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• Text (6)

  Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

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    T . THE NOBTHERN STAR. - - ,- " ¦ - , ' ...

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    KiCll.Vl.DoOiv, JMAXUFA CTVR1SG CUTLER,

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    rjpilE variable slate ofthe WEATHER has ...

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    IHE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER C, 1815.

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    IRELAND RUINED ' BY " SMALL FAllMB." THE...

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    Factory Lahou - !..—As Examplti lvoinnv ...

• Transcript

  • Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.

    Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.

    T . The Nobthern Star. - - ,- " ¦ - , ' ...

    T . THE NOBTHERN STAR . - - ,- _" ¦ - , ' _Septkm _^ _^ J _^_ _i

    Kicll.Vl.Dooiv, Jmaxufa Ctvr1sg Cutler,

    KiCll . _Vl . DoOiv , JMAXUFA CTVR 1 SG CUTLER ,

    Ad00408

    _rjsT . uiLisnEii 1 * 3 U *> , . V « ir tlte t' / uirih , Kensington . _GAUDKSElla' Pruning , Gralting , and Budding Knives i _: i Sheath , Is . Gd . each ; shut ditto , 3 s . each . — Tncse _Jiiiivcs are xuadc cf thc best materials ; I al-¦ meayis * jsi- them . "—Tide the late Wm . Cobbett in his Eag Jill Gardener . Bahts , Sloes , and Gardening Tools of «* very d . _scrijifion .

    Ad00409

    COALS . PROVIDE FOR "WINTER . PROVIDENT FAMILIES , subscribing Is . per week tithe . Metropolitan Coal Company's Shilling Club , can obtain four half tons annually , without further charge , Sues , & c . The Company ' s price current is , Best Screened " _VTallsen 4 , 2 os . per full tou ; Seconds , 21 s ., 22 s ., and 23 s ; Coke , _Sls . fiil . Office . " 279 . ni'h Holborn .

    Ad00410

    CHEAP . _ELEGANT . A 2 ? B EXPEDITIOUS PXIS _4 _TIKG . COMMITTEES , Managers of Exhibitions , Concertrooai .=, Theatres , _HtncfitSocieties , and pulilic bodies _generally , will find it much to their advantage to give _Susr orders to 3 * . STUTTER , 3 and 4 , Church-row , Bethnal-green , London . Cards , Is per hundred ; Ilnud-S 3 ls , 6 y taking twenty thousand , 2 s . per thousand ; _Postiy-Wl' s _, 3 s . per hundred . Orders fi-om the country , _aontalning a remittance , promptly attended to . Goods delivered vtiUnii live miles of London . * Sive your _orders to T . Stutter , S aad 4 , Church-row , _Sethnal-grccn , and save r . t least fiftv per cent .

    Ad00411

    U . GU . T , VENTILATING , FLEXIBLE VELVET HATS , 13 s . PERUIXG _= S Patent Ventilating , Flexible Hats maybe obtained in Heaver , Silk , and _Atdivt , from Ss . 6 d . to 2 s ., in upwards of one hundred different shnpes , to suit contour . Also the best Livery Hats at lfis . ; Youths' and Gentlemen ' s Hats and Caps of every description . —CECIL HOUSE . So , Strand , and 251 , Regent-street . _fls _? " Copy" tiie address , and ouv wbcre you can be well

    Ad00412

    GESblSE TEAS AND COFFEES FOR TIIE MILLION . S 6 a cheapest pLice in London for Teas and Coflccs is at & e Warehouse , 24 and 25 , _Begent Street , Westminster , mar tlie Vausball Bridge _lload . TEE Propr ietor , E . WAKMIXGTOX , takes this _opportaniiy to return ihanks for lhe liberal support hchas ZEcdved since be opened tlie above premises ; and to those Who Lave not y ct favoured hiin with their patronage , E . W . _Biost strongly solicits a trial , feeling assured tliat the articles sold at the warehouse , both in price aud quality , Bill give universal satisfaction . Goods in any quantity sent free to all parts of London and the suburbs ; and persons in the cuuntry , by remitting a 1 _' ost-office order , * _jrtUfind their instructions faithfully attended to . -

    Ad00413

    WEST 31 ID 1 SG OF YORKSHIRE . _^ d jottriunent of tlie Midsummer Sessions for tlie Trial of Felons , < £ v _* . NOTICE IS HEKEBY _GITES , tliat the Midsummer < 5 cn = r « l Quarter _Sessions < it" the Peace , for the West 7 tuK < na of the County of York , will be holdru by Edjourii-Sient , at _Wakefield , « n Wednesday - , the Tenth day of September next , at Ten o ' clock in ihe forenoon , and by -ari £ fir adjournment from _tlienee will he holden at _SecS ; cI ( J . on Friday , the Twelfth _»* ay of the same month Of September nest , at Half-past Ten o ' clock in the "F _oreaoon , fur the Trial of Felons and Persons indicted for 3 Gsd £ _mi-anors . when all Juror . -, Suitors , Persons _wlso _Staacl upon lvecvgwzan . ee , nnd others having _business at Ste : said Sessions , are required to attend thc Court .

    Ad00414

    TO THE WORKING CLASSES . IMPORTANT TESTIMONIAL . We areahvays _gratified in noticing the laudable exer-& qs ± s of the industrious and provident among our fel-Icvv-labi . urers iu tbe social vineyard , to avert from tSsenisr _fves and families , as far as human foresight may _< $ . 7 , tlic calamities attendant upon an old _ngeofdestitastiun . or a period of wearisome inactivity and _uselcssnass , _through sn-kness or accident ; and we will venture So say . tliat up to the _cxtremeliurit of what is called tlie Tffidille class ofsociety , thereis no method so likely to 3 ££ ain the _oljiect as the institution of securely based andjudiciously rejjulated Benefit Societies . Ourattcn-Son was some time since called to the _suljject by thc * gt * oceccii ) _j-. 's of one accordant with our news , enrolled nwder ihe title of 'THB HOTAL OAK _BENEFIT SOCIETV , * and established at the _JUitre Tavern , St .

