ' th . J . T _.- _. hn Heard , _Deptftird , _biiildnr— George Haywood , Luton , Bedfordshire , bvicklsiyev— "William Henry Colt , long Melford , Suffolk , grocer— . Samuel ltugg , Soiitlnunintcn , _eurl > ciitev— James Bradshaw , -High-street ,- Camden Towiicoal-merchant—Samuel ''' _iivcner _, _Sovereigu-mews-, i ' _nililingtoii , bricklayer—John _llic-hai-dson , _Fteli-strect-IiUl , City , boot ancl shoemaker , DIVIDE SI )!* . _M-. _treh I , Vv . anil T . lliggins _, Old _Bond-sti-ect _, hosiers—Feb .-JS , K . Tlielivall , Manchester , silversmith—March 4 , T . _Oollinson , Wakefield , Yorkshire , boat-builder—March 3 , H . Wright , _Liveipool , dealer in paiut—Feb . i ! 7 , J . M » llalieu _, Highstile , YorKshire , _'wiiolleu-maiiufaeUii'M \

      BANKRUPTS . CProm Tuesday ' s Gazette , Feb . llth , L 8 iii . J John Challenor , White-street , Soulliwark , grocer—John Peters , _Oodstone , Surrey , innkeeper— William _ColtreU , Southtunptou , tea-dealer—James _Hnrrell and-Thomas Hall , _Thetfurd , 'Norfolk , _iron-founders—Hii > i > olite . Francis _iteiicnger , Great Fultency-strcct , Golden-squiire , _lieeusedvieluailer—William Cheatle . Paul , llomford , Essex , _sheepsutesvnavi—Sivc-fli-. cr William Tyler , Walcot-pkice , Lambeth , earjieiiter—Uenry Peacock Gray , Cuvolinc-sti-eot , Eatonsquare , horse-dealer—Itiehard Stcadman ifc William A die , Birmingham , button-makers—Anthony and Francis A t-Hinson , Scwciistle-iinoii-Tyiie , colour-manufacturer . ? ,

      _DIVIDENDS . March ! , It . . II . Marshall , Plymouth , _dra-ier—March _•) _- , W . Brookes , _New-street-square , _Fettor-1-uie , laui {! -maiiu _« factum '— March 4 , W . Robertson , Great St . Helen ' s , Citj , insurance-broker—March i , 8 . T _, Watson and W . livers , . Skinner-street , City , woollen-warehousemen ; and March G for separate estates—March 7 , G . A , Cator , Leeds , woolmerchant—March 11 , T . V , ' . Green , Leeds , bookseller—Maiv . li 5 , W . Richardson , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , _glassniannf ' _actui-er—March 4 , J . S . Cartel' and R . _Cornibvth _, Liverpool , merchants—March 5 , M . ! T < mikmson , K' _. lJormi / _ister , Worcestershire ; linendraper—March 5 , , ) . IJayt « j , Wfgtou , Cumberland , shipowner .

      _SISCLARATIOiiS OF DIVIDENDS . J . Laycock , Colne , Lancashire , tallow-chandler-, final dividend of Is . in the pound , any Tuesday , at the office of Mr . Hobson , Manchester . Q . Grantham , Manchester , srocer , first dividend of 3 s . Sd . in the -pound , any Tuesday , at UieofBce of Mr . Hobson , Manchester . » il . C . 1 'etrie _, Bcdlington , Durham , miller , iirst and second dividend , of Is . 2 d iii the pound , to those who proved thei ' . ' debts on . the 4 th inst ., any . Saturday , at the office of Mr . Baker , _^ ttwcastle-upon-Tjfno . , T . 0 . Grespin , Eastehcap _, shipping agent , third dividend of , fid . in the pound , any Wednesday , at the office of Mr . Follett , Sajnbrook-court , Basinghiill-street . C . Mann , Romford , Essex , hanker , first and Anal dividend of 20 s . ' in tho pound , any Wednesday , at tlie office of Mr . Follet , Siimbvook-eourt , _Basinghall-street . CERTIFICATES TO BE GRANTED , UNLESS CAUSE BE _SIIOW-Jl

