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Northern Star (1837-1852), 13th September 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 6, A Strong Breeze jmokg the Holt Friahs.—A...

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    • gGrimltiivt anix iDrjtit ultuit
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      Ar00606

      Ggrimltiivt Anix Idrjtit Ultuit

      _gGrimltiivt _anix _iDrjtit _ultuit

      Field-Garden Operations. For The Week Co...

      FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS . for the Week commencing Monday , Sept . ISth , 1843 . { Extracted Ifom a Diabt of Actual Operations on five gin-til farms on the estates of the Lite Airs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , iii Sussex ; and on several model anas on the estates ofthe Earl of Dartmouth at laithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , 4 if Fandey Tyas , near Huddersfield , iu order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what _hihGurs ought to be undertaken on tkeir own { satis . The farms selected as models arc—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and Eastdean . of

      five acres each , conducted by G . Crutteuden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Pi per , the other by John Suutbrcil—the former at , Eastdean , the latter at ¦ _Jewngton—all of them within a few miles of Eastboarae . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaitli-¦ _xszibe . Fourth . Several privatcniodelfarmsnearthe eamcplace . _Thec-onsecutiveoperationsinthesereports _will enable the curious reader to compare the climate aad Agricultural value of the south with the north of England . Thc Diakt is aided by "Kotesand _Obser-Vatkuis " from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for tiie time and season , which we subjoin .

      ** The culture of the ground is thy happiest state , 0 man 1 Envy not the possession of gold , silver , or fine raiment—their joys may not be so great as thine ; for _glzese- tilings lend unto sloth , and a life of slothfulneaS 15 _JJRJUa to _vaulty au J imaginings of eviL " . _Sers . —The scliool farms are cultivated b y boys , who tie . return for three hours' teaching in the morning , gis . w _tltree hours of tlieir labour in the afternoon for _cfcj motto ' s benefit , wliich renders Vie schools _selfstr _^ _PoniisG . Wa bdieve that at Famly Tyas _sixsesjemlts of tlie produce of the school farm will be _assigned to tlic l _> oys , and _one-seventlt to tlie master , wiio tcill receive the usual school fees , help thc boys to cuttieate tlieir land , and teach ihem , in addition to reading , writing , « fcc ., to convert tlieir produce into ia . con by attaiding to pig-keeping , which at Christr hkm way be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to tlieir services , and Be made titusindirectly to reach theirparents in a way tha most grateful to theirfeelings . ' ]

      BPSSEX . ; _, _ _Mojsday —WiUingdon School . Boys '» _ijS | 3 _fUig but solid jaanurc for vmter _^ _Xaires after . _'« r _* g § £ | _Ibr spring food . Eastdean _SihooiiJf _Nine'boj _^^ gging and picking stones , nst g teamng witb _^ Bie farmers . Piper . Digging up potatoes , and preparing ground fir wheat i >«* _aordt 5 ; Stacking _' _stuMile , hoeing turnips , thrashing wheat ! _vi : '" _Tcesbat—Willingdon _SchooH . _^ lioys carrying manure eat . Eastdean School . -Floys , gleaning the stubbles , * _ii-zging the ground where the tares were grown . _J _' _ojer . Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Carrying dang with the heifer , hoeing turnips , thrashing _wieat .

      _Websesbax— _IMllingdon Scliool . Boys digging up early potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys emptying fte portable pails , and breaking leaves from the tamips . Pi per . Hoeing turuips . Dumbrell . Raking grabble , thrashing and winnowing wheat , carrying dsng with the heifer . _Tax-asi'AT—Willingdon Scliool . Boys digging up early potatoes . Eastdean Scliool . Boys _e-nptying the p tgstye tank , carrying contents to the wheatstubble . _Ftper . Digging up potatoes , mixing up manure . Dumbrell . Kaking stubble , thrashing wheat , diggmg and carrying potatoes , and dung with the heifer .

      _~ Ebibav—Willingdon School . Boys digging up early _potatoes . Eastdean Scliool . Boys _picking weeds from potatoes and carrots , and carrying them to tlte pigs . Piper . Digging wheat stubble , for rye and tares . Dumbrell . Stacking stubble , thrashing _vsaeat , digging potatoes , carrying manure . _SiTmJsB . y * —Willingdon School . Boys thrashing peas ¦ Ess the pigs . Eastdean Scliool . _Bojs holyday , jsastei- digging up potatoes lor the pigsf i & c . Piper Digging up potatoes . Dumbrell . Mowing stubble , ' _- * _esi'rying dung .

      _COW-JFEEDIXG . _WHSengddn School . Cows fed on clover , white turnips , atid a little chaff . _iBux _& rell . One cow grazed in the day , stall-fed morn aad even wiih mangel wurzel leaves . One cow and ieifer stall-fed with tares . 1 SL B . Look carefully to your stock all this month aailaext ; if you do not they will get lowincondifkuiu _Bsset Baiu . et _tok Pigs . —Get some of your early _bar £ ey ground for the pigs as soon as thrashed , anil _mjy it well with boiled potatoes ; one bushel now will < _Jo- tliem as much good as two in cold weather ; be wer ? _-- careful to smash all your potatoes , and let them be given onlv just- warm .

      Ess : Sowixo , . jxd _quantity of Seed . —Now is agood Sans : for sowing rye . It Is frequently sown in August , ami 4 hc later -y « n kow , the more seed you must use ; two aad a half bushels per acre is the quantity ol se & l generally sown at an caily period , but deferred _sc-wiag , may make three bushels , or more , r : ecessary . It _isay lie sown in drills or broadcast , as at _EasttouKse ; ia the former case three bushels of seed will He sufficient , in the latter , il is usual to sow four _feme ' s per acre . Sow thus plentifully , that the crop bemg thick it may be cut the sconer . Work your roar-arc as line as possible , and put on five bushels to * t _& c rod of stable dung , before the ground is dug overs or twenty-live gallons of liquid to the red . _Stes sow the seed and cever more slightly than for Vth' jaL In manuring for rye , or indeed any crop _vftoSeycv , do not bury the manure too deep * ; just eore ? it up , and no more ; for every shower that falls Bas a . tendency to eanydown the soluble part of it * _atu £ deeper .

      _WiXTER TARE SoiTIXO , AXD QCASUTT OF SEED . — _Alssays strive to sow earl y , particularl y for your first exoir of tares , which may either lie in drills or _broadcast In the former case yon may keep the crop cJeisa with the hoe , and by stirring the soil improve file _growth of thc plant . At Era : bourne , _bothmethofk are practised . The distance of the rows in the _driE method is about six inches , and the quantity of _t - _rised two and a-half bushels per acre , while four 6 n * Selsis the quantity used when sown broadcast . Ihe : drills are funned wilh a wheat hoe , and _thc _^ ccd -feposUed at a depth of about two inches . In both cases they add . either by digging in broadcast , er by placing upon the seed in the drills , as mues ( ine T _OorSced _mouldj * manure as can be spared from their wheat mixen . " ¦ There is probably no crop that will pay die farmer better , for t ! _ic manure he " may add , _tfiats the vetch . It not onlv increases the bulk of his

      cro-5 , fc ; it pushes and brings It forward , at the very fens when toon is scarcest , and if the tarts ave , as _fiiay always should be , succeeded by turnips , the _lami wili be m ' . re ready for them . " It is customary , miEOsi places , to mix about one quarter , by measure , of c _** re , with seeds of the winter _fcu-e . The ryv : supports the tare plant , and is not often rejected by tiie cattle . The writer may be allowed to add , that the present year his produce was , in a crop of this kind , after the rate of ten and a-l : aif tons of grccu fond per acre , or _wiieu dried , after the rate of two tons aa £ _* tiire _. ' -iTjnarxei _« of vetch-hay . Theory informs us that this two tu _!* s aud _thrse-qitark-ra _slical-J l > a equal la _SKjtainiiig _POW-.-1 * to more than six iom and threequarters » . f the Lay of the natural grasses . _Vr-ich nay is perhaps im toarse to be relished as dry fodder , bar-chopped up and steamed with turnips into mash , _ifcvjrauJii doubtless _;«* ovcverv excellent food for eat lie .