    Ad00415

    _*' " " * i - _. ¦ j i _AMERICAN EMIGRATION OFFICE , D 6 , _Watc-rloo-road , Liverpool . THE _Subseribers continue to despatch first-class Packets to NEW YORK , BOSTON . QUEBEC , MOXTKEAL _, PHILADELPHIA , SEW ORLEANS , and ST _. JOH . _N'S , N . B . They are also Agents for the New Line of New York Packets , comprising the following magnificent ships : — Tonj . To Sail . _iJoTTiNooEB .. _iiso etb September . _LiVEiirooi . H 50 Gth October . Who have also , For New York St , Patrick 1150 tons . »• *• « llepublic 1100 „ » ,, Empire 1201 ) „ Sliellield 1000 „ „ Boston Lama 1 G 0 O „ „ Philadelphia Octavius 900 „ „ New Orleans Geo . Stevens ... ; .. 800 „ I „ „ Thos . H . Perkins ... 1000 „

    Ad00416

    NOTICE TO EMIGRANTS . TIIE Undersigned continue to engage Passengers for First-Ciass Fast-Sailing AMERICAN PACKET _jlIIPS . which average from 1000 to 1500 Tohs , for the fol-: owiaj : forts , viz .: — _JN'EW YOliK , I BOSTON , PHILADELPHIA , NEW ORLEANS , BALTIMORE , [ BRITISH AMERICA , he Emigrants in the country ca , - engage passage by letter addressed as underneath ; iu wh . _ch case they need not be ii » Liverpool until the day before the Ship is to sail ; and taey will thereby avoid detention and otlier expenses , besides securing a cheaper passage ,, and having the best _Tortlis allotted to them previous to their arrival . Por further particulars apply , post-paid , to ' JAMES BSCKETT & SON . North End Prince's Dock , Liverpool .

    Ad00417

    EMIGRATION TO TIIE CAPE OF GOOD " IIOPE . _Ij-REE PASSAGE ; uuder the sanction of Government . The _undersigned are authorised by her Majesty ' s Colonial Laud and Emigration Commissioners to grant a free passage to the above eminently healthy and prosperous Colony to married Agricultural Labourers , Shepherds , Male and Female Domestic and Farm Servants , Bricklayers , Carpenters , Masons , arid Smiths , of sober and industrious character . The demand for labour at the Cape is urgent , and is well remunerated iu wages , provisions , clothing , and Iougiug . All particulars will be furnished on application , personally , or by letter , to John _Alarsliall and Co ., 26 , _Birchin-hme , Cornhill , London ; or 79 , _fligh-strcet , Southampton .

    Ad00418

    EVERY MAN MAY nAVE A nOUSE OF HIS OWN _Second Stebonluaih ProvulentInvestment Association . TO ADVANCE MOXEY to MEMBERS to BUILD or PURCHASE PROPERTY npon the Security of the Property Purchased , the rent of which will aid in re-paying the amount advanced .

    Ad00419

    _EXTRAORDINARY ECONOMY TO TEA DRINKERS . _T-IIE DESIRE OF ENGLAND . —The _PIQUA PLANT , now sold at 3 s . Gd . per lb ., is three times the strength of tea , and is also equal in flavour , more delicate in taste , infinitely more healthy , as is proved by physicians and chemists of high standing , also by persons in great numbers with the most delicate lungs and stomachs . It is most pleasant and invigorating , and is recommended to thc debilitated for its invaluable qualities , to advanced age for its strengthening properties , and to the public generally for its moderate price and intrinsic excellence . Tne Test . —The proof of the efficacy aud healthful effect of the plant in preference to tea or coffee : —Let a nervous or dyspeptic patient use two or tliree cups of wrong tea upon retiring to rest , and the effect will be night-mare , disturbed sleep , and otlier violent symptoms of indigestions , < S * c .

    Rjpile Variable Slate Ofthe Weather Has ...

    rjpilE variable slate ofthe WEATHER has produced ji . the numerous cases of low fever anil debility existing at pre 5-e-. it , and is a sure indication cf habitual costive . ness , caused generally by want of care in attendiug to the slate of die digestive visceral organs . The only real remedy in such cases is LOUD ELDOX'S _APERIENT PILLS , which have heen the means of positive cure to many thousands ; they live peculiarly adapted for persons of both sexes who are of sedentary habits , tliey are _patrolli-Jcd hv the nobility ami gentry , andare the mildest ana most _.-fnesu-ious medicine extant . Sold in boxes at Is . _lld ., 2 s . _ihi ., and 4 s . fill ., by _McsH-s . Barclay and Co ., 95 , _Farrf : i ; don- _** : reet ; Sutton and Co ., 10 . How Church-yard ; Ne . vlmry , 45 , and Edwards , 05 . St . Paul ' s ; Sanger , ISO , Oxford-street ; and by all respectable Druggists and Medicine _Venders iii the _kingdom ; aud wholesale at 13 , ' Grtat St . Thomas _Apustle , London .

    _TESTIMONIAL TO LOUT , ELDOS S PIL 19 . Sib , —I have subjected to a careful chemical analysis the Piils pivpared by you , and liud them to consist oi _eilVetinil but safe _aperients ' without auy mercurial pre-• .. _aratir _. ii whatever _. Yours , . fee , A . UKE , _>! . _!> ., F . R _. S , 13 , _Cfaatlotte-slrcct , Bedford-square , London ,

    Ad00420

    A-HINT TO THE ECONOMICAL . Thirty per cent laved , ALL Persons who wish to save their money , will _purchase their HATS at DUNN'S MANUFACTORY , S 2 , Chiswell-strcet , Finsbury , where there is only one profit from the maker ' s hand to the wearer ' s head . S . _'lb Hats from 2 s . 9 d ., Beaver ditto from 3 s . Cd . Allgooo's warranted to be made from the hest materials .

    Ad00421

    COLOSSEUM . PATRONISED and visited by her Most Gracious MAJESTY and his Royal Highness Prince ALBERT . OPEN DAILY from Ten till Six . Pronounced by the Press , and confirmed by every visitor to be the most perfect triumph of Art in its various branches , both by Day aud . Night , that has ever be ' eii achieved . Equal to six exhibitions . The Glyptotheca , containing works of the lirst artists ; Mont Blanc and Mountain Torrents , Superb Conservatories , Gothic Aviary , Classic Ruins and Fountains , Panorama of London , re-painted by Mr . Parris , & c . Admittance , 3 s . Children , half-price . The Stalactite Caverns , tlie most magnificent of all the temples which nature has built for herself in the regions of night , Is . extra _.

