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Northern Star (1837-1852), 5th July 1845, Edition 4 of 4, Page 6, F1ELD-GAKDEN OPERATIONS. For the Week co...

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      «*»« Vt/Vftmt Ftidm Fitid July D, I845 M

      _«*»« VT / vftmt ftiDM fiTiD JULY D , I _845 M

      %Mnmvt Mn ^-Ortfniltiirt

      _% mnmvt mn _^ _-ortfniltiirt

      F1eld-Gakden Operations. For The Week Co...

      F 1 _ELD-GAKDEN _OPERATIONS . For the Week commencing Monday , July Sth , 1 SU . fEsfra' _-tcd from a Dimr of Actual Operations on £ vc small farms on the estates of iirs . Davies Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Susses ; and on several model _iarms on the estates of the Earl of Dartmouth at _Slaiihwaite . in Yorkshire , Published by Mr . _Kowell , « f raraler Ty . - . s , near _IladUei-sfidd , in order to guide ¦ other possessors " of field gari . e _* _ns , by showing them ¦ _si-ai labours ought to _b-3 undertaken on their _osrn las-is . The farms selected as models are—First Two school _fsrnss at _TvlIlincQon anil Eastdean , of

      _fxvezsreseath , _eonuut-tod by 6 . Crnrienden and _Jolni _Ilarris . Second . Two private farms , of five or iix -acres : one wGrked by Jesse Piper , the other by John T _> a 2 ibreli—the tenner at Eastdean , tke latter at Jeviugion—all of them within a fe * . <* -miles of _Eastto-arao . Third . An _isdastrial school fann at _Slaithvaite . Fourth . _Seve _^ private model farms near the samepliiee . The < B'i _* £ _MutivcGpei - auoasinthesereports will enable the _curi-jss reader to compare the climate sad agricultural value of the south with the north of _Englrci'l The _IS-inr is aided by " Zvjies and _Obser-Tauons" from _tl . c pen of Ilr . _Xowell , _caiculateifor ihz time aad _reason , which we subjoin .

      " "> Vii : _iita :- ? i of body , _innoceise of _siad , and habits of industry , a jmw man ' s < _£ i ! ld _caglit to liave _nitLing to ee afraid vf , nor _3 _Js ia * 3 _i ? r or i 20 _* ier anyliiing to he afraid offjr _lilia . _*"— -Dr . "deg . _Siozz . —Tie school farms are cultivated by boys , trite t ; i retura for Vine hours' _tca-: hiug . in the morning , give _tt . _ree hours of tlieir labour in the afternoon for the mister ' s benefit , which raiders tlie schools self-S'Crr « . in : "« 5 . He _lilkve that at Famly Tyas _sixen-aiihs vf tin produce of the _echx / l fann vM be _otiiptnlivihe loys _, audeaescvatit to Vie mcuter , _wlo will naive the usual school fees , lulp tiie boys to cidtivaie _Ceir land , and teach than , in addition to reading , _uriting , <& c ., to convert tlieir jtroducc into vacon , by attending to ph-keepino , which at Christ _m-2 s may be divided , af t _: r paying rent and levy , _axRzvgtt thizi in _r-rojyjrtion to their services , and _ZcszirJeiizisinsiKctl g to reach _thdrpurents iu a way Ha _xssil w «* _tTKi to _theirfitluMsA

      _srssnx _. Uo 5 i > _at— _lillliuglon School . I _' sgging , and manuring witli liquid for while turirips ' after sprint : _tai-es E ' . _tstJecai Sd . ojl . Digging _u : > tare etubbfe , planting , manuririg , and w . _- . _ti-ring cabb . _** ges . Piper . Takiiig _anfcjiors . DemlnU . " _IIoeir-gc-uTots _, cutting up _TsrsaiT— _WiSingJiM School . The sszne as yesfer dir . _E-jjtdczn S ; l < ool . Boys digging up tare stubb !* _* , _eunhig up _rotaioes , _wceiiiag carrots , bringing wc-eJs for the pig ; . Piper . Taking up onions , removing _thc-m , and nigging up ihe ground immedi . " . xc ! y . DusrunU . _Ilbciag carrots , dibbiiflg mange ! vrsrzel , phsimg cabbages . _^ _lasKI'AS-. _rriBfcwdffiJ _Selx-d . Boys digging , -woik-J ! 3 g among tho potatoes . _EastHean _Scho-J . Hoys _di' jgmg , aad applying ta-k liquid , planting more cabbages , _keying up potatoes . Piper . JLiigging -where the _ouior-s came vS . _Dunlnll . Hoeing car

      rots , diggi **'; up tare gronnd . _TurHsaAT _^ Wittiiigtiop . ~ Sf ' : ool . The same as yester day . _E-isid ' _.-asi _Schoc-L IVceuing I _* _icerne . watering ii , sowing white turnip- ; , _transaJasting _onsll ones . _PijHr . Hc _*? h : gcaiTors . _PnmlfcU . _l-iggbgup tare ground . _rn : i _) _AT—WUl-ngdon S : hool . P < oys doing thc same as _before . E _^ fi : \\ m School . Boys in school all day , can find nothing whatever for * them to do . _iVj-tv . _Uoahm carrots , am quite particular in -removing all rubl-isii frotzi them . _Mssd-relL _-KTieelins _ms-Burc _, _jv . v . 1 rjwiag turnips en the tare ground .. _Satct-dat— V . . «{ KK < icn School . Eoys hoeing _iurnips . _Fastde-sii _School , iloys cleanhig pigge _* ry , portable pails , _seho-il-room , and cn _^ iicg tares for Sunday . Piper . ilcc : r . g potatoes , usmbrdl . Hoeing pototocs , si > readbg tank liquid on the new mown clover .

      _Tonssimts . Slaithvaite Tenants . C . Varley , hay _makaig , -digging up tare ground for wheat . _COTV-FEEDISO . _maingdon Sriiooi . Cows fid in the stall with the sceon * _. cut _claTcr . _DunteiiVs . Two cows sm !! -fed _tvith-tares till Friday after-rands with clover . C . Yariqfe . Cows stali-fed on grass .

      Iiixts On Maxures. Tbe Followbg General ...

      IIIXTS ON MAXURES . Tbe _followbg general _priaelplcs necessary to _bs admitted _an-l _undersicsd , are applicable to all ve _; e ¦ _tableproaact : o * _as : — 1 st . Tbat plants , like animals , require food to _nouri-ih tliem , and are _furnisbed with numerous Jnouias to receive the necessary sustenance ; but as ibciy cannot , like aninial _is , move about in seareli of it , it _Eiusi be placed within their reach . Sad . That tbe montl _*? of plants arc placed at thc _estiranutics _; ef the root _iiures , and consist of suckers , yrMcli imbilie _iha food from the soil , and froia these it is carried _na _tarongu ihe plants to the leaves . 3 nL That the food of _all-pianta consists of _ncarlv ihe samo olamoate , namely , common sir , vratcr _, anii asubsiane 2 eani _*?< Be < l of _caarw-d-uidlsydroscngas

      , Which _chciaisis have denominated humin . 4 tlu That the food _iabibsd from the soil through the suckers at tiie cxfreBjix . es of the . roots , and * 3 iatrn up to theleaves , is sjiread out on their surface , and , nisi exposed to air and light , parts with _twoiliirds of its ' . vr . ier , conseiiuently becomes thicker , aad descends iiiroagh the vaiieas parts of tie riant to supply materials for -growth ; just as the blood purified in the _Iusjjs of _auuaals is distributed through ihe body for the same end . 5 th . That when pbats suck up more food from thc soil than can be duly e _** q > _csed io light and air on the _surface of lhe leaves , they become dropsical andlarid , while if they have too little food , they beeome yellow and drooping ; hi either case being ill fitted to perfect theirseed .

      _Cih . That as the perfecting « f the seed depends on the anther-dust ( pollen ) falling _apoa the moist suimait of tlie pistil , whea the anther-dust of one ¦ variety or speciss is made to fall , by art , or by the _aecidental pissing of _iEseets on the summit of the pistil of _another variety or _siccies , fae seed is said ¦ fo be crossed , or hybridizeu , and will prodsce vaxieties difierentfrom either of the parent plants . Thk 03 the only known origin of all varieties , soil and ether circmnstances having but _sm-dl influence . lih . That as animals do not appropriate to nott _* ¦ rishment all the food iaken info their stomachs , but -reject the refuse ia the form of excrement , plants in the same way have been proved to exhale substances , such as carbonic acid gas , into the air around them , S 3 well as to throw into _^ the soil a sort of excreinen _titions slime , very injurious to _thegroirth of pLints

      discharging it , no less than to their congeners , but not always hurtful to others of different genera Bcnce the benefit apparent from a judicious rotation of crops . The above postulates may be summed up as follows : —Plants absorb their nutriment by the roots ; this nutriment is then conveyed through the _' stem into the leaves ; there it is subjected to a process bv which a huge proportion of water is discharged : the lest is submitted to the action of the atmosphere , and carbonic acid is -first generated , and then decom posed by the action of light ; carbon is now fixed under the _foiin ofa nutritive material , which is conveyed back into the system ; and this _materM is further elaborated for the development of all parts ofthe stracfure , and for the preparation of secreted matters , which are either retained within , or rejected

      Agricultural Chemistry; (Continued From ...

      AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY ; ( Continued from our last . ) CASSIS . 22 . The charcoal of wool is a substance familiar to _evcrvoae . When _bamed away it leaves behind a saall _q-aaatiry of ashes ( par . 4 ) . Conld we deprive _i _^ e charcoal of these ashes , it would be pure carbon . Carbon , therefore , h the elementary part of charcoal , —is _combining portion , as it exists in the carbonic _i aSaa of marble . « fce . Pare carbon , like -pure iron , is _^ _arsy , if crei _* , separately obtained . Tiie diiuaond , Esposed to a _sirou _*; heat in oxvgen _sas , or even coamon air , _bunis away , and the result of its _com-Jrastionra tlie 5 ? . _;** c a 5 _tjlat of the combustion of charcoal . Diamond was long supposed to Ite pure c * rrbon , bnt _sonie phUosophers Lave latch * obtained ashes ereafrom the _dhniond , which , in allprobabiiitv ,

      _aas no jaoits _claun _tnan the soot ofa gas-lamp to be _-cm-sdered as pare carbon . Be tius as it mav , the _^ _arbria denvcu from any source is very ready to form compounds , and io leaYC aH imparities behind When we speak of the charcoal as a chemical compound , the term carbon is more appropriate . 23 . Ordinary wood , as that of the oak or beech , eHp _^ _prrecipally of cli 2 reoaland _* fi _* _atei- ;{ i . c ., carbon , -rater , ashes ) . Water enters into the _comaosition of jaostor « 2 _* _aised beings in tiro separate forms , -which 3 n _^ tbecier , _rIyu ; stinguished , _andwMchitis _*«>( iuisite _lobearinm-nd . _TVatemiay constitute an essential _cLenent ofa

      _safeianec , aa of wood inits driest state , or _wa 4 er may _csustitnte an accidental ingredient , as Oi _sresa or undned wood . Now . wood , and most other organised bodies , contain water in both these iorms . Ii we bake the wood for some time in an even , we expel all tke water whicli it may ctmtain _asaacMi-ft-nfalinsredient ; and if wc expose the -wood so bailed to _incisiare , it wiU again absorb inore cr less , wincUniay be again baked out . But _theierv _tinest wood , " or the-purest woody _fibres as " cotton eigne _wasbed linen , when eiDOsd to strons Iisat , turns _fespbnmi aad then black , by the loss of that water wisicli forms an essential _inirredie * at of the wood .

      -i . iiie washed and bleached thread of cotton or J _^ _P-Mp _ure _wood , or woody fibre : chemists call it J _* SjW- fiJe driest wood , the purest lignin , still _^ tains lialfiu _wei-lit bf water _chanicalT y combined _St _^ _-T' _^^ _™^ J a _riflfaS heat ~ vl % _t- _^ n tm < : _^ _^ _% . » _ter , bat _decom-K 5 _tS _^ 'Jadl - chment of water ( _pai-. 10 ) , in _ofctio _? fc ' _^ « _p- _« _^ _tTi it a quantity to S _„' , _^ _<&&* _$ the water uniting wftii some _t _1 ; ° ?? 5 _™ - - _^ _<*?»& _vid , _& , _& , ar , l V _^ - -VJ . * -j : v-l _uaij _,: _** -sua _•; - ; .. ii- - * _-. ; r : i [ 0 _fe - , ¦ ** ~ - _i- _---5 - ~ _-i'IJJaV' _-- *• - _W _¦**¦ : J .- - _*" _*' -- -., _^ - _.,-r _..- _„ ..

      Agricultural Chemistry; (Continued From ...

      charcoal may wcttbefottr . ii to be very light . The dry wood—the lignin—los & 3 not merely the chemically combined water which , coiistitutedlialf its weight , but all the carbon that thc elements of water could carry off in the form of smoke and gas . 2-5 . A great deal lias been written , in books of agriBulture and chemistry upon uunius , luuuic acid , ulmine , aiid ulmic acid , the gcic acid , the humates _ulmates , gcates , aad other inventions , rather than discoveries of ingenious men , who gave each other the change in words instead of facts . All thatthe _agviculturkt requires to be told is , that these are merely _newnames for carbonaceous matter in certain states * of combination and decomposition , whieh , for every practical , ay , and every scientific purpose , can be studied to more advantage by confining the

      attention to thc most striking among tbe chemical properties of carbon and charcoal . In fact , to pursue , successful _^ , the Proteus carbon through all its changes of form , would be to fathom the profoundesi depths of animal and vegetable physiology , and to establish' at once the true theory—which must rereal the truepracticc—of agriculture . 20 . A piece of charcoal , recently prepared , was weighed and set aside for a week ; it was then weighed asain , and was found to have absorbed both water an < . fatmospheric air ; and these could not be driven off without a red heat . It has also been observed , that when charcoal , recently burnt , was confined in ajar of atmospheric ah ' , the air wasnot oidv much diminished in quantity , but wa 3 also deprived of a larger proportion of its oxygen than of its " nitrogen . Atmospheric air , as we know ( par .

      13 ) , contains 21 percent , of oxygen ; but the air remaining after this experiment , contained ouiyS per cent . If you take a piece of charcoal out of the fire , -when it is red hot , and plunge ii into water , you may then confine it under a moderate quantity of air md it will soon eonstuns all the oxygen _^ anil leave the nitrogen pare . These are very plain experiments , cstablisiiingfacts that are capable of conveying _infoi-mation of the highest value . 27 . An elaborate set of experiments were made upon box-wood charcoal , by one ofthe _Saussurefamily , Saussurelieatcdthe ckarcoalred hot , and quenched it in mercury ( quicksilver ) * , he exposed it , when cool , te about a dozen different gases , for 24 hours , and found that it absorbed of hydrogen not quite twice its bulk , of nitrogen To , of _oxygen nearly 10 , of carbonic acid gas 35 , and of ammonia 90 times its bulk .

      23 . Wc shall find , hereafter , that certain kinds of clay , and other inorgantcor earthy matters ofthe soil , especially some of those that contain iron , possess the property of absorbing , retaining , and giving off water , " ammonia , and carbonic acid , though not to the same extent as carbonaceous matter or charcoal . We shall find that this property ( of absorbing from thc air and other sources , of storing up for a tune , and of again giving out on demand , that which is universally admitted to furnish , the principal food of plants ) is ' possessed only by the best ingredients , of tlie best soils , when subjected by the care and industry of mMi to favour-able circumstances . "We shall find thc bast practical husbandry to be that system which most sedulously avails itself of this property , and that a study of thc various circumstances attending it will abundantly repay a patient , perhaps tedious inouin _* .

      20 . Charcoal , wrapped up in articles of clothing has the property of correcting the musty smell which wearing-apparel is apt to contract when laid by for a time . ' Water , preserved in casks that have been charred on the inside , is less apt to acquire aa unpleasant taint . Meat that has begun to change mar be restored by being _sprinkkxTwith charcoal powder . The numerous uses of tins substance in correcting offensive cSuvia have been long known to persons of _Tsrious professions and callings , _wliose object was to destroy tVliat offended their senses or endangered their health . Such matters are highly valuable to the agriculturist , whose labours , at once useful and salutary , tend to thc production of wholesome food for man and thc lower animals , out of substances which , neglected and wasted , are

      productive of annoyance aud disease . 30 . Now , peat-moss is carbonaceous matter in a state that has long been a problem , perhaps an opprobrium , to tbe agriculturist . Sir Humphrey Davy says lanphatieally , " a soil covered -with peat , is a soil covered not only with fuel , but likewise with manure . " Lord Meadowbankand others have shown its value , but somehow or other this copious source of carbon and _kunius , and acids with many namesthis peat-moss , which is stated iu books to be like _Falstaffs wit , not merely fertile , but a cause of fertility , is , like that , too often unprofitable to the possessor . Yet , wheneverthe farmer _sluiliinvestigate this matter with tlie diligence and sagacity ofa sugar refiner , he will arrive at results equally as valuable . 31 . Wood charcoal generally contains one fiftieth of its wei g ht of alkaline and earthy salts or ashes ; the quantity or quality of this ask varies in different

      plants . Whether charcoal be burnt in atmospheric air or ia oxygen gas ( par . 4 ) , the air undere-ocs a remarkable change ; its bulk or volume remains the same , but thc oxygen has consumed , dissolved the carbon , and is found to have acquired an increase of weight exactly eorre _^ onding to that of the carbon for the purpose of experiment , in apparatus the most costly ; they bave neated diamonds red-hot in crucibles of gold or on trays of platinum , throwing upon them the light of thc glorious sun concentrated by a glass lens ; they have resorted to many other contrivances , and have made laborious calculations , to aseertainexactly thequantity of carbon that unites with a definite quantify of oxygen . They have not yet quite agreed on the point , but the best authority seems to be that of Dr . Prout , that one part of _hydrogen by weight , or eight parts of oxygen , combine with sixparts of carbon . The combining number or chemical equivalent of carbon , therefore , is 6 .