      & n-. i . i' tok _Lr-uouxous and _otheii _Sseds . — - The _folfewkig inctiioa for steeping Las been found to -: _uswea * well for laie , rye , or other seeds . It tends fo star * thc young plants into quick and _vigorous _grow-th , upon which frequently depends _ih-j success of iSze future crop . Mix in your steeping _vessel _cquai pars- « f tank ii . juiil and urine ; disioive ' er macerate ia li a lew _pounds of pigeons dung , or the thing of & wil- ! , or guano , well pounded , ami an equal quantity _ofeoiiiii- _'iii suit ; stir well together ; put _yourstoi . in si wicker « iskct , and . pour the liuid ihi-ou- _'h it several times , letting it drain back _i-ito tiie vc .-. sel , fer future application . - ' Use _gypsum , not quick lime , to divide the seeds , and sow _linuivdiatcJv .

      Agr1cult Ural Jkstltl'ctiox. Secoxd U-Ci...

      AGR 1 CULT URAL JKSTltL'CTIOX . SECOXD _U-CICHE BY _PBOFKSSOR JOHNSTON . We give thc . second lecture of _Profc-siu * Johnston , as promised , which he delivered thc day" alter the one _W _ax'jforied in our i . ist number . The Profess- * . !* ro e and said—Gentlemen , at the eIo * . r 3 ofmy address to yon yesterday , 1 told you thai I ti : * ou : _* i _. t . that what I said would not possess tbe same weight , or _appi-ar to have ihe . same importance to vou as to the practical agrici . _kiiiist * a : ; d tij .-: l _jocK-onld not hy any means feci thc like intern * t that I feel , because , in all probability , most of von arc-uuac < _p . runted with the way _jn which agricnhur . il clie-• _ausiry bears upon , : _tnd is advantageous to the practical : _* _s- _? ricnliii ] _-iSt . of the ceuntnC It was for that

      rea-eoa that 3 _idfert-d to give you an exposition of most of che important points in tiie fcicnec—to give you a short sketch , a sort of bird ' s eye view , of that interesting branch oi" knowledge , to induce von to teach which 1 piv «* nf . e . _l to you so many eonsiiivratioiis _vesterifay : and 1 am _couijdent , _tnai when vou have _thus formed au idea of the subject , you will find it Boost interesting - , and one which will yield you "real _satcsfccti _.-n ami jijc . i * _i-. e to become acquainted with . Ge _. ' . itk-n :-:-u , there was a time when this lr . il unou _wMch wc now stain' was nothins but a listed rock of _lavsL That old lava graduall y decayed , as modern lavasiio , and crumbled _ih-wi ,, and formed loo-re

      _inaitci-iou the surtacp , in which seeds of - _il .-rut . s mew , _dietl , and hrft their remains . Thus , by degree : * , C „ _% ] SOU a { _-=-uinulaied _I-j such as you now _K'C oil lhe Mir-» ee of this rock on which _nlants now _zmw . . Such i * the history of nearly all the soils on ' ihe surface of the : g _,-joe . Suppose you lake a portion of anv one soit , and put -t upon the end ofa pk-c _« . ofmctal " , ami _warny way _cs- _^ c it to the aetion of the iliv . vou will _^ ' _" l . v * . ? M tl _!? ' _i \ wil 1 - ro , v _> ' 5 _arfOT * at the fi » _vt _*>^ bv iha l _U **™** will , _lwa „ ,, ra , ami S- _^ . A- _^ * _<**«* ™ _k or _ii- « 'L * _ac-Sa ± ' «* 2 _tf _»^ _S ; _^ s „ b _Tf « of _wiiieh _tiiai

      Agr1cult Ural Jkstltl'ctiox. Secoxd U-Ci...

      'that after it is exposed to the fire it is not so heavy as before . That portion ofthe Boil which has burned away consists of tlieremains of those vegetables of wliich I hare spoken ; of those animals who have died arid been deposited iri the soil ; arid of the manures which have been applied by the farmer . Thus vegetable matter 'forms what is called the organic , and the other portion of the soil the inorganic matter . The quantity of organic matter varies very much—in sonic soils it exists to the extent of two per cent ., in others fifteen and twenty per cent ., and in peaty soils sometimes as high as seventy per cent . If you take a piece of vegetable matter and burn it ,

      such as tins piece of wood- , you will find here also that a large portion will not burn away , but remains , forming wood-ash . It is the same , then , with regard to the plant as to the soil—a part burns away and a part remains . If you look at the tables you will see that different plants have different proportions of inorganic matter—thus , meadow hay leaves nine or ten per cent , of incombustible matter . Again as to animal substances , take a piece of muscle , dry , and burn it , and you shall find that the greater part of it will burn away , which is the organic matter , the remains being , as in the soil and in the plant , the inorganic and incombustible matter . Now one , hundred pounds of fresh muscle contains phosphate of

      lime and other saline substances to the extent of one per cent , of incombustible matter . Thus , the three different substances , soil , vegetable , and . animal matters , consist of organic and inorganic ' matter ; but there is . this difference , that in the soil there is a larger portion _ot'inorgaiiio matter than in plants and animals—in the latter the greater portion burns away . I shall call your attention now to the inorganic portion of soil . By looking at the table you will observe that the inorganic matter cousists of different substances , such as silica , which forms a very large proportion of flint ; alumina , a substance which forms a very large proportion of pipe clay ; oxide of iron , which is the rust of iron ; potash , of which the potash you get from the shops may serve to give you an idea ; chlorine , wliich is a kind of air ; and then there are manganese , phosphoric acid , and carbonic acid . These substances are found in all

      soils , but not in equal proportions , lou will see in the table before you the details of the constitution ofa soil which would yield good crops for perhaps a hundred years . Were you to possess such a rich soil as that , aad such soils are to bo got in the virgin land atthe Gape of Good Hope , on the banks of the Ganges , and the Mississippi , you would always find that it would coutaiu a notable quantity of all these different elements . In the second column ofthe table y 6 u-have a list of the quantities ofthe different _substahceVbf' & soil capable of yielding good crops , but which would require to be regularly manured . You will observe that opposite three ofthe substances the word "trace" is put , which means that though tho substance was not absent altogether , yet it existed in so small a . ' . quantity , that it could not be weighed .

      In the rich virgin soil stated first , you observe that there is of lime fifty-nine per cent ., while iu the second column there is only nineteen . Of p hosphoric acid'there is four in the one , and only two in the other . In the third column of the table is the constitution ot a soil so barren , that though manured , it could not produce a crop . Tou see that tliere are many gaps inthe list ; in short , there are only five substance which exist in anything like quantity . So much for the substances which exist in all good soils ; and you may be sure that if any soil does not produce a good crop , some oiic or other of these substances ave wanting . The question then arises , —how do soils come to have such different compositions as these ? I stated to you how the crumbling of rocks formed the soil along with the accumulation of organic

      matter in it ; and ii" I had had time , I should have directed you io a geological map , and shown you that in every country the rock on which the soil rests is different , and if it be true that the crumbling down of rocks forms the soil , you learn at ouce how soils must differ very much in their composition . In feldspar soils , ofwhich rocks principally consist , you will observe onl y silica , alumina , and a few others . A soil formed from this , must therefore contain a large quantity of these substances whicli are in all soils , while it would be deficient in many others .. As soils differ in this way , we are led to tliis practical question—how can we make this soil to be like that sol ' , or how can a bad soil be made equal to a good one ? The answer is simply that youiiiustsupply those substances whicli are wasting in the soil—you must

      supply as much potash or lime as are wanting m the third or poor soil—and as much lime and phosporic acid as are wanting in the second , to make up all the constituent elements which exist in thc first or rich virgin soil , and which are . necessary to enable the soil to produce agood and profitable crop . This shows you the benefit of an analysis of the soil , by which a farmer is enabled to decide what the soil requires , and proceed accordingly . I shall next speak of vegetable substances ; and first , as to the inorganic part of them . If . you take the ash which remains behind when a plant has been exposed to the fire , and analyse it inthe samway as with the soil , you will come to this result , thatthe inorganic part of the plant contains precisely the same substances as tlic inorganic portioii of the soil . Iu the ' table on my