    Ad00422

    HARE ON SPINAL DISEASE . THI S day is published , price 2 s . Gd ., CASES and OBSERVATIONS illustrative of the beneficial results which may be obtained by close attention and perseverance in some of the most chronic and unpromising in . stances of spinal deformity ; with eighteen engravings on wood . By Samuel Hake , M . R . C . S . London : John Churchill , Princes-street ; and may . be had of all booksellers .

    Ad00423

    THE QUEEN ! TRIUMPH FOR TIIE PICTORIAL TIMES . ' _HPHE FULL LENGTH _^ _-aa _^ _sst * . - * - PORTRAIT of Her Ma-* l ] i ||| i |§ > , jesty QUEEN . VICTORIA in cJ _& _S _& _lzttg _k-, _^ - her Robes of State ( size 20 in . l _^^^^ _SaS _^^ A _"V 15 _^ ' ex 1 u'site , J" engraved , - _j _^^^^*^^ M _^ _ais . and equal , to prints Sold at c _^^ J _O _^^ Il _^^ f _^^ _u Five Guineas , will be issued _^ sHll _«^^^ Sf _^ _S' 0 n SATUIa > AY > SEPT . 20 th _^ SI _^^^^^ M _^ K Ths I _' ictouui . Times of that « _l _? _ftilPp _ifsiii _^ _BBfMn . day will also contain an _ori-^^^ *» _5 _t _^^ l ! l _^ .. _^^^^^ _ij _li- 'l _^^^^^ _iljB _^^^^^^^* ginal _H'story of the _Illustri-^^^^ _SU _^^^ f ous House of Brunswick , with * 5 S _»^^|^^^| . . Illustrations of tho principal v " 3 § y _^ events of the present reign , _ 5 _sSa . beautifully engraved .

    Ad00424

    • WEST-RIDING OF YORKSHIRE . WAKEFIELD ADJOURNED SESSIONS . . _' ¦ .. / V OTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN , that the Midsummer _i-i General Quarter Sessions of the Peace , for the West-Riding of the County of York , will be held by adjournment in the Committee-Room , at the House of Correction , at Wakefield , on Thursday , the IStli Day of September Instant , at Eleven o'Clock in the Forenoon , for the purpose of inspecting the Riding Prison , ( the said House of Correction ) and for Examining the Accounts of tbe Keeper of tbe said House of Correction ; making Enquiry into the conduct of the Officers and Servants belonging the same ; and also into , the behaviour of the Prisoners , and their Earnings . C . _H . _ELSLEY , Cleric of the Peace . Clerk of the Peace's Office , Wakefield , 1 st September , 1845 .

    Ad00425

    JUST PUBLISHED , In one volume , foolscap 8 vo ., neat cloth , price 7 s . Gd ., THE PURGATORY OF SUICIDES A Prison Rhyme : in Ten Books : BY THOMAS COOPER THE CHARTIST . J . How , Publisher , 132 , Fleet-street . . _gW Orders from the Country to be sent through the Booksellers .

    Ihe Northern Star Saturday, September C, 1815.

    IHE NORTHERN STAR SATURDAY , SEPTEMBER C , 1815 .

    Ireland Ruined ' By " Small Fallmb." The...

    IRELAND RUINED ' BY " SMALL FAllMB . " THE SECRET DISCLOSED : HOW TO GET TO " LIVE OOUFOKTABLV AND WELL . " A week or two ago , in an artiele explanatory of the system of tenure that exists in the Island of Guernsey , and its beneficial effects in causing the whole Isle to be cultivated like a garden , we combatted the objection with whicli . the advocates for a similar use of the soil in this country are constantly met by those whose interest it is to keep the manufacturing labourmarket over-stocked , that tliey may give to labour as small a "SHAR . E" of its own productions as an

    active and unnatural competition of labourer with labourer for a crust of bread will enable them . That objection is : " Do you want to make a Ireland of England ? Is not Ireland the country of ' Small Farms ? ' And what has the small farm system done for Ireland ? Is not the Irish the most miserable people on the face of the earth ? " That objection we wet , on the occasion referral to , by adducing thc case of Guernsey , where the Small Farm System entirely abounds ; where the average size of the farms IS five acres ; where there are no large farms ; where there are no laws of primogeniture nor laws of entail ;

    where the tenure is as SECURE to the holder am ! to liis posterity , as if the fee simple was his own ; where every yard of ground in a farm is turned to good account ; where there , is every inducement to farm high , and adopt every improvement in culture , because tlie benefit accrues to those who labour ; where plenty and substantiality everywhere abound ; where " machine-breaking , " and " rioting , " and "SWING " are unknown * , and where every one is happy and contented in his station , because he enjoys the fruits of liis own industry : we say , we adduced this case of Guernsey , where tiie small farm system . is in full

    operation , and where these things are THE RESULTS of that system founded on a just tenure ; we addueed this ease in answer to those who point us " to Ireland" for " an exemplification of the system of small farms , " and contended that it was not the small farms in Ireland that had reduced , or tended to reduce her people to the awful condition they are found in , but the want of those requisites to all successful farming , whether on a large or small scale—security of texuiie and a fair rent . Since then our position has received a remarkable confirmation , with which we , on the present occasion , intend to make the reader acquainted .