      CAHBONIC ACID . 32 . Whenever charcoal is burned in the open air , or in oxygen gas , au acid is produced called carbonic acid ; aud if carbon be the most important , indeed , _peculiarelement of organic beings ( par . 25 ) , carbonic acid is , beyond aU other compounds of carbon , most deserving tiie study of tiie agriculturist . 33 , Carbonic acid was first described by Dr . Black , who called it "fixed air . " Lavoisier ascertained that it consisted of oxygen and carbon , and possessed acid properties ; he gave it the name of Carbonic Acid . This ga 3 is very easily procured for the purpose of experiment , by pouring an acid on marble , or uic cariwnaic ui marine

      uu w suun or _puiasii . uusu is employed , the muriatic ( or hydrochloric ) acid is the best for the purpose . 31 . We can always detect carbonic acid gas in the atmosphere . Although much heavier thau common air , it makes its way , notwithstanding , to the loftiest mountain tops . Saussure found it on the summit of Mount Blanc . _Thep-recisequantity contained in the air has been variously estimated . The latest aud best authorities give the average quantity much less than was formerly supposed—about one measure in 5000 . The quantity , however , is variable , and it is enough for our purpose to know that it exists constantly in atmosphenc air .

      35 . Carbonic acid gas is considerably heavier than atmospheric air ; a measure holding 100 grains oi common air will hold 150 of carbonic acid gas . Hence this gas remains _neagfhe surface affile ground , in places where it is _eS j Jned abundantly , lhe Grotto del Cam , . in It _^ y _, S | o named oecause dogs are suffocated by breathii § ' the air , near ihe ground ; men escape , their heads being raised above the _stwtivm . of noxious gas . Persons lying down and falling asleep in tbe neighbourhood of Bmekims , sometimes meet their death by the carbonic acid gas issuing -from the burning limestone . Notwithstanding the great specific gravity of carbonic acid , some persons believe it to be even more abundant on mountains than in plains below , which they attribute , to the influence of vegetation iri the lower and warmer regions . Some philosophers think that the carbonic acid discharged by volcanoes willacconntfor the presence of this gas in

      the upper regions of the atmosphere , _fracticaliy , however , there is no doubt but the stagnant air of low damp situations-does contain a laige portion of this heavy gas . It is of frequent occurrence in wells and mines , when it is termed " choke damp . " 36 . Water dissolves its volume of carbonic acid under every pressure . Some salts , especially soda and potash , enable water to hold in solution an additional quantity ; audit would seem that the beneficial effects of carbonic acid in vegetation is materially influenced by the presence in soils of substances which liave an affinity for it ( par . 28 ) . The hardness of spring water is owing in a great measure—and its briskness entirely—io thisacid .. Wherespringsissue from calcareous rocks , carbonic acid enables the water todissolve lime ,. as will appear hereafter . The _tartby concretion in tea-kettles originates , forthe most part , in lime dissolved by means of carbonic acid . ...

      37 . The respiration of animals is a sort of combustion , and a source of animal heat . This is a physi ological process ( par . 9 ) , upon which it is not necessary to' enlarge . Whether the combustion of _carbonaceeus matter by -warm-blooded animals takes place in the lungs or in the course of circulation , it is not important to our inquiries . It does take place , beyond all doubt , and thc resulting carbonic acid is thrown off by the lungs in the act of expiration ; the expired air contains , on an average , 8 per cent , of carbonic acid . 3 S . The fermentation of wine and beer is attended with a large _evolution of carbonic " acid , which gives the sharp agreeable taste and sparkling appearance to champagne , « tc . It is generated also by the fermentation of bread , in thc process of maltine , in the fermentation of new hay . and in _tbeprocfiSS 01

      decomposition of au animal and vegetable substances , more or less of heat being alwayscvolved at the same time . 39 . Thus we find that there is a constant burning of carbon going on over the face of the globe , and a correspondiug consumption of oxygen gas is effected by processes of every kind , ¦ differing greatly in their j nature and the _nhenomena theye _^ bit , utttallessenfelly agreeing in their results with those that ensue from the burning : of wood or of charcoal in the open fire . Carbon disappears , the oxygen of the air disappears , carbonic acid and other gases deleterious to animal life are generated , and mixed with the atmos-1 ' _fort _* . _^ _We know bf no other process than vegetation ' v , "' •' - _< j * ilio _vosd , _ilso _i-: _* . _'* j" : ' _c-r , ] , the a * - !* , ? . * , can 3 ; c ! _vCiiXt-JJ : _* : 5 * : b , s ; s ; e _livs- ilia sir . £ _* . 'a . t _^ v 2 U i lie i

      Agricultural Chemistry; (Continued From ...

      water , some from the earth _andunturncif , to use the right word—deacidificd or reduced , in the language of chemistry—the oxygen gas being unchained from carbonic acid to revivify the air , and the carbon converted into organic and organised matter , to replenish the earth with herbs , trees , and fruits , for the use of man , again to be consumed , and again to be returned through , the atmosphere to the soil in thc form of carbnnin . _ifid .

      Conts-Ponaciat* _

      _Conts-ponaciat * __

      To The Editott Of Tue Soktheit-!* Star. ...

      TO THE EDITOtt OF _TUE _SOKTHEIt- !* STAR . SiB _. —On reading tlie article in your _iiaiieroftho litli inst ., taken -from the Fmlon Chronicle , headed " The Truck system , " a Lancashire workman will be apt to _exclaim , " Is it possible that practices so notorious as the case here detailed , can be unkuown to any one V And yet , when we reflect a little thereon , the wonder ceases : for what workman will have the hardihood to make them known . Either in one way or other punishment is sure to follow , and tliat of a most exemplary kind , perhaps involving all his family and connections . Our liberal divines tell ns , that the power belongs alone to God of visiting the sins of the fathers upon tlio children ; bat onr enlightened dispensers of law , who are here principally milloerats , would not merely do this , but make their punishments still more terrible , by punishing tne fathers

      for their cWldrens' sins ; and , what is even more to be dreaded , make thata sin which should , in any degree , militate against their interests—good or evil , being based on then- own selfish avarice . The following very recent case will bear out this assertion : —A pauper in one ofour union workhouses , dissatisfied with the conduct of the governor , ventured to express his dissatisfaction through the medium of a Utter to the Somerset Commissioners . The three pauper kings thought fit , however , to refer the ease for decision to the Preston Guardians , who acquitted tlie governor of all blame . Por this offence of complaining and placing the governor under the necessity of clearing himself from certain charges , the complainant was driven from the workhouse . The poor fellow , in this dilemma , once more applied to the guardians for an order into some other workhouse in the union , but this was refused , unless the father of the applicant , a working man , earning by his labour only eleven shillings a-wcek , would consent to give three shillings weekly for his son ' s . support ! This

      sura the father considered too much : lie wis inllmg to give one shilling , but says he cannot afford three . To induce tlie guardians to reduce the _ehavge , be applied to several members of the board for the purpose of gaining their influence in his behalf , among whom is amiUowner ' s son—a most ranting " Liberal "—especially during tho elections . Here the old man was told that his son was a restless , discontented person , whose agitating propensities he ( the father ) ought to allay , and that tlie most effectual way to do this would be to give his son a good horsewhipping—" aye , and" ( chimed in _theblufl-, coarse oldinillownt-r himself , who was then present , " send hhn , after flossing him weU , for six months to the House of Correction . " Yes , whip And imprison his son—a roan thirty years of age—one who had been brought up to the trade of spinner , but _vflio , owing to a paralytic stroke , wluch deprived him of the use of one arm , was incapacitated from following his employment , and had no resource _, but to betake himself to a bastile . This same

      millowner pursues the very same system of letting houses to his hands complained of in the account yon extracted from the Preston Chronicle . Many of his "hands" have had . to take houses under him , which they have had to rent oil in the best way they could . When I came to this town three years ago , I got work for my family in his mill , and had to take a house from him , rented at 2 s . 9 d . per woel * . If I had rented it off , instead of going to it myself , I should not have got , in the state in whieh the house was , more than Is . CO . for it . Ah , sir ! the poor are here finely used . _Thsy are worked to death in the mills , aad forced , while life re . mains , with strength to follow their employment , to give both soul and body to tlie millowner . Shsuld death not kiudly snatch them away at once , as soon as that strength is gone , the more horrid bastile yawns to receive them . Ilere life is , indeed , a burden . Dogs are more kindly treated . Read what I hereestract froni the Preston Guardian .