      right hand , you see the composition of l , 0001 bs . of hay . The different kinds of hay have different quantities ofthe same substance , which substance is the same as in the soil . In reference to the ash of vegetables , 100 lbs . of wood would leave behind not more than half a pound of ash . Perhaps you may be inclined to ask why , seeing that out ol" 100 lbs ., one half pound only isash , can that haif pound be necessary for the existence ofthe plant , oris it rather merely accidental , and in no respect making any difference to the plant ? No such thing , gentlemen . That half pound of ash is just as much an essential part of the plant as tiie 09 * lbs . whicli burned away . The same is the ease with wheat , which leaves 2 lbs . of ash . I state these facte , in order to bring you along with iue in my exposition of the principles of

      the science—that you may see how I come to the conclusion , and which must be true , that the plant could notlive—that it could not fulfil the purposes of nature , link's * * it contained this small quantity of inorganic matter . If you look to the table on tho ash of i-. ay , yeu will find there is an analogy between it and thesoil . Red clover contains in T , 000 lbs ., 31 lbs . of potash ; rye-grass as little as nine pounds . Of phosphoric acid , rye-grass contains one-third of a pound ; red clover less than 7 lbs . ; white contains 5 and lucerne _ISlbs . ; We learn , then , that these substances arc present in different proportions in the ash of different kinds of hay , and from that we draw several important _pracli-.-a ' l deductions . Let us inquire whence do the plants derive the organic and inorganic parts of which thev consist ? They derive

      the wp ' . nie , partly from the soil and partly from the air—the inorganic , solely from the soil . In the air float-certain proportions of all those substances wliich enter iuto the inorganic part , but none of tliose which enter into the organic part of the plant . Now , tlic different-kinds oi' plants inthe soil will materially _elleei its constitution , and have a remarkable influence upon that constitution . Suppose I grow . _" ucerne upon the very fertile soil detailed in the fable , as tbe lucerne kikes out a large quantity of lime and of phosphoric acid , you would seo that the crop would rob thc soil ofa large proportion of lime ami of phosphoric acid , and that therefore it would not grow the same crop with that luxuriance whicli characterised it at first , because it could not supply with the same ease and abundance those pcculiai

      _jubilances upon which lucerne lives more than upon any other . Take thc ash of the diff . _lv-ut kinds of grain , ami vou will find that each in iis own way affects the soil . Wheat , oats , and rye requ _i re a large quantity of phosphoric acid , and so if you grow wheat a ions ; time in the same soil , it wiil draw out this phosphoric acid among other things , and thereby _redti'jc its quanihr . This is what is meant by _cxhai-siing the soil * If rye-grass is the plant used , it wiil vxlmnst tin ; soii generally , because it does not take away a great port ion of any one ofthe substances . In this same way , diilcrcnt crops iniikc the soil poor but ifl take the s . im * 3 crop , say 15 or 20 times—a practice which , as is well known to the most of you , existed not many years ago—it would by that time produce no crop at all . The land , then , mav be

      exhausted in two ways , generally of all the _substances , and specially , of particular substances ; and from this _eircuiuslanc-c we are enabled attain to make two or three practical deductions . Iif the first place , inasmuch as the soil contains a limited quantity of these substances , and inasmuch as difiercut crops carry off different poi tions , you at once sec why it is judicious to have a rotation of crops—that ' the longer the time is which elapses before you take a similar crop , the longer will the s : » il last and continue productive . A soil may produee one crop , when it cannot produce another . Let us _eiifjnirc n- xt why land is manured . Tisc composition of x lie soil would tell you in the first instance , I ' m * it is obvious that manure is applied to ivstore those things which are wholly or comparatively wanting . Chemistry tells practicafnien how to renew their exhausted soil . _Suppose that 15 crops of oats had been taken off a piece of land , it will lose a large quantity _vt'lhuc , phosphoric acid , and potash , and in < _-ii ! ci * to restore it you must supply the soil with those

      ingredients of which it has been robbed . Manure bcinir composed of the remains of vegetables taken off the hind , and containing all those things of wliich the plant consists , tiie fanner , generally speaking , is enabled by its application , tore-fain the fertility of the soil , lim then , _oUeivc vou . he adds all those things whieh are required fora fertile soil , which may be a _aroat deal too ninth , and may not supply an adequate . _- . buudance ofthat particular substance which the land actually requires , and thus a great expense is entailed which he may not be able to undertake , and thus ti ; e land _iVsl-s short of ihat richness which he wishes , and which , at a le ; s expense , he mi ght be able by o : h < T means , under tbe guidance of chemical knowledge , to provide for his land . If the farmer knows chemistry , he will , at far less cost , and far more effectually , secure good crops . I come next to _ilte orcanic part of thc plant , lou observe , when I take this wheat Hour dough , and wash it in water , it diminishes in bulk , and the water becomes milk y _. The p « : lion that remains , for it will not all wash away , is a siirky _ntbstance , and this is called gluten . If the water is allowed io staud a short time , the white will fall to thc bottom and form starch . The flour

      Agr1cult Ural Jkstltl'ctiox. Secoxd U-Ci...

      is thus easily separated into two parts , the starch / and the gluten . If lint or hemp-seed is put into a press and squeezed , a large quantity _<" of-oil will come Out , but not the whole thatthe plant contains ; and this is the case with all seeds , more or less , though the fatty matter-may ' not be so abundant perhaps-as to produce by pressure merely . Wheat contains g luten to the extent of from ten to thirteen per cent ; meadow hay of forty per cent , of starch . Of fat , wheat contains from two to four per cent . * , straw , sometimes three per cent . ; oats , six per cent . ; Indian corn , nine per cent . ; and meadow hay , from two to five per cent . Thus the organie part of vegetable matter contains gluten , starch , and fat . I sliall now make a few observations on the composition of the animal . 01 what does the ash of animals consist ? The body ,

      you know , is composed of various parts—of muscles , fat , bone , and other , elements which ! need not detail . Let ns examine tho composition ot the ' muscle , and we sliall find that it contains two and a half per cent , of posphate of lime , and a third per cent , of other saline matters . In bones , you do not have all the substances which exist in wheat , but you have some of them , such as lime ,. toajnesia , & c . In ten gallons of milk there is three-fourths ofa pound of saline matter ; so that if you take the composition ofthe muscle , ofthe bone , and of the milk together , you will find that animals contain the different substances which are to be found in the soil . Thus itis we learn the intimate connection between tlie composition of the inorganic matter of the plant , of the animal , and ofthe soil . But where does the . animal

      get this inorganic _mattoi * ? They obtain it from the plants . In bone six-tentbs of the whole consists oi phosphate of lime and magnesia . Kow , an animal could not support itself or walk about without some bone or firm substance to uphold it . It feeds upon herbage , which it must have , in order to obtain those different substances of which it is made up . But if the plant has no soda or magnesia , the bone could not be built up , no more than the walls of this liouse could be erected without lime , stone , and other substances . It is . necessary , then , that the plant should have all these substances , in order to supply them to tlio animal creation—a purpose which it eould not fulfil unless it contained all thatis necessary to build up their bodies . And where does the plant get these substances ? It gets them from thesoil , nor can . a

      plant live without them ; and here we have a beautiful example . of the provisions of nature , for a plant cannot grow , it cannot live , it cannot appear at all unless it can ocquire those elements ; and , that , too , just because if it did . live it mijiht indeed deck , tlie surface of the earth , but it would not be able , to feed animals , which is its great purpose in tlie creation . Thus a beautiful thread of philosophy pervades and connects all tliose different substances . Of what does the organic matter consist in animals ? It consists of two parts / the muscle and the . fat , and you will remember , we have three things in the plantfat , gluten , and starch . If I take a piece , of muscle and wash it , I sliall wash out the blood and make it like tlie colour of fat , and upon tearing it out it will be seen to be fibrous . When the fibre , is . analysed it