    During the last two years we have often bad to point to the fact—the great fact—that the _Condition-of-England question has forced itself on tho attention of all classes iu soeiety ; and mora especially on those who live without 2 ° ducing . The day of rampant authority and supercilious bull-frogism has gone by ; and the cry of the hungry is no longer met with tlie insulting toast : "the laud we live in ; those that do not like , damn ' , let ' em leave it . " There is now a sober earnestness exhibited in the hearing and conduct of a great portion ol the "upper " and " middle" classes ; and the toil-worn complainers

    are not aiow met- on every hand with the unjust designation of " disaffected ragged rabble ; " much less have we _gagging-bills , and _powei' _-of-impi'isomncnt bills , and SIX ACTS , brought in , and hastily passed , to put down the efforts of labour to make its wrongs known . On the contrary , there is an evident disposition on many hands to listen to tlio tale of woe that the producer ** have to relate , ' ancT _^ to turn the eye of searching inquiry into such a channel , that the actual condition oF the labourer shall be manifest to

    all . Of this fact , the numerous efforts to improve thc sanatory condition of our large cities and towns is a proof . Thc inquiries that have been instituted on this head have brought wealth in actual contact with squalid poverty , ancl " caused it to stand aghast at the horrid realities it found in cxistep . ee . The facts it thus became acquainted with it published for the information of others . Those facts were ot _sostavtrmgauuiilavuiing a nature , that they arrested much , of public attention , —meaning by thc phrase

    Ireland Ruined ' By " Small Fallmb." The...

    " public" in this case , tliose who are well-to-- ** * " is true that a fear of the consequences to _themsCl from the awful state of things _discJo-ied , was a great ' prompting cause to sympathy and action / , for fevers and epidemics are not confined to the quarters of the poor when they breakout with violence : ' but still that anything would arrest the attention of these classes , and cause them to ascertain something of the condi tion of the workers , with a view to melioration , _isPi roof of a better feeling than that which obstinate ! ' y met all complaint with insolent denial , and all effort- to better a miserable condition with the dungeon an _, d the hangman ' s halter . Of this fact , too , the _cotidn ct ofthe rnEss affords conclusive proof . Let anv one b ut contrast the tone and tendency , ot the Times NOW ' with the "bloody old Times" of 181 * 7-

    18-19 ; and - the Times eveu of 1 S 30-34 . In the difference befc ' WCGn _ia & tw 0 » they * will see a world of progress .- " In l 8 _*? **] e ' Iims ivas the aDettor * tIie constant inciter of gagging Acts and suspensions oftlie Habeas _Coitus Act . It was the constant bawler for coercion ; and it acquired its characteristic cognomen , "Old Bio _ofy" ft » m the ferocity witli which it constantly "» _*>« g »* *••<* blood of the Reformers , who were then doing what so many parties are now obtaining credit for doing , —turning attention to the wrongs and wot * s of the labouring many _, and seeking to secure for the . wi a greater " SHARE " of the good things they cab 'se to he . There was this difference between the efl _*> ts . 0 / the Reformer .- ' then and the efforts of the new-horn converts now : that had the advice of the _RefotVuers been followed

    at the latter end of the war and on thc occasion 0 ! peace , mast of the evils that h & ve since scourged us as a nation would have been _unknoit'n ; and instead of the middle and upper classes awah'ing to-day to he humiliating conviction that poverty and its attendant misery is the lot of those who produce all the wealth , and that our "high state of civilization " is biit a volcano , which may any day burst forth and bury the whole social fabric in ruin , they would have been a portion of a happy , powerful , and contented people . In 1830 , the Times was still the "bloody old Times" to the agricultural labourers of Hampshire and Wiltshire , when poor Cook , of Milchcldevcr , teas HANGED for striking at Bingham

    Baring , without doing him any harm ! and when scores of fathers and sons , -whom want bad driven to desperation , were transported across the seas . Again , in 1834 . the -Times was true to its " old scent of blood " when it called for bludgeons and brickbats to put down the procession of Labour ' s sons to the Minister , to obtain the release of the poor illegally persecuted and , transported Dorchester labourers ! But now how changed ! Now the _Gondition-of-England question is " the great card" of the Times—its distinguishing characteristic . Ever since the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act , it has set its face against the hard-hearted Malthusian doctrine of which that detestable measure was an embodiment .

    The necessity that the Times was thus under to meet the sophistries of the " feelosophical" school , rendered it incumbent on its conductors to make themselves acquainted with facts ; and particularly with the facts as to the condition of those for whom the "tender mercies" of the . New Poor Law were intended _. Hence we have had the Times sending its " own correspondent" into disturbed portions of tbe country , to inquire on the spot , not only into the immediate moving causes of the particular disturbances , but also into the actual condition of the different classes in the neighbourhood ; and how far the social oppressions inflicted by the rich and endured by the poor had led to the outbreaks which

    made property insecure . Ileiice , we had the Times's correspondent in Wales , attending on the efforts of Rebecca to make the wrongs of the Welsh farmers known- to tlie world ; and he so far aided Rebecca as to make the world familiar with a case of gross oppression that excited general astonishment . Hence also wc had-the samo " correspondent" in Norfolk ancl Suffolk , when SWING at the beginning of this year seemed inclined to renew the times of 1 S 30 , when fires blazed nightly in every county in England—fires raised by a maddened " peasantry "—maddened by having to take with them to the harvest-field " cold potatoes in a bag , " and by the prospect before them of having to entirely _subsist on Irish diet 1 Honec wo bave since then had that same " correspondent" in the Highlands of Scotland , pointing out the beauties in the "

    management" of the Duke of Sutherland—the mode of " clearing estates "—and the consequences to tbe _swccpeil-off poor , and to the nation at large . Ami hence we have now , this same " correspondent , "dignified with the title of "Commissioner , "—in derision o the circumscribed inqniricsthat Government now and then institute , —travelling through Ireland , and giving to the world the results of his observations on tho condition of that most oppressed , most trodden-down people—laying bare the sources of that oppression—and indicating means that must alone be adopted to remedy a state of things which are awful to think of and dangerous to continue . It is from thc inquiries of this " Commissioner" that we derive the confirmation of our position , regarding Ireland and the small farm system , spoken of in a preceding paragraph .

    That confirmation we shall now give . We have to premise that it was in the county of Cavan , where Molly Maguire has been somewhat busy , that " Our Commissioner" commenced his observations : and it is to that county in particular that the following extract refers : — It is the object of my present letter to endeavour to prove by evidence , whvjh it will be difficult to dispute , tlmt tbe source of all mischief in Ireland—the real origin of every disturbance , aud of almost every crime , is the want of employment . The . commissioners recently appointed to inquire into the occupation of land in Ireland , iu their report , page 11 ,

    state" Whatever diBercnce of opinion may ue put forward or entertained upon otlier points , the testimony- given is unfortunately too uniform in representing the unimproved state of extensive districts , the _uwit of employment , and the consequent poverty and hardships under which a large portion of the agricultural population continually labour . " The obvious remedy for this state of things is to _proijMereimmci'utiM _employment , wliich may atouce increase the productive powers of the country and improve thu condition of the people . " Let us , however , examine , and endeavour to prove to plain reason that this is an incontestible fact , and depends on no opinion . It is necessary , first , to see what is the field of occupation which the people have?—what is the scope for their industry ?—what the outlet for their natural increase ?