      TO THE _CONTKAHV ON TIIE DAY OF MEETING . _Mavehi . A . Goodeve , Aldermanbury , City , warehouseman—March 4 , J . Hubbard , Ramsgate , Kent , auctioneer—March i , G . Fielding , Thame , _OxtVu-dsliire , ironmonger—March 4 , W . A . Mearns , Clapham , Surrey , ale-brewer—March 5 , C . Parry , * Cleaver-street , Keuniiigton-road , I . amboth , furniture-broker—March 4 , J . Coles , New Bond _, street , jeweller—March 7 , C . Dotesio , Slough , _Buckinjjhainshi . ro , hotel-keeper—March 5 , J . R . King , Rath , drusrgist —March o , W . Richardson , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , glass-manufiictnrer—March 7 , R . ' Proctor ,

      Kingston-upou-Hull , coacU-pvopvietov—Marcl \» , F . Itanium , Manchester , check-manufacturer—March 4 , W . IT . Hayward , Manchester , cottoii-spiunev—March 4 , 0 . Wates , Old _Kentl'ond , .-victualler—March 4 , 11 . J . Webb , Bath , wine-merchant—March 4 , E . Glover , jun ., Leicester , ironmonger—March 4 , 1 > . _Hannny _, Cavendish-square , banket- —March 4 , , 1 . II . _Utting , _Kewiutm-stveet , Oxford-street , upholsterer—March 4 , . 1 . C . Ross , Savage-gardens , City , merchant—Sravch 4 , W . . Stiuton , Duke-street , Grosvenor-square , cook —March 4 , C . Rayner , Blackburn , Lancashire , grocer—March 4 , P . Blackburn , Salford , Lancashire , builder-March 4 , J . Raper , Bridge-road , Lambeth ,.-tailor .

      PARTSERSHIPS DISSOLVED . J . Gregory aud It . Burlingham , Evesham , Worcestershire , ironmongers—C . A . Jaquin and J . Cows , New Union-street , Mour-lane , City , button-manufacturers—F . and C . Harrison , Luton , Bedfordshire , drapers—0 . Roe and J . Facey , Bideford , Devonshire , millers—J . J . Young and A . Boucneau , Upper North-place , ' Grav ' _s-iiiu-roart , marble dealers—J . Cleaver , M . Attwood , and J . Harwell , Itipley , Derbyshire , spelter-manufacturers—A . and , T . S . Buckley , Manchester , cotton-spinnevs—W . Gledhill « nd S . Jagg ' er , Bradford , Yorkshire , quarrymen—J . Farie , 1 * Tasker , and A . Tod , Liverpool , iron merchants ; as far as regards A . Tod—J . Mullins and C . _Wigley , High Holborn , leather pipe-makers—E . A . Bowker and G . Metcalf , Man-Chester , engravers—J . and T . Badcliffe , Stockport , com . mission agents—T . O . _Dobsovi and C . Louie , Iivevpool , ship-brokers—J . Mather and J . Brhidley , Manchester ,

      tobacco dealers-J . M . Khvonheim , J . Slawing , _W-. Shepherd , and F . W . Sutton , Earl-street , Blackfriavs , stereotype founders ; as far as regards . 1 . _Skh-ving—G . Baccy and T . L . Gillott , Leicester , ironmongers—J . Bullen and R . _Spaull _, Woraiwood-strcet , City , auctioneers—E . and T . Longton , Manchester , machine-makers— . 1 . Ch . idwick and A . Audvew , Manchester , warehousemen—J . H . West and G . Ives , Hertford , brewers—W . Burnie and W . Dickson , Loudon , merchants—J . Shuttle-worth and J . _Eastluun , Blackburn , Lancashire , eoiiUlealevs—R . and J . Lockwood , Crowfield , Suffolk , maltsters—J . _Whit-taker and C . B . Palmer , Swansea , commission agents—T . S . aud W . r . Peters , Manchester , corn merchants—C . Fair _, weather and W . Mathews , jun ., Kirtoii-in-Lindscy _, Lincolnshire , wiue merchants—T . Hagger and II . _Payno , Fulbourn , Cambridgeshire , grocers—L . Williams and W . Watson , Birmingham , powder flask manufacturers ' ,

      Fflavtet 'Htituimiit*

      fflavtet 'htitUimiit *

      Ricmiond Cons Market, Feb. 8.—We Had A V...