      is . fouud to be the same thing as the gluten in wheat . If you take the fat of animals and compare it with the fat in plants you will find , a _remarks able _analogy to each other , though they are not absolutely identical , and I believe they could very easily be converted into each other . The organic matter of . vegetables contains ' the same substances as the muscles of animals . Vegetables contain a large proportion of that which will very readily form the fat of animals , the only difference being that animal matter contains no starch . ' . ' . Let . ' us now sec what is the purpose foi \ which the animal eats its food . . "Unquestionably , fur the support of the different parts of which it consists . _Xou see again what a beautiful connection ' exists between the organic part ofthe plant and that of the animal . The

      animal eats gluten in order to form the fibre . When I eat- rolls to breakfast I eat a quantity of gluten and starch , and that gluten saves the digestive organs the trouble of manufacturing gluten for the frame . Out of-those riidc elements whicli constitute the soil and which float in the air it is the duty bf the plant to prepare those substances—those bricks , as it were , to be carried away by the builder to fill up the different gaps which are continually made in the body . Tliere is a great difference between starch and gluten . Tliat substance called nitrogen exists in the latter , but nol in the former ; in -ihe fibre and not in the fat of animals . Thus nitrogen is obtained wholly from the soil , therefore itis necessary it should be in the soil . In beans gluten exisfs to the extent of twenty-eight per cent . If therefore you or I eat beans , we cat that which is capable of building up a much larger proportion of muscle in the body . Again ' , if the soil contains a larger

      proportion of gluten , beans will grow when no other plant would . Some animals Jay on the fat very abundantly , and some like myself lay it on very sparingly . __ If you have an animal inclined to lay on tat , feed him with Indian corn . There is an important _ditferenee between the composition of the vegetable and that of the animal : but in tho former tliere is gluten , starch , and fat , in the latter muscle and fat only . The lungs pre a sort of carbonic acid manufacturers . ' The starch wc throw off to the air the plants suck in , and thus it is the leaves are continually in _liiotior , beating against the air , forming a thousand little mouths which perpetually suck in the carbonic air which forms starch . A man throws off about seven ounces per day of carbonic acid . Tims it would not be enough to eat merely of fibre and fat ' / biit wc require to eat the vegetable _sula ' ancea which contain starch , gluten , and fat , because the general purpose of nature is to save the stomach the trouble of

      manufacturing these substances lor itself . The lungs mi _«; lit suck in the same as plants do , but such is not the order of nature , and it falls to plants to supply the deficiency . Tbe stomach can build more easily from carbonic acid than it could froni- muscle . In feeding young stock , the farmer must give as much as will not only supply the daily deficiency , but also supply an increase of muscle and bone . You all know that every pnrt ofour body is continually undergoing a change , * awl ttiat'a certain quantity of gluten " must be oaten _everyday to supply it ; audit is the sumo with young animals , and therefore tliey require an extra supply of the elements of muscle and bone , in order that they may increase in size . You may by attending to the different qualities of the kind of food , make your animals either very fiesliv , very

      bony , or very fat ; animals eject in dung and otlier excrements a great many substances * , and as the plants contain substances which are soluble with water , it is of great consequence to take care of the liquid e ;< crescences , and to mix it with the solid , so that the whole ot the animal matter may be preserved , which , _being taken back to the soil , it is provided with the same substances almost for ever . If you allow the liquid to run into the rivers , then you bare the land of what the plant gets from the soil , and which the animal gets from the plant . When the animal dies , all those things which it got is returned to tho soil , and thus the same revolution goes on from the soil to the plant , and from the plant to the animal . These arc some of the points , gentlemen , by relating which I _wir-h lo interest you , whicli

      demonstrate the over-ruling presence of ono Mind , directing practical operations te the same end . Il there wns not the game spirit and intellect pervading in the nature oftlie soil , the plants , and the animals , there would be some confusion ; but as tliey do exist , there is manifested the presence of one mind and o ! one principle , directing the whole cycle of animal and vegetable life , as there is to be seen' in all the cycles and motions of the planetary bodies . In wishing to teach tliose under you the elementary principles ot _agricultural chemistry , I don ' t wish yon toleave out of view the beautiful and powerful evidence which it affords of the existence of a Deity , who is present ' at all times , and regulates in his infinite wisdom all our _affair-i and intercourse . I , therefore , concur entirely in the remarks of Mr . Pyper , that moral training is

      above all _things necessary for the young . Mora ! training comes first , intellectual next , aud practical last of-all ; but yet all are here combined , for by this practical knowledge you can give the young mind a new view of natural \ theology , lt is not merely chemistry or pliisioJouv , but tills seems to be one ot the most beautiful ' pictures of natural theology . I might tell you there is a great deal of poetry in the sketch I have presented to you . The whole planetary system in dead masses float in space , and the dead earth forms the subjects which geologists contemplate , but on the _sm-Jace of tins dead earth , you have a soil , a vegetable and an animal life , subject to changes which must interest ami concern every enquirer . Suppose the soil contained no seed—that no vegetables grew , and no animals existed—still no doubt the other parts of thc creation would go on ; and this subject of ours is just one idea , an episode , as it were , in connection

      with the planetary system . And ( his little episode in the mighty poem of nature presents to us the Divine bounty , goodness , wisdom , forethought , benevolence , and the exalted intelligence of- the Divine mind How beautiful it is indeed ! What an incontestibl manifestation ofthe existence of the Deitv is to be found in this episode , planted on our own globe' . 1 have no doubt , gentlemen , that in imparting this branch of knowledge to those under you , you will enjoy an agreeable , an entertaining study yourselves . I came among you an entire stranger , aiid-therefore I have not been abie to speak with the freedom , and ease which , perhaps , I otherwise would have done ; but I hope the kindness you have shown tome , and _tlieattention you have paid te- my explanations , will in some measure , at least , have made up for my deficiency . If you do me the honour to ask nie again before you , I trust I shall be able to address you ina oetter manner than 1 have-been enabled on this occasion todo . The learned professor resumed his seat amidst great applause .

      A Strong Breeze Jmokg The Holt Friahs.—A...

      A Strong Breeze jmokg the Holt Friahs . —A student belonging to the Convent of St . Au £ ustine ( one oftlie wealthiest monasteries ) , was sentenced last week to two months' imprisonment , by the Judicial Court of Police , lor having _sriven a severe thrashing to the prior or abbot " of his convent . Itis fortunate f ( r the culprit it did not happen in a country w . iere the convents exercise tlieir own jurisdiction , otherwise he would have fared much worse—Malta Tines .

      A Strong Breeze Jmokg The Holt Friahs.—A...

      • " TEN HOURS . . ... . 10 . TUB _EDITOR OP THE NOETHEBN STAB . ' _•^ m , —Having long _laboured , with the immortal Sadler arid the indefatigable Oastler , in tlie endeavour to achieve the emancipation . of the factory workers from their worse than'Egyptian bondage , I always feel . au interest in every _, tiling mooted on that important question , which Mr . O'Connor has most appositely described as " one of the essential rudiments of the Charter . " It gave me much pleasure to learn from tho Star that Mr . Gardner , of Preston , " had adopted "the Ten Hours' plan in his esta . blishment , by . which , he lias - earned the respect and esteem of the operatives of that town .. But , sir , why are most of the public journals silent on the subject ! Is an aristocrat ' s fall from his horse , or her Majesty ' s trip to the Continent to spend other people ' s money , of more vital importance than the disinterested , benevolent , and humane act of Mr . Gardner ? Yes , sir ; with hired scribes and fawning sycophants such nonsense is the culminating point of their " public instruction , " whilo they feel it profitable to blink everything having a tendency to benefit the working class .