    The Census Commissioners of 1 S 11 ( p _.-ige 11 ) state lhe natural and uniform rate of increase of tho fixed population to be 12 percent , in the ten years from 1831 to 1811 yet thc positive returns show an increase in tlic resident population of little more than 5 per cent . ; and they account for the remaining increase of 7 per cent , by estimating the draughts from Ireland , driven out to seek employment elsewhere , at 572 , 4111 ; and tliey thus compute this enormous number from tlieir returns ;—From 1831 to 1811 . Emigration to the colonics - ... 128 , 471 — Great Britain . ' - _101 _. SH Recruits for the army - - - - 34 _. V 90 — East India Company _5 _. 0 S 9

    072 , 40-1 So that we not only have Great Britain finding employment annually for upwards of 57 , 00 ( 1 harvest labourers _, but also for an increase of 10 i , S » labourers , permanently settled in Great Britain in ten years ; aud tho whole number of persons of Irish birth dwelling in Great Britain , ip June , 1841 , is stated to have been 419 , 250 . ( Census , page 10 . ) So that a million of tho population of Ireland of the present generation is permanently squeezed out of Ireland by want of employment , and driven to search for a livelihood in Great Britain and our colonies , over and above the annual swarm that migrates during the harvest time . As neither trade uor manufactures , nor agricultural labour , apart from the occupation of thc land , can give work to increasing population , mid to those out of employment ( ' and with work of course- ' 'the means of subsistence ) and as four-fifths of the amount of existing employment or

    79 per cent ., is derived from the occupation of land for tlie most part in patches of from one to fifteen acre ' s it necessarily follows that the _struggle of tlie majority 0 f the increasing population will be for thc _oc-nq'titiou of such -i patch of land . As land also docs not increase , but the population does , and the occupation of laml is _licirly tho only means ot employment , mid therefore of subsistence , which the country attords , it follows that as no _popul'i tion will starve without _desperate efforts , or _emigrate without struggles against this desperate remedy _ne-trlv as intense , the obtaining and votainingposscssion _' of such a patch ot land are ol . jiicts which enlist the strongest of human motives—tlio struggle for _cvUtcnco It is ex istenco with a patch of hmd * . it is starvation " without \{ Every passion-cvcry instinct of the human _heai't—is roused to oohnn and retain possession of the patch of laud —tho means ot existence .

    Mr . Nichols , the l ' oor Law Commissioner , in his first report , in 18 . 18 , as to the propriety of _cstablif _. hin " ' Poor Laws m Ireland , thus writes : — ° « Tho _BubdivUon of the land i , Uo smi ( U ,, oWl having destroyed the regular demand for labour , the onlv protection against actual want , tho only means by which

    Ireland Ruined ' By " Small Fallmb." The...

    atnan can procure food for his family , is hy getting and retaining possession of a portion of land ; for this he has strug"led—for this the peasantry have combined , and lmrst ° through all the restraints i if law and humanity . # # # # land to them is the great necesc . - of life . There is no hiring of servants . A man cannot oiL'tain his living as a day labourer . He must get possession P * a plot of land , on which to raise potatoes , ov starve It nb " -d scarcely he said that a man will not starve so Ion ' " as the means of sustaining life cau he obtained by _foreo or fraun , _f '" 1 he"ce tl'e _?? encs of ™ le » < - _•' - < and bloodshed which . have so frequently occurred in Ireland . " . ¦ - . _ .,.....-. _.-..,,

    In this town from which I write ( Cavan ) I am informed , on the best authority , and f rom several sources , that the labouring men of tho neighbournood—those without laud ' -are-unemployed nine montlis in the year ; and that there is general emplovmcnt for them only-during the spring , and at harvest time . I am told that , except during these periods , from thirty to fifty may be seen at the market cross every morning , unemployed , waiting for a job , and that there is no demand for tlieir work . During harvest their wages are Is . a-day . During the rest ofthe year the usual wages are 8 d . a-day , without food , or 4 s . a-week . They have to pay 20 s . to SOs . rent for their cottages , and if they rent a patch of land manured , or con-acre , for potatoes , thoy pav £ 8 an acre for it ! The evidence before the Land Commission as to the comity of Cavan shows this . Four shillings a-week for three months in the year for a man aud his family to subsist upon ! Cau we wonder at the desperate intensity of the struggle for land—at the passions which arc roused at being

    dispossessed , with this only resource of slow starvation , or scarcely animal existence—as the horrible alternative ? Prom various motives , tho propriety ofwhich 1 will not now step aside to inquire into ; some from tlie conviction of its absolute necessity ; some from a desire to consolidate farms and improve cultivation ; some , itis said , from motives of bigotry , in order to substitute tenants of one faith for those of another ; some because they had a turbulent tenantry ; some because tliey could get no rent , landlords have continually ejected tenants without providing them a substitute for the means of existence which the patch of land afforded them . What I wish now to confine attention to is the bare fact of an ejectment , and its consequence , without reference to any motive whatever wliich may havo caused it . The Land Occupation Commissioners quote the " evidence of Dr . Doyle bcf _. re the select committee of 1830 . to inquire into the state of Ireland , as to the effect of these ejectments , from whatever cause they may proceed . It will be foUlld j quoted in p . !) ofthe report of Lord Devon ' s commission : —

    " It would be impossible for language to convey an idea of , the state of distress to which the ejected tenantry have been reduced , or of the disease , misery , and even vice wliich they have propagated in the towns wherein they have settled ; so that , not only they who have been ejected have been rendered miserable , but they have earned with them , and propagated that misery . They bave increased the stock of labour ; they have rendered the , habitations of those who received them more crowded ; they have given occasion to the dissemination of disease ; tliey have been obliged to resort to theft , and all manner , of vice and iniquity , to procure subsistence ; hut , what is the most painful of all , a vast number of them have perished from want . "