      Sib , —Knov . _-ing your _Idndness in sparing a small place some times in your _uirlely-eh'cnlated paper , I beg leave to say a few words , as I consider that I have been a sufferer from those who ought to have protected and succoured me hi my forlorn state and old age . I liave been in Woodplumptou Workhouse upwards of thirteen mouths , and during that time I have never had perfect health , I have heen under fhe doctor of that establishment . About three weeks or a month ago , the doctor ordered me to walk out now and then for alittle fresh air , but the air was too keen for me on the . canal side , so I thought 1 would keep in the road . On tlie 30 th of May I went out in the morning and stayed out until three o ' clock in tho afternoon ; then I returned home , when the governor accosted me ; he said he would not take me in without an order . I then said—* YTkatmust I do , for I know no person ; and he made answer and said I might do as I could . I was not able to go to Preston in my present state , being poorly ofi myself

      and my legs being twice as thick as they ought ; and if it had not been for the kindness of Mr . John _ITay wood , -who took me up in bis cart , I might have lain iii the lanes all night . After I got to Preston , what with being unwell and stiff with riding , I fell and bruised myself very much . At Preston I found a friend who was kind enough to give me a bed , or I do not know what I might have done . On Tuesday last I attended the Board , aud they gave me an order to Ribehester , hut which way I am to get there I- do not know , being 73 years of age , and poorly as well . I think there is very little thought about poor or aged persons . I have every reason to believe that iny sickness has been worse since I went to Woodplumptou , because I was very ill starved all the last winter . And now , Sir ,. ! think that the rate-payers generally do not know what poor peeple suffer in those places , or they would be very ill dissatisfied . Hoping you will give this a place in yonr widely extended journal , I subscribe myself , yours truly , Preston , June 11 . I . obekt _ifErcAM _* .

      The governor says , in reply , that the old man went away without asking leave ; that he went to a publichouse tw « miles distant , where he got so drunk as to fall , and hurt both his face , arm , and ancle , aud that he did not return till after being absent seven hours . Now , it would not take much to make a poor old man , borne down by yeara , poverty , and the bastile , to stumble , and hurt himself by his fall ; and as to asking * leave to walk beyond the precincts ofthe place , however necessary such submission may be , when imposed upon the young , surely a relaxation of the rule might be afforded in favour of the old . How galling must it be to an aged person , conscious of havingncver committed any criminal offence ,

      to have to ask another , young enough to be his son , or perhaps even his grandson , liberty to walk beyond a certain narrow bound . In the whole vast empire of China , with a population probably more than double tliat of all Europe , a single instance of cruelty like , this to the aged could not be found . They call us " barbarians , " and we think ourselres grossly insulted thereby , though we call them heathens—a name , at which , if applied to us , we should feel vastly offended . In civilisation we fancy ourselves greatly superior ; but what real virtues do we possess , in which these heathens do net immeasurably surpass us ! Poor Christianity . ' If judged of by the moral worth of its votaries , its profession would degrade the intellect of a baboon .

      At Bamberbndge , three miles from Preston , the houses were rented , when I lived there , at two shillings per week . A millowner now rents many of them , and relets tliem at three shillings , compelling his hands to take them , I am told ( hat he himself gives little more than £ i a year for each . How true this report may be I know not , but it is certain that he will clear at least a shilling a week by reletting , having , besides , the advantage of receiving from the earnings of his workmen three shillings a week for three , or perhaps six months , before he occupies Hie house . Another millowner , near _loyland , five miles from Preston , has upwards of 200 cottages adjoining his mill , of liis own , Had he no mill to employ his tenants in , he would have to thiak well of _lialf-a-crown a week for them , but he now lets them at from three to four shillings , and is

      thus besides doubly sure of his rent , whilst the cottagers are not permitted to keep even a chieken . If they keep a pig he claims the duug , as well as all the manure which can be scraped up near their cottages , to enrich his own land . - Here is fortune-making for you ! What fools the aristocracy are - not to " repeal the Corn Laws , and commence building factories through all the agricultural districts _. They ore losing thousands a year by their pride , just to preserve their " titles" from disgrace , though every one but themselves can see that in then-present degraded condition , their estates mortgaged—beholden for every comfort to the mercy of plundering Jews , and dependent upon the charity of Sir Robert Peel for places for then sons—the title of " pauper" is far inore . honourable than theirs , Tows * respectfully , _RicKianJUttsnxB .

      -Useful Hixis To Newspaper Connesroxbesi...

      -Useful Hixis to _Newspaper _ConnEsroxBEsis . — The editor of the New York Tribune discourseth to his correspondents in the following language : — To Correspondents . —Do oblige us by omitting all such flourishes as " your interesting . and valuable paper , " " your able and patriotic course , " i _* c . Our subscribers know all about that sort of thing , and we have also a tolerable opinion ofour own merits . If you think by this to improve your chances of insertion , you mistake ruinously . _; When you have written what you have to say , run ft over and see if there are not some sentences that

      could be spared without serious injury . -If there are , out with them ! We are . often compelled to decline good articles , because we . cannot make room for them . A half column has ten chances , where two columns have one , and three columns none . Try to discourage as little as possible , and , where yon must condemn , let yonr facts be stronger _fiian jonr words . When you assail any cause or person , always give nB your real name , which we shall give up to whoever has a right to demand it . He ia a sneak and a coward who could ask us to bear the responsibility of his attacks on others . . -

      If you send us word that you "have no timo to correct , and have written in great haste , " we shall put your manuscript into the . fire . Why should you throw npon us the task of _con'ectingyoiu _' . scrawl , when we are obliged to slight our own work fov want of time ? . ' 7 . Give us facts , incidents , occurrences , at tlie earliest moment , aud we shall be grateful tho' you wrote with a pudding stick '; but if you att & : n _* i _*« t ioilc -ov _awiiiarii ! :, 0 * *•; ; : i > . • . _$ u 5-i _&* Uv . _* _l oi' _i-: mm _-y us .

      Ctatfet Intetttttna

      _Ctatfet Intetttttna

      Brighton. The Land.—A Public Lecture Was...

      BRIGHTON . The Land . —A public lecture was delivered bv Mr . M'Grath , in the large room of the Town-hall , on Thursday evening week , on the above subject , Mr . John Good in the chair . The worthy lecturer handled tlie subject in a masterly manner , and evidently gave satisfaction to all present . Discussion was courted , but no ono even asked a single question . Mr . Page proposed thc following resolution , which being seconded "by Mr . Lashford , was carried _unanimouslv : — " That the thanks of this meetini | are _emiucutiy dive , and are hereby given , to Mr . M'Gratli , for liis able and eloquent lecture delivered this even _, in "; and this meeting expresses its opinion that the attention oi

      subject of the Land demands the serious the industrious classes of this kingdom . ' A vote ot thanks was given to the chairman , and the meeting then separated . A Public Meetixg was again held at the Artichoke Inn , William-street , on the _lohmying evening ( Fridav ) , to form a branch of the Land Society , Mr . Henry' Mitchell in thc chair . Mr . M'Grath , in a lucid speech , explained the rules andobjects of the society , whicli gave great satisfaction . On the motion of Mr . Giles and Mr . Tullett , Mr . Flower was appointed sub-trcasiirer , and Mr . Page subsecretary , pro tern . A vote of thanks was again riven to ' the lecturer , when several persons took out shares , and others promised to do so at our next meeting . A vote of thanks was then given to the chairman , and the meeting broke up .