      I thank you for giving publicity to the noble example set by Mr . Gardner to his brother millowners ; but allow ir . o to say , I do not _tliank you for giving the echo to a Mercurial paragraph in last week ' s Star , without a word of comment . I allude to the following : — Factoiiv Labour . _—tAn Examh , e _wobtiiv of Imitation . —Messrs . Norris _, Syltes , and Fisher , have very kindly reduced the , hours of labour at their establishment , Newton-mill , Huddersfield , from twelve to eleven hours a day . Tliis arrangement will give the younger portion of their hands the . opportunity of . attending an evening school , where they . will be able to . receive that instruction necessary for after life . The men also will have the pleasure of enjoying more domestic comfort with their respective families at home . We hope that their labours may in an especial manner be crowned with success , in return for this , noble aud praiseworthy example , and that it will induce other masters to adopt the same system . —Leeds Mercury . . , ' '

      Coming , as the above does , from the oracle of the capitalists and profit-mongers , itougbt to be received with suspicion . Do you find Mr . _Baints following . up the paragraph by another ' * example" MORE " worthy of imitation , " viz ., the example of Mr . Gardner ? . No ; th ' e ; crafty journalist knew " a trick worth two of that . " He , no doubt , knew that in his own native town the Ten Hours ' system was in practice . He knew the operative factory workers were elated at the prospect of their wishes being consummated , and he also knew that the : Manchester . Central Committee were again at work to . accelerate the overthrow of Molocli's sway . " Hence appeared 'thei ' paragraph you copy , _tuit / iout o wordof comment . ! ¦ '¦' ' ¦ Sir , —I am sure you - have not forgot - tliiit ,. tli ' _e''Eleven Hours' plan is the spawn Of Hobhouse , the ' " Whig—that it was handed over to old Dame Baines to nurse as soon as

      it came iuto the world , and that the old Dame has always held it up when the factory workers ! i _wii lias publicly appeared . In short , the Eleven Hours ' plan was projected for no other purpose but that of frustrating the objects bf tbe operatives and their friends . This fact is well known , and the "Whig bantling is still as hideous 'in the eyes ol the workies as ever ; and Baines and Co . will find to their discomfiture that old birds are not to be caught with' chaff . They know tbat the most eminent of the faculty have declared that Ten Hours' daily labour is the utmost that human nature can sustain with impunitythat it is enough for man , leaving the immature portion of our race out of the question .

      They know , also , that a living philanthropist , practically acquainted with the factory-system"in-all its ramifications , and one who has spent a long life in the study of human'nature and' the position of ¦ society , has , after years of observation , pronounced eight hours' daily toil a sufficient burden for the human frame . I allude to Mr . It . Owen , whose knowledge of society none will dispute , however ' much they tnay differ with him on tlie conflicting . points of religion . . Sir , I am afraid of trespassing too much on your space , but I see a motive in Baines inserting the paragraph at this , juncture ..: Perhaps the Huddersfield . firm are " experimentalits" to subserve that motive . . Yet , depend upon it , it will be " no go . " Ten hours' men know " the enemy ' s engine of warfare . They know the opposite side of Boar-lane end very well , and they will keep an eye on the movements in that quarter , ' : while they will , as they ever have doue , repudiate the Eleven Hours'system .

      Ko concession ! No compromise ! . No fulsome adulation for Eleven Hour tricksters 1 Tours truly , 61 , King-street , Long Acre , Wm . Eideh . . Sept . 0 , 1845 . [ Our friend is wrong . Mr . Gardner has not adopted the " Ten Hour System . " He used to run his mill twelve hours , like the rest of the millowners at Preston . He reduced the hours of working to eleven and the result , in amount of production andincreascd comfortto the "hands " employed , induced him to make ' another reduction to ten and-a half hours a-day . The last account we saw stated . that Mr . Gardner thought of trying the Ten Hour plan ; but as yet we believe the hours worked are ten

      anda-half . Then for the Huddersfield case . Before Mr . _Gardner made any reduction at . all , the Messrs . Starlsey , of Hudaei _' sfield , bad reduced their working hours to eleven , paying the same _amoidit of wages as for twelve , while all the rest of the mills in the neighbourhood were running twelve . The result , extended over a space of now upon two years , has been so satisfactory both to employers and employed , thatthe example set by the Messrs . Starkey has been followed by the Brooks at Armitagebridgc ; by the owners of the Mcllham mills ; and tbe Messrs . Armitage , of Milnes-bridge ( we believe , though of the two latter we aro not sure ); and iwio by the firm of Messrs . Norris , Sykes , and Fisher , of Newtown , Iludflcrsfield . It was to record this last fact , so honourable to

      the parties concerned , that the paragraph in Ihe Mercury appeared , which _bcai-s all the marks of having been furnished by the Huddersfield correspondent , aud inserted just as sent . We do not think that tbe Messrs . Baines had any other " motive" in giving it insertion than to record a fact worthy of imitation by all in Huddersfield who still run their mills _fireZuchoui's _, when fheii'iieighbours show that it is possible to _liuc , and even tiimve , by only running eleven , even when they pay as much wages , for eleven as they did for twelve . We trust a few morn will " experimentalize ; " and that the Messrs . Starkey and Mr . Gardner will lead the way to the whole Ten Hour plan . —En . A . S . ] .

      K _5 _T- Since the above was in type , we have received the ( to us ) pleasi . ig information , that the firm of the _Jlessrs . Shaw , of Steps Mill , Honley , near Huddersfield , have followed the example set them by the Messrs . Starkey , and have commenced to run their works only eleven instead of twelve hours daily . In according all praise to the Messrs . Shaw for thus voluntarily adding six hours weekly to the i . n- _'E of the workers in tlieir establishment , uUhout any abridgment oftheir means , we do not think that we are guilty of "fulsome adulation ; '' and wo apprehend that both the Messrs . Shaw a'ld the Messrs . Norris Sykes nnd Fisher , arc deserving , in these instances at least , of a bettor name than that of ' * tricksters . " At all events , we would cheerfully refer that question to the "hands " they employ , at the end of their week ' s work , when they have enjoyed the comforts of " homo" for six hours longer than they used to do ' . If this be tho result of " clevenhoui * trickery , " wo trust that the . otlier employers hi the Huddersfield district will turn " tricksters" too . — Ed . N . 8 . ]

      Extbaobdijfauy Balloos Ascext From Cllem...

      _ExTBAOBDIJfAUY BaLLOOS ASCEXT FROM _CllEMOltM * _Qauuens . —On Monday evening , Mr . Green made another ascent in his Nassau Balloon from the gardens of Greniornc House , and it being announced tViat he won . d te nceompwi . iwi by a lady and w leopard , a very large company were assembled , there being nearly 12 , 000 persons present . At half-past six , a female , together with a young male leopard , thc property of a Mr . White , a trainer of beasts , and the keeper , made their appearance npon the _grounds . A car had been prepared for the occasion , and attached beneath the regular one ; the three having entered it , Mr . Green placed himself in the

      upper jcar , when they proceeded to-make several ascents to the hei g ht of the trees , at the conclusion of which the mronaut made preparations for his final ascent with Mrs . Green , Mrs . G . Green , Mr . Salter , Mr . IIardwicke ( themagistrate ) , Mr . _Littlcjohn _, itc , in all eleven persons . The balloon having been released , took a south-westerly direction , in wliich course it proceeded for some time , when entering another current of air , it . returned towards the gardens , over which it hovered for seme time , and finally it descended at Notting-hill , about half-past eight , and Mr . Green returned to the gardens , it being , by reason of thc various currents into whieh the balloon entered , one of the most extraordinary ascents made for many years .