    Need we travel into theoloeical strife , or into political erotchcts _. about Repeal ; need we examine into the Catholie faith , or into questions about Protestant ascendancyinto the necessity of general endowments-in order to seek an elucidation of the cause of outrages iu Ireland , with these facts before us ? Ejected from his land , without other means of living , the Irish tenant is rendered- _despevate by the prospect Of Starvation . Turn whichever way he will , au impossibility of obtaining subsistence faces liim . Need wo wonder that outrages and combinations to resist ejectment , even to death , grow up from such seed 1 - , what is the "Mollt JIagijibeism" which has disturbed this county ? It is the same as " P . _ibandism , " say the magistrates , in tlieir placards offering rewards for the apprehension of " Molly Maguires . " Well , what is "ltibandism ? " In . the evidence taken before a committee of the Houseof Lords , upon the state of crime in Ireland , in 18 _S 9 , at

    Question 5000 . Major Brown ( Commissioner of Dublin Police ) savs , '" ltibandism' is of the same nature as ' Wlntefootisni . "' lO _^ _SC Mr . Seed ( assistant of Mr . Geale , of the homo circuit ) says , "itis the same as * Blackfootism '" 14 , 4 . 48 . Mr . lliithbone ( stipendiary magistrate says ) , " it i = the same as ' Terryaltisin . '" 0 _. 40 S . Captain Warburton ( stipendiary magistrate ) says , " it is the same as ' llockiteism , "' _14 , 5 e 9 . Sir William Somervillesays , " tbat' ltibandism in Me : \ th is a kind of ' Trades _' -uuioii , '" 14 , 79 : ' . Mr . Ford ( attorney , of Meath ) gives evidence to the same citect . 8 , 430 8 , 431 . Mr . Harrington says ,- " Kibandmen' are the same as ' Whiteboys . '" 3 . CI 1 . Captain Vignoles says , "they aro the same as ' Peeji-o ' -day-B 6 ys , ' and that he bas never been able to discover any distinction between the _Ilibuud Society _uud the others . "

    "Moi / l y Macuiheism" then , is , in fact , but the embodiment ofthe spirit of discontent ; itis an old-existing malady with a uew name . True ! most true ! Mollt _Magxjiueism is but " the embodiment of the spirit of discontent , " and can discontent be wondered at , under such a state of things as this writer has described ? Would not the people doomed to starve be very slaves in soul , if they were not "discontented : " and if discontent be there , will not It naturally " embody itself" as naturally as that lire burns , or that water seeks a level ? Nay , is it not a wonder that discontent has not " embodied " itself to more purpose than it has hitherto aimed at ? Not that it should be matter of surprise tbat human life should be disregarded under such circumstances

    as the limes sCommissionkhdetails , and tliat " Estateclearing Landlords" should be shot down in the streets like so many dogs , or the "takers" of " cleared" land-burnt to death under the roof-tree of the house they so occupy : for bend the mind to a full consideration oftlie whole matter ; sec whole families driven off tlio only hold for existence ' tliey possess ; see them perishing on the road-side ; see aU this , and see the landlord or agent within reach , and then the surprise will be , not that some one of these Is occasionally sacrificed to tlio " wild justice of revenge , " but that one of the race is left to tell the tale , or that one of the "clearance-occupiers" appears above the sod lie tills ! _Tcs ! _Molly'Maguikeism IS " the embodiment ofthe spirit of discontent ; " and

    so was the cry lor Reform in _lbl 7 , which made thc Times , —who now is the means of uttering a bold and important truth relative to popular disquiet i . \ its worst form , —call for the blood of the Reformers ! So also wore tiie occurrences in Wales in _1839-40 , as well as those in that country in 1812 , though the ¦ Times did its best to get the noose around the neck of John Frost , while it gave utterance to tlie wrongs of " a class" at the later period , and was instrumental to a change in their condition in relation to tlieir then object of combination and attack . The burnings of SWING in 1830 and -in 1844-5 were also " embodiments of the spirit of discontent : " a discontent wliich is not allayed , but

    merely smouldering , ready to burst forth again , whenever some act of ' more than ordinary petty tyranny shall give tlic " wild justice of revenge " a direction . If our rulers are uise they will ponder well on the great political truth contained in the abovc few words of " Oint Commissioner , " and apply that truth to practice , not only to the effectual " putting down" of Molly Maguikeism in Ireland , but also tho destroying propensities of SWING in England . Such effectual " putting down" can only be by removing the CAUSE of tbe " discontent" of which these acts are the " embodiment * . " in other words , by enabling the labourer to enjoy his fair "SUAHE" of the wealth his labour causes to

    abound , * or , m other words , still enabling him to be " FIRST _pamleerot the fruits . " Before wc depart with " Ouit Commissioner" from the county of Cavan , ivhere the labouring men are unemployed nine months in the ' year , let ns just see whether all thc land in that county is fully occupied , either by small or _large tanners . The writer says : — The field of agriculture is capable of extension , both hy improvements aud by incrcisin . _^ the cultivated surface . The Land Commissioners state in their report that there :: ro " 2 , 0 ( 10 acres of uuimjivoved laud in tlie countv of

    Cavan tliat .. ti _. ooii acres are capable of _imiiroveuient for cultivation , and that . 8 , 0011 mi _^ ht ho _dv-iincd for pasture , leaving 24 , 0 . 0 acres on the summits of lofty hills , exceeding 1 U 00 feet in elevation , which mav be considered as inciiuiblc of improvement ( page 50 ) . _Butthisimprovtnient has yet to be carried out , an . d tbe mere wucnipluved labourer is not the man who cmii carry it out . this source of employ ment tlejieuds on others—on those who have the lands and the means , as also docs that ' perhaps wider source of _occupation which improvement in the _system of agriculture would afford .