      HOWICK . _, Lectdeb . — On Thursday evening week Mr . Andrew Wardrop delivered an address in the Marketplace here . He commenced by showing , from the way that the members of the House of Commons were generally elected , and their conduct in the house , that they had no claim to be called the people ' s representatives ; thatthe people—the too confiding people—had been basely deceived by the middle classes during tho Reform Bill agitation , when their constant cry was , " Help us to get our vote , and we will soon get you yours ; help , help , help ! " Lord John's famous declaration that the Reform Bill was a final measure was the first thing that opened the eves of the people , and from that moment the Whig Ministry wero doomed . Air . W . adduced many convincing arguments to prove that the people had been greatly benefitted by the expulsion of the Whigs from

      Downmg-street . He then adverted to the proceedings of the "League ,- " and to their manufacturing of mushroom voters , «! _fc , & c ., and showed very clearly that a total repeal of thc Corn Laws , without a corresponding reduction of thc custtins and excise duties , would be an act of injustice ; and that even allowing that trade would increase , and wages rise to the full extent predicted by Cobden and Co ., it would only last till the hainniGV and file had produced so much machinery as would enable the capitalist to do without manual labour , Mr . W . then brought _forirai'd tlio People ' s Clmier _^ _as the moans to remedy the evils under which the country labours , and went over the six points in a clear and concise manner , showing the justice and reasonableness of each of them in rotation . Mr . W . spoke upwards ef an hour and a half , and was listened to attentively by the largest meeting that has been held in Howick for a very long time .

      SOUTH LANCASHIRE . _Psoghess op ihe Laxd Plas . —Mr . Doyle writes as Mows : — " Our Land Plan is going a-head gloriously throughout tho whole of this district . -For instance , no less than thirty persons took out shares yesterday in Ashton , and the sub-treasurer received £ 24 . Eleven took out shares last night in the Hall , and two of the eleven paid tlte full amount , viz ., £ 5 4 s . Orders come upon me thick and fast for cards and rules , and I assure _j-ou I am kept very busy . Of course the labour pleases mc right well , and I fervently hope that it may be so great , so heavy , that I shall not be able to bear it upon my shoulders . "

      Sour a Lancashire Delegate Meeiisg , — The South Lancashire delegates held their usual monthly meeting on Sunday last , June 29 th , 1845 , in thc Chartist Association-room , Hartley-street , Heywood . Delegates from Manchester , Oldham , Rochdale , Heywood , & c , were present . Mr . John Neill was called on to preside . The minutes of the last meeting having been read and confirmed , the following sums were paid to tho sccretaiy for the Executive : — Oldham , Is . ; 7 d . ; Rochdale , 5 s . lid . ; Heywood , Is . lOd . The following resolutions were passed unanimously : — " That a committee be appointed to get out the local lecturers' plan . " " That Messrs . Donovan and Radford be the plan committee . " " . That the hymn book committee report at the next

      delegate meeting , and tho report ofthe committee be cither tho money or books . " " That Mr . Doyle's route for the ensuing week be , Sunday ,- July Gth , Rochdale ; Tuesday , 8 th , _Hej-wood ; Thursday , 10 th , Bolton ; and Friday , 12 th , Ratcliffe . " "That the secretary insert a . notice in the " _^ Star" tothe various localities in South Lancasliive , calling upon them to state when they will be prepared to have the services of Mr . Doyle after- the 12 th inst . The delegates have to request that tliose places-that can make it convenient to , have lectures on the week nights will make their arrangements , and communi cate the same to the secretary . Address , Richard Radford , No . 8 , Violet-street , . Welcome-street , Hulme , Manchester . " " That the secretary be empowered to make such _inquiry as . will enable him to report at the next meeting relative to the Victim

      Fund . " "That we , the delegates , recommend the Land plan laid down by tho late Convention ; hoping the people will take it up with detennination , in order to make it whatit ought to be , a successful movement . " " That Mr . Donovan and Mr . Murray do audit the South Lancashire books , that the same may be laid before the next meeting . " " " That the next delegate meeting be held at Middleton on the last Sunday in July / , we , the delegates , therefore , request each locality to have their ' representative present , in order that they may discuss the propriety . of holding a camp meeting in this division of the country ; the time and place to be determined at the next delegate meeting . " The thanks of the delegates were giS _* en tothe chairman , and the ' meeting adjonrued until the last Sunday in July , at ten o'clock in the morning . . _*¦ ¦ ¦ " "

      LEICESTER . Mr . Cooper ' s Relief . —Agreeably to the notification inthe Star of last week , air . Smart , from Markfield , attended at this place on Sunday last and delivered two lectures on behalf of tire funds which it is the object of the _comtnittee to raise for tae purpose of enabling Mr . Cooper to satisfy the demands of his creditors , it being a well-known fact , that the cause of such debts is thi'ourii . relieving his fellowmen and their families , while in a state of _misery and starvation . To the honour of the operatives of Leipester be it recorded , that , notwithstanding the wretched state of trade in that place , and the miserable pittance which they are able to obtain even with their long continued hours of labour , both the

      lectures were well attended , and not only the best sympathies of the people were rousedb y ttie'detail of the sufferings and the * poverty of their old tried friend and leader , but a subscription was obtained , which , considering their very limited means , exceeded the expectations of tho committee . That body , however , are well aware that the sums thus obtained * will be utterl y insufficient to fulfil the design which they have in view without further and more powerful assistance ; and to accomplish this , they feel it to be their duty to appeal to the Chartist body at large . The name of Cooper is well known through the length and breadth of the empire , his services to the cause of Chartism are appreciated by thousands ; and his persecutions aud sufferings are yet fresh in thc minds of all our brethren ; and the committee hope

      and believe that- Chartists will not suffer a man ,- of whose sterling integrity and honesty of purpose there can be no reasonable doubts , whose abilities arc of a superior cast , and whose untiring energies are known to all who have ever seen or known him , to perish for the lack of that which they unitedly , can supply . Assist us then , brethren and fellow _labourera , to accomplish this good , ' this laudable , this charitable design , and let us rescue bur friend and advocate from the-pit into which- the . malice ofhis enemies has plunged him . All monies for this purpose must be addressed for thc treasurer , .. Mr . ; Crow , grocer , Bedford-street , Belgrave Gate , Leicester ; or Mr , White , at tho Committee-room , CS , Bedford-street , Leicester . Signed , on behalf of Mr . Cooper ' s Relief Committee , V . _Woollet , secretary ; W . Crow ,

      treasurer .

      OLDHAM . Fabeweu Sin ? rER . —On Saturday evening , June 28 th , upwards of fifty members of the Phoenix and Gauntlet Association , together with their friends , gave a farewell supper to Mr . Wm . Jackson , at the house of Mr . Peter _M'Donald , Bricklayers' Arms , Roardman Ground , Oldham , he being a member of the above association , previous to leaving England for the United States of America . The supper consisted of-thc delicacies of the . season and the substantial fare of our' ancestors , to which tho company did ample justice , proving to the worthy host that his exertions were duly . appreciated . Mr . John ' Mdls ; spinner , was , after supper , called to the chair . The cloth- having been removed , the room was thrown open tb the fair sex , a number of -whom attended

      , Aft « r which Mr . O'Connor ' s work on Small 1 Farms was presented by Mr . T . Hague to Mr . Wm Jackson , in behalf of the above society , with a suitable' address . Mr . Wm . _Jtickson briefly returned thanks for the compliment paid to him ' . The evening was spent in a convivial manner , songs , ' toasts . and recitations . beguiling the fleeting hours away Amongst the songs , recitations , & c ., were the following : —Sow " Henry Hunt , " by R , Bardsley . Recitation ,-- *•¦ Brandreth ' s Soliloquy in Prison " B Wolstencroft , Toast , "The Trades-the source of all wealth : . _nay-they succeed by their organisation iri causing a fair liistnbution of the same ! " T Hvme Song , " British' Reformers , " John Mills . Toast Health and pmspenfy . long life and tranquillity toMv . Vtm . , Fad's .. si . ' _'Joasr , " _Prnsnorltv ' o iH » ite . x a :.-i to ; « _# A _^ _iMio-v' Tf ' _im _^ .

      Brighton. The Land.—A Public Lecture Was...