      _Ciiilb Murder . _—BiRMixG-nAM , _Saicrdav . —During the week a child murder of considerable atrocity lias been brought to light by Mr . Davis , the town coroner . The circumstances , as elicited at thc coroner ' s inquiry , may be related briefly . At Springbeath livea hard-working couple named Jenkins , and diumig the latter part of the week the wife had a quarrel with a woman named Marsh , who manifested a gveat degree of spleen in the course _af the altercation . Tliis day week a fine little girl belonging to Jenkins ( fifteen montlis old ) , after toddliag about from house to hoase , was suddenly missed . Every search waa made ? in the vienvtty for it , when it was at last ascertained that the poor _little creature was se * n to enter Marsh ' s _heuse , with two other children , and was not afterwards noticed until discovered dead by its father in the evening , in , the cesspool attached to the water-closet . It appears , a few minutes after it was missed , the father went to Marsh ' s liouse for the

      purpose of ascertaining whether the child was there , when Marsh assured hint it was not , and gave him a li « ht , to satisfy hiuisuif . An inhabitant , however named Mullins , deposed that a sliort time before the lather went to look for the deceased he saw . Marsh take a child by its hand to the water-closet , and return without it , at wbich time she was drunk . The jury , however , believing that the child might have fallen in accidentally , returned a verdict to that effect . But- subsequent important disclosures coming to thc ears of the coroner , a fresh jury was empanelled at the Turk ' s Head on IVidav , ' when it was satisfactorily explained that the child " could not havo fallen thronsh tne scat , and that Marsh had been frequently heard to say that sho would serve the parent out heiorc the week was out . Thc _jui'v , after sitting until a late hour last evening , returned a verdict of " Wilhil Murder" against _Alarsh , who was iully committed .

      Extbaobdijfauy Balloos Ascext From Cllem...

      THE PAUPER AND THE FELON . One of the most startling and appalling . acta broug ht forth by the inquiry into the operation of tlie _Oi'd Poor Law was , that convicted felons were better fed and provided for than the poor in the workhouses . < 2 « l , _jg fact was displayed at the time in beautifully ¦ printed- octavo boohs sent forth by the Poor 'Law U 6 nun « M * oncrs . followed by innumerable speeches , essays , & ci , _edi in condemnation of such a system ' ; and the _impression thus made on the public mind prepared the ' wav i ' or tbe New Poor Law , whicli was to raise the labourers' wages ; elevate them _ above a State of pauperism ; teach them to depend on their own resources ; and / surround-the farmer with a happy ,. contented ,. wsll-paid peasantry , instead of crouching bands of turbulent , fierce , ignorant ; and

      vindictive desperadoes , iVept atthe parish expense . ' . ' We . fear that lew of _tliese anticipations have been fulfilled ; but wehave again before us the fact that convicted felons , now working ( if easy labour can be called . work ) in Portsmouth ' , dockyard are much better fed than the poor in the same county . Four days a week the felons are supplied each with _Ittoz . of beef a day . By the dietary of the Poor Law Commissioners for Andover Union , the poor are supplied with " cooked meat" only two days a week . Tins cooked meat includes bacon'for one of the days ( Saturday ) , and certainly is neither so wholesome nor nutritious as the felons' beef . But , by the Union , dietary , the poor man has not 146 z ., but only Soz ., and the poor woman but Goz . Of bacon , the va . ue of

      which depends so much upon its '' quality , tho men have 5 oz ., the women -loz . The term " cooked meat" is an ambiguous phrase . It may mean a very inferior description of meat from that implied by beef . But , waiving that ; we , have the fact , as it has been published % the _Goyerriineht itself , that the felons have each _SGoz . of meat pec-week , whilst thc poor man' has _onlylSipz , per week , and the poor woman only 10 oz . per week . ' Now , there is probably no person who has thought or paid attention to these matters who does not know ' some aged pauper , TO or SO years of age , pressing towards the _houji-e , prepared for his abode . Look _atvtliat bent but staliiart frame . His sinews and his . mind , — -for it is ii gross mistake to suppose that no skill is required in the ' agricultural labourer , —have

      contributed towards the , enormous wealth of his country-for upwards of half a century . Time at last has taken * - all the work out of him , though the wealth he has / assisted to accumulate remains ; and we ask , is _rib'tTsucaVa man justly entitled to a comfortable existence in his latter | days ?; , Humanity ,, _justice , Christianity / can give but one reply to the question . That man is entitled to 7 a . fair proportion of tlie accumulated 1 { \ vealtb 7 of the community ofwhich hehas . bceu allJliis days a ' _valuable member ; and yet we turn tb the _cliefcary tables MdTiud this man infinitely worse off than he who for _hiacrimes has been expelled from socieiy , : _aiid'is" kept insafe 7 _*» stody , like a wild beast , because he cannot be _trusted'atlarge . - , ; LeVus iibt ; ' liowe ' ver , be misunderstood . ' - _We-do not

      want to reduce tho * felons' -allowance . Tliey have probably n 6 viuoi-e ' - tIian ' : nat iii e requires to keep them in health ; but / -if so , 7 in \ v . kat state must he the poor , whose : allowance-is miser able even ; as compared with that" of'the convicted : felonj _* ; Wo _, ] 0 not want , we repeat , to reduce the felons' allowance ; but we do wish to see that of the poor increased . This , it may be replied , would increase pauperism . Granted , for , a moment : but will not'the filet ofa far greatec amount of food being given to the convictetl felonth ' a [ n to the pauper inevitably increase crime ? . _; . Is _jtjiiotoffering a premium to crime ? . . -Does notsuclia * 3 ys _.-J tern as this belong to that category of ., ei T _^|^ 6 m mitted by Governments ? ' : J _¦? . 7 i : ' _^!§ p | p | si ; If , ifc is said , the poor are kept too well , _theju _|> M consume all the rants of . tho . hnd . . In this bi'iet > _'SSh '* _S

      tencc are contained two grand errors . One . of factj ; " the other of-theory . Those who -have-any .. practical knowledge of the poor know how reluctant , they are to go into the workhouse under anyicircunistahccs . Tliey will sell or ; pawn every thing they have before they * will enter tliose real prisons , _^ but-nominal places for' relief to the' poor . ' 7 Half-a-cehtury ago the same repugnance was felt by themib receive parochial aid ; but the times compelled -thousands , to submit to it , and it is true that a race of paupers ; was reared ; but even those , — -and there are no worse characters gcnerallytban those raised in the workhouse , —will not apply to them if they can { jet employment out . What , then , is the remedy ? A fair day ' s wages for a fair day ' s- . work . This , could , it be accomplished , is thc

      only real cure forthe evils of pauperism , and to this the country must come sooner or later . Why is it not done at once . ? it may be _/ lemanded . The rcpiy is , that the tarmei' has so many demands upon lum that lie is compelled to pinch his labourer . What are these demands ? 1 st . Rent , four or five times hig her than before the American War of . Independence . _^ 2 nd . Taxes ; increased from live millions a-ycar in the reign of Anne to fifty-five _miUions _. _a-ycav hi thercign of Victoria . 3 rd . County rates ; as . poverty is the mother of crime , the county rates increased to nnuisli the poor as criminals . 4 th . Tithes , increased in the ' ame proportion as rents . Cth . Then come wages ,

      with other burdens , all ofwhich thc farmer must pay , and having paid , finds that enough money is not left in his purse to pay thc labourers properly . " A family raised upon 10 _s . or 12 s . a-week must end in the greater portioii of them becoming paupers or something worse . THi . Then come the poor-rates ; and we have the fact , in the Governmental dietaries , that to keep down the expense of pauperism the invaluable poor man , who has given the labour of a whole life to increase the wealth of the ' conn try , is served with but 13 oz . of meat per week , whilst tlic unprincipled convicted felon rejoices on oOoz . per week . — Brighton Herald .

      Expkimiektaii Tiurs Ox Thk Ciioydox Atmo...