      RicmioND Cons Market , Feb . 8 . —We had a very "heavy market lo-dav of all lands of , grain . Wheat sold from d ' s to ( js Gd ; oats , 2 s to 3 s ; barley , 33 Cd to te ; beans , 4 s 9 d to 5 s per bushel . London Corn Exchange , Monday , Feb . 10 . —The arrivals of English wheat and barley were tolerably good during the past week , and of oats the receipts from our own coast and Scotland were also to a lair extent ; but the supply of the latter article from Ireland was rather small . Of beans and peas , about the usual weekly quantity came forward . The arrivals from abroad have , during ; the past eight days ,

      consisted of a parcel of wheat from Lannceston , and a few cargoes of barley and one small lot of oats from the north of Europe . At this morning ' s market there was a very small _show of _wheat by land-carriage samples from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk , less barley than of late , and only a moderate fresh supply of oats ; the quantity of beans offering was larg « , and of peas the display of samples , was . also good . The weather has been very severe for several days past , and tins morning there was a heavy fall of snow . The English wheat being generally in good , condition , was mostty cleared off , but no improvement on last Mondays currency could be established . Duty-paid foreign wheat was , on the other hand , very difficult of disposal , holders declined however to accept less money , and the . little business transacted was at , former rates . In honded wheat nothing whatever was done , and

      quotations continue perfectly nomvnal . - 1 ' lour was taken in retail quantities at previous prices . ..- Less anxiety was manifested to press sales ot barl"y , anu though the inquiry was by no means . lively the downward movement was checked , quotations remaining preciselv the same as on this day se ' nnight . Malt moved off tardily , and barely supported its previous value . Oais were held . with firmness , and the _; _sliglit depression ef Friday was _^ _t _™ _" _^' , _™^ dealers paid Monday ' s rates with _bodm _w _^ _otgee . Beans were , owing to the _Iai-ge supply , _. _onlvpartially _SLedoffatprevfous prices _, _Peas _^ rat _^ mm _^ saleable than of late , and quite- as dear .... The business done in cloVerseedwas . not important ; neither Ke nor red was pressing _!^ offered and pnees of both sorts were well maintained . _Lanaryseed was again cheaper . , Linseed and rapeseed . sold at full terms , and spring tares were My . as dear .

      Ricmiond Cons Market, Feb. 8.—We Had A V...

      CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . s s ' ¦ ' ¦ . _* . ' 8 . Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 42 48 White SO s * -Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 43 1 G Ditto 48 50 __ , _^ . _NFoilhlllH . . and _Se-. _U'li white _' - _> 4 ! fl Pine ; 48 52 -Irish red old 0 0 Red 42 _4-LHWte , 45 4 » Rve Old ' ...... ' 11 'W New : iil 32 Bri _* mk 35 » _Rarley Grinding .. ' - ' ( . ' 2 S Distil . 29 31 _Malt ' . 32 3 C Malt Brown .... r _> 4 5 G Pale 58 _62 'Warfl 63 65 Be-ins Ticks old tfcnew 30 34 1 la wow 3 S 88 . Pigeon 88 « I _' eas Orcy 32 _S-S . Maple US 347 Whifc ? 86 , 0 Oats _Jjneolns & Yorkshire Peed 21 2 _^ , Poland 28 25 1— Scotch . ' . " Angns 22 24 Potato 24 26 Ii ' _jsh ' . _- , - . _s White 20 22 'Kiack 20 22 Per 2 S 01 b . net . _s-s Per 2801 b . net , s ' "' Town-made Flour . . . 42 44 Norfolk _' ifc Stockton 88 8 * ' Essex and Kent ... .... 34-35 . Irish . .-. . . _^ . . . _^ 5 36 . Free . Bond ,