    Leaving thc facts Jam ; - stated to he conned over by those who _arepuzded -what to do'to find employment for the starving Irish , let us accompany " Ovn Commissioner" iii his search , after more facts , and especiiillyaftcrthosowlu chboaruponourviewof the smallfarm system—or - rather no-system—of Ireland . From Cavan our _writ-jr went to the county of Leitrim ; and at Raffinar . iovo in that county he wrote as foi , lows * . — This count y is * rheccntrc of the " Wollv Maguire" disturbances . . Numerous robberies of arms have t'tken place , ttivw . tciihig notices have been common , and some very slioc ) ang assassinations bave _bcoti committed in it In the c- . rly part of the year the stipendiary maaistrate of the district . Captain _M'l . _cod , ' was shot dead in his ear ch , s _* i . to the lodge of a gentleman ' s house , where he h \ d been , dining , near this town .

    Well , now , here thc " Commissioxer" is , in thc midst of the small farms * , what has he to say respecting tliem ? Hearken : — The general rule throughout the country—there rrr * exceptions , but the general rule-is , not to g ' ivo either leases ov agreements , which , as a protection to both h > milord aim tenant , are equivalent to leases . Since the great political struggle previousl y to thc passing of the Catholic _vm-mei . _iation Act when the landlords were beaten throughout Irouiiid at the Kciioi-al i _.-lnetio : ) . and their tenants polled almost to n man _< : fmst them in favoii' * uf the advocates of _Oathulju emancipation , the tonic of that day , _iuc . hmdlords have generall y refund leasts , _ilut 1 con-

    Ireland Ruined ' By " Small Fallmb." The...

    fine myself now to this county , where this is toe fact For the most part , therefore , tho tenants are tenants atwill . Point out any . slovenliness to auy tenant , aslt him why he does not keep his farm tidy , and try to improve it , his answer immediately is . * ' What is the use _oj improving to have it valued on me at the rent-day , and be made to pay a higher rent for it ? " It is customary here to burn the surface of the soil of land intended to be cultivated . This has the effect of manuring for a year , but leaves the soil afterwards completely exhausted and barren . It will grow nothing for years afterwards but ragweed , till natural grass gradually creeps over it again . Ask a tenant why lie does not collect immure through the winter to manure his land , instead of smoking in his mud hut , and burning his shins , over his peat lire , doing nothing , and he tells you , " H 7 iat is thcusc of collecting manure to raise a . good crop ' / for if the agent sees it he says , ' Oh , that ' s good land , you , must pay more rent for it , ' and the benefit of tlte manure goes to the landlord , whilst I am as before , kept down

    to my dry potatoc and xvater . " In fact , he practically acts up to the adage , that " it is better to piay for nothing than to work for nothing . " I am informed b y those who cannot be mistaken , that if a lease falls in here , the agents ( for tliere are no resident landlords here ) , no matter how deserving the teuant may be , conceive they have but ono duty to perform—to get as much rent as they can for their principals . Every motive of self-interest impels them to this , for according to the quantum of rent is the quantum of commission they receive . They immediately advertise for proposals , and the land is thus let by tender , generally to the highest bidder . Any stranger from the " black north" ( as they call it here ) , or from the wilds of Connaught , may come in arid bid against the former tenant , and outbid tbe man who mado the land . The man who has reclaimed a piece of red bog , or a barren hill side , _xchose sons and daughters have often carried blue gravel on their backs to put on land not worth 2 s . an acre , and whose industruhas made it worth 20 s . an acre , gets not a farthing

    -ALLOWED IIIM III * HIS LANDLORD FOB TIIE _IlIl'ItOVUMENTS EFFECTED o . v his FAiiM ; and , if he wishes to continue on the same laml , he must pay the utmostfarthing of rent for that which his industry alone has made worth anything , and must BID MORE FOR IT THAN ANV STRANGER WIIO CHOOSES to compete against mm . In this way moren'nt is often offered than the laud can possibly pay . If you ask the man why he bid so much for his farm , and more thau he knew ho could pay , his answer is , " What could I do ? Where was I to go ? I know I cannot pay thc rent , but what could I do ? "Would you have me go and beg V In this manner the utmost worth of tbe land , beyond mere subsistence . —I am assured beyond dry _potatoesand water , —is extracted from tlie tenants , and the tenants , seeing the inutility of productive labour , so far as they are

    concerned , seeing that whether they work or piny they get little _ beyond mere subsistence , settle down content , with subsistence . The value of their hihonr is not secured to themselves ; they have not the reward of labour ; they do not . find their sto _" ck , over and above paying tho rent and the cost of- their own eonsumutiou , increase , no matter what efforts tliey make . Is it not human nature that those efforts , beyond obtaining mere subsistence , which they must and will hare , will not , under such circumstances , be great ? I believe I state the opinion of tho most intelligent resident magistracy , "that if something be not done ere long to raise the condition of the peoplo and afford employment , the people cannot be kept quiet , and that property in Ireland will bo worth notliina . "

    But what can be done ? This is a social evil , and the remedy must be a social one . The Government can do little to remedy it . If landlords- will , no matter for what reason , thus act contrary to the plainest- dictates of common sense , and , with perfect blindness to consequences , refuse to secure to men by fair leases or imiiiniiJy protecting agreements the benefits oftheir own industry , ana screw out of tlieir tenants the utmost shilling beyond mere subsistence , a badly cultivated country and an impoverished and indifferent tenantry are thc certain growing results , which , with population increasing , without general employment-giving wealth increasing , must inevitably end iu disturbances , aud in rendering * ' property in Ireland worth nothing . "

    There , now : that is Ireland . But is that the small farm system ? Is that anything like the Guernsey mode ? Tueke the "bit of land" is as secure to the occupier as if it was Jiis own . Tumi ? , the vent is a fair one—not extortionate . Tiieue thc occupier has every inducement to improve : for all he grows after payment of a fixed rent , is his own , to use and enjoy . In Ireland , however , "it is the reverse of this ; and the pointers to the caso of Ireland , as an instance of " what small farms will do for a country , " know this fact very well . They know that a secure tenure leads a man to exertion—spurs on lo industry—acts as a powerful incentive : for independence is seen to be attainable . Want of tenure leads , as we have just seen , to thc " contrary of all this ; creates a spiritless , s ullcss , idle population , ' subsisting on the veriest garbage , and content with a mere subsistence of this mean kind ! The one is

    the small farm system : the other is a state ol _perwefc slavery in mind , body , and estate . One more extract from " Our Commissioxer , " and we have done with him for the present , lie has now left Leitrim , and got into the county of Fermanagh . He dates liis communication at Enniskillcn , and opens thus : — I address my present letter from one of the most Orange and Protestant districts in Ireland . The town is well built and clean , the pop ulatiou orderly and industrious ; the country in tlie _iieijjbbourbood tolerably cultivated , and extremely i ' evtile and beautiful ; and the small farm houses as you approach the town from Leitrim neat and clcauly-looking , generally whitewashed over , and having a well-trimmed thatch . Inglis , in his Journey through Ireland , thus speaks ofthe town of Enniskillen : —