      ExpKimiEKTAii Tiurs ox thk _Ciioydox Atmospheric ItAiMVAY . —On Friday ( says the Morning Herald ) wc had the satisfaction of witnessing several experimental , and as far as we are able tojudge , we may add successful , trips on tliat ' portinn oftlie Croydon line of railway which has been laid down upon the atmospheric system , of which Mr .-Samuda and Mr . _Clogg ave tlio inventors and patentees . _Thesb _experiments were instituted with the view of gutting the apparatus in good working order , aud arranging the mode of working prior to the line being thrown open for the use of the public . They may also be regarded in some degree as tests of the objections to the atmospheric principle wliich , during the last session , were urged upon more than one committee of the Ileuses of Parliament in cases , where thc principles of locomotive and of atmospheric traction entered iuto

      competition . The portion of the Croydon line upon which the atmospheric apparatus has been completed extends from the Croydon terminus'to thc Dartmouth Arms station , a distance of-rather moro than live miles . It runs parallel with tha Jdcomotivo line , and connected with it three pairs of engines for exhausting the tubes have already been erected ; tbe first at the Croydon station ; the second at the . Norwood station , a little more than two miles from Croydon , and the third at the Dartmouth Anus , three miles from tlio Norwood station . The engines are of oOliorscpowereach . From Croydon to Norwood , the trains are propelled by the Norwood engine , which exhausts the first two miles of pipe , and afterwards the duty of exhaustion for the remaining three miles is taken up by the Dartmouth Arms engine , which actuates the train to that station . On returning from tiie Dartmouth Arms the vacuum is created for the first three

      miles as far as the Norwood station by the engine at that place , and for the rest ofthe distance to Croydon by the engine fixed there . In passing we may observe that the engine houses are beautifully constructed edifices , adorned with many architectural embellishments , and a short way oil' have nothing about thein to denote that there resides the gigantic power of steam . The vacuum tube is lo inches iu diameter , and the ruling gradient on the line is 1 in COO , except where it passes over the Bri g hton Itaiiway by means ofa viaduct , at which place the inclination forabout _| a . quarterofiiinileisl in 50 . Friday ' s experiments were made with a train of six carriages , _iiiidud' mg the piston carriage , the aggregate weight of which , and the company in them , was calculated at upwards of 30 tons , and tho iirst trip was from the Croydon station , shortl y after two o ' clock . Tills trip , however , could not be considered in the light of a "trial , "

      inasmuch as great delay ensued at the two intermediate stations—viz ., tke Norwood and the Anerley Bridge stations , lor _the-purpose of avoiding inconvenience to the ordinary trallic ou the locomotive line . Still _. tho result was _sufficient i & indicate that the tractive power was uuder the most _complcts control , and that there was every facilit y for arresting the progress of a train atthe various stations , in order to set down or take up passcngcis . On this occasion the train was started ! when the vacuum in the tube was only 12 inches : but the five miles ,, exclusive of the stoppages alluoed to , were accomplished in Id minutes , being on the average about 10 _jwilesan hour . The train left tha Dartmouth Anns station , on its return , at a pcriot . when it eould run through witlinm intemiption , the vacuum in the pipe 2 H inches .-. V _. ' e aow seemed almost to realise the idea of the poet , wlioinakc 3 _onoof the glorious creations of ' _hisiaaa .-giaations

      "Glide through the even On a sunbeam swift as a shooting star , " for the four and a half miles to'the summit ef the viaduct , where the breaks wore applied to Wing thc train to a state of rest before arriving at the Crovdon station , were performed in five minutes iwu . fifteen seconds ; and tho last quarter of a mile of that distance , up the incline , at the rate of Go miles an hour The result ofthis trip showed that a speed of GO rail- * ' an hour could be attained at the end of 3 miles from the point of vest , with a train of thiviv tons - a _IVt

      to _wuich great weight is attached by Mr . Samuda hi comparing atmospheric with locomotive traction . ' It is proper to observe also , that , ovon at the _liiriiest velocity , not the slightest oscillation was perceptible , that the noise wasi no more than _misfit reasonably be expected , and that the application ofthe " breaks " was most effe _ctive . The third tri p from Croydon to the Dartmouth Arms was made with similar success ; the only observation _necessarj to make is , that the _lutermeduite engines at thc Norwood stations were not nt work , and thatthe exhaustion was performed solely by flu * Dartmouth Arms _engines , live miles in advance oftlie starting point ! On tlie Wa a _^ an

      Expkimiektaii Tiurs Ox Thk Ciioydox Atmo...

      returning to Cvdydon , it qveitooka locomotive engine _, and carriages which had passed it at speed about two minutes befpre , when it was in a state o . ' _" iest at tho Dartmouth Arms , and whicli had made no stoppages in the interval ., The progress of the train the whole distance tb'X > oydoii w as arrosted , however , upon its being ascertained that a fatal accident had occurred to a'labourer in the employ . of Mr . Samuda , who had incautiously got upon the . line of . railway . _Looking at the various results of these experiments tlie friends oftlie atmospheric principle regard them as entirely setting at rest the objections of their op . ponents , and as . exceeding even tlieir own most sanguine hopes . One material point to be ascertained ivas , whether , under all the circumstances , a useful

      rate of speed could be attained , the adversaries ol the system contending that the friction of air through the tube would be so great as to prevent the possibility of attaining a velocity of more than 15 miles an hour wJicn the . process of _exhaustion was going on by jiieahsofan engine three miles in advance . Tim above experiments showed , however , that the train acquired a rate of GO miles an hour , when full tli ; it distance from tlie exhausting engines . And the promoters of the atmospheric system further regani these experimental trips ns conclusive evidence of the truth of their position , that alter haying travelled one three miles' section of pipe the train can enter another section and be propelled through it with an equal velocity , and that a line of 300 miles in length .

      would in fact be merely repeating one hundred times the same operation , . without in any way exteiHlJni * the amount of the experiments . Upon this siiliject we do not feel called on to give an opinion—uuscicn . tific people will be better able tojudge of it , when the whole , line from , Croydon to London ,. the works on which are making rapid progress , arc completed , and the system is in full operation . We understand that several " trial" trips were made b y Mr , Samuda . md Mr . Clegg , who were both present , on Thursday last , with trainsof 18 carriages , containing a large number of persons , and weighing 90 ions . . _Ajspeed of JO miles aii hour was then attained fora' shorV . distauee ; and the viaduct over the _Brighton line , where the inclination is 1 - in oD . _vwas surmounted at 20 miles an clination is 1 . in _oOy-Mas surmounted at 20 miles an

      " <¦«* * - - _$ ite . J _,::- . DuSPEItATE _SUICIDEEY _A-XqUSO _GSMLEUA . V . —On Thursday afternoon " a long _inquiry was opened before Mr . G . I . Mills , deputy coroner for Middlesex , and a jury , at the Marquis of Hastings , Ossulston-strect , Somers Town , on the body pf : a gentleman at present unknown , who committed self-destruction under the very singular and unaccountable circumstances subjoined . - Harriett Mayne said that she lodged at 26 , Aldenham-street , ; whicliliousc was kept by a female named Bryan . Shortly after twelve o ' clock on tho night of Tuesday last , she met deceased , whom she had never seeii before , at a concert at the Giirrii-k ' _g Head , in Bow-street , where she partook ofa part of pint of sherry with him and a tall young gentleman

      his friend . The deceased told her he had previousl y been to Evans ' s Grand Hotel , and had partaken of two bottles of wine and sonic rnni punch . Shortly before three o clock on Wednesday morning _iiIQ deceased bid his friend good-bye , left the G . n rick ' s Head , and accompanied witness in a cab to ; _^ er _^ . residence . At two o ' clock m 'Wedncsda _^ pfternoon - she invited him to pa :. _take- > ' 6 fibr _^^ ast , but he refused , and said ho _^ _tM- _^ _M _^ _-Tf > i . » _'gl «*» _"Of wine . lie eare ; . _)« _jE _^ . _^ Mlt | a _^/ oj * ji , to send for a pint of sliciw , _iaBosfra _-- _?^ liiyan , tflB s l _| _M _§|^ datighter , to ; go for it , deceased addd , # _Bwml 5 wilTsend for something else that will do mc _ig _^ d | , v _|| peceased then asked for a pen and ink , and j _^ ro ' t _^^ prescriptibii in Latin , telling her to send ifc _^ to . si _^ _fejiemist , giving her 2 s . to procure it . Mar-WMt ! Bryan ' . went to the shop of . Mr . Wakefield , and