      HULL . The Laxd . — A pnblic meeting was held at the White Hart , Salthouse-lane , on the 21 st ult ., to hear a lecture on the Land , by Mr . S . _Ki-Jd _, of Glasgow . After the lecture the following resolution was agreed to : — "That a committee be formed forthwith , to cany out the objects of the Co-operative Land Society . " The following persons were appointed , with power to add to their numbers : —Messrs . Barnetfc , Eastwood , Leach , Withington , Janeson _, and

      Stephen-GALILEO AND HIS PERSECUTORS . O ' COXXEIX ' S JESUITISM . It may well bo supposed that no conclave , whether spiritual or secular , will havo it in its power to condemn scientific discoveries , like those ot Galileo . But really , when wc hear that condemnation extenuated , " it is time to keep sonic look out . Mr . O'ConneU said , in his recent notable reference to this cause _juyee : — I have half a mind to detain the house for a few minutes on tlio subject of Galileo , ( Laughter . ) The right honourable baronet himself introduced it . The general idea is that Galileo was imprisoned for supporting the Copeniican system , and that he was for a length of time in the inquisition , In point of fact he was in the

      inquisition three days only . Three days constituted the entire length of time which Galileo spent hi the _inquisition - , and so far from his being sent to gaol for promulgating the Copernican system , the Pope , who was the cotemporary of the philosopher , was the very man who enabled Copernicus to publish his discoveries . ( Hear , hear . ) Galileo was imprisoned for quite a different thing . He asserted the centralisation of the sun and the movements of the planets could be proved out of S cripture . He was forbidden to _yublisn . tliat doctrine ; he broke the prohibition , and _wr . s sext to gaol for three days' for a breach of tlie injunction ; and that was the history ofthe matter . A morning contemporary prints , in correction of this statement , thc dogmatical declaration actually made bv the tribunal which sentenced Galileo —

      " That the snn is the centre ofthe world , and immoveable in respect to local motion , is an absurd proposition , false in philosophy , and formally heretical ; seeing it is expressly contrary to Holy Scripture . " That the earth is not the centre of the world , nor immoveable , but moves even with a diurnal motion , is _also an absurd proposition , false in philosophy , and , considered theologically , is at least au error in faith . " Having referred to this old story ( chiefly to put on record the treatment of known facts possible , even in this age , and in tho presence of educated listeners ) , we may add a few particulars , in farther correction of that treatment , from Sir D .. Brewster ' s little vo luiue , entitled "Martyrs of Science , " whicli acquires additional interest at this moment , when it seems its

      author is about to be made a Martyrof beiencc himself , and to have liis professorial utility sacrificed to theological orthodoxy—not indeed ns understood at Rome , but at Edinburgh . It is not accurate ( indeed there is not an accurate word in the statement ) that Galileo attempted to prove the centralisation of the sun , and the movements ofthe planets , out of Scripture . His language on that point was exactly , the " language of rational men ever since . "Galileo addressed a letter , in 1613 , to liis friend and pupil , the Abbe Castolli , the object ofwhich was to prove that the Scriptures wero not intended to teach us scienco and philosophy . Hence he inferred , that the language employed in the sacred volume in reference to such subjects should

      be interpreted only in its common acceptation ; and that it was in reality as ilifficnlt to reconcile tho Ptlolcmaic as the Copemiean system to the expressions which occur in the Bible . " That Galileo was only three or four days in the immediate custody ofthe Holy Office is literally true —but suggestively false , if meant to convey that this was all the Inquisition inflicted on him . To say nothing of being compelled to fall on his knees before thc assembled Cardinals , " abjuring , detesting , and vowing never again to teach , the doctrine of the earth ' s motion and the sun ' s stability" —to say no * thing of the imposed penance , " that , in thc course of the next three years , he should recite once a week the seven penitential psalms ( a labour eagerly assumed , in his stead , _ny the filial devotion of liis daughter , who , hoirever , died only a month after joining her persecuted parent )—to say nothing of

      these humiliations and penances—Galileo remained for five years the close prisoner of the Inquisition , not indeed in their house , but in his om , at Arcetri , He was nciher allowed to see his friends , nor to go to Florence for medical assistance , in the maladies which oppressed him . At the end of that period , the Pope transmitted , through the Inquisitor Fariano , his permission that he might remove to Florence for the recovery ofhis health , but he was still prohibited from leaving his house or admitting his friends ; and so sternl y was this system pursued , that he required a special order for attending mass during Passion Week . He was again remanded to what lie justly called his " prison at Arcetri ; " but , after he had lost the use of liis eyes , the Inquisition relaxed its severity . _^ It is only justice to spiritual inquisitors , to admit that they seldom show severity to those who will but shut their eyes , or do but lose them . —The GUU ,

      Death Of The Attorney-General. Sir Willi...

      DEATH OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL . Sir William _FoLLE-ir , the Attorney-General , died on Saturday last . He had passed a very restless night ; in the morning he was delirious ; and in that state he continued till three o ' clock in the afternoon , when he expired . There were present at "the last scene of all , " Lady Follett , Sir William ' s three brothers , Dr . Bright , Mrs . Bright ( Lady Follett ' s sister ); several members of the family of Mr . Pennell ( at whoso house in Cumberland-terrace , Regent ' s Park , the deceased had been staying for the benefit of pure air ) . The bar thus loses one of its brightest ornaments , and her Majesty is deprived of the assistance ofa Crown officer whose talents and attain * ments were , perhaps , never surpassed , and whose personal character was without a blemish . By

      common consent the highest offices *' within the reach of the legal-profession _haye for years past been considered as open to him , and there cannot be a doubt that , had he lived , he would have attained the woolsack and a peerage . Sir William had not quite attained his 47 th year . He was the eldest surviving son of Benjamin Follett , Esq ., of Topsham , near ' - Exeter - by his wife , the daughter of John Webb , Esq ., of Kinsale , in Ireland . In early life Mr . Follett was a captain in tke 13 th Foot . On leaving the army he embarked in commercial pursuits at Topsham , near Exeter , where Sir William was born on 2 d of December , _l-fDS Having received the rudiments of a liberal and sound education , he was sent to Trinity College , _Cambridge

      wnere he took the degrees ot B . A . in 1818 , and M . A . in 1821 , and having been called to the bar , and given unequivocal indication of tliose brilliant talents and acquirements which distinguished him in the earliest stages of his career , was chosen one of the standing counsel for the university . In 1830 , he married Jane Mary , the eldest daughter of the late Sir Ambrose Harding _Giffai-d , * Chief Justice of Ceylon ; whom he now leaves a widow , with two daughters , and four sons , the youngest only thirteen months old . Sir William ' s politics were always decidedly Conservahve , but his entrance upon political life did not take place until 1832 , when he stood eanditate for the representation ofthe city of Exeter , in conjunction with Mr . Buller and Mr . Divett , and thoush he

      did not succeed in Jus immediate object , he laid the foundation of success in 1835 , when he was returned at the head of the poll , thc respective numbers of the three candidates standing thus :-r Follett , 1302 Divett ( Whig-Radical ) , 1192 ; Lord Lovaine ( Con ! servative ) , 1119 . v In November , 1834 , on Sir Robert Peel ' s first accession to place as Prime Minister , Sir William iollett was appointed Solicitor-General , and resigned that post in April , 1835 , when Sir Robert Peel retired from office . In the same year he received the honour of knighthood , from the hands of _Kina _WilUam the Fourth . On Sir Robert Peel ' s resumption ot the office of Prime Minister , Sir William was again appointed Solicitor-General . On Sir F . Pollock ' s elevation as Chief Baron , in April , I 8 i 4 . _tbP

      non . and learned gentleman succeeded him as Attorney-General . Having by this promotion vacated lus seat for Exeter , . Sir William ' s re-election was opposed by Major-Gcneral Briggs , who , however , was most signally , defeated , he- ' "having polled Olllv / i 2 fl votes to Sir -William ' * 1293 . TheVprSSn of Meter is , ot course , again-vacant . wm ,- is , , ° t the place for . ' a formal estimate of Sir William Webb Mett ' s character as-a lawver or _politjcian ; we shall have other opportunities for * that ; but it may be justly said of Mm , that he will go down to posterity as one of England ' s greatest and best ; as a man whose wonderful capacity as a lawyer was only equalled b y liis amiability of disposition the possession of wluch , whilst it exalted Lim in the opinion of tho public on the one hand , on the ntiim *

      _jusuy endeared lum to the domestic circle , awl to all who had the good fortune of an intimate acquaintance with him . And let it not be forgotten that ii 1 em , ? ence _Ty : achieved amidst almost continued iii Health . His constitution was unequal to thc _iTJJ _^ _A _^ f ' _tM ' _»« extensive practice . So early aS 1821 hu health gave way . He then left . London awhile or relaxation , and recovered _strength so as to be enabled to return to professional duties inthe latter part of 1 S 25 . In _suWquent years he had repeated attacks of illness , and took the advice of his medical attendants to abstain from h s _ex-SS ? _H f-i _^ _-l y labours ; but honourable ambition pointed to tho rnmi _* n _« , _«?««« _— . i ? . .