      _^ oreij *)? . - B Wheat . Diinisic _, _Konigsburg _* , & c . . . • • 52 . 60 , 7 36 ' 4 C _Mni-hs , Mecklenburg 48 . 54 , 32 . 35 Danish ; _Holfitein , and Fricslaud ' red 44 47 28 30 Russian . Hard .. il-4 B Soft ... 44 47 28 28 — Italian , Red . . 4 C SO White ... 50 52 30 32 Spanish , Hani . 46 50 Soft .... 48 52 30 32 Rye , Baltic , Dried , . . ., 80 32 Undried . ' . 31 32 21 22 Barley , Grinding . •' iii -28 _Maltiujj . . 31 33 22 29 Bean ,, _Ttoks . . m » _Jftyptiati , 31 32 26 30 Peas . ¦ ' Wlute . . _ac as ... M :, ' , ; , ., 3334 28 so Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 - — Russian feed ....... : . ' . 21 22 15 16 Danish , Fneslaiul feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel ; _g 07 19 Ml

      CORN AVERAGES . —General average prices of British corn for the week ended Feh . 8 , 1845 , made up from tbe Returns of tlie Inspectors'in the different cities and towns in England and Wales , pcrimperial quarter . Wheat .. 45 s 5 d j Oats .. 21 s Gd I Heans .. 35 s Id Barley .. 3 s Oil | Rye .. 30 s Id | Pease _,. 35 s 7 . 1 London _Smithi-i _^ ld Cattle Market , Monday , Feb . 10 . —Since this day sc ' _unjght , another large importation of foreign stock has taken place , it having consisted of 1 G 5 beasts and 205 sheep , into London , together with fifty oxen and cows , and ninety sheep at Hull , all from Holland ; forming a total import of not less than 510 head . Our readers will perceive that this is tho largest arrival that has been reported during any week since the new tariff has been in

      operation , and completely justifies the observations which we ottered under this head on Saturday last . As respects the _quality ofthe beasts , there was nothingcalling for particular observation , though there were some really saleable animals amongst them ; but in sheep there was a decided improvement . The show of foreign stock here this morning amounted to seventy beasts anil 130 sheep . The former sold at from £ 12 to A'IS ; the latter 30 s . to 42 s . per head . With beasts from our own districts we were tolerably well , but not to say heavily supplied ; yet a slight falling off was noticed in their general condition . Comparatively spcalring the beef trade , arising in a groat measure from the dead market * ' being hcavilv supplied with country meat , __ was iu a very sluggish state , and last week ' s quotations wero with diiiiculty

      supported . However , the pmnest _i- ' _eots found buyel's at from 3 s . lOd . to 4 s . per Sib ., yet a clearance was nor , effected , 'fhe bullock droves from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , were composed of WOO Scots and homebreds , while from the northern grazing districts we received 250 short-horns '; from the western and midland districts GOO _Ilcrcfords , runts , Dcvons , & c . ; from other parts of England 600 of various breeds ; and from Scotland 200 homed and polled Beots . The numbers of sheep were on the increase . Prime old downs with difficulty maintained their last week's prices : and all other breeds were 2 d . per 81 !) lower , with ft heavy demand . Calves wore in limited supply and steady inquiry , at late rates . Pigs were in request , and " _pii'ies were again supported . There were 011 sale alj . -mt 1500 shorn _sliee _* . ) and J 20 lambs .

      By the quantities of 81 b .. smiting tlie offal . ' s . _d . s . d . Inferior coarse beasts ¦ . . 2 6 2 8 Second quality . . . . i 10 3 5 : Prime largo oxen . .. 3438 Prime Scots , & c . . . ' ... 3 10 40 Coarse mfcvi'w sheep . . . - ! 5 a 2 li > Second quality . . . . " 10 3 . 6 Prime coarse woolled . . . ' ¦ _> 8 3 10 iji ' imc Southdown . .... 4044 Large coarse calves . . . . 4 4 5 ' > _I'vlmi _" . small •"> 4 & ft _Suchling calves , each . . , W « 38 * Large hogs 3 6 4 0 Neat small porkers . . . 4 2 4 6 Quarter-old store Pigs , each , . 1 ft 0 20 u

      HEAD OF CATri . ' .: ON S . VI . E . ( From the Hooks of the Clerk of the Market . ) " Beasts , 3 , 10-1— Sheep , 30 , 540-Calve .- , ill—figs , 320 . _Smitui-ieu ) HavMarket , —Coarse nwadow _hav . £ !} ids to £ 0 J . 5 s , * useful ditto , £ I Ids to £ , t is ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 5 s to £ 5 Ss ; clover hay , £ -110 s to £ 6 : oat straw , £ 110 s to £ 1 ISs ; wheat straw , £ 1 18 a to £ 2 per load . A fair average supply and a steady demand , at tho above quotations . Whiteciiapei ,. —Coarse meadow bay , £ 3 10 s to £ i 15 s ; useful ditto , £ i IGs to £ 5 is " ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 Gs to £ 5 83 ; clover hay , ,- £ -110 s to £ 6 ; oat straw , - £ 110 s to £ 1 ISs ; wheat straw , J £ l ISs to £ 2 per load . Trade throughout firm , at full prices .