    " I fouud it one of tlic most respectable-looking towns I had seen in Ireland ; and its population by far the most vespeetahle-looUing that I hud anywhere yet seen . I speak-, of course , of tbe lower elasses ; and I mako no exception of cither Dublin , or Cork , or Limerick , or any other place . I saw a population—the lirst I had yet seen—without rags ; I saw scarcely a bare foot even among the girls ; there was a neat tidy look among the wouitn , who hart uot , as in other places , their uncombed hair hanging about _tlK-ir cars ; and lhe men ax > _pi--ared to me lo have a decent farmer-like appearance . " The same author , in describing the roads from Ballmamore to this town , which route I canu the other day , thus speaks ofthe country near ltallinnmove , and thence to Etiuiskilleii . At

    Ballinamore" There is a poverty-look about everything . The country is but half cultivated ; and it ' suppons a _nci'ily _gcntiy , crushed farmers , and a miserable peasantry . Afier passing Swanlinbar , things improve . Improvement is visible in the aspect of ithe country ; and a decided improvement in the apptaraucc of tlio houses and their inhabitants . " To the general accuracy of this description I can fully bear testimony . _Si-. auiinbar is on the borders of Ulster and Cunnaugbt ; on one side of it is the county of Lcltriui , in Ooiinaught ; on the other the county of Fermanagh ,

    in Ulster . Orangemen and Protestants m this country , with more zeal than observation , and very well meaning Knglifh Protestants , but often very weak-minded men , on tlie platform of £ . \ etiT-luill , arc in the habit of attributing this visible improvemrnt . in the province of Ulster to the elicCDof Orangx > policies « : id tlic Protestant religion , Ifc so happens that in Ireland generally Orangcism ami Protestantism , and English or Scotch descent , may be u-. cd fur _synonymous terms , for tliey are usually embodied inthe same individual—at any rate , this is so in the province of Ulster . If there be one _characteristic xchich more than another distinguishes the lower ctass of ihe C ' el ' . te 2 _optdalh » ,

    IT IS TUATTUEV AllE CONTENT TO LIVE 11 A 11 DLV AND _Cl'OS little : ond , if there is any one quality which disl ' mfrMes the lower class of tlte Saxon race tnorc , t / ian another , it is tUU , that however hard they may be content to work , they WILL live comfortably ond well . It is because the poor Celt is confciit to put up with "bail fare , and worse clothing and shelter , that he is in _««<* to put up wilh them . It is because the man of Saxon descent WILL live coinl ' wtably and well , or if his exertions cannot , accomplish this , make his . mumblings heard awl felt , that he does live comfi . rtiibIy and well . Let any mail of observation travel through tlio Celtic papulation

    ot the county uf Leitrim into tho adjoining mixed population of the county of Fermanagh , and 1 think he must bo convinced _thutrac- ' bus more to Co with the _distinguishing _chnriictu-istics of Ulster than _cilher politics or _roiisiiun _. At any rate , until it is proved that Oraugeisin awl Prottstiinism will add six inches to the average h . ei . ; ht and proporliountc bulk to > iie men , ami tall _ligvires auO . gouil looks to the women , as v . ell as a better drtss , I shall continue of opinion that these great differences ii the appearance of tlie people themselves , as well as the dill ' s renco which may be observed in their ' dress , and in their _hoic-es and mode of living , must " chiefly be attributed io tao characteristics of the _iyil-ij .

    Now , there ' s philosophy ! _TJierc ' 3 ft secret ¦ •¦> l _™ knowing . That beats all the " useful _kRowiedsa " that Brougham , with his "best possible public instructor , " the Jbuit / Magazine , has taug ht tho people , during all the years he has been ( .. liming it into their cars that " divine Providence" made m > t a lord , and ordained that they should maintain hi " The " race" that are " _COiS'TEiNT io put iu _> with bad fare and worse clothing and shelter , ait * MAD 1-to put up with them ; " while tliose who WILL hvc comfortably and well , or make their grumblings /< c «» and FELT , DO _livecomforiably and well . " P »? [ that Molly _Macuim- may learn this truth ! and , 0 that it may be sounded in the ears of thc seven shillings a-vvcek paid agricultural labourers oi _Enal'U _'* * May both three _belong tothe " race" of grom _blew . and may they both mafcc tlieir grumhlhvjs heard aa * FELT !! if ihat alone will enable them to live ccw fortablv and well 1

    Factory Lahou - !..—As Examplti Lvoinnv ...

    Factory Lahou ! .. —As _Examplti _lvoinnv ov I _tatiox . —Messrs . Norris _, Sykes , and 1 _' isher , - _^ verv . kindly reduced the hours ot labour at *' establishment , Newton-mill , lhnii . oK'i « « . ll ; .. _twelve to cloven hours a day . Tins _MT'i" . ' _' l . _- " ' - _* , will jiivo tlio younger portioii of tlieir l ! i " ' * | 1 Gr 0 opportunity of _attend-HR an _cventiis ; _^ _""'" ' _..- _^ _ai'y thev will Im able to receive that instruction m- _- _^ For after life . Thc _tnes also , will haw tne _^ --k , il of enjoying more _dmncstic condor t " 7 . _^ * i , 0 if respective i ' _nmiiks at homo . Wi 11 * ' ! ; 'j ' _, _^* . _yi'ii labours mav in an especial uiantiv . * be ei ] V , y _. _« , in return fir th « «* . _« . _* ¦! ¦"''' P _"' ; _,,. * * _* J cvnm ; . _! _.- . and that it will i « J » j' _« cl ''''' ndont the same system . —le * ' * - UnU ) J '

• Citation
  • Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 6, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_06091845/page/4/