      natural that one so young , s 0 highly endowed « o _eminen ly successful , should be desirous _i pSin ™ . _j » « gtb ' kowever » consumptive symptom made their appearance , and he then proceeded , accompanied by Lady Follett , to the Continent . There lie remained for some months , and was apparently somewhat restored . He then determined , contrary to the advice of -liis friends , to return to England ' , fondly hoping that his insidious disease would be but temporary ; indeed , such was his anxiety about business that lie exclaimed , "Attached to my ' home and _in _' _-felon' _-i _p-ir--tf ; fs , ' a _fowiini _nir breathes : _iv ) _I ' ic ?** _' • . ' & '' io , '' ¦ ' : _'• . > ¦ ¦;'¦• -j . > . _' _--. _-i > fKarri-h _* ai _* _ici-gt ' :

      Death Of The Attorney-General. Sir Willi...

      returned , certainly recruited , but a slight d « ti . il to business once mere brought forth his old _comilv Iffi and he sank by degrees till Tuesday last , > 4 _£ fl _| most decided change for the worse took place _t-JK Bright and Chambers , his medical advisers , _inOHn ' ' diatelv said that all future exertions on _tliciii _$ H , would * bo futile . They , however , c _onUmied t _& Be-u _visits up to the last . —Mrning Herald . _^« _Na-.- _* M _^ _fWSLrt

      _ Justices' Jusiice.—A Fashionably Dress...

      _ Justices' _Jusiice . —A fashionably dressed _« _& , ' man is charged with stealing two knockers _tfliBiiisoffence is proved , and the magistrate , Mr , _IIoimMM" ' does not commit the prisoner for trial , but fine .- } _iP-aff ? 5 s . What takes knockcr-3 tealing out of Uic c _. _Vevllli !

      of felony ? if a man may got ou witk a flw _' _SHLj stealing a knocker , why not fine another ss , _foi-V _SKst ing a log of mutton ? The difference between _IWlh cases tbat makes the difference in the _luiiiisiiui _^ _fH' ' that thc man who steals the leg of million _liRs " _* ' _* Sw _* y . _bablvnotos . topay for his knavery . Diit the _W-iW . ? ' * ] stealing is in sport ; and is it quite of good exar * Swh to make a sport of stealing ? Persons _aditic _teliMpor such pleasantries should have the fun _com-Jotod ! i- _™ _" turn at thc treadmill . Felony in sport _slio' ! i _(*'' ifW punishment in _earnest . Our well-dressed _gefefK n . " man , fined 5 s . for stealing a knocker , treated _^ H » * i mock punishment as follows : — " The _ilefemgMcr - _* pulled out a £ 10 note and handed it to the _nQpIftm constable . "When lie was asked for his addr _^ tw _** place on the note , the defendant replied , " Don ' t _iJflEr wish you may get it ? " At the same ofliec _tyKca gentlemen , whose addresses showed tliat they . _icfrflHte , to the class which magistrates delight to favour , tajHfos _charged with assaulting a police officer in the c \< Jw * - J

      tion of liis duty , thc man having * been thrown _ilto'SK and when down beaten by all three . Tliey were _£ fflR . j sent to the House of Correction , but fined £ q -MMJiie which they paid forthwith and walked off . At _^ Bicl Thames Police-office a low ruffian for the same oiT % Sf _'' was sent by Jfr . Broderip to the House of CWcfofipJ for a month . Mr . Broderip did his duty ; what _fcHK Marlborougli-street _justicedid , wenced not say . j 5 JS * tv Commissioners of Police should interfere to ' _proyHfrti the fores from the eiiects ofthe bad example _preseiiiflsin '

      at Marlborough-street . Tbe Ia \ v directs a H »« _iiS | punishment for assaults on the police , am ! wha j _rijaffi _i has the magistrate to set it aside lo indulge arL _^ _jfflfo cratic ruffianism ?—Examiner . ffli tb _' i _TJsited Patriots Benefit and _Providest Siy . ;| lae s Eir . —The Coggeshall branch of this flourishing _in-ijMff-f tutionheld their second anniversary at the _Chap-jwL _, _^ Inn , on Tuesday week . Thc general secretary , . _% fg | er Rnffey , was present , and laid before the members _j ?| | at full and satisfactory statement of the condition _offe'sralt

      society . It appears there aro nineteen waiickjoP '' consisting of above 700 members ; and that _oile-iM . branches are immediately to be added , which { Wt _*]^ an enrolled society ) bids fair to rival all iruStitutioufjLge ofthe kind in the kingdom . This soeiety has Ik _^ S _?* _- established but two years , and Las a good run ( _ijjfip _* _* ' young and healthful members , which , if _contmwjijw - * for a few years , will give them a capital , the _h'tercsiSS _^ of which will go far towards maintaining its 5 iei | 3 g _,- members , and thus place this institution in a conili » M tion which can neither dissolve nor decay it . 'fli e _^ _r sub-secretary laid before the members thc affairs _Cggpi tlie branch , by which it appeared that a coii 3 ii _, ci . _ilfc ||| F number had been relieved in sickness—tbat £ 22 _hallS 3 r been paid for funerals , and £ 1-110 s . for births . 'l % _wfo

      members expressed themselves perfectly _satisfiednpwith their position , and one and all seemed _resolrcd flp to make an effort to sustain the society in its _preseniJ _^ K position . The numbers here are 102 , besides _thc _^ Sl-h who have left the town but not the soeiety ; and there Kin is every prospect of numbering ISO by _IVlicliaoInias . _t _® t The dinner , at which Mr . Thomas _llowlaiidpresiiledjflw consisted ofthe good old English fare , plum P " ddiijg | grc and roast beef—supplied by Messrs . Browning andB _^ F Hilly ; and too much praise cannot he bestowed on VP Mr . and Mrs . Clark , the host and hostess , for _theses superior style in whicli everything came to the tablcwF The first toast was "The People , " whieh was _n-Moi sponded to by John Burrows , sub-secretary . TheDjU «

      next toast was "Prosperity to our society , " to wMchij Mr . Ruffey did justice , by laying before tho membcis _lf their true position , and stirring them up to i ' _utuiyU exertions . Tho other toasts consisted of healths of h different members , who addressed the meeting . _^ Yo _§ must not pass over the singing , which was of the tj best style . The proceedings closed in the same orderly ( _fl manner in which they commenced . —Macclesfidd _g paper . [ t " The _Edisburgh Ocskuver , " a newspaper esta . If Wished nearly a quarter of a century ago , published , 6 for many years , twice a-week , but . latterly only once 1 a-week , closed its exist-once on Tuesday , June _2-itb . »

      ** ' . ~ — , —**-¦ I J ¦^^51

      _** ' . _~ — , _—** - ¦ I j _¦^^ 51

      Bankrupts. M (Fromfriday's Gazette, June...

      BANKRUPTS . m ( FromFriday ' s Gazette , _JuneiT . ) Jjf _* j < Samuel May and Pryce Mottram , Shrewsbury , drapers If —Diehard Carr , Pore-street , Cripplegatc , cheesemonger- _feBi ¦ William Grecmvell , Redcross-street . _Soutlnvai'k , wheel . _Jsr wright—James Forrester , Hampstead , baker— Charlotte J 8 | Paine , Lewes , plumbei" and glaaler—lloW-t Vt ' cstiaorc , EHi Vfest Derby , near Liverpool , joiner—William May , LW « . M pool , draper—Fenwick loraine , Newcastle-unon . Tjno _gfr bookseller—Edward Thomas , Bristol , grocer . ' _*> - { £