      MnAT _Makkets . —Soutkat . 1 ., _Ieii . 12 . —The supply of fat stock on sale this morning was seasonably extensive . Generally speaking the demand ruled inactive , at about last week ' s quotations . Beef , from 2 s Sdto 4 s ; mutton , 2 sl 0 dto 4 s 4 d ; veal , is to 5 s ; and pork , 3 s Cd to 4 s 2 d per Slbs . Supply—Beasts , 45 sheep , 1 , 160 ; calve * , 40 ; pigs , 54 . _JloMFonn , Feb . 12 . —With tho exception of prime calves and pigs being in good request , at full _prieea , the demand was heavy , and previous rates were not . supported : —Beef , from 2 sSdto 4 s ; mutton , 2 sJ . Odto 4 s 4 d ; veal , . . s 10 d to 6 s 4 il ; and pork , 3 s 4 a to 4 » per Slbs . Suckling calves , 18 s to 2 ns ; quarter-old store pigs , 16 s to 20 s ; and milch cows , with their small calf , £ 1 G to £ 19 cadi . Lkwes , Feb . 12 . —Beef , from 2 s 10 dto 3 s ; mutton , Ss to 4 s 4 d ; veal , 4 s 4 d to os 4 d ; and pork , 8 s 6 d to 4 s per Slbs . A fair average supply , and a steady demand .

      Coal _Mahket . —Prices per ton at the close of the market '—Adah ' s Main , 17 s ; Buddie ' s West Hartley Ids _6 d _, * Can ' s Hartley , 17 s ; Ellison Main , 16 s 6 d ; Holywell Main , 15 s Gd ; Morrison ' s Hartley , 15 s 6 d ; Nelson ' s West Hartley , 16 s Od ; Old J _' ontop _, 17 s ; Ord ' s Rcdheugh , ISs Cd ; Old _Tan'fiold _, 17 s 3 d : Ravensworth West Hartley . _lCs Cd _«; Tanfleid Moor , IDs Cd ; Townlcy , 16 sGd ; West Hartley , Its ; West Wylam , 16 s 9 d ; YYylam , 15 s Od ; W . E ., Clark and Co ., lGsGd ; Clonnell , 16 s 6 d ; Wharacliffe , ISs 3 d ; Belmont ,

      19 s ( id ; BraddyJl ' s Hetton , 20 s Cd : _Haswell , 21 s ; Hilton , 20 s Gd j Lambton , 20 s Gd ; Lumlcy . 18 s 6 d : North Hetton Lyons , ISs 3 d ; I _' emherton , 18 s Richmond . 19 s ; Russell ' s Hetton , 20 s 3 d ; Stewart ' s 20 s Od , * Caradoe , 20 s ; Hcugh Hall , 18 ? 9 d * , _* Kelloe , 19 s 3 d ; Basingthorne , 19 s 8 d . * West Hartlepool , 17 s Adelaide , 20 s ; Cowndon Tees , _JSs ; G-ordon , 16 s 6 d ; South Durham , 18 s 3 d ; Richardson ' s Tees , 17 s 6 d ; Tees , 20 s ; Tenant's , 17 s 6 d ; Gyndraeih , ISs ; Hartley , Ms Od ; Lewiss Merthyr , 21 s ; Snapcthorpe , 18 _»; Holywell , 10 s . —Ships . wived , 0 . '

      Manchester' Corn Market , _Satukday , F £ 3 . 8 . — The same want of activity has continued to characterise the trade since our last report as we have had occasion to note for several weeks nasi . There has , however , been a fair trading demand for Flour , and a moderate amonnt-of business transacted for immediate consumption ; but on middling' aud inferior kinds it has been necessary to submit to Gd . to Is . per sack decline , whilst the very choicest , qualities of English and Irish have found buyers at the previous currency . Oats and oatmeal have been in * limited request , and the former article was easier to buy . At our market this morning every description of -wheat met a very limited inquiry , ami all but ihe runs'Were freely offered at a reduction of Id . to 2 d . perfflibB . Flour was , likewise , _tv slow * sale . The ikmand for oatswas trivial , at a'decline of Id . per _4-Jlbs . ; hut in tlio value of oatmeal no change can ho reported , although there was but little business passing . Beans continue dull of sale , at late rates .