      ' % n _^ vjveturn , with the wine said that MivWakciield ' saidslie had hot got any , and that it was poison . Witness told _deceased , " who said , " Nonsense , it is no such thing _iit '? is only to enliven up low spirits ; semi to another doctor . " Margaret _lliyan then went to the shop of Mr . Rentmore , in . _ClarciHlon-snuarC _, ami brought back a phial about three-parts _fuilof _s'ltlF . smelting like almonds . Deceased was then lying on the sola in the parlour , and appeared very cWvl ' ul . Witness left him to get her breakfast , leaving the phial and the wine on the table . She returned in about live minutes , and on entering the room asked the deceased how he was . . He replied ho felt _hettcr , but his stomach began to pain him . At that moment he turned over on the sola and appeared faint _inir ,

      and made a gurgling noise in the throat . She called for water , and sent for a doctor . Mr . Wakefield came and said ho was dead , and had taken poison , liy the Coroner . —1 had never seen deceased before . 1 bad not the slightest idea that he had sent for po ' _ismi ; and I intended to-have taken a portion of what ho sent for had he left any , as he said it was lor low spirits . I should say he was not . more than twenty years of age . When alive he appeared of rather sallow compiexinn , and had dark brown hair , liis _dress consists of a black frock oont , black satin waistcoat , lavender-coloured striped trousers with

      straps , the whole quite new ; a blue striped silk neckerchief , white stockings , yellow kid gloves , and short boots ; anew hat , maker ' s name " Townsend , Cheapside and Itcgcnt-strect . " lie had with him a small yellow stick with the handle much bitten , and his linen was maiked "G . Oldfield , junior . " On his person were found two handkerchiefs , one white muslin , with the name " G . O ' tlficld" on it , the other silk ; a cigar case , a green purse studded with steel beads and tassels , wiih nvo shillings in it : and on his finger a gold ring with a , green stone . Deceased did not give _witness any other munev than for the wine and the _slulij .

      Margaret Dryan proved having gone witn tnu prescription lirst to ti . e shop of Mr . Wakelicld and then to that of Mr . Rentmore , where she procured Ihe stuff for deceased , ami paid is . 9 d . for it , and that she was served by a young maiij Mr . Reiitmore ' s brother . The witness having identified t _' . x prescription , thc Deputy-Coroner said it wns in Latin , and was " half an ounce hyiheeyanic acid , " and at ihe bottom was written " _l- ' * > r ilavi . _nring soups , " and it wns sinned " G . 0 . " Air . . _Valieiielil proved that when ho was called lo see i ! oec : _ued ho vas quite dead . The Deputy-Cormier animadverted on any chemist selling so large a quantity of poison to a stranger , and called upon ilr . lleiitiuore fur an explanation . Mr . Keiiimorc , inn ., who served

      it , said he _imdcrstood that the girl who fetched : he poison came from Uic pastry-cook ' s in Seymourstreet , and knowing cilof ahiuiiiils was used in ike trade , he served it . The Deputy-Coroner _s-aid the circumstances of fhe case were so _straiij-e , alihoiii . li there was no reason to believe ihat the witness ii -1 , * . no had connived at the decvased poisoning iiimscb , _ij . st ho felt it _iiooessnry to adjourn the _hiquiry _it-vimiLei evidence , and to have the body opened . The inmury was _ultiniak'ly adjourned to Monday , nnd jdier thc post mortem examination the body will be reim _. ud to St . Pancras workhouse for identity . — -On Jn _.-i . ii ; iy the inquest was resumed , when Mrs . Emily Uld-JicJd , r & pemnkcT , Southgatc-roaii , Dall ' s-poml , l _.-iiiii ; - ton , stated that thc deceased was her sun , and that

      he was warehouse-dork in the employ ot ' . _n-sii ... Warwick and Sons , wholesale druggists , _Garlick-hill . Last Tuesday morning lie left home for his _i-iiicc , mill told witness that he would , if allowed by his employers , go with somo friends to Gravesend ihat day . Si . e gave h in 8 s . Cd ., but did not know what other money lie had . She never afterwards saw him alive . Her impression was that he had been _drugged in tlie house , _Alileiiliaiu-street , and then murdered . The coroner assured Mrs . _Olulicld that both he and thejury were fully convinced by the evidence given on U . _cnys-t day that her sun bad not _Ik-cii _drugm- d . On the contrary , they iete that lhe circumstance was unfortunate for all pasties , and that every _atteiiiiuu liad been paid to him . Frank Merrick , a _yotK-i

      about eighteen years of aye , deposed that oii _ Tiicsaay _uigUthttaeeomiuiiiicddevvase . Uolhe Adelphilli * _-: _' . u e , aiid afterwards to the Garrlck ' s lieail , ilow-siree _' , where they had between thein a glass of gin and water . Alter some delay _ihert * , dcivasu ! Ml - ' ' , and joraed a female in the room . Deceased , _mi' > was not drunk , left the Garriek _' s Head abou ' i * •••*• o ' clock on Wednesday morning , but with whom witness did not know , not- did he aftwwtivds si )! ' _h'l'i-On two previous oesasions dcrcas « l slept wiih win . at his lodgings , Cloak-lane . Mr . ilciitinore , _broti . cr and as-3 isitr . it to Mr . _licntmore , surgeon , _ _*••* - *' l , a i t he sold to the sen-ant of the house , . No . _K-i - ' . . ' ' ,: . " ham-street , half an ounce of _Ulic essential oil ui _almoads , in nn ounce and a half settle . He _^'" _Ir tluifi it was requized bv u soap-maker , oi' a l _'"*** . ' h

      cook . It was usual with drimgis _' s to sell as . muc « J » au ounce of it to uersons in those trades , i he jo **;* . wa » not labelled . Mv . G . _Wskeiicid , *> v . rgeo ! i , sa : _* _- lie liad examined thc body , w ' aicii from'Hie . _esophagus downwards , gave evidence ct" the _ilc-trsctive presc _.-. _* _- ftf prussic aeid , and wliich , 11 " doubt , was Use _ClUsC . ol ' death . The _auantitv _fcold to _dcceawil was _suii-. ticnt to kill four nevsnns . ' Mvs . Oidfickl _liiiviiig _^ ia tcil that 2 s . worth of brandv had been sent for aHcr _>* son entered the brothel , Alice _I-jryan , the LiuniadJ of thehouse , her _dau-fatcv , am ' , the woman wlmin . dceeasod accompanied home , distinctly proved llij _fu sueh was uot the fact , and thai all that was » - ! S » in was a pint ol shirrv . Tiie jury , _ii'Aei' hall-a' > hour ' s deliberation _.-yeturmd , ft verdict _"ThatGeorco _Oldfiekl , jun ., died by ; akivg essential oil uf _alnw _* _- _* with his own bands , but that tliere was no evidence

      oi' his . state of mbid at lbs time . " Thejury accompanied the _vtrdit't wiih a eensuw > upon Mv . heiiy more , jnn ., for _havin _* : se _inrautionsly _guhlibe _pu ' . son . Akotiiku CC . _T . I . U . UY . Kxri . _csiox _. —On Tuesday _nidit last the inhabitants of the village of Abenhire , who havo hardlv had sufficient ti _* aic to recover from the oxcitcmencproduced b y die jute dreadful _catastropue , were thrown into n suite of great consternati uu _^ y an explosion in lllae' . iun . wr collierv _, the properly ut Mr . Davies , of ilirwaiii . The violent concussion ot air consequent upon the explosion had the effect o an earthquake in shaking the whole district . 1 & appeared that the accident was occasioned in eoiiseqiu'iic ' o of sonic of thc workmen _having contrary io tiie positive instructions of the masten got an _•;!!*||; _i' 7 ground doiir placed in some portion ot the _coihei ; ., which had the effeet of obstructing a current m air .

      There were bippilv not _nvire than ( ivemen in m * pit at Ilie time of the explo-ioii _, three of whom v _. cio dreadfully schorched ; they are , however , likely to t . cover . r-C ' cMiioriait .

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 13, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_13091845/page/6/