      BANKRUPTS . iij ( From Tuesday ' s Gazette , July 1 st , lSi 5 ., _J _& £ Thornton Bentall , _CopthaU-chambevs , stockbroker- _Sjt Thomas Clarkson , jun ., Charles-street , Middlesex _Hospi . > 3 i tal , upholsterers ' warehouseman—William George _Flynn , ! _mT lower Thames-street , merchant—Christopher Wakefield , 8 | f _Hampton-wick , Middlesex , victualler—James _Couseiis m Woltou , Halsted , Essex , ironmonger—Thomas _llroira , m Billiter-stroet , City , manufacturer of grylls whelp—Joseph H & Haycock , jun ., Wells , _Norfolk , corn-factor—William Cole . f » man , Crediton , Devonshire , victualler—John IMndlev , * 5 j 8 ' Atherstone , Warwickshire , hosier—Henry James WitcheD _, W Carnarvon , bookseller . «| DECLABATIOXS OP DIVIDEKD 3 . s | 6 . A . Cator , Leeds , wool-merchant , third and final dirt . W dena of Id and 11-lCths of a penny in tho nound , any ml Tuesday , at the office of Mr . Hope , leeds . iP J . C . Johnson , Lawrence Pountney-hill , Cannon-street , 1 | | merchant , second dividend of 4 d in the pound , anv Wed- Em nesday before August 1 , or after Nov . SO , at tho o ' tilccof SJMi Mr . Pennell , fiasinghall-street . Ih j J . Hextall . _Ke-rent-stvest . _flvsvrm * fl >> ct ii ; ,. ' , in „ . i n f _s _. _i ,- „ _tTm

      the pound , any ; Wednesday before August 1 , or after Nov , _PK o 0 , at the office of Mr . Pennell , _Basinghall-strcet . § , _*« W . B ' isbton , Park-field , Sedgley , ironmaster , first divi . _FtS dend of ed nnd 9-ieths of a penny in the pound , any «&•' Thursday , at the office of Mr . Christie , _Btiiniiigliani . M J . G . Todman , Gray ' s-inn-lane , licensed _virtuallcr , first 'Jgj dividend of Us 6 d in the pound , any Saturdav , at tlie MI office of Mr . Edwards , Frederiek ' s-place , Old Jcwrv . m _ S . and T . P . Jackson , Berniondsey-strcct , _ivoolsfaplors , iffi final dividend of Id in the pound , any Saturday , at too * _$£ office of Mr . Green , Aldermanbury . _?| j 6 . Winning , Dover-street , upholsterer , final ' dividend •**¦ of 4 d in the puund , any Saturday , at tho office of ilr . M Green ,. Aldcnaanbury . _^ j * . G . E . LeefeandJ . Yates , Fore-street , wholesale haber- aii dashers , final dividend of Is Cdiu the pound , any Satur . _Sil day , at the office of Mr . Green , Aldermanbury . " rl J . Yates , Fore-street , wholesale haberdasher , dividend ff [ of ' 20 s in the pound , any Saturday / at the office of Mr . iii Green , Aldermanbury . _> A j J . Peters , Godstone , innkeeper , first dividend of 3 s in ;;§ the

      pound , any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green . K % Aldermanbury . *} 3 . Bear , Ramsgate , draper , dividend of Is in the pound . * _•& any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Green , Alderman , ill bury . _f < , _jjjj A . Winton and J . * We _* bber , ¦ Wood-street , Cheapside , M warehousemen , first dividend of 20 b In the . pound , W m r _'S _^ a h l _? 3 j > and _Vvo fouowing Wednesdays , at tho \ ffi office of Mr . Turquand , Old Jewry , City . M ! __ A . and t > . Winton , and J . Webber , Wood . strect , Cheap . f « side , warehousemen , imal dividendof C | diutho pound , K £ Wednesday , JulySj , and . the two Mowing Wednesdays , at & i the officeof Mr . Turquand , Old Jewry , City . _** _y-Hawis , _^ Castle Hayes , Staffordshire , brickmaker , H & third dividend otls _^ _lljd in the pound , any Thursday , ai SS the office of Mr . Talpy , Birmingham . e < e < \ V . and . J . ¦ Losh , Manchester , calico-printers , final Wt _" vidend of _^ d in the pound , Wednesday , July 9 , and nn tvery following tY cdnesday _, at the office of Mr . Pott , Man . M Chester . _jlji K . Blockley , Market Drayton , Shropshire , _Unendrapoi _M first dividend of Cs 4 Jd in the pound ,, Wednesday , July 9 •*•*• and every following Wednesday , at the office of Mr . L _' ott _, ' <' Manchester . ¦ . . ..

      iiii niVlDESDS . _( c t _^* _* ' ?« ' ? , V _£ J ' Gre ? _tTowe-Mtrei ! t , City , _winc-crcter _c ( v y i , ' _JT _' _^ _jtowow-i High-street , Soutliwark , grocer * , -July 24 , & . J . Carter , _Hornsey-road , carpenter- J Sly if . E . Baldwin and R . Garrett , Henfield , Sussex , _lincmlrapflS » » -Aug . 1 , J . and _T . Lamb , Kiddernunstcr _, _Worcestcwliire , 0 0 i _^ Ww i . Uy ih W' ? n ? J * P * Gee , Leeds , drapers- f f July 23 , W . Bower , Levenshiilnie . Lancashire _cattoiUvie- - ' nei-July 23 E Burdekin , Manchester , _KHulS - * w II nd _?/ ? ' * ¦ « nm » in » _-. _wfaud E . K- c c Waller , Manchester , bankers-July 24 , C , Lewis . Bathi > > innkeeper-July 22 J . E . Warden andW _Va _, o _^ Liverpool , merchants-July 23 , W . _Coatcs , son , audw ! } } Coates , jun ., _Rewc-ast _ie-upon-Tyiie , _windinerclmrits-July - ¦ * M , J . 3 . Ayton , South Shields , linendraper-July 21 , J . ' ' _bpceden _Sorth Shicds _^ _sp Mt _^ erchant-Juw 24 , J . K . , . Myers , bunderiand , victualler-July 24 , E Heron _Ifartlo

      CEMincATEs to be granted , unless cause be shown _totbo 1 ' T „ i ,. o _. v _" _-- _^ _"J O ? tbe day of meeting . July 25 , J . Richards , Deptford Bridge , plumber-Julv 23 , ; 2 VI _vTii r ?* v _^^ _> Cit _* winc .. i , _ei-elnint-JuIJ r _^ _. J . _l . Betts , Cardiff , Glamorganshire , grocer-July M , , J . Jones , Abcrystnith Cardiganshire , innfieeper-July 3 * 1 , > t ™ ? _° l' So , \ , lcl ( _* > _Durham , liucndraper-July % ' , ? , \ iP 1 _^ e ' s _^ , _r- _** n , _3- _» ni'bam , _edge-tool-mauufacturcr- - July 24 , J . Thaekrey , Leeds , dyer . . ¦ n _, r , r „ P _- * UT _-EHBHIPB DISSOLVED . R . M . Holborn and R . J . Dence , Mineinrf-lane , _Clrr . ' , wholesale tea-dealers-P . Vauchor and G . Barns , Ros- r liolme , _Luncadiire , « cbool _* mistresscs-J . and J . R , _Dobson , > , M . Thoinas ' _s-street , Southwark , hop-mcrchatits-F . B _. !• Payntor and W . L . OUard , South-square , Gray ' _s-inn , attor- rneys-H , and G . Hayae , _Old-stasct , St . Luke , _UmWi- <• - incrchant 6-J .-Becl . et and J . L . Kennedy , Furringdon . astreet , City , Scotch _agents-P . ShawS . ShawsenaadS . 5 .

      , , ., Shaw , jun ., Bottoms , Cheshire , cotton-spinners ; _lisflirae # regards S . Shaw , scn .-H ; , G ., and W . Ridley , IpswicH , b , _wiae-merchauts ; as far as regards W . Ridley-J . and P . ? . Clnvcrs and C . Powers , _Conduit-strcet , HanovoMquanv e , breeches-makers—D . T . and D . H . Johnson , _Aldei'inary ry Churchyard , City , _hop-merehants—S . "i ' erbury and O . D . Stride , Frome _Selwooa , Somersetshire , plumbers—D ., R . »! .. andH . Godwin , Winchester , grocers—H . J . V . Long and id G . W . Edwards , Mark-lane , City , wiue-brokers-W . Tua- aley , J . Smipson , and R . S . Potts , general carriers ; as far ir as rteards J . Suupson-T . C . Mcdwin and A . Waylen _. _' m , Mark-lane , City , manufacturing _engiiicers-H . aud P . P . _Harriott and S . Crowe , Fleet-street , iromuongcrs-E . A . A . C _.,-S . _K ., and J . Tozer , Exeter , milliiicvs : as fav as riv _-bgarus E . A . C . Tozer-R _., G . E ., and A . _SuU-. _Ay , Station- _«• ers-court , Ludgate-hill _, booksellers : as far as regards d 3 « . i _) . oMttai . y-J , W . and C . Burrows , _Uoimdsditi'li ,-li , _xAwn-At _i-oaise ' . _mnera-J , mi IV . Eeilb , _Suicbiit , Alt :, c :-, ! vc ! i :. -.: i _:-i _'/ r . _- ' . _ci _* fhaa - ; .:

  • Citation
    • Northern Star (1837-1852), July 5, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse-os.kdl.kcl.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns4_05071845/page/6/