      Liverpool Cons Mahket , Mo . _vday , ! ' : » . l & . —ne have this week had moderate arrivals of grain , flour , " and oatmeal ; the trade has at _thesiimc'timebeen _, very inactive , and any change in prices has been in favour of the buyer . The finer qualities of Irish new wheat _liaye brought * tlie rates quoted un tliis day week , but thesecondary descriptions must be noted Id . per bushel lower . Oats have also receded _* d to Id per bushel ; fine _mealine ; were bought last Friday at 3 s Oid per 451 bs . Wc do not alter tlie quotation for flour ; hut oatmeal is Gd per load cheaper , and each of these articles has met a very dull sale . Fine English malting barley lias been sold at 36 s per imperial quarter ; good grinding qualities of foreign ; at 4 s to 4 s 2 d per GO lbs . Peas are Is per quarter cheaper , and both this article and beans have met a slow demand .

      _Liverpool Caitm * Market , . Mo . _vdav , rbb . 10 . — We have liad a fair supply of cattle at _murkct to-day for this time of the year . _lYic-es remain about the same , as of late , anything prime _fetching good prices . Beef _54-d to Cd ., mutton did to 6 Jd per lb . " ., York Cor . \ Market , _Fi : b . _S . —Wc have little alteration to note 3 n the valwoofany article in the trade The condition of _everything is-greatly improved , and _millei's , in consequence , are more free , and inclined to get into stock . Barley is bad to quit ; exefept the qualitv is fine . Oats and bonus dull , but not lower .-

      Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , Feb . ; ll . _^ The . strong frost which we have had for . several days , _pastj offers some interruption to the supplies for this . day ' s _, market ; tlio arrivals in consequence -arc suiall „ butwe have a good _. show of samples . 7 Wheat issIow , s _$ dr _, at , rather worse prices than on this dav week , tlie . dcmaiid . being of a very retail character . Fine barley dees hot ' maintain late rates , and common qualities are offer-: i ing on still lower terms . No material change _j-r tlie value of oats , beans , or other _artielesT _.. ; , . Leeds Cloth * Markets . _—Business at p _' _resent is rather less buoyant , and sales ' are effectedjin most ' descriptions of goods at aslight 'diminution ' in _' price . '' Malxon Cons Market , Feb . 8 . —We havefa . good supply of wheat , but moderate of other graiii :, _ofe-rlng to this day ' s market , but ' ; Wheat , red , hew , 44 s to red ditto , old , 60 s to 52 qr . of 40 stones . Barley I Oats , 9 idtol 0 _id per 1 '

      No .Alteration': In The : Pities. 48s; W...

      no . alteration' : in the _pities . 48 s ; white ' _"'d ' ittoij _WtuWi ; '' s ; white - dltlp " . 528 , . _*&)^ ' - peif : _' , 26 s to _'SOs'Ser ' _qrToiStefc _^ stone . ' ¦' _^ _vJ . N . 'T ''''' _# r _& C _^ : i _£ t no alteration in" the' prices . 148 s ; whiteditto ' , _Wtn'W ; " i ; white ditto ;* 52 a _tovfi _^ _fat : y , 26 s to 30 s ' per , qr ; ' of _^ _fc- _^ _. ¦ ¦ !' - '\ _A .:: i _5 . ' v , v _> «! _- ' _'V * - ** i _r . Ofi _* % rr _$ '¦ ¦** ¦ « 51 _|* . _||^ 1 ' _< r WI _rte ,. _fM- \ . y . s ;\ _tft-:: l . ¦ ar \ V _/^' _v- . _.-. , ' < . - / - _' .: ¦ ; ¦

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 15, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_15021845/page/7/